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Title: The Writings of Thomas Paine, Volume IV.

1794-1796.

Author: Thomas Paine

Editor: Moncure Daniel Conway

Release Date: February 12, 2010 [EBook #3743]

Language: English

Character set encoding: ASCII

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WRITINGS OF THOMAS PAINE ***

Produced by Norman M. Wolcott, and David Widger

THE WRITINGS OF
THOMAS PAINE
THE AGE OF REASON - PART I and
II

By Thomas Paine

Collected And Edited By Moncure Daniel

Conway

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VOLUME IV.
(1796)

Contents

THE AGE OF REASON

EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I - THE AUTHOR'S PROFESSION OF FAITH.

CHAPTER II - OF MISSIONS AND REVELATIONS.
CHAPTER III - CONCERNING THE CHARACTER OF JESUS
CHRIST, AND HIS HISTORY.
CHAPTER IV - OF THE BASES OF CHRISTIANITY.
CHAPTER V - EXAMINATION IN DETAIL OF THE
PRECEDING BASES.
CHAPTER VI - OF THE TRUE THEOLOGY.
CHAPTER VII - EXAMINATION OF THE OLD TESTAMENT.
CHAPTER VIII - OF THE NEW TESTAMENT.
CHAPTER IX - IN WHAT THE TRUE REVELATION
CONSISTS.
CHAPTER X - CONCERNING GOD, AND THE LIGHTS CAST
ON HIS EXISTENCE
CHAPTER XI - OF THE THEOLOGY OF THE CHRISTIANS;
AND THE TRUE THEOLOGY.
CHAPTER XII - THE EFFECTS OF CHRISTIANISM ON
EDUCATION; PROPOSED

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CHAPTER XIII - COMPARISON OF CHRISTIANISM WITH

THE RELIGIOUS IDEAS
CHAPTER XIV - SYSTEM OF THE UNIVERSE.
CHAPTER XV - ADVANTAGES OF THE EXISTENCE OF
MANY WORLDS IN EACH SOLAR
CHAPTER XVI - APPLICATION OF THE PRECEDING TO THE
SYSTEM OF THE
CHAPTER XVII - OF THE MEANS EMPLOYED IN ALL TIME,
AND ALMOST

THE AGE OF REASON - PART II

PREFACE

CHAPTER I - THE OLD TESTAMENT

CHAPTER II - THE NEW TESTAMENT
CHAPTER III - CONCLUSION

THE AGE OF REASON

(1796)

EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION
WITH SOME RESULTS OF RECENT
RESEARCHES.

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IN the opening year, 1793, when revolutionary France had

beheaded its king, the wrath turned next upon the King of
kings, by whose grace every tyrant claimed to reign. But
eventualities had brought among them a great English and
American heart—Thomas Paine. He had pleaded for Louis
Caper—"Kill the king but spare the man." Now he pleaded,
—"Disbelieve in the King of kings, but do not confuse with
that idol the Father of Mankind!"
In Paine's Preface to the Second Part of "The Age of
Reason" he describes himself as writing the First Part near
the close of the year 1793. "I had not finished it more than
six hours, in the state it has since appeared, before a guard
came about three in the morning, with an order signed by
the two Committees of Public Safety and Surety General,
for putting me in arrestation." This was on the morning of
December 28. But it is necessary to weigh the words just
quoted—"in the state it has since appeared." For on August
5, 1794, Francois Lanthenas, in an appeal for Paine's
liberation, wrote as follows: "I deliver to Merlin de
Thionville a copy of the last work of T. Payne [The Age of
Reason], formerly our colleague, and in custody since the
decree excluding foreigners from the national
representation. This book was written by the author in the
beginning of the year '93 (old style). I undertook its
translation before the revolution against priests, and it was
published in French about the same time. Couthon, to
whom I sent it, seemed offended with me for having
translated this work."
Under the frown of Couthon, one of the most atrocious
colleagues of Robespierre, this early publication seems to
have been so effectually suppressed that no copy bearing
that date, 1793, can be found in France or elsewhere. In
Paine's letter to Samuel Adams, printed in the present
volume, he says that he had it translated into French, to
stay the progress of atheism, and that he endangered his
life "by opposing atheism." The time indicated by Lanthenas
as that in which he submitted the work to Couthon would
appear to be the latter part of March, 1793, the fury against
the priesthood having reached its climax in the decrees
against them of March 19 and 26. If the moral deformity of
Couthon, even greater than that of his body, be
remembered, and the readiness with which death was
inflicted for the most theoretical opinion not approved by
the "Mountain," it will appear probable that the offence
given Couthon by Paine's book involved danger to him and
his translator. On May 31, when the Girondins were
accused, the name of Lanthenas was included, and he
barely escaped; and on the same day Danton persuaded
Paine not to appear in the Convention, as his life might be
in danger. Whether this was because of the "Age of Reason,"

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with its fling at the "Goddess Nature" or not, the statements

of author and translator are harmonized by the fact that
Paine prepared the manuscript, with considerable additions
and changes, for publication in English, as he has stated in
the Preface to Part II.
A comparison of the French and English versions, sentence
by sentence, proved to me that the translation sent by
Lanthenas to Merlin de Thionville in 1794 is the same as
that he sent to Couthon in 1793. This discovery was the
means of recovering several interesting sentences of the
original work. I have given as footnotes translations of such
clauses and phrases of the French work as appeared to be
important. Those familiar with the translations of Lanthenas
need not be reminded that he was too much of a literalist to
depart from the manuscript before him, and indeed he did
not even venture to alter it in an instance (presently
considered) where it was obviously needed. Nor would
Lanthenas have omitted any of the paragraphs lacking in
his translation. This original work was divided into
seventeen chapters, and these I have restored, translating
their headings into English. The "Age of Reason" is thus for
the first time given to the world with nearly its original
completeness.
It should be remembered that Paine could not have read the
proof of his "Age of Reason" (Part I.) which went through
the press while he was in prison. To this must be ascribed
the permanence of some sentences as abbreviated in the
haste he has described. A notable instance is the dropping
out of his estimate of Jesus the words rendered by
Lanthenas "trop peu imite, trop oublie, trop meconnu." The
addition of these words to Paine's tribute makes it the more
notable that almost the only recognition of the human
character and life of Jesus by any theological writer of that
generation came from one long branded as an infidel.
To the inability of the prisoner to give his work any revision
must be attributed the preservation in it of the singular
error already alluded to, as one that Lanthenas, but for his
extreme fidelity, would have corrected. This is Paine's
repeated mention of six planets, and enumeration of them,
twelve years after the discovery of Uranus. Paine was a
devoted student of astronomy, and it cannot for a moment
be supposed that he had not participated in the universal
welcome of Herschel's discovery. The omission of any
allusion to it convinces me that the astronomical episode
was printed from a manuscript written before 1781, when
Uranus was discovered. Unfamiliar with French in 1793,
Paine might not have discovered the erratum in Lanthenas'
translation, and, having no time for copying, he would
naturally use as much as possible of the same manuscript in

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preparing his work for English readers. But he had no

opportunity of revision, and there remains an erratum
which, if my conjecture be correct, casts a significant light
on the paragraphs in which he alludes to the preparation of
the work. He states that soon after his publication of
"Common Sense" (1776), he "saw the exceeding probability
that a revolution in the system of government would be
followed by a revolution in the system of religion," and that
"man would return to the pure, unmixed, and unadulterated
belief of one God and no more." He tells Samuel Adams that
it had long been his intention to publish his thoughts upon
religion, and he had made a similar remark to John Adams
in 1776. Like the Quakers among whom he was reared
Paine could then readily use the phrase "word of God" for
anything in the Bible which approved itself to his "inner
light," and as he had drawn from the first Book of Samuel a
divine condemnation of monarchy, John Adams, a Unitarian,
asked him if he believed in the inspiration of the Old
Testament. Paine replied that he did not, and at a later
period meant to publish his views on the subject. There is
little doubt that he wrote from time to time on religious
points, during the American war, without publishing his
thoughts, just as he worked on the problem of steam
navigation, in which he had invented a practicable method
(ten years before John Fitch made his discovery) without
publishing it. At any rate it appears to me certain that the
part of "The Age of Reason" connected with Paine's favorite
science, astronomy, was written before 1781, when Uranus
was discovered.
Paine's theism, however invested with biblical and Christian
phraseology, was a birthright. It appears clear from several
allusions in "The Age of Reason" to the Quakers that in his
early life, or before the middle of the eighteenth century,
the people so called were substantially Deists. An
interesting confirmation of Paine's statements concerning
them appears as I write in an account sent by Count Leo
Tolstoi to the London 'Times' of the Russian sect called
Dukhobortsy (The Times, October 23, 1895). This sect
sprang up in the last century, and the narrative says:
"The first seeds of the teaching called afterwards
'Dukhoborcheskaya' were sown by a foreigner, a Quaker,
who came to Russia. The fundamental idea of his Quaker
teaching was that in the soul of man dwells God himself,
and that He himself guides man by His inner word. God
lives in nature physically and in man's soul spiritually. To
Christ, as to an historical personage, the Dukhobortsy do
not ascribe great importance... Christ was God's son, but
only in the sense in which we call, ourselves 'sons of God.'
The purpose of Christ's sufferings was no other than to
show us an example of suffering for truth. The Quakers

