CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

Rome Convention, Oct 7, 1952 -

Convention on Damage Caused by Foreign
Aricraft to Third Parties on the Surface

Guadalajara Convention, Sept 18,

1961 - Convention Supplementary to the
Warsaw Convention (Performed by a person
other than the contracting carrier.)

Tokyo Convention, Sept 14, 1963 -

Convention on Offenses and Certain Other
Acts Committed On Board Aircraft
Civil Air Regulations (C.A.R.)
Hague Convention, Dec 16, 1970 -
• The Civil Aviation Regulations (CAR) Convention for the Suppresion of Unlawful
provide the regulatory requirements Seizure of Aircraft (Hijacking Convention)
dealing with aviation safety related to
Hague Conference, Dec 1-16 1970 -
aircraft operations, airworthiness and
International Conference on Air Law
personnel licensing; and are
presented in Parts. Guatemala City Protocol, Mar 8, 1971
- Protocol to Amend Warsaw Convention
Chicago Convention - 7 December 1944
Montreal Protocol, Sep 25, 1975 -
The Chicago Convention (also known
Hague + Guatemala City Protocol
as the Convention on International Civil
Aviation), established the International Civil Montreal Convention, May 28, 1999 -
Aviation Organisation (ICAO), a specialized Convention for the Unification of Certain
agency of the United Nations charged with Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air
coordinating and regulating international air (supersedes Warsaw and Guadalajara
travel. Convention & Guatemala and Hague Protocol)

Conventions:

Paris Convention, Oct 13, 1919 -

Regulation of Aerial Navigation (superseded
by CC)

Habana Convention, Feb 20, 1928 -

Convention on Commercial Aviation
(superseded by CC)

Warsaw Convention, Oct 12, 1929 -

Convention for the Unification of Certain
Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air

Chicago Convention, Dec 7, 1944 -

Convention on International Civil Aviation

Hague Protocol, 1955 - Protocol to

Amend Warsaw Convention

By: Engr. Kyla Mae M. San Jose

Strike Wing Aviation Training Center
Private Pilot Course
CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

Parts of CAR Part 1: General Policies, Procedures and

Definitions
Part 1: General Policies, Procedures and
Definitions General Policies, Procedures and
Definitions, sets forth the basic rules of
Part 2: Personnel Licensing
construction and application of the
Part 3: Approved Training Organizations regulations, definitions applicable to more
than one Part, and the rules governing the
Part 4: Aircraft Registration and Marking administration of licenses and certifications.
Part 5: Airworthiness These regulations shall apply to all persons
Part 6: Approved Maintenance Organization operating or maintaining the following:

Part 7: Instrument and Equipment (1) Republic of the Philippines registered

aircraft;
Part 8: Operations
(2) Aircraft registered in another Contracting
Part 9: Air Operator Certification and State that are operated by a person licensed
Administration by Republic of the Philippines, and must be
Part 10: Commercial Air Transport by Foreign maintained in accordance with the standards
Air Carriers within the Republic of the of the aircraft State of Registry, wherever that
Philippines maintenance is performed;

Part 11: Aerial Work and Operation of Non- (3) Aircraft of other Contracting States
Type Certificated Aircraft operating in Republic of the Philippines.

Part 13: Accident and Incident Reporting and 1.1.1.3 ORGANIZATION OF REGULATIONS
Investigation These regulations are subdivided into five
Part 18: Transportation of Dangerous Goods hierarchical categories:
by Air (1) Part refers to the primary subject area.

(2) Subpart refers to any subdivision of a Part.

(3) Section refers to any subdivision of a
Subpart.
(4) Subsection refers to the title of a
regulation and can be a subdivision of a
Subpart or Section,
(5) Paragraph refers to the text describing the
regulations. All paragraphs are outlined
alphanumerically in the following hierarchical
order: (a), (1), (i); (A).

By: Engr. Kyla Mae M. San Jose

Strike Wing Aviation Training Center
Private Pilot Course
CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

1.2.1.1 DISPLAY AND INSPECTION OF (e) Approved Training Organization (ATO)

LICENSES AND CERTIFICATES certificate:

(a) Pilot license: Each holder of a certificate shall

display that certificate in a place in
(1) To act as a pilot of a civil aircraft
the school that is normally accessible
of Republic of the Philippines registry,
to the public and that is not obscured.
a pilot shall have in his or her physical
possession or readily accessible in the (f) Aircraft Certificate of Registration:
aircraft a valid pilot license or special
Each owner or operator of an aircraft
purpose authorization issued under
shall carry the aircraft certificate of
these regulations.
registration on the aircraft and
(2) To act as a pilot of a civil aircraft available for inspection.
of foreign registry within Republic of
(g) Aircraft Airworthiness Certificate:
the Philippines, a pilot shall be the
holder of a valid pilot license and have Each owner or operator of an aircraft
the pilot license in his or her physical shall display that certificate in the
possession or readily accessible in the cabin of the aircraft or at the entrance
aircraft. to the aircraft flight deck.
(b) Flight instructor license: (h) Approved Maintenance Organization
(AMO) Certificate:
A person who holds a flight instructor
license shall have that license, or Each holder of an AMO certificate
other documentation acceptable to shall prominently display that
the Authority, in that person's certificate in a place accessible to the
physical possession or readily public in the principal business office
accessible in the aircraft when of the AMO.
exercising the privileges of that
license. (i) Aerial work certificate: Reserved

(c) Other airman license: (j) Air operator certificate: Reserved.

A person required by any part of (k) Inspection of license:

these regulations to have an airman's Each person who holds an airman or
license shall have it in their physical crew member license, medical
possession or readily accessible in the certificate, or authorization required
aircraft or at the work site when by these regulations shall present it
exercising the privileges of that for inspection upon a request from:
license. the Authority; or any national or local
(d) Medical certificate: law enforcement officer.

A person required by any part of

these regulations to have a current
medical certificate shall have it in
their physical possession or readily
accessible in the aircraft or at the
work site when exercising the
privileges of that certificate.

By: Engr. Kyla Mae M. San Jose

Strike Wing Aviation Training Center
Private Pilot Course
CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

1.2.1.2 CHANGE OF NAME

(a) A holder of a license or certificate issued

under these regulations may apply to
change the name on a license or
certificate. The holder shall include
with any such request

(1) The current license or certificate:

and

(2) A copy of the marriage license,

court order, or other document
verifying the name change.

(b) The Authority will return to the airman the

documents specified in paragraph (a)
of this subsection.

IS 1.2.1.8(d) SANCTION TABLES

By: Engr. Kyla Mae M. San Jose

Strike Wing Aviation Training Center
Private Pilot Course
CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

By: Engr. Kyla Mae M. San Jose

Strike Wing Aviation Training Center
Private Pilot Course
CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

By: Engr. Kyla Mae M. San Jose

Strike Wing Aviation Training Center
Private Pilot Course
CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

By: Engr. Kyla Mae M. San Jose

Strike Wing Aviation Training Center
Private Pilot Course
CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

1.2.1.15 LIST OF PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES

(a) Alcohol

(b) Opioids

(c) Cannabinoids

(d) Sedatives and hypnotics

(e) Cocaine and other stimulants (except

caffeine) (f) Hallucinogens

(g) Volatile solvents

By: Engr. Kyla Mae M. San Jose

Strike Wing Aviation Training Center
Private Pilot Course
CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

Part 2: Personnel Licensing (g) Flight operations officer (Flight

Dispatcher) license;
CAR Part 2 addresses the licensing of
personnel. Article 32 of the Chicago (h) Aeronautical station operator.
Convention requires Republic of the
2.2.2.2 RATINGS
Philippines to issue certificates of competency
and licenses or validate such certificates or (a) The following ratings are placed on a pilot
licenses issued by other Contracting States to license when an applicant satisfactorily
the pilot of every aircraft and to other accomplishes the requirements in this Part for
members of the operating crew of every the rating sought:
aircraft engaged in international navigation.
(1) Category ratings in the following aircraft:
2.1.1 APPLICABILITY
(i) Airplane
Part 2 prescribes: (ii) Helicopter
(a) The requirements for issuing, renewal and (iii) Glider
re-issue of aviation personnel licenses, (iv) Free Balloon
ratings, Authorizations and certificates:
(2) Class ratings in the following aircraft:
(b) the conditions under which those licenses,
ratings, Authorizations and Certificates are (i) Single-engine land - airplane
necessary; and (ii) Single-engine sea - airplane
(c) the privileges and limitations granted to (iii) Multi-engine land - airplane
the holders of those licenses, ratings,
Authorizations and certificates. (iv) Multi-engine sea- airplane

2.2.2.1 LICENSES 2.2.2.4 CERTIFICATES

The following licenses are issued under this (a) The following certificates are issued
Part to an applicant who satisfactorily when an applicant satisfactorily
accomplishes the requirements in this Part for accomplishes the requirements in this
the license sought: Part for the certificate sought:

(a) Pilot licenses: (1) Medical certificate Class 1 for CPL,

(1) Private pilot license (PPL); ATPL, Flight engineer and Flight
(2) Commercial pilot license (CPL); navigator license
(3) Airline Transport pilot license (ATPL); (4) (2) Medical certificate of Class 2 for
Multi-crew Pilot License (MPL); PPL, Glider, Free balloon pilot
(5) Glider pilot license; and (3) Medical certificate Class 3 for Air
(6) Free balloon pilot license. traffic controller license
(4) Validation certificates
(b) Flight engineer license.