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who, in 1818, visited the Dukhobortsy, could not agree with

them upon these religious subjects; and when they heard
from them their opinion about Jesus Christ (that he was a
man), exclaimed 'Darkness!' From the Old and New
Testaments,' they say, 'we take only what is useful,' mostly
the moral teaching.... The moral ideas of the Dukhobortsy
are the following:—All men are, by nature, equal; external
distinctions, whatsoever they may be, are worth nothing.
This idea of men's equality the Dukhoborts have directed
further, against the State authority.... Amongst themselves
they hold subordination, and much more, a monarchical
Government, to be contrary to their ideas."
Here is an early Hicksite Quakerism carried to Russia long
before the birth of Elias Hicks, who recovered it from Paine,
to whom the American Quakers refused burial among them.
Although Paine arraigned the union of Church and State, his
ideal Republic was religious; it was based on a conception
of equality based on the divine son-ship of every man. This
faith underlay equally his burden against claims to divine
partiality by a "Chosen People," a Priesthood, a Monarch
"by the grace of God," or an Aristocracy. Paine's "Reason" is
only an expansion of the Quaker's "inner light"; and the
greater impression, as compared with previous republican
and deistic writings made by his "Rights of Man" and "Age
of Reason" (really volumes of one work), is partly explained
by the apostolic fervor which made him a spiritual,
successor of George Fox.
Paine's mind was by no means skeptical, it was eminently
instructive. That he should have waited until his fifty-
seventh year before publishing his religious convictions was
due to a desire to work out some positive and practicable
system to take the place of that which he believed was
crumbling. The English engineer Hall, who assisted Paine in
making the model of his iron bridge, wrote to his friends in
England, in 1786: "My employer has Common Sense enough
to disbelieve most of the common systematic theories of
Divinity, but does not seem to establish any for himself." But
five years later Paine was able to lay the corner-stone of his
temple: "With respect to religion itself, without regard to
names, and as directing itself from the universal family of
mankind to the 'Divine object of all adoration, it is man
bringing to his Maker the fruits of his heart; and though
those fruits may differ from each other like the fruits of the
earth, the grateful tribute of every one, is accepted."
("Rights of Man." See my edition of Paine's Writings, ii., p.
326.) Here we have a reappearance of George Fox confuting
the doctor in America who "denied the light and Spirit of
God to be in every one; and affirmed that it was not in the
Indians. Whereupon I called an Indian to us, and asked him
'whether or not, when he lied, or did wrong to anyone, there

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was not something in him that reproved him for it?' He said,
'There was such a thing in him that did so reprove him; and
he was ashamed when he had done wrong, or spoken
wrong.' So we shamed the doctor before the governor and
the people." (Journal of George Fox, September 1672.)
Paine, who coined the phrase "Religion of Humanity" (The
Crisis, vii., 1778), did but logically defend it in "The Age of
Reason," by denying a special revelation to any particular
tribe, or divine authority in any particular creed of church;
and the centenary of this much-abused publication has been
celebrated by a great conservative champion of Church and
State, Mr. Balfour, who, in his "Foundations of Belief,"
affirms that "inspiration" cannot be denied to the great
Oriental teachers, unless grapes may be gathered from
thorns.
The centenary of the complete publication of "The Age of
Reason," (October 25, 1795), was also celebrated at the
Church Congress, Norwich, on October 10, 1895, when
Professor Bonney, F.R.S., Canon of Manchester, read a
paper in which he said: "I cannot deny that the increase of
scientific knowledge has deprived parts of the earlier books
of the Bible of the historical value which was generally
attributed to them by our forefathers. The story of Creation
in the Book of Genesis, unless we play fast and loose either
with words or with science, cannot be brought into harmony
with what we have learnt from geology. Its ethnological
statements are imperfect, if not sometimes inaccurate. The
stories of the Fall, of the Flood, and of the Tower of Babel,
are incredible in their present form. Some historical
element may underlie many of the traditions in the first
eleven chapters in that book, but this we cannot hope to
recover." Canon Bonney proceeded to say of the New
Testament also, that "the Gospels are not so far as we know,
strictly contemporaneous records, so we must admit the
possibility of variations and even inaccuracies in details
being introduced by oral tradition." The Canon thinks the
interval too short for these importations to be serious, but
that any question of this kind is left open proves the Age of
Reason fully upon us. Reason alone can determine how
many texts are as spurious as the three heavenly witnesses
(i John v. 7), and like it "serious" enough to have cost good
men their lives, and persecutors their charities. When men
interpolate, it is because they believe their interpolation
seriously needed. It will be seen by a note in Part II. of the
work, that Paine calls attention to an interpolation
introduced into the first American edition without indication
of its being an editorial footnote. This footnote was: "The
book of Luke was carried by a majority of one only. Vide
Moshelm's Ecc. History." Dr. Priestley, then in America,
answered Paine's work, and in quoting less than a page

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from the "Age of Reason" he made three alterations,—one of

which changed "church mythologists" into "Christian
mythologists,"—and also raised the editorial footnote into
the text, omitting the reference to Mosheim. Having done
this, Priestley writes: "As to the gospel of Luke being
carried by a majority of one only, it is a legend, if not of Mr.
Paine's own invention, of no better authority whatever." And
so on with further castigation of the author for what he
never wrote, and which he himself (Priestley) was the
unconscious means of introducing into the text within the
year of Paine's publication.
If this could be done, unintentionally by a conscientious and
exact man, and one not unfriendly to Paine, if such a writer
as Priestley could make four mistakes in citing half a page,
it will appear not very wonderful when I state that in a
modern popular edition of "The Age of Reason," including
both parts, I have noted about five hundred deviations from
the original. These were mainly the accumulated efforts of
friendly editors to improve Paine's grammar or spelling;
some were misprints, or developed out of such; and some
resulted from the sale in London of a copy of Part Second
surreptitiously made from the manuscript. These facts add
significance to Paine's footnote (itself altered in some
editions!), in which he says: "If this has happened within
such a short space of time, notwithstanding the aid of
printing, which prevents the alteration of copies
individually; what may not have happened in a much
greater length of time, when there was no printing, and
when any man who could write, could make a written copy,
and call it an original, by Matthew, Mark, Luke, or John."
Nothing appears to me more striking, as an illustration of
the far-reaching effects of traditional prejudice, than the
errors into which some of our ablest contemporary scholars
have fallen by reason of their not having studied Paine.
Professor Huxley, for instance, speaking of the freethinkers
of the eighteenth century, admires the acuteness, common
sense, wit, and the broad humanity of the best of them, but
says "there is rarely much to be said for their work as an
example of the adequate treatment of a grave and difficult
investigation," and that they shared with their adversaries
"to the full the fatal weakness of a priori philosophizing."
[NOTE: Science and Christian Tradition, p. 18 (Lon. ed.,
1894).] Professor Huxley does not name Paine, evidently
because he knows nothing about him. Yet Paine represents
the turning-point of the historical freethinking movement;
he renounced the 'a priori' method, refused to pronounce
anything impossible outside pure mathematics, rested
everything on evidence, and really founded the Huxleyan
school. He plagiarized by anticipation many things from the
rationalistic leaders of our time, from Strauss and Baur

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(being the first to expatiate on "Christian Mythology"), from

Renan (being the first to attempt recovery of the human
Jesus), and notably from Huxley, who has repeated Paine's
arguments on the untrustworthiness of the biblical
manuscripts and canon, on the inconsistencies of the
narratives of Christ's resurrection, and various other points.
None can be more loyal to the memory of Huxley than the
present writer, and it is even because of my sense of his
grand leadership that he is here mentioned as a typical
instance of the extent to which the very elect of
free-thought may be unconsciously victimized by the
phantasm with which they are contending. He says that
Butler overthrew freethinkers of the eighteenth century
type, but Paine was of the nineteenth century type; and it
was precisely because of his critical method that he excited
more animosity than his deistical predecessors. He
compelled the apologists to defend the biblical narratives in
detail, and thus implicitly acknowledge the tribunal of
reason and knowledge to which they were summoned. The
ultimate answer by police was a confession of judgment. A
hundred years ago England was suppressing Paine's works,
and many an honest Englishman has gone to prison for
printing and circulating his "Age of Reason." The same
views are now freely expressed; they are heard in the seats
of learning, and even in the Church Congress; but the
suppression of Paine, begun by bigotry and ignorance, is
continued in the long indifference of the representatives of
our Age of Reason to their pioneer and founder. It is a
grievous loss to them and to their cause. It is impossible to
understand the religious history of England, and of
America, without studying the phases of their evolution
represented in the writings of Thomas Paine, in the
controversies that grew out of them with such practical
accompaniments as the foundation of the
Theophilanthropist Church in Paris and New York, and of
the great rationalist wing of Quakerism in America.
Whatever may be the case with scholars in our time, those
of Paine's time took the "Age of Reason" very seriously
indeed. Beginning with the learned Dr. Richard Watson,
Bishop of Llandaff, a large number of learned men replied
to Paine's work, and it became a signal for the
commencement of those concessions, on the part of
theology, which have continued to our time; and indeed the
so-called "Broad Church" is to some extent an outcome of
"The Age of Reason." It would too much enlarge this
Introduction to cite here the replies made to Paine
(thirty-six are catalogued in the British Museum), but it may
be remarked that they were notably free, as a rule, from the
personalities that raged in the pulpits. I must venture to
quote one passage from his very learned antagonist, the

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Rev. Gilbert Wakefield, B.A., "late Fellow of Jesus College,

Cambridge." Wakefield, who had resided in London during
all the Paine panic, and was well acquainted with the
slanders uttered against the author of "Rights of Man,"
indirectly brands them in answering Paine's argument that
the original and traditional unbelief of the Jews, among
whom the alleged miracles were wrought, is an important
evidence against them. The learned divine writes:
"But the subject before us admits of further illustration from
the example of Mr. Paine himself. In this country, where his
opposition to the corruptions of government has raised him
so many adversaries, and such a swarm of unprincipled
hirelings have exerted themselves in blackening his
character and in misrepresenting all the transactions and
incidents of his life, will it not be a most difficult, nay an
impossible task, for posterity, after a lapse of 1700 years, if
such a wreck of modern literature as that of the ancient,
should intervene, to identify the real circumstances, moral
and civil, of the man? And will a true historian, such as the
Evangelists, be credited at that future period against such a
predominant incredulity, without large and mighty
accessions of collateral attestation? And how transcendently
extraordinary, I had almost said miraculous, will it be
estimated by candid and reasonable minds, that a writer
whose object was a melioration of condition to the common
people, and their deliverance from oppression, poverty,
wretchedness, to the numberless blessings of upright and
equal government, should be reviled, persecuted, and
burned in effigy, with every circumstance of insult and
execration, by these very objects of his benevolent
intentions, in every corner of the kingdom?" After the
execution of Louis XVI., for whose life Paine pleaded so
earnestly,—while in England he was denounced as an
accomplice in the deed,—he devoted himself to the
preparation of a Constitution, and also to gathering up his
religious compositions and adding to them. This manuscript
I suppose to have been prepared in what was variously
known as White's Hotel or Philadelphia House, in Paris, No.
7 Passage des Petits Peres. This compilation of early and
fresh manuscripts (if my theory be correct) was labelled,
"The Age of Reason," and given for translation to Francois
Lanthenas in March 1793. It is entered, in Qudrard (La
France Literaire) under the year 1793, but with the title
"L'Age de la Raison" instead of that which it bore in 1794,
"Le Siecle de la Raison." The latter, printed "Au Burcau de
l'imprimerie, rue du Theatre-Francais, No. 4," is said to be
by "Thomas Paine, Citoyen et cultivateur de l'Amerique
septentrionale, secretaire du Congres du departement des
affaires etrangeres pendant la guerre d'Amerique, et auteur
des ouvrages intitules: LA SENS COMMUN et LES DROITS

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DE L'HOMME."
When the Revolution was advancing to increasing terrors,
Paine, unwilling to participate in the decrees of a
Convention whose sole legal function was to frame a
Constitution, retired to an old mansion and garden in the
Faubourg St. Denis, No. 63. Mr. J.G. Alger, whose
researches in personal details connected with the
Revolution are original and useful, recently showed me in
the National Archives at Paris, some papers connected with
the trial of Georgeit, Paine's landlord, by which it appears
that the present No. 63 is not, as I had supposed, the house
in which Paine resided. Mr. Alger accompanied me to the
neighborhood, but we were not able to identify the house.
The arrest of Georgeit is mentioned by Paine in his essay on
"Forgetfulness" (Writings, iii., 319). When his trial came on
one of the charges was that he had kept in his house "Paine
and other Englishmen,"—Paine being then in prison,—but
he (Georgeit) was acquitted of the paltry accusations
brought against him by his Section, the "Faubourg du
Nord." This Section took in the whole east side of the
Faubourg St. Denis, whereas the present No. 63 is on the
west side. After Georgeit (or Georger) had been arrested,
Paine was left alone in the large mansion (said by Rickman
to have been once the hotel of Madame de Pompadour), and
it would appear, by his account, that it was after the
execution (October 31, 1793) Of his friends the Girondins,
and political comrades, that he felt his end at hand, and set
about his last literary bequest to the world,—"The Age of
Reason,"—in the state in which it has since appeared, as he
is careful to say. There was every probability, during the
months in which he wrote (November and December 1793)
that he would be executed. His religious testament was
prepared with the blade of the guillotine suspended over
him,—a fact which did not deter pious mythologists from
portraying his death-bed remorse for having written the
book.
In editing Part I. of "The Age of Reason," I follow closely the
first edition, which was printed by Barrois in Paris from the
manuscript, no doubt under the superintendence of Joel
Barlow, to whom Paine, on his way to the Luxembourg, had
confided it. Barlow was an American ex-clergyman, a
speculator on whose career French archives cast an
unfavorable light, and one cannot be certain that no
liberties were taken with Paine's proofs.
I may repeat here what I have stated in the outset of my
editorial work on Paine that my rule is to correct obvious
misprints, and also any punctuation which seems to render
the sense less clear. And to that I will now add that in
following Paine's quotations from the Bible I have adopted

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the Plan now generally used in place of his occasionally too

extended writing out of book, chapter, and verse.
Paine was imprisoned in the Luxembourg on December 28,
1793, and released on November 4, 1794. His liberation
was secured by his old friend, James Monroe (afterwards
President), who had succeeded his (Paine's) relentless
enemy, Gouverneur Morris, as American Minister in Paris.
He was found by Monroe more dead than alive from
semi-starvation, cold, and an abscess contracted in prison,
and taken to the Minister's own residence. It was not
supposed that he could survive, and he owed his life to the
tender care of Mr. and Mrs. Monroe. It was while thus a
prisoner in his room, with death still hovering over him, that
Paine wrote Part Second of "The Age of Reason."
The work was published in London by H.D. Symonds on
October 25, 1795, and claimed to be "from the Author's
manuscript." It is marked as "Entered at Stationers Hall,"
and prefaced by an apologetic note of "The Bookseller to
the Public," whose commonplaces about avoiding both
prejudice and partiality, and considering "both sides," need
not be quoted. While his volume was going through the
press in Paris, Paine heard of the publication in London,
which drew from him the following hurried note to a
London publisher, no doubt Daniel Isaacs Eaton:
"SIR,—I have seen advertised in the London papers the
second Edition [part] of the Age of Reason, printed, the
advertisement says, from the Author's Manuscript, and
entered at Stationers Hall. I have never sent any
manuscript to any person. It is therefore a forgery to say it
is printed from the author's manuscript; and I suppose is
done to give the Publisher a pretence of Copy Right, which
he has no title to.
"I send you a printed copy, which is the only one I have sent
to London. I wish you to make a cheap edition of it. I know
not by what means any copy has got over to London. If any
person has made a manuscript copy I have no doubt but it is
full of errors. I wish you would talk to Mr. ——- upon this
subject as I wish to know by what means this trick has been
played, and from whom the publisher has got possession of
any copy.

"T. PAINE.

"PARIS, December 4, 1795"

Eaton's cheap edition appeared January 1, 1796, with the

above letter on the reverse of the title. The blank in the note

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was probably "Symonds" in the original, and possibly that

publisher was imposed upon. Eaton, already in trouble for
printing one of Paine's political pamphlets, fled to America,
and an edition of the "Age of Reason" was issued under a
new title; no publisher appears; it is said to be "printed for,
and sold by all the Booksellers in Great Britain and Ireland."
It is also said to be "By Thomas Paine, author of several
remarkable performances." I have never found any copy of
this anonymous edition except the one in my possession. It
is evidently the edition which was suppressed by the
prosecution of Williams for selling a copy of it.
A comparison with Paine's revised edition reveals a good
many clerical and verbal errors in Symonds, though few
that affect the sense. The worst are in the preface, where,
instead of "1793," the misleading date "1790" is given as
the year at whose close Paine completed Part First,—an
error that spread far and wide and was fastened on by his
calumnious American "biographer," Cheetham, to prove his
inconsistency. The editors have been fairly demoralized by,
and have altered in different ways, the following sentence of
the preface in Symonds: "The intolerant spirit of religious
persecution had transferred itself into politics; the
tribunals, styled Revolutionary, supplied the place of the
Inquisition; and the Guillotine of the State outdid the Fire
and Faggot of the Church." The rogue who copied this little
knew the care with which Paine weighed words, and that he
would never call persecution "religious," nor connect the
guillotine with the "State," nor concede that with all its
horrors it had outdone the history of fire and faggot. What
Paine wrote was: "The intolerant spirit of church
persecution had transferred itself into politics; the
tribunals, styled Revolutionary, supplied the place of an
Inquisition and the Guillotine, of the Stake."
An original letter of Paine, in the possession of Joseph
Cowen, ex-M.P., which that gentleman permits me to bring
to light, besides being one of general interest makes clear
the circumstances of the original publication. Although the
name of the correspondent does not appear on the letter, it
was certainly written to Col. John Fellows of New York, who
copyrighted Part I. of the "Age of Reason." He published the
pamphlets of Joel Barlow, to whom Paine confided his
manuscript on his way to prison. Fellows was afterwards
Paine's intimate friend in New York, and it was chiefly due
to him that some portions of the author's writings, left in
manuscript to Madame Bonneville while she was a
freethinker were rescued from her devout destructiveness
after her return to Catholicism. The letter which Mr. Cowen
sends me, is dated at Paris, January 20, 1797.
"SIR,—Your friend Mr. Caritat being on the point of his

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departure for America, I make it the opportunity of writing

to you. I received two letters from you with some pamphlets
a considerable time past, in which you inform me of your
entering a copyright of the first part of the Age of Reason:
when I return to America we will settle for that matter.
"As Doctor Franklin has been my intimate friend for thirty
years past you will naturally see the reason of my
continuing the connection with his grandson. I printed here
(Paris) about fifteen thousand of the second part of the Age
of Reason, which I sent to Mr. F[ranklin] Bache. I gave him
notice of it in September 1795 and the copy-right by my
own direction was entered by him. The books did not arrive
till April following, but he had advertised it long before.
"I sent to him in August last a manuscript letter of about 70
pages, from me to Mr. Washington to be printed in a
pamphlet. Mr. Barnes of Philadelphia carried the letter from
me over to London to be forwarded to America. It went by
the ship Hope, Cap: Harley, who since his return from
America told me that he put it into the post office at New
York for Bache. I have yet no certain account of its
publication. I mention this that the letter may be enquired
after, in case it has not been published or has not arrived to
Mr. Bache. Barnes wrote to me, from London 29 August
informing me that he was offered three hundred pounds
sterling for the manuscript. The offer was refused because
it was my intention it should not appear till it appeared in
America, as that, and not England was the place for its
operation.
"You ask me by your letter to Mr. Caritat for a list of my
several works, in order to publish a collection of them. This
is an undertaking I have always reserved for myself. It not
only belongs to me of right, but nobody but myself can do it;
and as every author is accountable (at least in reputation)
for his works, he only is the person to do it. If he neglects it
in his life-time the case is altered. It is my intention to
return to America in the course of the present year. I shall
then [do] it by subscription, with historical notes. As this
work will employ many persons in different parts of the
Union, I will confer with you upon the subject, and such
part of it as will suit you to undertake, will be at your
choice. I have sustained so much loss, by disinterestedness
and inattention to money matters, and by accidents, that I
am obliged to look closer to my affairs than I have done.
The printer (an Englishman) whom I employed here to print
the second part of 'the Age of Reason' made a manuscript
copy of the work while he was printing it, which he sent to
London and sold. It was by this means that an edition of it
came out in London.

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"We are waiting here for news from America of the state of
the federal elections. You will have heard long before this
reaches you that the French government has refused to
receive Mr. Pinckney as minister. While Mr. Monroe was
minister he had the opportunity of softening matters with
this government, for he was in good credit with them tho'
they were in high indignation at the infidelity of the
Washington Administration. It is time that Mr. Washington
retire, for he has played off so much prudent hypocrisy
between France and England that neither government
believes anything he says.
"Your friend, etc.,

"THOMAS PAINE."