(c) Flight navigator license.

(d) Aviation maintenance technician license

(AMT).

(e) Aviation maintenance specialist license

(AMS).

(f) Air traffic controller license (ATCO).

By: Engr. Kyla Mae M. San Jose

Strike Wing Aviation Training Center
Private Pilot Course
CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

2.2.7 LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY 2.2.6.4 KNOWLEDGE AND SKILL TESTS AND

CHECKS: PREREQUISITES AND PASSING
(a) Airplane and helicopter pilots, flight
GRADES
engineers, or flight navigators required to use
the radio telephone aboard an aircraft, air (a) An applicant for a knowledge test or a skill
traffic controllers and aeronautical station test shall have received any required
operators shall demonstrate the ability to endorsement as specified in this part.
speak, read and understand the English
Note: The endorsement requirements may
language used for radio telephony
differ between licenses and will appear in each
communications.
license section as applicable.
(b) Airplane and helicopter pilots, air traffic
(b) An applicant for a knowledge or skill test
controllers and aeronautical station operators
must receive written Authorization from the
shall demonstrate the ability to speak and
Authority to take the test.
understand the English language used for
radiotelephony communications to the level (c) An applicant shall show proper
specified in the language proficiency identification in the form of a Government
requirements. issued identification document at the time of
application that contains the applicant's:
(c) As of 5 March 2008, airplane, airship,
photograph, signature and date of birth.
helicopter and powered-lift pilots, air traffic
controllers and aeronautical station operators (d) The Authority will specify the minimum
shall demonstrate the ability to speak and passing grades.
understand the language used for
radiotelephony communications to the level (e) An applicant for a knowledge or skill test
specified in the language proficiency who fails that test may reapply for the test
requirements as follows: only after the applicant has received:

(1) those demonstrating language (1) The necessary training from an

proficiency at the Operational Level (Level 4) authorized instructor who has determined
should be evaluated at intervals not greater that the applicant is proficient to pass the
than 3 years; test; and

(2) those demonstrating language (2) An endorsement from an

proficiency at the Extended Level (Level 5) authorized instructor who gave the applicant
should be evaluated at intervals not greater the additional training.
than 6 years; and

(3) those demonstrating language

proficiency at the Expert Level (Level 6) should
be exempt from further language evaluation.

By: Engr. Kyla Mae M. San Jose

Strike Wing Aviation Training Center
Private Pilot Course
CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

ICAO Language Proficiency Scale

In order to conform with ICAO Language Proficiency requirements,

Pilots, Air Traffic Controllers and all others who use English in R/T
communication on international routes must be at ICAO English
Language Level 4 (Operational) or above. This must be
confirmed by successful completion of an airline industry approved
By: Engr. Kyla Mae M. San Jose
test.
Strike Wing Aviation Training Center
Private Pilot Course
CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

2.2.10.1 SUSPENSION OF A LICENSE, RATING (4) pending the investigation of a

AUTHORIZATION OR VALIDATION suspected violation of these
CERTIFICATE regulations or the aviation law under which
these regulations are affected.
If, in accordance with the Civil Aviation Law
the Authority determines that the interests of (d) Once the suspension is effective, the
safety require that a license, rating, person involved shall immediately cease
Authorization or certificate must be exercising the privileges of the affected
suspended, the Authority may act as follows: license, certificate, rating, or Authorization.
The person involved shall surrender to the
(a) If the Authority discovers facts
Authority all licenses or validation certificates
indicating either a lack of competency
in his or her possession that are subject to the
or lack of qualification, the Authority
suspension within 8 days of receiving the
may, require an applicant for or the
notification of the order. If the person fails to
holder of any license, rating,
surrender the documents under suspension,
Authorization, or validation certificate
the Authority may revoke all such
to retake all or part of the knowledge
certificate(s) held by that person.
or practical tests required for any
license, rating, Authorization, or (e) When a suspension is limited to one or
validation certificate at issue, renewal more ratings mentioned on the license or
or re-issue. The Authority may validation certificate, the Authority shall
suspend the validity of any such provide the person involved with a new
license, rating, Authorization and/or license or validation certificate omitting all
validation certificate pending the ratings which are subject to the suspension.
results of such re-testing.
(f) The Authority may cancel a suspension in
(b) A person whose license, rating, the following cases:
Authorization, or certificate has been
(1) if person under suspension has
amended, modified, suspended, or
taken and passed the knowledge or practical
revoked shall be provided with notice
tests required for any license, rating, or
and an opportunity to be heard in
Authorization at issue indicated in (a);
accordance with Subpart 1.2.1.7.3.
(2) if the person involved has gained
(c) After notifying the person involved, in
the required additional experience; or
writing, stating the reasons for such
action, the Authority may also (3) by revocation of the license, rating,
suspend the validity of any license, Authorization and/or validation certificate.
rating, Authorization and/or
validation certificate in the following (g) Once the suspension has been cancelled,
cases: other than by revocation, the Authority shall
issue the person involved a new license or
(1) during the investigation of an validation certificate.
aircraft disaster or incident;
(2) in cases of proven
misconduct, recklessness or
excessive carelessness;
(3) if the holder has acted in
contradiction to his or her
privileges; and/or

By: Engr. Kyla Mae M. San Jose

Strike Wing Aviation Training Center
Private Pilot Course
CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

2.2.10.2 SUSPENSION OF A MEDICAL 2.2.10.3 REVOCATION OF LICENSES, RATINGS

CERTIFICATE AUTHORIZATIONS OR

(a) In case of doubt concerning the CERTIFICATES

medical fitness of the holder of a
(a) A license, rating, Authorization or
medical certificate the Authority may
certificate shall be revoked if the
determine that the person involved
holder has lost the skills for exercising
shall again repeat a complete or
the privileges mentioned in the
partial medical examination. and may
document or fails to meet the
suspend the validity of that medical
appropriate medical standards as
certificate until the repeat
shown by the results of a medical
examination is completed with
examination or a test.
favorable results.
(b) A license, rating, Authorization and/or
(b) The validity of a medical certificate
certificate may be revoked if the
may also be suspended in case of a
holder has made a statement contrary
temporary rejection on medical
to the truth in obtaining or
grounds.
maintaining that license, rating
(c) The person holding the medical Authorization or certificate, or has
certificate will be notified in writing of provided incorrect data at a medical
a suspension stating the reasons for examination and/or test required for
that suspension. the issue, maintenance or renewal of
the license, rating, Authorization and
(d) The person holding the suspended
certificate.
medical certificate shall surrender the
medical certificate in his or her (c) A license, rating, Authorization or
possession to the Authority within 8 certificate shall be revoked in case of
days after the date of receiving the proven misconduct, recklessness or
notification. excessive carelessness. The holder of
the license will be notified in writing
(e) In cases in which the medical fitness
of the revocation with the reasons
of the person involved allows it, the
therefore.
Authority may provide the person with
a suspended medical certificate of a (d) A person who has had a license or
particular class with a new medical certificate revoked shall be obliged to
certificate of a lower class. hand over to the Authority all the
licenses or certificates in his or her
(f) A suspension may be lifted if the
possession applicable to the
medical examination intended in (a)
revocation within 8 days after the
has been passed satisfactorily. If a
date of receiving notification from the
suspension is lifted, the person
Authority.
involved shall receive a new medical
certificate unless the medical (e) The person who has been denied the
certificate was revoked. privilege to manipulate the controls of
an aircraft by judgment of a court,
shall be equally obliged to hand over
to the Authority all licenses and
certificates in his or her possession
within 8 days after he or she has

By: Engr. Kyla Mae M. San Jose

Strike Wing Aviation Training Center
Private Pilot Course
CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

taken cognizance of the judgment or the flight is not in pursuance of commercial

after it can be reasonably assumed air transport operations, singly or collectively,
that he or she has taken cognizance and a mandatory CAAP medical examination
thereof. every six (6) months is complied with.