It would appear that Symonds' stolen edition must have got

ahead of that sent by Paine to Franklin Bache, for some of
its errors continue in all modern American editions to the
present day, as well as in those of England. For in England
it was only the shilling edition—that revised by
Paine—which was suppressed. Symonds, who ministered to
the half-crown folk, and who was also publisher of replies to
Paine, was left undisturbed about his pirated edition, and
the new Society for the suppression of Vice and Immorality
fastened on one Thomas Williams, who sold pious tracts but
was also convicted (June 24, 1797) of having sold one copy
of the "Age of Reason." Erskine, who had defended Paine at
his trial for the "Rights of Man," conducted the prosecution
of Williams. He gained the victory from a packed jury, but
was not much elated by it, especially after a certain
adventure on his way to Lincoln's Inn. He felt his coat
clutched and beheld at his feet a woman bathed in tears.
She led him into the small book-shop of Thomas Williams,
not yet called up for judgment, and there he beheld his
victim stitching tracts in a wretched little room, where
there were three children, two suffering with Smallpox. He
saw that it would be ruin and even a sort of murder to take
away to prison the husband, who was not a freethinker, and
lamented his publication of the book, and a meeting of the
Society which had retained him was summoned. There was
a full meeting, the Bishop of London (Porteus) in the chair.
Erskine reminded them that Williams was yet to be brought
up for sentence, described the scene he had witnessed, and
Williams' penitence, and, as the book was now suppressed,
asked permission to move for a nominal sentence. Mercy, he
urged, was a part of the Christianity they were defending.
Not one of the Society took his side,—not even
"philanthropic" Wilberforce—and Erskine threw up his brief.
This action of Erskine led the Judge to give Williams only a
year in prison instead of the three he said had been

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intended.
While Williams was in prison the orthodox colporteurs were
circulating Erskine's speech on Christianity, but also an
anonymous sermon "On the Existence and Attributes of the
Deity," all of which was from Paine's "Age of Reason,"
except a brief "Address to the Deity" appended. This
picturesque anomaly was repeated in the circulation of
Paine's "Discourse to the Theophilanthropists" (their and
the author's names removed) under the title of "Atheism
Refuted." Both of these pamphlets are now before me, and
beside them a London tract of one page just sent for my
spiritual benefit. This is headed "A Word of Caution." It
begins by mentioning the "pernicious doctrines of Paine,"
the first being "that there is No GOD" (sic,) then proceeds
to adduce evidences of divine existence taken from Paine's
works. It should be added that this one dingy page is the
only "survival" of the ancient Paine effigy in the tract form
which I have been able to find in recent years, and to this
no Society or Publisher's name is attached.
The imprisonment of Williams was the beginning of a thirty
years' war for religious liberty in England, in the course of
which occurred many notable events, such as Eaton
receiving homage in his pillory at Choring Cross, and the
whole Carlile family imprisoned,—its head imprisoned more
than nine years for publishing the "Age of Reason." This last
victory of persecution was suicidal. Gentlemen of wealth,
not adherents of Paine, helped in setting Carlile up in
business in Fleet Street, where free-thinking publications
have since been sold without interruption. But though
Liberty triumphed in one sense, the "Age of Reason."
remained to some extent suppressed among those whose
attention it especially merited. Its original prosecution by a
Society for the Suppression of Vice (a device to, relieve the
Crown) amounted to a libel upon a morally clean book,
restricting its perusal in families; and the fact that the
shilling book sold by and among humble people was alone
prosecuted, diffused among the educated an equally false
notion that the "Age of Reason" was vulgar and illiterate.
The theologians, as we have seen, estimated more justly the
ability of their antagonist, the collaborator of Franklin,
Rittenhouse, and Clymer, on whom the University of
Pennsylvania had conferred the degree of Master of
Arts,—but the gentry confused Paine with the class
described by Burke as "the swinish multitude." Skepticism,
or its free utterance, was temporarily driven out of polite
circles by its complication with the out-lawed vindicator of
the "Rights of Man." But that long combat has now passed
away. Time has reduced the "Age of Reason" from a flag of
popular radicalism to a comparatively conservative treatise,
so far as its negations are concerned. An old friend tells me

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that in his youth he heard a sermon in which the preacher

declared that "Tom Paine was so wicked that he could not
be buried; his bones were thrown into a box which was
bandied about the world till it came to a button-
manufacturer; and now Paine is travelling round the world
in the form of buttons!" This variant of the Wandering Jew
myth may now be regarded as unconscious homage to the
author whose metaphorical bones may be recognized in
buttons now fashionable, and some even found useful in
holding clerical vestments together.
But the careful reader will find in Paine's "Age of Reason"
something beyond negations, and in conclusion I will
especially call attention to the new departure in Theism
indicated in a passage corresponding to a famous aphorism
of Kant, indicated by a note in Part II. The discovery already
mentioned, that Part I. was written at least fourteen years
before Part II., led me to compare the two; and it is plain
that while the earlier work is an amplification of Newtonian
Deism, based on the phenomena of planetary motion, the
work of 1795 bases belief in God on "the universal display
of himself in the works of the creation and by that
repugnance we feel in ourselves to bad actions, and
disposition to do good ones." This exaltation of the moral
nature of man to be the foundation of theistic religion,
though now familiar, was a hundred years ago a new
affirmation; it has led on a conception of deity subversive of
last-century deism, it has steadily humanized religion, and
its ultimate philosophical and ethical results have not yet
been reached.

CHAPTER I - THE AUTHOR'S

PROFESSION OF FAITH.
IT has been my intention, for several years past, to publish
my thoughts upon religion; I am well aware of the
difficulties that attend the subject, and from that
consideration, had reserved it to a more advanced period of
life. I intended it to be the last offering I should make to my
fellow-citizens of all nations, and that at a time when the
purity of the motive that induced me to it could not admit of
a question, even by those who might disapprove the work.
The circumstance that has now taken place in France, of the
total abolition of the whole national order of priesthood, and

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of everything appertaining to compulsive systems of

religion, and compulsive articles of faith, has not only
precipitated my intention, but rendered a work of this kind
exceedingly necessary, lest, in the general wreck of
superstition, of false systems of government, and false
theology, we lose sight of morality, of humanity, and of the
theology that is true.
As several of my colleagues, and others of my fellow-
citizens of France, have given me the example of making
their voluntary and individual profession of faith, I also will
make mine; and I do this with all that sincerity and
frankness with which the mind of man communicates with
itself.
I believe in one God, and no more; and I hope for happiness
beyond this life.
I believe the equality of man, and I believe that religious
duties consist in doing justice, loving mercy, and
endeavoring to make our fellow-creatures happy.
But, lest it should be supposed that I believe many other
things in addition to these, I shall, in the progress of this
work, declare the things I do not believe, and my reasons
for not believing them.
I do not believe in the creed professed by the Jewish
church, by the Roman church, by the Greek church, by the
Turkish church, by the Protestant church, nor by any
church that I know of. My own mind is my own church.
All national institutions of churches, whether Jewish,
Christian, or Turkish, appear to me no other than human
inventions set up to terrify and enslave mankind, and
monopolize power and profit.
I do not mean by this declaration to condemn those who
believe otherwise; they have the same right to their belief
as I have to mine. But it is necessary to the happiness of
man, that he be mentally faithful to himself. Infidelity does
not consist in believing, or in disbelieving; it consists in
professing to believe what he does not believe.
It is impossible to calculate the moral mischief, if I may so
express it, that mental lying has produced in society. When
a man has so far corrupted and prostituted the chastity of
his mind, as to subscribe his professional belief to things he
does not believe, he has prepared himself for the
commission of every other crime. He takes up the trade of a
priest for the sake of gain, and, in order to qualify himself
for that trade, he begins with a perjury. Can we conceive
anything more destructive to morality than this?

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Soon after I had published the pamphlet COMMON SENSE,

in America, I saw the exceeding probability that a
revolution in the system of government would be followed
by a revolution in the system of religion. The adulterous
connection of church and state, wherever it had taken
place, whether Jewish, Christian, or Turkish, had so
effectually prohibited, by pains and penalties, every
discussion upon established creeds, and upon first
principles of religion, that until the system of government
should be changed, those subjects could not be brought
fairly and openly before the world; but that whenever this
should be done, a revolution in the system of religion would
follow. Human inventions and priest-craft would be
detected; and man would return to the pure, unmixed, and
unadulterated belief of one God, and no more.

CHAPTER II - OF MISSIONS AND

REVELATIONS.
EVERY national church or religion has established itself by
pretending some special mission from God, communicated
to certain individuals. The Jews have their Moses; the
Christians their Jesus Christ, their apostles and saints; and
the Turks their Mahomet; as if the way to God was not open
to every man alike.
Each of those churches shows certain books, which they call
revelation, or the Word of God. The Jews say that their Word
of God was given by God to Moses face to face; the
Christians say, that their Word of God came by divine
inspiration; and the Turks say, that their Word of God (the
Koran) was brought by an angel from heaven. Each of those
churches accuses the other of unbelief; and, for my own
part, I disbelieve them all.
As it is necessary to affix right ideas to words, I will, before
I proceed further into the subject, offer some observations
on the word 'revelation.' Revelation when applied to
religion, means something communicated immediately from
God to man.
No one will deny or dispute the power of the Almighty to
make such a communication if he pleases. But admitting,
for the sake of a case, that something has been revealed to
a certain person, and not revealed to any other person, it is
revelation to that person only. When he tells it to a second
person, a second to a third, a third to a fourth, and so on, it

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ceases to be a revelation to all those persons. It is

revelation to the first person only, and hearsay to every
other, and, consequently, they are not obliged to believe it.
It is a contradiction in terms and ideas to call anything a
revelation that comes to us at second hand, either verbally
or in writing. Revelation is necessarily limited to the first
communication. After this, it is only an account of
something which that person says was a revelation made to
him; and though he may find himself obliged to believe it, it
cannot be incumbent on me to believe it in the same
manner, for it was not a revelation made to me, and I have
only his word for it that it was made to him.
When Moses told the children of Israel that he received the
two tables of the commandments from the hand of God,
they were not obliged to believe him, because they had no
other authority for it than his telling them so; and I have no
other authority for it than some historian telling me so, the
commandments carrying no internal evidence of divinity
with them. They contain some good moral precepts such as
any man qualified to be a lawgiver or a legislator could
produce himself, without having recourse to supernatural
intervention. [NOTE: It is, however, necessary to except the
declamation which says that God 'visits the sins of the
fathers upon the children'. This is contrary to every
principle of moral justice.—Author.]
When I am told that the Koran was written in Heaven, and
brought to Mahomet by an angel, the account comes to near
the same kind of hearsay evidence and second hand
authority as the former. I did not see the angel myself, and
therefore I have a right not to believe it.
When also I am told that a woman, called the Virgin Mary,
said, or gave out, that she was with child without any
cohabitation with a man, and that her betrothed husband,
Joseph, said that an angel told him so, I have a right to
believe them or not: such a circumstance required a much
stronger evidence than their bare word for it: but we have
not even this; for neither Joseph nor Mary wrote any such
matter themselves. It is only reported by others that they
said so. It is hearsay upon hearsay, and I do not chose to
rest my belief upon such evidence.
It is, however, not difficult to account for the credit that was
given to the story of Jesus Christ being the Son of God. He
was born when the heathen mythology had still some
fashion and repute in the world, and that mythology had
prepared the people for the belief of such a story. Almost all
the extraordinary men that lived under the heathen
mythology were reputed to be the sons of some of their
gods. It was not a new thing at that time to believe a man to

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have been celestially begotten; the intercourse of gods with

women was then a matter of familiar opinion. Their Jupiter,
according to their accounts, had cohabited with hundreds;
the story therefore had nothing in it either new, wonderful,
or obscene; it was conformable to the opinions that then
prevailed among the people called Gentiles, or
mythologists, and it was those people only that believed it.
The Jews, who had kept strictly to the belief of one God, and
no more, and who had always rejected the heathen
mythology, never credited the story.
It is curious to observe how the theory of what is called the
Christian Church, sprung out of the tail of the heathen
mythology. A direct incorporation took place in the first
instance, by making the reputed founder to be celestially
begotten. The trinity of gods that then followed was no
other than a reduction of the former plurality, which was
about twenty or thirty thousand. The statue of Mary
succeeded the statue of Diana of Ephesus. The deification of
heroes changed into the canonization of saints. The
Mythologists had gods for everything; the Christian
Mythologists had saints for everything. The church became
as crowded with the one, as the pantheon had been with the
other; and Rome was the place of both. The Christian theory
is little else than the idolatry of the ancient mythologists,
accommodated to the purposes of power and revenue; and
it yet remains to reason and philosophy to abolish the
amphibious fraud.

CHAPTER III - CONCERNING THE

CHARACTER OF JESUS CHRIST,
AND HIS HISTORY.
NOTHING that is here said can apply, even with the most
distant disrespect, to the real character of Jesus Christ. He
was a virtuous and an amiable man. The morality that he
preached and practiced was of the most benevolent kind;
and though similar systems of morality had been preached
by Confucius, and by some of the Greek philosophers, many
years before, by the Quakers since, and by many good men
in all ages, it has not been exceeded by any.
Jesus Christ wrote no account of himself, of his birth,
parentage, or anything else. Not a line of what is called the
New Testament is of his writing. The history of him is
altogether the work of other people; and as to the account

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given of his resurrection and ascension, it was the

necessary counterpart to the story of his birth. His
historians, having brought him into the world in a
supernatural manner, were obliged to take him out again in
the same manner, or the first part of the story must have
fallen to the ground.
The wretched contrivance with which this latter part is told,
exceeds everything that went before it. The first part, that
of the miraculous conception, was not a thing that admitted
of publicity; and therefore the tellers of this part of the
story had this advantage, that though they might not be
credited, they could not be detected. They could not be
expected to prove it, because it was not one of those things
that admitted of proof, and it was impossible that the
person of whom it was told could prove it himself.
But the resurrection of a dead person from the grave, and
his ascension through the air, is a thing very different, as to
the evidence it admits of, to the invisible conception of a
child in the womb. The resurrection and ascension,
supposing them to have taken place, admitted of public and
ocular demonstration, like that of the ascension of a
balloon, or the sun at noon day, to all Jerusalem at least. A
thing which everybody is required to believe, requires that
the proof and evidence of it should be equal to all, and
universal; and as the public visibility of this last related act
was the only evidence that could give sanction to the former
part, the whole of it falls to the ground, because that
evidence never was given. Instead of this, a small number of
persons, not more than eight or nine, are introduced as
proxies for the whole world, to say they saw it, and all the
rest of the world are called upon to believe it. But it appears
that Thomas did not believe the resurrection; and, as they
say, would not believe without having ocular and manual
demonstration himself. So neither will I; and the reason is
equally as good for me, and for every other person, as for
Thomas.
It is in vain to attempt to palliate or disguise this matter.
The story, so far as relates to the supernatural part, has
every mark of fraud and imposition stamped upon the face
of it. Who were the authors of it is as impossible for us now
to know, as it is for us to be assured that the books in which
the account is related were written by the persons whose
names they bear. The best surviving evidence we now have
respecting this affair is the Jews. They are regularly
descended from the people who lived in the time this
resurrection and ascension is said to have happened, and
they say 'it is not true.' It has long appeared to me a strange
inconsistency to cite the Jews as a proof of the truth of the
story. It is just the same as if a man were to say, I will prove

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the truth of what I have told you, by producing the people

who say it is false.
That such a person as Jesus Christ existed, and that he was
crucified, which was the mode of execution at that day, are
historical relations strictly within the limits of probability.
He preached most excellent morality, and the equality of
man; but he preached also against the corruptions and
avarice of the Jewish priests, and this brought upon him the
hatred and vengeance of the whole order of priest-hood.
The accusation which those priests brought against him was
that of sedition and conspiracy against the Roman
government, to which the Jews were then subject and
tributary; and it is not improbable that the Roman
government might have some secret apprehension of the
effects of his doctrine as well as the Jewish priests; neither
is it improbable that Jesus Christ had in contemplation the
delivery of the Jewish nation from the bondage of the
Romans. Between the two, however, this virtuous reformer
and revolutionist lost his life. [NOTE: The French work has
here: "However this may be, for one or the other of these
suppositions this virtuous reformer, this revolutionist, too
little imitated, too much forgotten, too much
misunderstood, lost his life."—Editor. (Conway)]

CHAPTER IV - OF THE BASES OF

CHRISTIANITY.
IT is upon this plain narrative of facts, together with
another case I am going to mention, that the Christian
mythologists, calling themselves the Christian Church, have
erected their fable, which for absurdity and extravagance is
not exceeded by anything that is to be found in the
mythology of the ancients.
The ancient mythologists tell us that the race of Giants
made war against Jupiter, and that one of them threw a
hundred rocks against him at one throw; that Jupiter
defeated him with thunder, and confined him afterwards
under Mount Etna; and that every time the Giant turns
himself, Mount Etna belches fire. It is here easy to see that
the circumstance of the mountain, that of its being a
volcano, suggested the idea of the fable; and that the fable
is made to fit and wind itself up with that circumstance.
The Christian mythologists tell that their Satan made war
against the Almighty, who defeated him, and confined him

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afterwards, not under a mountain, but in a pit. It is here

easy to see that the first fable suggested the idea of the
second; for the fable of Jupiter and the Giants was told
many hundred years before that of Satan.
Thus far the ancient and the Christian mythologists differ
very little from each other. But the latter have contrived to
carry the matter much farther. They have contrived to
connect the fabulous part of the story of Jesus Christ with
the fable originating from Mount Etna; and, in order to
make all the parts of the story tie together, they have taken
to their aid the traditions of the Jews; for the Christian
mythology is made up partly from the ancient mythology,
and partly from the Jewish traditions.
The Christian mythologists, after having confined Satan in a
pit, were obliged to let him out again to bring on the sequel
of the fable. He is then introduced into the garden of Eden
in the shape of a snake, or a serpent, and in that shape he
enters into familiar conversation with Eve, who is no ways
surprised to hear a snake talk; and the issue of this
tete-a-tate is, that he persuades her to eat an apple, and the
eating of that apple damns all mankind.
After giving Satan this triumph over the whole creation, one
would have supposed that the church mythologists would
have been kind enough to send him back again to the pit, or,
if they had not done this, that they would have put a
mountain upon him, (for they say that their faith can
remove a mountain) or have put him under a mountain, as
the former mythologists had done, to prevent his getting
again among the women, and doing more mischief. But
instead of this, they leave him at large, without even
obliging him to give his parole. The secret of which is, that
they could not do without him; and after being at the
trouble of making him, they bribed him to stay. They
promised him ALL the Jews, ALL the Turks by anticipation,
nine-tenths of the world beside, and Mahomet into the
bargain. After this, who can doubt the bountifulness of the
Christian Mythology?
Having thus made an insurrection and a battle in heaven, in
which none of the combatants could be either killed or
wounded—put Satan into the pit—let him out again—given
him a triumph over the whole creation—damned all
mankind by the eating of an apple, there Christian
mythologists bring the two ends of their fable together.
They represent this virtuous and amiable man, Jesus Christ,
to be at once both God and man, and also the Son of God,
celestially begotten, on purpose to be sacrificed, because
they say that Eve in her longing [NOTE: The French work
has: "yielding to an unrestrained appetite."—Editor.] had

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eaten an apple.

CHAPTER V - EXAMINATION IN
DETAIL OF THE PRECEDING
BASES.
PUTTING aside everything that might excite laughter by its
absurdity, or detestation by its profaneness, and confining
ourselves merely to an examination of the parts, it is
impossible to conceive a story more derogatory to the
Almighty, more inconsistent with his wisdom, more
contradictory to his power, than this story is.
In order to make for it a foundation to rise upon, the
inventors were under the necessity of giving to the being
whom they call Satan a power equally as great, if not
greater, than they attribute to the Almighty. They have not
only given him the power of liberating himself from the pit,
after what they call his fall, but they have made that power
increase afterwards to infinity. Before this fall they
represent him only as an angel of limited existence, as they
represent the rest. After his fall, he becomes, by their
account, omnipresent. He exists everywhere, and at the
same time. He occupies the whole immensity of space.
Not content with this deification of Satan, they represent
him as defeating by stratagem, in the shape of an animal of
the creation, all the power and wisdom of the Almighty.
They represent him as having compelled the Almighty to the
direct necessity either of surrendering the whole of the
creation to the government and sovereignty of this Satan, or
of capitulating for its redemption by coming down upon
earth, and exhibiting himself upon a cross in the shape of a
man.
Had the inventors of this story told it the contrary way, that
is, had they represented the Almighty as compelling Satan
to exhibit himself on a cross in the shape of a snake, as a
punishment for his new transgression, the story would have
been less absurd, less contradictory. But, instead of this
they make the transgressor triumph, and the Almighty fall.
That many good men have believed this strange fable, and
lived very good lives under that belief (for credulity is not a
crime) is what I have no doubt of. In the first place, they
were educated to believe it, and they would have believed

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anything else in the same manner. There are also many who
have been so enthusiastically enraptured by what they
conceived to be the infinite love of God to man, in making a
sacrifice of himself, that the vehemence of the idea has
forbidden and deterred them from examining into the
absurdity and profaneness of the story. The more unnatural
anything is, the more is it capable of becoming the object of
dismal admiration. [NOTE: The French work has "blind and"
preceding dismal.—Editor.]