2.3.1.5 LIMITATION OF PRIVILEGES OF PILOTS 2.3.1.6 RECENT EXPERIENCE REQUIREMENTS

WHO HAVE ATTAINED THEIR 60TH BIRTHDAY
(a) A pilot shall not operate an aircraft
(a) No person who holds a pilot license carrying passengers as pilot-in-
under this Part shall serve as pilot-in- command or copilot to operate at the
command on a Philippine-registered flight controls of a type or a variant of
civil aircraft engaged in international a type of aircraft during take-off and
commercial air transport (defined in landing unless that pilot has operated
Part 2.1.2) in a single pilot operation if the flight controls during at least
that person reached 60th year of age. three take-offs and landings within
(b) No person who holds a pilot license the preceding 90 days on the same
issued under this Part shall serve as a type of aircraft or in the flight
pilot-in- command on a Philippine- simulator approved for the purpose.
registered civil aircraft engaged in
(b) The holder of a license that does not
commercial air transport in a multi-
include an instrument rating shall not
crew operation if that person reached
act as PIC of an aircraft carrying
60th year of age unless the other pilot
passengers at night unless he or she
is younger than 60 years of age.
has carried out at least three take-offs
2.3.1.5.1 CURTAILMENT OF PRIVILEGES OF and three landings at night during the
PILOTS WHO HAVE ATTAINED THEIR 65TH previous 90 days.
AND 67TH BIRTHDAY
(c) A pilot shall not act in the capacity of
(a) No person who holds a pilot license under a cruise relief pilot in a type or variant
this Part shall serve as pilot-in-command or as of a type of aircraft unless, within the
co-pilot on a Philippine-registered civil aircraft preceding 90 days that pilot has
engaged in international commercial air either:
transport if that person has reached 65th
(1) Operated as a PIC, CP or cruise relief
years of age.
pilot on the same type of aircraft; or
(b) No person who holds a pilot license under (2) Carried out flying skill refresher
this Part shall serve as pilot-in-command or as training including normal, abnormal
co-pilot on a Philippine-registered civil aircraft and emergency procedures specific to
engaged in domestic commercial air transport cruise flight on the same type of
if that person has reached 67th years of age. aircraft or in a flight simulator
approved for the purpose, and has
(c) No person under this Part shall be granted
practiced approach and landing
any flexibility in meeting the medical
procedures, where the approach and
qualifications under any circumstances or
landing procedure practice may be
medical conditions if that person has reached
performed as the pilot who is not
65th years of age.
flying the aircraft.
(d) Any person beyond 67 years of age who (d) Each person shall document and
holds a pilot license and a valid medical record the experience required, to
certificate under this Part may be allowed to show the recent flight experience.
fly as a pilot-in-command or co-pilot provided

By: Engr. Kyla Mae M. San Jose

Strike Wing Aviation Training Center
Private Pilot Course
CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

2.3.3.1 STUDENT PILOTS 2.3.3.2 PRIVATE PILOT LICENSE - AIRPLANE

(a) The applicant for a student pilot (a) Age. The applicant for a PPL(A) shall be not
Authorization shall be not less than 16 years less than 17 years of age.
of age.
(b) Knowledge. The applicant for a PPL(A)
(b) The applicant can read, speak and shall:
understand English
(1) Receive and log ground training
(c) The applicant must hold a current class 2 from an authorized instructor on the
Medical Certificate following subjects:

(d) Pre-solo flight instruction. Prior to (i) Air law

conducting a solo flight, a student pilot shall
(ii) Aircraft general knowledge
have:
(iii) Flight performance and planning
(1) received and logged flight training
for the maneuvers and procedures as (iv) Human performance
listed in IS 2.3.3.1.
(v) Meteorology
(2) demonstrated satisfactory
proficiency and safety, as judged by (vi) Navigation
an authorized instructor, on the (vii) Operational procedures
maneuvers and procedures as listed in
IS 2.3.3.1. (viii) Principles of flight

(e) Solo flight requirement (ix) Radiotelephony

(1) Holding at least a Class 2 Medical (i) Air law: rules and regulations
Certificate relevant to the holder of a PPL(A);
rules of the air; appropriate air traffic
(2) An Authorized student pilot had services practices and procedures
received and logged ground training
from an authorized instructor on the (ii) Aircraft general knowledge:
following subject: (A) Principles of operation of
(i) Applicable sections of Part airplane powerplants,
2 and Part 8; systems and instruments;

(ii) Airspace rules and (B) Operating limitations of

procedures for the airport airplanes and powerplants:
where the student will relevant operational
perform solo flight; and information from the flight
manual or other appropriate
(iii) Flight characteristics and document;
operation for the make and
model of aircraft to be flown. (iii) Flight performance and planning:

(3) Must be authorized by a Flight (A) effects of loading and

Instructor. weight distribution on flight
characteristics; weight and
balance calculations;

By: Engr. Kyla Mae M. San Jose

Strike Wing Aviation Training Center
Private Pilot Course
CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

(B) use and practical (A) radiotelephony

application of take-off, procedures and phraseology
landing and other as applied to VFR
performance data;
operations; action to be taken
(C) pre-flight and en-route in case of communication
flight planning appropriate to failure;
private operations under VFR;
(B) as listed in IS 2.3.3.2
preparation and filing of air
Appendix A;
traffic services flight plans;
appropriate air traffic services (2) have received an endorsement for
procedures; position the knowledge test from an
reporting procedures; authorized instructor who:
altimeter setting procedures;
operations in areas of high- (i) conducted the training on
density traffic; the knowledge subjects;

(iv) Human performance: human (ii) certifies that the person is

performance relevant to the PPL(A) prepared for the required
knowledge test; and
(v) Meteorology: application of
elementary aeronautical (3) pass the required
meteorology; use of, and procedures knowledge test on
for obtaining, meteorological the knowledge areas
information; altimetry listed in IS 2.3.3.2
Appendix A.
(vi) Navigation: practical aspects of air
navigation and dead-reckoning (c) Experience
techniques; use of aeronautical (1) The applicant for a PPL(A) shall
charts: have completed not less than 40
(vii) Operational procedures: hours of flight time as pilot of
airplanes, a total of 5 hours may have
(A) use of aeronautical been completed in a flight simulator
documentation such as AIP, or flight procedures trainer.
NOTAM, aeronautical codes
and abbreviations; (2) The applicant shall have
completed in airplanes not less than
(B) appropriate precautionary 10 hours of solo flight time under the
and emergency procedures, supervision of an authorized flight
including action to be taken instructor, including 5 hours of solo
to avoid hazardous weather, cross-country flight time with at least
wake turbulence and the one cross-country flight totaling not
operating hazards; less than 270 km (150 nm) in the
course of which full-stop landings at
(viii) Principles of flight: principles of
two difference aerodromes shall be
flight relating to airplanes;
made.
(ix) Radiotelephony:
(3) The holder of pilot licenses in
other categories may be credited with

By: Engr. Kyla Mae M. San Jose

Strike Wing Aviation Training Center
Private Pilot Course
CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

10 hours of the total flight time as (vii)maximum performance

pilot-in-command towards a PPL(A). (short field and obstacle
clearance take-offs, short field
(d) Flight Instruction.
landings;
(1) The applicant for a PPL(A) shall
(viii) flight by reference solely
receive and log not less than 20 hours
to instruments, including the
of dual instruction from an authorized
completion of a level 180
instructor on the subjects listed in IS
degrees turn:
2.3.3.2 Appendix B. These 20 hours
may include 5 hours completed in a (ix)cross-country flying using
flight simulator or flight procedures visual reference, dead
trainer. The 20 hours of dual reckoning and, where
instruction shall include at least 5 available, radio navigation
hours of solo cross-country flight time aids;
with at least one cross-country flight
(x) emergency operations,
totaling not less than 270 km (150
including simulated airplane
NM) in the course of which full-stop
equipment malfunctions; and
landings at two different aerodromes
shall be made. (xi) operations to, from and
transmitting controlled
(2) The instructor shall ensure that
aerodromes, compliance with
the applicant has operational
air traffic services procedures,
experience in at least the following
radiotelephony procedures
areas to the level of performance
and phraseology as further
required for the private pilot:
specified in IS 2.3.3.2
(i) pre-flight operations, Appendix B.
including mass and balance
(3) If the privileges of the PPL(A) are
determination, airplane
to be exercised at night, the applicant
inspection and servicing;
shall have received 4 hours dual
(ii) aerodrome and traffic instruction in airplanes in night flying,
pattern operations, collision including take-offs, landings and 1
avoidance precautions and hour of navigation and that
procedures; information shall be endorsed on the
license.
(iii) control of the airplane by
external visual reference; Note 1: Training can be performed by
an individually authorized flight
(iv) flight at critically slow
instructor, by an authorized flight
airspeeds; recognition of, and
instructor in a flying club, or in an
recovery from, incipient and
Aviation Training Organization.
full stalls;

(v) flight at critically high

airspeeds; recognition of, and
recovery from, spiral dives,

(vi) normal and cross-wind

take-offs and landings;

By: Engr. Kyla Mae M. San Jose

Strike Wing Aviation Training Center
Private Pilot Course
CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

(e) Skill. The applicant for a PPL(A) shall: 2.3.3.3 COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENSE -
AIRPLANE
(1) have received an endorsement
from an authorized instructor who (a) Age. The applicant for a CPL (A) shall be
certifies that the not less than 18 years of age.
person is prepared for the required
(b) Knowledge. The applicant for a CPL (A)
skill test; and
shall:
(2) have demonstrated by passing a
(1) receive and log ground training
skill test the ability to perform as pilot
from an authorized instructor on the
in-command of an airplane, the areas
following subjects:
of operation described in IS 2.3.3.2
Appendix B, with a degree of (i) Air law
competency appropriate to the
privileges granted to the holder of a (ii) Aircraft general
PPL(A), and to knowledge

(i) operate the airplane (iii) Flight performance and

within its limitations; planning

(ii) complete all maneuvers (iv) Human performance

with smoothness and (v) Meteorology
accuracy;
(vi) Navigation
(iii) exercise good judgment
and airmanship; (vii)Operational procedures

(iv) apply aeronautical (viii) Principles of flight

knowledge; and (ix) Radiotelephony
(v) maintain control of the (2) Have received an endorsement for the
airplane at all times in a knowledge test from an authorized instructor
manner such that the who:
successful outcome of a
procedure or maneuver is (i) conducted the training on the
never seriously in doubt. knowledge subjects:

(f) Medical fitness. The applicant for a PPL (A) (ii) certifies that the person is
shall hold a current Class 2 Medical prepared for the required knowledge
Certificate. test: and

(g) Privileges. Subject to compliance with the (3) Pass the required knowledge test on the
requirements specified in this Part, the knowledge subjects listed in IS 2.3.3.3
privileges of the holder of a PPL (A) shall be to Appendix B.
act, but not for remuneration, as pilot in-
command or co-pilot of any airplane engaged
in non-revenue flights.

(h) Validity. Subject to compliance with the

requirements specified in this Part, the
validity period of the license is 5 years. For
renewal of the license see 2.2.3.

By: Engr. Kyla Mae M. San Jose

Strike Wing Aviation Training Center
Private Pilot Course
CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

(c) Experience. (ii) 30 hours as pilot-in-

command holding a PPL(H) on
(1) The applicant for a CPL(A) shall
helicopters; or
have completed not less than 200
hours of flight time, or 150 hours if (iii) 100 hours as pilot-in-
completed during an Authority- command holding a CPL(H) on
approved training course provided for helicopters.
in an Approved Training Organization
(4) The applicant for a CPL(A) shall
under Part 3, as a pilot of airplanes, of
hold a PPL(A) issued under this Part.
which 10 hours may have been
completed in a flight simulator or (d) Flight Instruction.
flight procedures trainer.
(1) The applicant for a CPL(A) shall
(2) The applicant shall have receive and log not less than 25 hours
completed in airplanes not less than: of dual instruction from an authorized
instructor. These 25 hours may
(i) 100 hours as pilot-in-
include 5 hours completed in a flight
command or, in the case of a
simulator or flight procedures trainer.
course of approved training,
70 hours as pilot-in- (2) The instructor shall ensure that
command; the applicant has operational
experience in at least the following
(ii) 20 hours of cross-country
areas to the level of performance
flight time as pilot-in-
required for the commercial pilot:
command including a cross
country flight totaling not less (i) pre-flight operations,
than 540 km (300 NM) in the including mass and balance
course of which full- stop determination, airplane
landings at two different inspection and servicing;
aerodromes shall be made: aerodrome and traffic pattern
operations, collision
(iii) 10 hours of instrument
avoidance precautions and
instruction time of which not
procedures;
more than 5 hours may be
instrument ground time; (ii) control of the airplane by
external visual reference;
(iv) if the privileges of the
license are to be exercised at (iii) upset prevention training
night, 5 hours of night flight including flight at critically
time including 5 take-offs and slow airspeeds, recognition
5 landings as pilot-in- of, and recovery from,
command. incipient and full stalls, and
on-airplane upset recovery
(3) The holder of a pilot license in
training as specified in IS
another category may be credited
2.3.3.3 Appendix C;
towards the 200 hours of flight time
as follows: (iv) flight at critically high
airspeeds; recognition of, and
(i) 10 hours as PIC in a
recovery from, spiral dives;
category other than
helicopters; or

By: Engr. Kyla Mae M. San Jose

Strike Wing Aviation Training Center
Private Pilot Course
CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

(v) normal and cross-wind (e) Skill. The applicant for a CPL(A) shall:
take-offs and landings;
(1) have received an endorsement
(vi) maximum performance from an authorized instructor who
(short field and obstacle certifies that the person is prepared
clearance take-offs, short field for the required skill test; and
landings;
(2) shall have demonstrated by
(vii) basic flight maneuvers passing a skill test the ability to
and recovery from unusual perform as pilot-in command of an
attitudes by reference solely airplane, the areas of operation
to basic flight instruments; described in IS 2.3.3.3 Appendix B,
with a degree of competency
(viii) cross-country flying using
appropriate to the privileges granted
visual reference, dead
to the holder of a CPL(A), and to
reckoning and radio
navigation aids; diversion (i) operate the airplane
procedures within its limitations;

(ix) abnormal and emergency (ii) complete all maneuvers

procedures and maneuvers; with smoothness and
and accuracy;

(x) operations to, from and (iii) exercise good judgment

transmitting controlled and airmanship;
aerodromes, compliance with
(iv) apply aeronautical
air traffic services procedures,
knowledge; and
radiotelephony procedures
and phraseology as further (v) maintain control of the
specified in IS 2.3.3.3 airplane at all times in a
Appendix B. manner such that the
successful outcome of a
(3) If the privileges of the CPL (A) are
procedure or maneuver is
to be exercised at night, the applicant
never seriously in doubt.
shall have received 4 hours dual
instruction in airplanes in night flying, (f) Medical fitness. The applicant for a CPL (A)
including take-offs, landings and 1 shall hold a current Class 1 Medical
hour of navigation. Certificate.
(4) For airplane instructor ratings, (g) Privileges. Subject to compliance with the
have completed on-airplane recovery requirements specified in this Part, the
training as specified in IS 2.3.3.3 privileges of the holder of a CPL(A) shall be:
Appendix C.
(1) to exercise all the privileges of the
(5) For Flight Instructor (FI), have holder of a PPL(A);
completed on-airplane upset
prevention and recovery training as (2) to act as pilot-in-command in any
specified in IS 2.3.3.3 Appendix C. airplane engaged in operations other
than commercial air transportation;

(3) to act as pilot-in-command in

commercial air transportation in any

By: Engr. Kyla Mae M. San Jose

Strike Wing Aviation Training Center
Private Pilot Course
CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

airplane certificated for single-pilot Part 6: Approved Maintenance Organization

operation; and
CAR Part 6 provides regulations for the
(4) to act as co-pilot in commercial air registration and monitoring of Approved
transportation in airplanes required Maintenance Organizations (AMO) in Republic
to be operated with a copilot. of the Philippines. The proper maintenance of
aircraft is fundamental to aviation safety and
(h) Validity. Subject to compliance with the
requires meticulous record-keeping.
requirements specified in this Part, the
validity period of the license is Five (5) year.
For renewal of the license see 2.2.3.
Part 7: Instrument and Equipment

CAR Part 7 presents standards and

Part 3: Approved Training Organization recommended practices as regulatory
requirements for instruments and equipment
3.1.1.1 APPLICABILITY
on aircraft expected to operate in the
Part 3 prescribes the requirements governing Republic of the Philippines.
the certification of Aviation Training
Organizations.

Part 4: Aircraft Registration and Marking

CAR Part 4 sets forth the requirements for

registration of aircraft in the Republic of the
Philippines and governs the application of
nationality and registration marks. Part 4 is
derived from ICAO Annex 7.

Part 5: Airworthiness

CAR Part 5 presents regulatory requirements

for the airworthiness of aircraft expected to
operate in the Republic of the Philippines
using the standards and recommended
practices in ICAO Annexes 6 and 8.

CAR Part 5 requires all persons operating

Republic of the Philippines registered aircraft
to notify the Authority when certain events
occur. The Authority is required to open lines
of communication with the State of Design
and/or the State of Manufacture so that the
Authority can receive all safety bulletins and
airworthiness directives for each type of
aircraft operating in the Republic of the
Philippines.

By: Engr. Kyla Mae M. San Jose

Strike Wing Aviation Training Center
Private Pilot Course
CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

Part 8: Operations (13) Category II or III Manual, as

applicable.
CAR Part 8 prescribes the requirements for:
(14) Operational Flight Plan.
(1) Operations conducted by airman
certified in Republic of the Philippines (15) Filed ATC flight plan.
while operating aircraft registered in
(16) NOTAMS briefing documentation.
Republic of the Philippines.
(17) Meteorological information.
(2) Operations of foreign registered
aircraft by Republic of the Philippines (18) Mass and balance
Operators. documentation.
(3) Operations of aircraft within (19) Roster of special situation
Republic of the Philippines by airman passengers.
or Operators of a foreign State.
(20) Maps and charts for routes of
8.2.1.8 DOCUMENTS TO BE CARRIED ON proposed flight or possibly diverted
AIRCRAFT: ALL OPERATIONS flights.
(a) Except as provided in Subpart 8.2.1.6, no (21) Forms for complying with the
person may operate a civil aircraft in reporting requirements of the
commercial air transport operations unless it Authority and the Operator.
has within it the following current and
approved documents: (22) For international flights, a
general declaration for customs.
(1) Certificate of Aircraft Registration
issued to the owner. (23) Any documentation that may be
required by the Authority or States
(2) Certificate of Airworthiness. concerned with a proposed flight.
(3) Aircraft Journey Log. (24) The appropriate licenses for each
crew member of the flight crew.
(4) Aircraft Radio License.
(25) Copy of the return to service, if
(5) List of passenger names and
any, in force with respect to the
points of embarkation and
aircraft.
destination, if applicable.
(26) Search and rescue information,
(6) Cargo manifest including special
for international flights.
loads information.
(27) Aircraft insurance coverage
(7) Aircraft Technical Log.
8.3.1.2 GENERAL
(8) Air Operator Certificate
The registered owner or operator of
(9) Noise Certificate
an aircraft is responsible for maintaining that
(10) AFM (for airplanes) or RFM (for aircraft in an airworthy condition, including
helicopters). compliance with all airworthiness directives.