CHAPTER VI - OF THE TRUE

THEOLOGY.
BUT if objects for gratitude and admiration are our desire,
do they not present themselves every hour to our eyes? Do
we not see a fair creation prepared to receive us the instant
we are born—a world furnished to our hands, that cost us
nothing? Is it we that light up the sun; that pour down the
rain; and fill the earth with abundance? Whether we sleep
or wake, the vast machinery of the universe still goes on.
Are these things, and the blessings they indicate in future,
nothing to, us? Can our gross feelings be excited by no
other subjects than tragedy and suicide? Or is the gloomy
pride of man become so intolerable, that nothing can flatter
it but a sacrifice of the Creator?
I know that this bold investigation will alarm many, but it
would be paying too great a compliment to their credulity to
forbear it on that account. The times and the subject
demand it to be done. The suspicion that the theory of what
is called the Christian church is fabulous, is becoming very
extensive in all countries; and it will be a consolation to
men staggering under that suspicion, and doubting what to
believe and what to disbelieve, to see the subject freely
investigated. I therefore pass on to an examination of the
books called the Old and the New Testament.

CHAPTER VII - EXAMINATION OF

THE OLD TESTAMENT.
THESE books, beginning with Genesis and ending with

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Revelations, (which, by the bye, is a book of riddles that

requires a revelation to explain it) are, we are told, the
word of God. It is, therefore, proper for us to know who told
us so, that we may know what credit to give to the report.
The answer to this question is, that nobody can tell, except
that we tell one another so. The case, however, historically
appears to be as follows:
When the church mythologists established their system,
they collected all the writings they could find, and managed
them as they pleased. It is a matter altogether of
uncertainty to us whether such of the writings as now
appear under the name of the Old and the New Testament,
are in the same state in which those collectors say they
found them; or whether they added, altered, abridged, or
dressed them up.
Be this as it may, they decided by vote which of the books
out of the collection they had made, should be the WORD
OF GOD, and which should not. They rejected several; they
voted others to be doubtful, such as the books called the
Apocrypha; and those books which had a majority of votes,
were voted to be the word of God. Had they voted
otherwise, all the people since calling themselves Christians
had believed otherwise; for the belief of the one comes from
the vote of the other. Who the people were that did all this,
we know nothing of. They call themselves by the general
name of the Church; and this is all we know of the matter.
As we have no other external evidence or authority for
believing these books to be the word of God, than what I
have mentioned, which is no evidence or authority at all, I
come, in the next place, to examine the internal evidence
contained in the books themselves.
In the former part of this essay, I have spoken of revelation.
I now proceed further with that subject, for the purpose of
applying it to the books in question.
Revelation is a communication of something, which the
person, to whom that thing is revealed, did not know before.
For if I have done a thing, or seen it done, it needs no
revelation to tell me I have done it, or seen it, nor to enable
me to tell it, or to write it.
Revelation, therefore, cannot be applied to anything done
upon earth of which man is himself the actor or the witness;
and consequently all the historical and anecdotal part of the
Bible, which is almost the whole of it, is not within the
meaning and compass of the word revelation, and,
therefore, is not the word of God.
When Samson ran off with the gate-posts of Gaza, if he ever

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did so, (and whether he did or not is nothing to us,) or when

he visited his Delilah, or caught his foxes, or did anything
else, what has revelation to do with these things? If they
were facts, he could tell them himself; or his secretary, if he
kept one, could write them, if they were worth either telling
or writing; and if they were fictions, revelation could not
make them true; and whether true or not, we are neither
the better nor the wiser for knowing them. When we
contemplate the immensity of that Being, who directs and
governs the incomprehensible WHOLE, of which the utmost
ken of human sight can discover but a part, we ought to feel
shame at calling such paltry stories the word of God.
As to the account of the creation, with which the book of
Genesis opens, it has all the appearance of being a tradition
which the Israelites had among them before they came into
Egypt; and after their departure from that country, they put
it at the head of their history, without telling, as it is most
probable that they did not know, how they came by it. The
manner in which the account opens, shows it to be
traditionary. It begins abruptly. It is nobody that speaks. It is
nobody that hears. It is addressed to nobody. It has neither
first, second, nor third person. It has every criterion of
being a tradition. It has no voucher. Moses does not take it
upon himself by introducing it with the formality that he
uses on other occasions, such as that of saying, "The Lords
spake unto Moses, saying."
Why it has been called the Mosaic account of the creation, I
am at a loss to conceive. Moses, I believe, was too good a
judge of such subjects to put his name to that account. He
had been educated among the Egyptians, who were a
people as well skilled in science, and particularly in
astronomy, as any people of their day; and the silence and
caution that Moses observes, in not authenticating the
account, is a good negative evidence that he neither told it
nor believed it.—The case is, that every nation of people has
been world-makers, and the Israelites had as much right to
set up the trade of world-making as any of the rest; and as
Moses was not an Israelite, he might not chose to contradict
the tradition. The account, however, is harmless; and this is
more than can be said for many other parts of the Bible.
Whenever we read the obscene stories, the voluptuous
debaucheries, the cruel and torturous executions, the
unrelenting vindictiveness, with which more than half the
Bible [NOTE: It must be borne in mind that by the "Bible"
Paine always means the Old Testament alone.—Editor.] is
filled, it would be more consistent that we called it the word
of a demon, than the Word of God. It is a history of
wickedness, that has served to corrupt and brutalize
mankind; and, for my own part, I sincerely detest it, as I

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detest everything that is cruel.

We scarcely meet with anything, a few phrases excepted,
but what deserves either our abhorrence or our contempt,
till we come to the miscellaneous parts of the Bible. In the
anonymous publications, the Psalms, and the Book of Job,
more particularly in the latter, we find a great deal of
elevated sentiment reverentially expressed of the power
and benignity of the Almighty; but they stand on no higher
rank than many other compositions on similar subjects, as
well before that time as since.
The Proverbs which are said to be Solomon's, though most
probably a collection, (because they discover a knowledge
of life, which his situation excluded him from knowing) are
an instructive table of ethics. They are inferior in keenness
to the proverbs of the Spaniards, and not more wise and
oeconomical than those of the American Franklin.
All the remaining parts of the Bible, generally known by the
name of the Prophets, are the works of the Jewish poets and
itinerant preachers, who mixed poetry, anecdote, and
devotion together—and those works still retain the air and
style of poetry, though in translation. [NOTE: As there are
many readers who do not see that a composition is poetry,
unless it be in rhyme, it is for their information that I add
this note.
Poetry consists principally in two things—imagery and
composition. The composition of poetry differs from that of
prose in the manner of mixing long and short syllables
together. Take a long syllable out of a line of poetry, and put
a short one in the room of it, or put a long syllable where a
short one should be, and that line will lose its poetical
harmony. It will have an effect upon the line like that of
misplacing a note in a song.
The imagery in those books called the Prophets appertains
altogether to poetry. It is fictitious, and often extravagant,
and not admissible in any other kind of writing than poetry.
To show that these writings are composed in poetical
numbers, I will take ten syllables, as they stand in the book,
and make a line of the same number of syllables, (heroic
measure) that shall rhyme with the last word. It will then be
seen that the composition of those books is poetical
measure. The instance I shall first produce is from Isaiah:—
"Hear, O ye heavens, and give ear, O earth
'T is God himself that calls attention forth.

Another instance I shall quote is from the mournful

Jeremiah, to which I shall add two other lines, for the
purpose of carrying out the figure, and showing the

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intention of the poet.

"O, that mine head were waters and mine eyes
Were fountains flowing like the liquid skies;
Then would I give the mighty flood release
And weep a deluge for the human race."—Author.]

There is not, throughout the whole book called the Bible,

any word that describes to us what we call a poet, nor any
word that describes what we call poetry. The case is, that
the word prophet, to which a later times have affixed a new
idea, was the Bible word for poet, and the word 'propesying'
meant the art of making poetry. It also meant the art of
playing poetry to a tune upon any instrument of music.
We read of prophesying with pipes, tabrets, and horns—of
prophesying with harps, with psalteries, with cymbals, and
with every other instrument of music then in fashion. Were
we now to speak of prophesying with a fiddle, or with a pipe
and tabor, the expression would have no meaning, or would
appear ridiculous, and to some people contemptuous,
because we have changed the meaning of the word.
We are told of Saul being among the prophets, and also that
he prophesied; but we are not told what they prophesied,
nor what he prophesied. The case is, there was nothing to
tell; for these prophets were a company of musicians and
poets, and Saul joined in the concert, and this was called
prophesying.
The account given of this affair in the book called Samuel,
is, that Saul met a company of prophets; a whole company
of them! coming down with a psaltery, a tabret, a pipe, and
a harp, and that they prophesied, and that he prophesied
with them. But it appears afterwards, that Saul prophesied
badly, that is, he performed his part badly; for it is said that
an "evil spirit from God [NOTE: As thos; men who call
themselves divines and commentators are very fond of
puzzling one another, I leave them to contest the meaning of
the first part of the phrase, that of an evil spirit of God. I
keep to my text. I keep to the meaning of the word
prophesy.—Author.] came upon Saul, and he prophesied."
Now, were there no other passage in the book called the
Bible, than this, to demonstrate to us that we have lost the
original meaning of the word prophesy, and substituted
another meaning in its place, this alone would be sufficient;
for it is impossible to use and apply the word prophesy, in
the place it is here used and applied, if we give to it the
sense which later times have affixed to it. The manner in
which it is here used strips it of all religious meaning, and
shews that a man might then be a prophet, or he might
Prophesy, as he may now be a poet or a musician, without
any regard to the morality or the immorality of his

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character. The word was originally a term of science,

promiscuously applied to poetry and to music, and not
restricted to any subject upon which poetry and music
might be exercised.
Deborah and Barak are called prophets, not because they
predicted anything, but because they composed the poem
or song that bears their name, in celebration of an act
already done. David is ranked among the prophets, for he
was a musician, and was also reputed to be (though perhaps
very erroneously) the author of the Psalms. But Abraham,
Isaac, and Jacob are not called prophets; it does not appear
from any accounts we have, that they could either sing, play
music, or make poetry.
We are told of the greater and the lesser prophets. They
might as well tell us of the greater and the lesser God; for
there cannot be degrees in prophesying consistently with its
modern sense. But there are degrees in poetry, and
there-fore the phrase is reconcilable to the case, when we
understand by it the greater and the lesser poets.
It is altogether unnecessary, after this, to offer any
observations upon what those men, styled prophets, have
written. The axe goes at once to the root, by showing that
the original meaning of the word has been mistaken, and
consequently all the inferences that have been drawn from
those books, the devotional respect that has been paid to
them, and the laboured commentaries that have been
written upon them, under that mistaken meaning, are not
worth disputing about.—In many things, however, the
writings of the Jewish poets deserve a better fate than that
of being bound up, as they now are, with the trash that
accompanies them, under the abused name of the Word of
God.
If we permit ourselves to conceive right ideas of things, we
must necessarily affix the idea, not only of
unchangeableness, but of the utter impossibility of any
change taking place, by any means or accident whatever, in
that which we would honour with the name of the Word of
God; and therefore the Word of God cannot exist in any
written or human language.
The continually progressive change to which the meaning of
words is subject, the want of an universal language which
renders translation necessary, the errors to which
translations are again subject, the mistakes of copyists and
printers, together with the possibility of wilful alteration,
are of themselves evidences that human language, whether
in speech or in print, cannot be the vehicle of the Word of
God.—The Word of God exists in something else.