(11) Part(s) of the Operations Manual

relevant to operation(s) conducted.

(12) MEL.

By: Engr. Kyla Mae M. San Jose

Strike Wing Aviation Training Center
Private Pilot Course
CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

8.3.1.4 ANNUAL/100 HOURS INSPECTIONS 8.4.1.6 RATING REQUIRED FOR IFR

OPERATIONS
(a) No person may operate a non-complex
aircraft with a certificated maximum take-off (a) No person may act as PIC of a civil aircraft
mass less than 5,700 kg carrying any person under IFR or in weather conditions less than
(other than a crew member) used in the minimums prescribed for VFR flight
commercial air transport, and no person may unless:
give flight instruction for compensation or
(1) In the case of an aircraft, the pilot
hire in an aircraft which that person provides,
holds an instrument rating or an ATP
unless:
license with an appropriate airplane
(1) Within the preceding 100 hours of category, class, and type (if required)
time in service the aircraft has rating for the airplane being flown;
received an annual or a 100-hour
(2) In the case of helicopter, the pilot
inspection, and
holds a helicopter instrument rating
(2) Been approved for return to or an ATP license for helicopters not
service in accordance with Part 5 of limited to VFR operations
these regulations.
8.4.1.9 PILOT CURRENCY: TAKE-OFF AND
(b) The 100-hour limitation may be exceeded LANDINGS, AND CRUISE RELIEF
by not more than 10 hours while en route to
(a) No person may act as PIC or a co-pilot of
reach a place where the inspection can be
an aircraft unless, within the preceding 90
done. The excess time used to reach a place
days that pilot has:
where the inspection can be done must be
included in computing the next 100 hours of (1) Made three take-offs and landings
time in service. as the sole manipulator of the flight
controls in an aircraft of the same
8.4.1.4 LICENSES REQUIRED
category and class and if a type rating
(a) No person may act as PIC or in any other is required, of the same type or in a
capacity as a required flight crew member of a flight simulation training device
civil aircraft of: approved for the purpose.

(1) Republic of the Philippines (2) For a tail-wheel airplane, made the
registry, unless he or she carries in three take-offs and landings in a tail-
their personal possession the wheel airplane with each landing to a
appropriate and current license for full stop.
that flight crew position for that type
(3) For night operations, made the
of aircraft and a valid medical
three take-offs and landings required
certificate.
by paragraph (a)(1) above at night.
(2) Foreign registry, unless he or she
(b) A pilot who has not met the recency of
carries in their personal possession a
experience for take-offs and landings shall
valid and current license for that type
satisfactorily complete a requalification
of aircraft issued to them by the State
curriculum acceptable to the Authority.
in which the aircraft is registered.
(c) Requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b)
(b) Each operator shall ensure that flight crew
above may be satisfied in a flight simulator
members demonstrate the ability to speak
approved by the Authority.
and understand the language used for
communications as specified in CAR Part 2.
By: Engr. Kyla Mae M. San Jose
Strike Wing Aviation Training Center
Private Pilot Course
CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

(d) No person may act as a cruise relief pilot in (c) The PIC of an aircraft shall have final
a commercial air transport unless within the authority as to the operation of the
preceding 90 days, that pilot has either: aircraft while he or she is in
command.
(1) Operated as PIC, CP or cruise pilot
on the same type of aircraft; or (d) The PIC of an aircraft shall, whether
manipulating the controls or not, be
(2) Carried out flying skill refresher
responsible for the operation of the
training including normal, abnormal
aircraft in accordance with the rules
and emergency procedures specific to
of the air, except that the PIC may
cruise flight on the same type of
depart from these rules in emergency
aircraft or in a flight simulator
circumstances that render such
approved for the purpose, and has
departure absolutely necessary in the
practiced approach and landing
interests of safety.
procedures, where the approach and
landing procedure practice may be (e) In an emergency during flight, the PIC
performed as the pilot who is not shall ensure that all persons on board
flying the aircraft. are instructed in such emergency
action as may be appropriate to the
(e) When a pilot is flying several variants of
circumstances.
the same type of aircraft or different types of
aircraft with similar characteristics in terms of 8.5.1.4 FITNESS OF FLIGHT CREW MEMBERS
operating procedures, systems and handling,
(a) No person may act as PIC or in any other
the Authority shall decide under which
capacity as a required flight crew member
conditions the requirements of paragraph (a)
when they are aware of any decrease in their
for each variant or each type of aircraft can be
medical fitness which might render them
combined.
unable to safely exercise the privileges of his
8.5.1.1 AUTHORITY AND RESPONSIBILITY OF or her license.
THE PIC
(b) The PIC shall be responsible for ensuring
(a) Pilot-in-command (PIC): Each that a flight is not:
operator shall designate one pilot to
(1) Commenced if any flight crew
act as PIC for each flight.
member is incapacitated from
(b) The PIC shall be responsible for the performing duties by any cause such
operations and safety of the aircraft as injury, sickness, fatigue, the effects
and for the safety of all crew of alcohol or drugs; or
members, passengers and cargo on
(2) Continued beyond the nearest
board, when the doors are closed.
suitable airport/heliport if a flight
The PIC shall also be responsible for
crew member’s capacity to perform
the operation and safety of the
functions is significantly reduced by
aircraft from the moment the aircraft
impairment of faculties from causes
is ready to move for the purpose of
such as fatigue, sickness or lack of
taking off until the moment it finally
oxygen.
comes to rest at the end of the flight
and the engine(s) used as primary
propulsion units are shut down (and
in the case of helicopters, rotor blades
stopped).

By: Engr. Kyla Mae M. San Jose

Strike Wing Aviation Training Center
Private Pilot Course
CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

8.5.1.5 PROHIBITION ON USE OF occupant during take-off and landing and be

PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES, INCLUDING able to properly perform assigned duties.
NARCOTICS, DRUGS OR ALCOHOL
(e) At each unoccupied seat, the safety belt
(a) No person may act or attempt to act as a and shoulder harness, if installed, shall be
crew member of a civil aircraft: secured so as not to interfere with crew
members in the performance of their duties
(1) Within 8 hours after the
or with the rapid egress of occupants in an
consumption of any alcoholic
emergency.
beverage;
8.5.1.7 FLIGHT CREW MEMBERS AT DUTY
(2) While under the influence of
STATIONS
alcohol; or
(a) Each required flight crew member shall
(3) While using any drug that affects
remain at the assigned duty station during
the person's faculties in any way
take- off and landing and critical phases of
contrary to safety.
flight.
8.5.1.6 FLIGHT CREW MEMBER USE OF SEAT
(b) Each flight crew member shall remain at
BELTS AND SAFETY HARNESSES
his or her station during all phases of flight
(a) Each flight crew member shall have his or unless:
her seat belts fastened during take-off and
(1) Absence is necessary for the
landing and all other times when seated at his
performance of his or her duties in
or her station.
connection with the operation;
(b) Safety harness. Any flight crew member
(2) Absence is necessary for
occupying a pilot’s seat shall keep the safety
physiological needs, provided one
harness fastened during the take-off and
qualified pilot remains at the controls
landing phases; all other flight crew members
at all times; or
shall keep their safety harnesses fastened
during the take-off and landing phases unless (3) The crew member is taking a rest
the shoulder straps interfere with the period and a qualified relief
performance of their duties, in which case the crewmember replaces him or her at
shoulder straps may be unfastened but the the duty station.
seat belt must remain fastened.
8.5.1.25 CREW MEMBER OXYGEN: MINIMUM
Note- Safety harness includes shoulder straps
SUPPLY AND USE
and a seat belt which may be used
independently. (a) The PIC shall ensure that all flight crew
members, when engaged in performing duties
(c) Each flight crew member occupying a
essential to the safe operation of an aircraft in
station equipped with a shoulder harness shall
flight, shall use breathing oxygen continuously
fasten that harness during take-off and
whenever the circumstances prevail for which
landing, except that the shoulder harness may
its supply has been required in Subpart
be unfastened if the flight crew member
8.6.2.13.2.
cannot perform the required duties with the
shoulder harness fastened. (b) All flight crew members of pressurized
aircrafts operating above an altitude where
(d) Each occupant of a seat equipped with a
the atmospheric pressure is less than 376 hPa
combined safety belt and shoulder harness
shall have available at the flight duty station a
shall have the combined safety belt and
shoulder harness properly secured about that
By: Engr. Kyla Mae M. San Jose
Strike Wing Aviation Training Center
Private Pilot Course
CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

quick donning type of oxygen mask which will 8.6.1.1 SUBMISSION OF A FLIGHT PLAN
readily supply oxygen upon demand.
(a) Prior to operating one of the following, a
(c) The PIC shall ensure that breathing oxygen pilot shall file a VFR or IFR flight plan, as
and masks are available to crew members in applicable, for
sufficient quantities for all flights at such
(1) Any flight (or portion thereof) to be
altitudes where a lack of oxygen might result
provided with air traffic control service;
in impairment of the faculties of crew
members. (2) Any IFR flight within advisory airspace;
(d) In no case shall the minimum supply of (3) Any flight within or into designated
oxygen on board the aircraft be less than that areas, or along designated routes, when
prescribed by the Authority. so required by the appropriate ATC
authority to facilitate the provision of
(e) The PIC shall ensure that all flight crew
flight information, alerting and search and
members, when engaged in performing duties
rescue services;
essential to the safe operation of an aircraft in
flight, use breathing oxygen continuously at (4) Any flight within or into designated
cabin altitudes exceeding 10,000 ft for a areas, or along designated routes, when
period in excess of 30 minutes and whenever so required by the appropriate ATC
the cabin altitude exceeds 13,000 ft. authority to facilitate co-ordination with
appropriate military units or with ATC
(f) One pilot at the controls of a pressurized
facilities in adjacent states in order to
aircraft in flight shall wear and use an oxygen
avoid the possible need for interception
mask
for the purpose of identification; and
(1) For general aviation operations, at
(5) Any flight across international borders.
flight levels above 350, if there is no
other pilot at their duty station: and (b) The PIC shall submit a flight plan before
departure or during flight, to the
(2) For commercial air transport
appropriate ATC facility, unless
operations, at flight levels above 250,
arrangements have been made for
if there is no other pilot at their
submission of repetitive flight plans.
duty station.
(c) Unless otherwise prescribed by the
(g) Cabin crew should be safeguarded so as to appropriate ATC authority, a pilot should
ensure reasonable probability of their submit a flight plan to the appropriate
retaining consciousness during any ATC facility
emergency descent which may be necessary
(1) At least sixty (60) minutes before
in the event of loss of pressurization and, in
departure; or
addition, they should have such means of
protection as will enable them to administer (2) If submitted during flight, at a time
first aid to passengers during stabilized flight which will ensure its receipt by the
following the emergency. Passengers should appropriate ATC facility at least ten (10)
be safeguarded by such devices or operational minutes before the aircraft is estimated to
procedures as will ensure reasonable reach-
probability of their surviving the effects of
hypoxia in the event of loss of pressurization. (i) The intended point of entry into a
control area or advisory area; or

(ii) The point of crossing an airway or

advisory route.
By: Engr. Kyla Mae M. San Jose
Strike Wing Aviation Training Center
Private Pilot Course
CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

8.6.1.5 CHANGES TO A FLIGHT PLAN 8.6.2.4 WEATHER LIMITATIONS FOR VFR

FLIGHTS
(a) When a change occurs to a flight plan
submitted for an IFR flight or a VFR flight (a) No person will commence a flight to
operated as a controlled flight. the pilot be conducted in accordance with the
shall report that change as soon as VFR unless available current
practicable to the appropriate ATC facility. meteorological reports, or a
combination of current reports and
(b) For VFR flights other than those operated
forecasts, indicate that the
as controlled flight, the PIC shall report
meteorological conditions along the
significant changes to a flight plan as soon
route, or that part of the route to be
as practicable to the appropriate ATC
flown under the VFR, will, at the
facility.
appropriate time, allow VFR
Note: Information submitted prior to operations.
departure regarding fuel endurance or total
8.6.2.14 MINIMUM FUEL AND OIL SUPPLY
number of persons carried on board, if
FOR VFR FLIGHTS
incorrect at time of departure constitutes a
significant change and shall be reported. (a) For airplanes: No person may commence a
flight in an airplane under VFR unless,
8.6.1.6 CLOSING A FLIGHT PLAN
considering the wind and forecast
(a) The PIC shall make a report of arrival weather conditions, there is enough fuel
either in person or by radio to the to fly to the first point of intended landing
appropriate ATC facility at the earliest and, assuming normal cruising speed
possible moment after landing at the
(1) For turbo-jet aircraft: flights during
destination airport, unless ATC
the day, for at least 30 minutes
automatically closes a flight plan.
thereafter; or
(b) When a flight plan has been submitted for
(2) For Propeller-driven aircraft: flights
a portion of a flight, but not the arrival at
at night, for at least 45 minutes
destination, the pilot shall close that flight
thereafter; and
plan en route with the appropriate ATC
facility. (3) For international flights, for at
least an additional 15% of the total
(c) When no ATC facility exists at the arrival
flight time calculated for cruise flight.
airport, the pilot shall contact the nearest
ATC facility to close the flight plan as soon 8.6.2.15 MINIMUM FUEL SUPPLY FOR IFR
as practicable after landing and by the FLIGHTS
quickest means available.
8.6.2.15.1 COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT:
(d) Pilots shall include the following elements PROPELLER DRIVEN AIRPLANES
of information in their arrival reports
The fuel and oil carried in order to comply
(1) Aircraft identification; with Subpart 8.6.2.13.1 shall, in the case of
(2) Departure airport; propeller driven airplanes, be at least the
(3) Destination airport (only in the case of amount sufficient to allow the airplane:
a diversionary landing);
(a) When a destination alternate airport is
(4) Arrival airport; and
required, either:
(5) Time of arrival.
(1) to fly to the airport to which the
flight is
By: Engr. Kyla Mae M. San Jose
Strike Wing Aviation Training Center
Private Pilot Course
CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

planned thence to the most critical (in 8.6.2.17 AIRCRAFT LOADING, MASS AND
terms of fuel consumption) alternate BALANCE
airport specified in the operational
(a) No person may operate an aircraft unless
and ATS flight plans and thereafter for
all loads carried are properly distributed
a period of 45 minutes; or
and safely secured.
(2) to fly to the airport to which the
(b) No person may operate an aircraft unless
flight is planned, then 15 minutes of
the calculations for the mass of the
holding at 1,500 feet, thence to the
airplane and centre of gravity location
most critical (in terms of fuel
indicate that the flight can be conducted
consumption) alternate airport
safely, taking into account the flight
specified in the operational and ATS
conditions expected.
flight plans and thereafter for a period
of 30 minutes holding at 1,500 feet; or Note: When load masters, load planners or
other qualified personnel are provided by the
(3) to fly to the alternate airport via
AOC holder in a commercial air transport
any predetermined point and
operation, the PIC may delegate these
thereafter for 45 minutes, provided
responsibilities, but shall ascertain that proper
that this shall not be less than the
loading procedures are followed.
amount required to fly to the
airport to which the flight is planned (c) For commercial air transport operations,
and thereafter for: no PIC may commence a flight unless the
PIC is satisfied that the loading and mass
(i) 45 minutes plus 15 per cent
and balance calculations contained in the
of the flight time planned to
load manifest are accurate and comply
be spent at the cruising
with the aircraft limitations.
level(s), or
8.5.1.6 FLIGHT CREW MEMBER USE OF SEAT
(ii) two hours, whichever is
BELTS AND SAFETY HARNESSES
less.
(a) Each flight crew member shall have his or
8.6.2.15.1 COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT:
her seat belts fastened during take-off
PROPELLER DRIVEN
and landing and all other times when
AIRPLANES seated at his or her station.
(b) Safety harness. Any flight crew member
(b) When a destination alternate airport is not
occupying a pilot’s seat shall keep the
required:
safety fastened during the take-off and
(1) in terms of Subpart 8.6.2.6.1, to fly landing phases; all other flight crew
to the airport to which the flight is membersshall keep their safety harnesses
planned and thereafter for a period of fastened during the take-off and landing
45 minutes; or phases unless the shoulder straps
interfere with the performance of their
(2) in terms of Subpart 8.6.2.6.1, to fly duties, in which case the shoulder straps
to the airport to which the flight is may be unfastened but the seat belt must
planned thereafter for: remain fastened.
(i) 45 minutes plus 15 per cent of the (c) Each flight crew member occupying a
flight time planned to be spent at the station equipped with a shoulder harness
cruising level(s), or shall fasten that harness during take-off
and landing, except that the shoulder
(ii) two hours, whichever is less.
By: Engr. Kyla Mae M. San Jose
Strike Wing Aviation Training Center
Private Pilot Course
CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