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Did the book called the Bible excel in purity of ideas and
expression all the books now extant in the world, I would
not take it for my rule of faith, as being the Word of God;
because the possibility would nevertheless exist of my being
imposed upon. But when I see throughout the greatest part
of this book scarcely anything but a history of the grossest
vices, and a collection of the most paltry and contemptible
tales, I cannot dishonour my Creator by calling it by his
name.

CHAPTER VIII - OF THE NEW

TESTAMENT.
THUS much for the Bible; I now go on to the book called the
New Testament. The new Testament! that is, the 'new' Will,
as if there could be two wills of the Creator.
Had it been the object or the intention of Jesus Christ to
establish a new religion, he would undoubtedly have written
the system himself, or procured it to be written in his life
time. But there is no publication extant authenticated with
his name. All the books called the New Testament were
written after his death. He was a Jew by birth and by
profession; and he was the son of God in like manner that
every other person is; for the Creator is the Father of All.
The first four books, called Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John,
do not give a history of the life of Jesus Christ, but only
detached anecdotes of him. It appears from these books,
that the whole time of his being a preacher was not more
than eighteen months; and it was only during this short
time that those men became acquainted with him. They
make mention of him at the age of twelve years, sitting,
they say, among the Jewish doctors, asking and answering
them questions. As this was several years before their
acquaintance with him began, it is most probable they had
this anecdote from his parents. From this time there is no
account of him for about sixteen years. Where he lived, or
how he employed himself during this interval, is not known.
Most probably he was working at his father's trade, which
was that of a carpenter. It does not appear that he had any
school education, and the probability is, that he could not
write, for his parents were extremely poor, as appears from
their not being able to pay for a bed when he was born.
[NOTE: One of the few errors traceable to Paine's not
having a Bible at hand while writing Part I. There is no

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indication that the family was poor, but the reverse may in
fact be inferred.—Editor.]
It is somewhat curious that the three persons whose names
are the most universally recorded were of very obscure
parentage. Moses was a foundling; Jesus Christ was born in
a stable; and Mahomet was a mule driver. The first and the
last of these men were founders of different systems of
religion; but Jesus Christ founded no new system. He called
men to the practice of moral virtues, and the belief of one
God. The great trait in his character is philanthropy.
The manner in which he was apprehended shows that he
was not much known, at that time; and it shows also that
the meetings he then held with his followers were in secret;
and that he had given over or suspended preaching publicly.
Judas could no otherways betray him than by giving
information where he was, and pointing him out to the
officers that went to arrest him; and the reason for
employing and paying Judas to do this could arise only from
the causes already mentioned, that of his not being much
known, and living concealed.
The idea of his concealment, not only agrees very ill with
his reputed divinity, but associates with it something of
pusillanimity; and his being betrayed, or in other words, his
being apprehended, on the information of one of his
followers, shows that he did not intend to be apprehended,
and consequently that he did not intend to be crucified.
The Christian mythologists tell us that Christ died for the
sins of the world, and that he came on Purpose to die.
Would it not then have been the same if he had died of a
fever or of the small pox, of old age, or of anything else?
The declaratory sentence which, they say, was passed upon
Adam, in case he ate of the apple, was not, that thou shalt
surely be crucified, but, thou shale surely die. The sentence
was death, and not the manner of dying. Crucifixion,
therefore, or any other particular manner of dying, made no
part of the sentence that Adam was to suffer, and
consequently, even upon their own tactic, it could make no
part of the sentence that Christ was to suffer in the room of
Adam. A fever would have done as well as a cross, if there
was any occasion for either.
This sentence of death, which, they tell us, was thus passed
upon Adam, must either have meant dying naturally, that is,
ceasing to live, or have meant what these mythologists call
damnation; and consequently, the act of dying on the part of
Jesus Christ, must, according to their system, apply as a
prevention to one or other of these two things happening to
Adam and to us.

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That it does not prevent our dying is evident, because we all

die; and if their accounts of longevity be true, men die
faster since the crucifixion than before: and with respect to
the second explanation, (including with it the natural death
of Jesus Christ as a substitute for the eternal death or
damnation of all mankind,) it is impertinently representing
the Creator as coming off, or revoking the sentence, by a
pun or a quibble upon the word death. That manufacturer
of, quibbles, St. Paul, if he wrote the books that bear his
name, has helped this quibble on by making another quibble
upon the word Adam. He makes there to be two Adams; the
one who sins in fact, and suffers by proxy; the other who
sins by proxy, and suffers in fact. A religion thus interlarded
with quibble, subterfuge, and pun, has a tendency to
instruct its professors in the practice of these arts. They
acquire the habit without being aware of the cause.
If Jesus Christ was the being which those mythologists tell
us he was, and that he came into this world to suffer, which
is a word they sometimes use instead of 'to die,' the only
real suffering he could have endured would have been 'to
live.' His existence here was a state of exilement or
transportation from heaven, and the way back to his
original country was to die.—In fine, everything in this
strange system is the reverse of what it pretends to be. It is
the reverse of truth, and I become so tired of examining into
its inconsistencies and absurdities, that I hasten to the
conclusion of it, in order to proceed to something better.
How much, or what parts of the books called the New
Testament, were written by the persons whose names they
bear, is what we can know nothing of, neither are we
certain in what language they were originally written. The
matters they now contain may be classed under two heads:
anecdote, and epistolary correspondence.
The four books already mentioned, Matthew, Mark, Luke,
and John, are altogether anecdotal. They relate events after
they had taken place. They tell what Jesus Christ did and
said, and what others did and said to him; and in several
instances they relate the same event differently. Revelation
is necessarily out of the question with respect to those
books; not only because of the disagreement of the writers,
but because revelation cannot be applied to the relating of
facts by the persons who saw them done, nor to the relating
or recording of any discourse or conversation by those who
heard it. The book called the Acts of the Apostles (an
anonymous work) belongs also to the anecdotal part.
All the other parts of the New Testament, except the book of
enigmas, called the Revelations, are a collection of letters
under the name of epistles; and the forgery of letters has

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been such a common practice in the world, that the

probability is at least equal, whether they are genuine or
forged. One thing, however, is much less equivocal, which
is, that out of the matters contained in those books,
together with the assistance of some old stories, the church
has set up a system of religion very contradictory to the
character of the person whose name it bears. It has set up a
religion of pomp and of revenue in pretended imitation of a
person whose life was humility and poverty.
The invention of a purgatory, and of the releasing of souls
therefrom, by prayers, bought of the church with money;
the selling of pardons, dispensations, and indulgences, are
revenue laws, without bearing that name or carrying that
appearance. But the case nevertheless is, that those things
derive their origin from the proxysm of the crucifixion, and
the theory deduced therefrom, which was, that one person
could stand in the place of another, and could perform
meritorious services for him. The probability, therefore, is,
that the whole theory or doctrine of what is called the
redemption (which is said to have been accomplished by the
act of one person in the room of another) was originally
fabricated on purpose to bring forward and build all those
secondary and pecuniary redemptions upon; and that the
passages in the books upon which the idea of theory of
redemption is built, have been manufactured and fabricated
for that purpose. Why are we to give this church credit,
when she tells us that those books are genuine in every
part, any more than we give her credit for everything else
she has told us; or for the miracles she says she has
performed? That she could fabricate writings is certain,
because she could write; and the composition of the
writings in question, is of that kind that anybody might do
it; and that she did fabricate them is not more inconsistent
with probability, than that she should tell us, as she has
done, that she could and did work miracles.
Since, then, no external evidence can, at this long distance
of time, be produced to prove whether the church
fabricated the doctrine called redemption or not, (for such
evidence, whether for or against, would be subject to the
same suspicion of being fabricated,) the case can only be
referred to the internal evidence which the thing carries of
itself; and this affords a very strong presumption of its
being a fabrication. For the internal evidence is, that the
theory or doctrine of redemption has for its basis an idea of
pecuniary justice, and not that of moral justice.
If I owe a person money, and cannot pay him, and he
threatens to put me in prison, another person can take the
debt upon himself, and pay it for me. But if I have
committed a crime, every circumstance of the case is

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changed. Moral justice cannot take the innocent for the

guilty even if the innocent would offer itself. To suppose
justice to do this, is to destroy the principle of its existence,
which is the thing itself. It is then no longer justice. It is
indiscriminate revenge.
This single reflection will show that the doctrine of
redemption is founded on a mere pecuniary idea
corresponding to that of a debt which another person might
pay; and as this pecuniary idea corresponds again with the
system of second redemptions, obtained through the means
of money given to the church for pardons, the probability is
that the same persons fabricated both the one and the other
of those theories; and that, in truth, there is no such thing
as redemption; that it is fabulous; and that man stands in
the same relative condition with his Maker he ever did
stand, since man existed; and that it is his greatest
consolation to think so.
Let him believe this, and he will live more consistently and
morally, than by any other system. It is by his being taught
to contemplate himself as an out-law, as an out-cast, as a
beggar, as a mumper, as one thrown as it were on a
dunghill, at an immense distance from his Creator, and who
must make his approaches by creeping, and cringing to
intermediate beings, that he conceives either a
contemptuous disregard for everything under the name of
religion, or becomes indifferent, or turns what he calls
devout. In the latter case, he consumes his life in grief, or
the affectation of it. His prayers are reproaches. His
humility is ingratitude. He calls himself a worm, and the
fertile earth a dunghill; and all the blessings of life by the
thankless name of vanities. He despises the choicest gift of
God to man, the GIFT OF REASON; and having
endeavoured to force upon himself the belief of a system
against which reason revolts, he ungratefully calls it human
reason, as if man could give reason to himself.
Yet, with all this strange appearance of humility, and this
contempt for human reason, he ventures into the boldest
presumptions. He finds fault with everything. His
selfishness is never satisfied; his ingratitude is never at an
end. He takes on himself to direct the Almighty what to do,
even in the govemment of the universe. He prays
dictatorially. When it is sunshine, he prays for rain, and
when it is rain, he prays for sunshine. He follows the same
idea in everything that he prays for; for what is the amount
of all his prayers, but an attempt to make the Almighty
change his mind, and act otherwise than he does? It is as if
he were to say—thou knowest not so well as I.