harness may be unfastened if the flight (6) a check has been completed indicating
crew member cannot perform the that the operating limitations, contained
required duties with the shoulder harness in the flight manual or its equivalent, can
fastened. be complied with for the flight to be
(d) Each occupant of a seat equipped with a undertaken;
combined safety belt and shoulder
(7) the Standards of Subpart 8.6.2.16
harness shall have the combined safety
relating to the operational flight planning
belt and shoulder harness properly
have been complied with.
secured about that occupant during take-
off and landing and be able to properly (b) The PIC shall have sufficient information on
perform assigned duties. climb performance with all engines operating
(e) At each unoccupied seat, the safety belt to enable determination of the climb gradient
and shoulder harness, if installed, shall be that can be achieved during the departure
so as not to interfere with crew members phase for the existing take-off conditions and
in the performance of their duties or with intended take-off technique.
the rapid egress of occupants in an
emergency. (c) For commercial air transport operations,
the PIC shall certify by signing the aircraft
8.6.2.1 AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS AND technical log that he or she is satisfied that the
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS requirements of paragraph (a) have been met
for a particular flight.
(a) A flight, or series of flights, shall not be
commenced until flight preparation forms 8.6.2.5 IFR DESTINATION AIRPORT/HELIPORT
have been completed certifying that the
PIC is satisfied that: (a) When a destination alternate
airport/heliport is required, a flight to be
(1) the aircraft is airworthy, duly conducted in accordance with IFR shall not
registered and that appropriate be commenced unless the information is
certificates with respect thereto are available which indicates that conditions
aboard the aircraft; at the airport/heliport of intended landing
or, at least one alternate airport/heliport
(2) the instruments and equipment
will, at the estimated time of arrival, be at
prescribed in Part 7 for the particular type
or above the airport/heliport operating
of operation to be undertaken, are
minima.
appropriate, taking in account the
expected flight conditions, installed and
sufficient for the flight;

(3) any necessary maintenance has been

performed and a maintenance release, if
applicable, has been issued in respect to
the aircraft;

(4) the mass of the aircraft and center of

gravity location are such that the flight
can be conducted safely, taking into
account the flight conditions expected;

(5) any load carried is properly distributed

and safely secured;

By: Engr. Kyla Mae M. San Jose

Strike Wing Aviation Training Center
Private Pilot Course
CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

8.6.2.6.1 IFR DESTINATION ALTERNATE (b) The lowest usable flight level is
AIRPORT/HELIPORT determined by the atmospheric pressure
in the area of operation.
For a flight to be conducted in accordance
with the IFR, at least one destination alternate (c) The flight crew shall use the altimeter
airport/heliport shall be selected and specified settings provided by the air traffic control
in the operational and ATS flight plans, unless: service of State within which the
operation is conducted.
(a) the duration of the flight and the
meteorological conditions prevailing are (d) See IS: 8.8.1.4 for the tables to determine
such that there is reasonable certainty the lowest usable flight level.
that, at the estimated time of arrival at
8.8.1.5 MINIMUM SAFE ALTITUDES: GENERAL
airport/heliport of intended landing, and
for a reasonable period before and after (a) Except when necessary for take-off or
such time, the approach and landing may landing, no person may operate an
be made under VMC or aircraft below the following altitudes:
(b) the airport/heliport of intended landing is (1) Anywhere. An altitude
isolated and there is no suitable allowing, if a power unit fails,
destination alternate airport/heliport; in continuation of flight or an
case of helicopter operations, a point of emergency landing without
no return (PNR) shall be determined. undue hazard to persons or
property on the surface.
(c) For a heliport to be selected as a
(2) Over congested areas. Over
destination alternate, the available
any congested area of a city,
information shall indicate that, at the
town, or settlement, or any
estimated time of use, the conditions will
open-air assembly of persons,
be at or above the heliport operating
an altitude of 300 m (1000
minima for that operation.
feet) above the highest
8.8.1.2 TAKE-OFF CONDITIONS obstacle within a horizontal
radius of 600 m (2,000 feet) of
(a) Before commencing take-off, a PIC shall
the aircraft.
ensure that
(3) Over other than congested
(1) According to the available areas. An altitude of 150 m
information. the weather at the (500 feet) above the surface,
airport and the condition of the except over open water or
runway intended to be used will allow sparsely populated areas
for a safe take-off and departure; and where the aircraft may not be
(2) The RVR or visibility in the take-off operated closer than 150 m
direction of the aircraft is equal to or (500 feet) to any person,
better than the applicable minimum. vessel, vehicle, or structure.
(4) Altitudes prescribed by ICAO
8.8.1.4 ALTIMETER SETTINGS Annex 2: 3.1.2, 4.6 and 5.1.2.
(a) Each person operating an aircraft, except
a balloon or glider, shall maintain the
cruising altitude or flight level by
reference to an altimeter setting.

By: Engr. Kyla Mae M. San Jose

Strike Wing Aviation Training Center
Private Pilot Course
CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

8.8.1.12 OPERATING NEAR OTHER AIRCRAFT 8.8.1.13 RIGHT-OF-WAY RULES: EXCEPT

INCLUDING FORMATION FLIGHTS WATER OPERATIONS

(a) No person may operate an aircraft so (a) General.

close to another aircraft as to create a
(1) Each pilot shall maintain vigilance
collision hazard.
so as to see and avoid other aircraft;
(b) No person may operate an aircraft in and
formation flight except:
(2) When a rule of this subsection
(1) By arrangement with the PIC of each gives another aircraft the right-of-
aircraft in the formation, and way, the pilot shall give way to that
aircraft and may not pass over, under,
(2) If in controlled airspace, in accordance
or ahead of it unless well clear and
with conditions prescribed by the
taking into account the effect of
appropriate air traffic authority,
aircraft wake turbulence.
which includes that:
(3) Each pilot who has the right-of-
(i) The formation operates as a single
way shall maintain his or her heading
aircraft with regard to navigation and
and speed but is still responsible for
position reporting
taking such action, including collision
(ii) Separation between aircraft in the avoidance maneuvers based on
flight shall be the responsibility of the resolution advisories provided by
flight leader and the pilots in ACAS equipment, as will best avert
command of the other aircraft in collision
flight;
(b) In distress. An aircraft in distress has the
(iii) Separation between aircraft shall right-of-way over all other air traffic.
include periods of transition when (c) Converging.
aircraft are maneuvering to attain
(1) When aircraft of the same
their own separation within the
category are converging at
formation and during join-up and
approximately the same altitude
break-away; and
(except head-on, or nearly so), the
(iv) A distance not exceeding 1 km (0.5 aircraft to the other's right has the
NM) laterally and longitudinally and right-of-way.
30 m (100 ft) vertically from the flight
(2) If the converging aircraft are of
leader shall be maintained by each
different categories-
aircraft.
(i) A balloon has the right-of-
(c) No person may operate an aircraft,
way over any other category
carrying passengers for hire, in formation
of aircraft;
flight.
(ii) A glider has the right-of-
way over an airship, and
power driven heavier than air
aircraft; and

(iii) An airship has the right-

of-way over a power driven
heavier than air aircraft.

By: Engr. Kyla Mae M. San Jose

Strike Wing Aviation Training Center
Private Pilot Course
CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

(d) Towing or Refueling. An aircraft towing or 8.8.1.13 RIGHT-OF-WAY RULES: EXCEPT

refueling other aircraft has the right-of- WATER OPERATIONS
way all other engine-driven aircraft,
(l) Surface movement of aircraft.
except aircraft in distress.
(e) Approaching head-on. When aircraft are (1) Approaching head-on. When
approaching each other head-on, or aircraft are approaching each other
nearly so, each pilot of each aircraft shall head-on, or approximately so, each
alter course to the right. pilot of each aircraft shall stop, or
(f) Overtaking. Each aircraft that is being wherever practicable alter
overtaken has the right-of-way and each course to the right so as to keep well
pilot of an overtaking aircraft shall alter clear
course to the right to pass well clear.
(g) Landing. Aircraft while on final approach (2) Converging. When aircraft are
to land or while landing, have the right-of- converging on a course, the aircraft to
way over other aircraft in flight or the other's right has the right-of-way.
operating on the surface. (3) Overtaking. Each aircraft that is
Note: The PIC may not take advantage of this being overtaken has the right-of-way
rule to force an aircraft off the runway surface and each pilot of an overtaking
which has already landed and is attempting to aircraft shall keep well clear.
make way for an aircraft on final approach (m) Aircraft taxiing on the maneuvering area
(h) More than one landing aircraft. When two of an aerodrome.
or more aircraft are approaching an (1) An aircraft taxiing on the
airport for the purpose of landing, the maneuvering area shall stop and hold
aircraft at the lower altitude has the right- at all runway-holding positions unless
of-way. otherwise authorized by the
(i) The PIC shall not take advantage of the aerodrome control tower.
right of way landing rules in items (g) and
(h) in this paragraph to cut in front of (2) An aircraft taxiing on the
another aircraft that is on final approach maneuvering area shall stop and hold
to land or to overtake that aircraft. at all lighted stop bars and may
(j) Emergency landing. Aircraft that are proceed further when the lights are
compelled to land have the right-of-way switched off.
over other aircraft. Note: The PIC will not take advantage of this
(k) Taking off. Aircraft taking off have the rule to cut in front of another which is on final
right-of-way over aircraft taxiing on the approach to land or to overtake that aircraft.
maneuvering area of an aerodrome.

By: Engr. Kyla Mae M. San Jose

Strike Wing Aviation Training Center
Private Pilot Course
CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

8.8.1.21 PROHIBITED AREAS AND 8.8.2.2 ADHERENCE TO ATC CLEARANCES

RESTRICTED AREAS
(a) When an ATC clearance has been
(a) No person may operate an aircraft in a obtained. no PIC may deviate from the
prohibited area. or in a restricted areas, clearance except in an emergency, unless
the particulars of which have been duly he or she obtains an amended clearance.
published. except in accordance with the
(b) When operating in airspace requiring
conditions of the restrictions or by
controlled flight. no PIC may operate
permission of the State over whose
contrary to ATC instructions, except in an
territory the areas are established.
emergency.
8.8.1.24 AIRPORT TRAFFIC PATTERN (c) Each PIC who deviates from an ATC
ALTITUDES: TURBOJET, TURBOFAN, OR clearance or instructions in an emergency,
LARGE AIRCRAFT shall notify ATC of that deviation as soon
as possible.
(a) When arriving at an airport, the PIC of a
turbojet, turbofan, or large aircraft shall 8.8.2.7 POSITION REPORTS
enter the traffic pattern at least 1,500 ft
(a) Each pilot of a controlled flight shall
AGL until further descent is required for
report to the appropriate ATC facility, as
landing.
soon as possible, the time and level of
(b) When departing, the PIC of a turbojet, passing each designated compulsory
turbofan, or large aircraft shall climb to reporting point, together with any other
1,500 ft AGL as rapidly as practicable. required information, unless exempted
from this requirement by the appropriate
8.8.2.1 ATC CLEARANCES
ATC authority.
(a) Each PIC shall obtain an ATC clearance
(b) Each pilot of a controlled flight shall make
prior to operating a controlled flight, or a
position reports in relation to additional
portion of a flight as a controlled flight.
points or intervals when requested by the
(b) Each PIC shall request an ATC clearance appropriate ATC facility.
through the submission of a flight plan to (c) When operating via data link
an ATC facility, including potential re- communications providing position
clearance in flight. information to the appropriate air traffic
(c) Whenever an aircraft has requested a services unit, each pilot of a controlled
clearance involving priority, each PIC shall flight shall only provide voice position
submit a report explaining the necessity reports when requested by the
for such priority, if requested by the appropriate ATC facility
appropriate ATC facility.
8.8.2.8 OPERATIONS ON OR IN THE VICINITY
(d) No person operating an aircraft on a
OF A CONTROLLED AIRPORT
controlled airport may taxi on the
maneuvering area or any runway without (a) No person may operate an aircraft to,
clearance from the airport control tower. from, through, or on an airport having an
operational control tower unless two-way
communications are maintained between
that aircraft and the control tower.

(b) On arrival, each PIC shall establish

communications required by paragraph
(a) prior to 4 nautical miles from the

By: Engr. Kyla Mae M. San Jose

Strike Wing Aviation Training Center
Private Pilot Course
CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

airport when operating from the surface (b) This Part of the regulations prescribes
up to and including 2,500 feet. requirements for the original
(c) On departure, each PIC shall establish certification and continued validity of
communications with the control tower air operator certificates (AOC) issued
prior to taxi. by Republic of the Philippines.
(d) Take-off landing, taxi clearance. No person (c) Except where specifically noted, Part
may, at any airport with an operating 9 applies to all commercial air
control tower, operate an aircraft on a transport operations by AOC holders
runway or taxiway or take-off or land an for which Republic of the Philippines
aircraft, unless an appropriate clearance is the State of the Operator under the
has been received by ATC. definitions provided in Annex 6 to the
Convention on International Civil
Note: A clearance to -taxi to" the take-off
Aviation.
runway is not a clearance to cross or taxi on to
(d) Republic of the Philippines shall
that runway. It does authorize the PIC to cross
recognize as valid an AOC issued by
other runways during the taxi to the assigned
another Contracting State, provided
runway. A clearance to -taxi to" any other
that the requirements under which
point on the airport is a clearance to cross all
the certificate was issued are at least
runways that intersect the taxi route to the
equal to the applicable Standards
assigned point.
specified in these Civil Aviation
(e) Communications failure. If the radio fails Regulations.
or two-way communication is lost, a PIC
may continue a VFR flight operation and
Part 10: Commercial Air Transport by Foreign
land if
Air Carriers within the Republic of the
(1) The weather conditions are at or Philippines
above basic VFR minimums; and
10.1 GENERAL
(2) Clearance to land from the ATC
10.1.1.1 APPLICABILITY
tower is given in accordance with the
universal light signals and (a) This regulation prescribes requirements
acknowledged by the PIC as contained applicable to the operation of any civil
in IS: 8.8.2.11 (e) and (f) for light aircraft, including airplane or helicopter, for –
signals and acknowledgement.
(1) The purpose of commercial air
transportation operations by any air
carrier whose Air Operator Certificate
Part 9: Air Operator Certification and
is issued and;
Administration
(2) Controlled by a civil aviation
9.1 AIR OPERATOR CERTIFICATE
authority other than the Republic of
9.1.1.1 APPLICABILITY the Philippines.

(a) Part 9 applies to the carriage of

passengers, cargo or mail for
remuneration or hire by persons
whose principal place of business or
permanent residence is located in
Republic of the Philippines.

By: Engr. Kyla Mae M. San Jose

Strike Wing Aviation Training Center
Private Pilot Course
CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

Part 11: Aerial Work and Non-type in this part, in Republic of the
Certificated Aircraft Philippines.

11.1 GENERAL (3) Conformance to the international

Standards for accident and incident
11.1.1.1 APPLICABILITY
reporting.
(a) This Part contains the requirements for
those operators and operations that are
considered to be aerial work in Republic Part 18: Transportation of Dangerous Goods
of the Philippines. by Air
(b) All persons who conduct aerial work in
18.001 APPLICABILITY
Republic of the Philippines must comply
with certification requirements of this (a) This Part prescribes the requirements of
Part. the Republic of the Philippines that apply to
(c) All persons who conduct aerial work in the carriage of dangerous goods by air in
Republic of the Philippines must comply international and domestic operations of
with the applicable airworthiness and aircraft as specified in –
operational requirements of this Part,
except where this Part grants relief from (1) The International Civil Aviation
those requirements or specifies additional Organization Document, Technical
requirements. Instructions for the Safe Transport of
Dangerous Goods by Air. and all
applicable amendments; and
Part 12: Accident and Incident Reporting and
Investigation (2) As amplified by, the Dangerous
Goods Regulations of the
12.001 APPLICABILITY International Air Transport
Association.
(a) This Part contains requirements of the
Republic of the Philippines pertaining to—

(1) Personal responsibility for initial

notification and later reporting of
aircraft incidents and accidents and
certain other occurrences in the
operation of aircraft, wherever they
occur, when they involve civil aircraft
registered or operated by Republic of
the Philippines; when they involve
certain public aircraft, as specified in
this part, wherever they occur; and
when they involve foreign civil aircraft
where the events occur in Republic of
the Philippines.

(2) Preservation of aircraft wreckage,

mail, cargo, and re cords involving all
civil and certain public aircraft
incidents and accidents, as specified

By: Engr. Kyla Mae M. San Jose

Strike Wing Aviation Training Center
Private Pilot Course
CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

Contents of Flight Plan 8.Time – estimate time of departure based on

UTC (Universal Coordinated Time)
1.Aircraft Identification – aircraft call sign (ex.
RP-C1698) 9.Cruising Speed – K (kph); N (knots); M
(mach)
2.Flight Rules –
10.Level – cruising altitude (ex. A025 = 2,500
V –Visual Flight Rules
ft)
I – Instrument Flight Rules
11.Route – flight route (4 letter airport code)
Y – if IFR first
12.Destination Aerodrome – desired airport
Z – if VFR first to fly to

3.Type of flight – 13.Total EET – estimate en-route time (est.

flight time from point of departure to point of
S – scheduled air transport destination)
N – non-scheduled air transport 14.Alternate Aerodrome – alternate airport in
G – general aviation case the flight to the destination cannot be
continued
M – military
15. Other Information
X – other than any of the specified
categories 16.Endurance – aircraft’s fuel time for flight

4.Type of aircraft – specific type of aircraft 17.P.O.B. – people on board (3 digits) (002 for
being flown 2 people)

5.Wake Turbulence Category – 18. Emergency Radio – 121.5 MHz

H – take-off mass of more than 19. Survival Equipment on board

136,000 kg M – medical
M – take-off mass of less than L/V – life vest
136,000 kg but more than 7,000 kg
FAK – first aid kit
L – take-off mass of less than 7,000 kg
20. Supplementary Information
6. Equipment – Navigational and surveillance
equipment

S – Standard two-way radio

O – VOR (Very High Frequency Omni-

directional Range)

F – ADF (Automatic Direction Finder)

C – Transponder Mode C (position &

altitude)

7.Departure Aerodrome – departure airport (4

letter airport code)

By: Engr. Kyla Mae M. San Jose

Strike Wing Aviation Training Center
Private Pilot Course