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CHAPTER IX - IN WHAT THE TRUE

REVELATION CONSISTS.
BUT some perhaps will say—Are we to have no word of
God—no revelation? I answer yes. There is a Word of God;
there is a revelation.
THE WORD OF GOD IS THE CREATION WE BEHOLD: And
it is in this word, which no human invention can counterfeit
or alter, that God speaketh universally to man.
Human language is local and changeable, and is therefore
incapable of being used as the means of unchangeable and
universal information. The idea that God sent Jesus Christ
to publish, as they say, the glad tidings to all nations, from
one end of the earth unto the other, is consistent only with
the ignorance of those who know nothing of the extent of
the world, and who believed, as those world-saviours
believed, and continued to believe for several centuries,
(and that in contradiction to the discoveries of philosophers
and the experience of navigators,) that the earth was flat
like a trencher; and that a man might walk to the end of it.
But how was Jesus Christ to make anything known to all
nations? He could speak but one language, which was
Hebrew; and there are in the world several hundred
languages. Scarcely any two nations speak the same
language, or understand each other; and as to translations,
every man who knows anything of languages, knows that it
is impossible to translate from one language into another,
not only without losing a great part of the original, but
frequently of mistaking the sense; and besides all this, the
art of printing was wholly unknown at the time Christ lived.
It is always necessary that the means that are to accomplish
any end be equal to the accomplishment of that end, or the
end cannot be accomplished. It is in this that the difference
between finite and infinite power and wisdom discovers
itself. Man frequently fails in accomplishing his end, from a
natural inability of the power to the purpose; and frequently
from the want of wisdom to apply power properly. But it is
impossible for infinite power and wisdom to fail as man
faileth. The means it useth are always equal to the end: but
human language, more especially as there is not an
universal language, is incapable of being used as an
universal means of unchangeable and uniform information;
and therefore it is not the means that God useth in
manifesting himself universally to man.

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It is only in the CREATION that all our ideas and

conceptions of a word of God can unite. The Creation
speaketh an universal language, independently of human
speech or human language, multiplied and various as they
be. It is an ever existing original, which every man can read.
It cannot be forged; it cannot be counterfeited; it cannot be
lost; it cannot be altered; it cannot be suppressed. It does
not depend upon the will of man whether it shall be
published or not; it publishes itself from one end of the
earth to the other. It preaches to all nations and to all
worlds; and this word of God reveals to man all that is
necessary for man to know of God.
Do we want to contemplate his power? We see it in the
immensity of the creation. Do we want to contemplate his
wisdom? We see it in the unchangeable order by which the
incomprehensible Whole is governed. Do we want to
contemplate his munificence? We see it in the abundance
with which he fills the earth. Do we want to contemplate his
mercy? We see it in his not withholding that abundance
even from the unthankful. In fine, do we want to know what
God is? Search not the book called the scripture, which any
human hand might make, but the scripture called the
Creation.

CHAPTER X - CONCERNING GOD,

AND THE LIGHTS CAST ON HIS
EXISTENCE
AND ATTRIBUTES BY THE BIBLE.

THE only idea man can affix to the name of God, is that of a
first cause, the cause of all things. And, incomprehensibly
difficult as it is for a man to conceive what a first cause is,
he arrives at the belief of it, from the tenfold greater
difficulty of disbelieving it. It is difficult beyond description
to conceive that space can have no end; but it is more
difficult to conceive an end. It is difficult beyond the power
of man to conceive an eternal duration of what we call time;
but it is more impossible to conceive a time when there
shall be no time.
In like manner of reasoning, everything we behold carries in
itself the internal evidence that it did not make itself. Every
man is an evidence to himself, that he did not make himself;
neither could his father make himself, nor his grandfather,

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nor any of his race; neither could any tree, plant, or animal
make itself; and it is the conviction arising from this
evidence, that carries us on, as it were, by necessity, to the
belief of a first cause eternally existing, of a nature totally
different to any material existence we know of, and by the
power of which all things exist; and this first cause, man
calls God.
It is only by the exercise of reason, that man can discover
God. Take away that reason, and he would be incapable of
understanding anything; and in this case it would be just as
consistent to read even the book called the Bible to a horse
as to a man. How then is it that those people pretend to
reject reason?
Almost the only parts in the book called the Bible, that
convey to us any idea of God, are some chapters in Job, and
the 19th Psalm; I recollect no other. Those parts are true
deistical compositions; for they treat of the Deity through
his works. They take the book of Creation as the word of
God; they refer to no other book; and all the inferences they
make are drawn from that volume.
I insert in this place the 19th Psalm, as paraphrased into
English verse by Addison. I recollect not the prose, and
where I write this I have not the opportunity of seeing it:
The spacious firmament on high,
With all the blue etherial sky,
And spangled heavens, a shining frame,
Their great original proclaim.
The unwearied sun, from day to day,
Does his Creator's power display,
And publishes to every land
The work of an Almighty hand.
Soon as the evening shades prevail,
The moon takes up the wondrous tale,
And nightly to the list'ning earth
Repeats the story of her birth;
Whilst all the stars that round her burn,
And all the planets, in their turn,
Confirm the tidings as they roll,
And spread the truth from pole to pole.
What though in solemn silence all
Move round this dark terrestrial ball
What though no real voice, nor sound,
Amidst their radiant orbs be found,
In reason's ear they all rejoice,
And utter forth a glorious voice,
Forever singing as they shine,
THE HAND THAT MADE US IS DIVINE.

What more does man want to know, than that the hand or
power that made these things is divine, is omnipotent? Let
him believe this, with the force it is impossible to repel if he
permits his reason to act, and his rule of moral life will
follow of course.

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The allusions in job have all of them the same tendency with
this Psalm; that of deducing or proving a truth that would
be otherwise unknown, from truths already known.
I recollect not enough of the passages in Job to insert them
correctly; but there is one that occurs to me that is
applicable to the subject I am speaking upon. "Canst thou
by searching find out God; canst thou find out the Almighty
to perfection?"
I know not how the printers have pointed this passage, for I
keep no Bible; but it contains two distinct questions that
admit of distinct answers.
First, Canst thou by searching find out God? Yes. Because,
in the first place, I know I did not make myself, and yet I
have existence; and by searching into the nature of other
things, I find that no other thing could make itself; and yet
millions of other things exist; therefore it is, that I know, by
positive conclusion resulting from this search, that there is
a power superior to all those things, and that power is God.
Secondly, Canst thou find out the Almighty to perfection?
No. Not only because the power and wisdom He has
manifested in the structure of the Creation that I behold is
to me incomprehensible; but because even this
manifestation, great as it is is probably but a small display
of that immensity of power and wisdom, by which millions
of other worlds, to me invisible by their distance, were
created and continue to exist.
It is evident that both of these questions were put to the
reason of the person to whom they are supposed to have
been addressed; and it is only by admitting the first
question to be answered affirmatively, that the second could
follow. It would have been unnecessary, and even absurd, to
have put a second question, more difficult than the first, if
the first question had been answered negatively. The two
questions have different objects; the first refers to the
existence of God, the second to his attributes. Reason can
discover the one, but it falls infinitely short in discovering
the whole of the other.
I recollect not a single passage in all the writings ascribed
to the men called apostles, that conveys any idea of what
God is. Those writings are chiefly controversial; and the
gloominess of the subject they dwell upon, that of a man
dying in agony on a cross, is better suited to the gloomy
genius of a monk in a cell, by whom it is not impossible they
were written, than to any man breathing the open air of the
Creation. The only passage that occurs to me, that has any
reference to the works of God, by which only his power and
wisdom can be known, is related to have been spoken by

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Jesus Christ, as a remedy against distrustful care. "Behold

the lilies of the field, they toil not, neither do they spin."
This, however, is far inferior to the allusions in Job and in
the 19th Psalm; but it is similar in idea, and the modesty of
the imagery is correspondent to the modesty of the man.

CHAPTER XI - OF THE THEOLOGY

OF THE CHRISTIANS; AND THE
TRUE THEOLOGY.
As to the Christian system of faith, it appears to me as a
species of atheism; a sort of religious denial of God. It
professes to believe in a man rather than in God. It is a
compound made up chiefly of man-ism with but little deism,
and is as near to atheism as twilight is to darkness. It
introduces between man and his Maker an opaque body,
which it calls a redeemer, as the moon introduces her
opaque self between the earth and the sun, and it produces
by this means a religious or an irreligious eclipse of light. It
has put the whole orbit of reason into shade.
The effect of this obscurity has been that of turning
everything upside down, and representing it in reverse; and
among the revolutions it has thus magically produced, it has
made a revolution in Theology.
That which is now called natural philosophy, embracing the
whole circle of science, of which astronomy occupies the
chief place, is the study of the works of God, and of the
power and wisdom of God in his works, and is the true
theology.
As to the theology that is now studied in its place, it is the
study of human opinions and of human fancies concerning
God. It is not the study of God himself in the works that he
has made, but in the works or writings that man has made;
and it is not among the least of the mischiefs that the
Christian system has done to the world, that it has
abandoned the original and beautiful system of theology,
like a beautiful innocent, to distress and reproach, to make
room for the hag of superstition.
The Book of Job and the 19th Psalm, which even the church
admits to be more ancient than the chronological order in
which they stand in the book called the Bible, are
theological orations conformable to the original system of

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theology. The internal evidence of those orations proves to a

demonstration that the study and contemplation of the
works of creation, and of the power and wisdom of God
revealed and manifested in those works, made a great part
of the religious devotion of the times in which they were
written; and it was this devotional study and contemplation
that led to the discovery of the principles upon which what
are now called Sciences are established; and it is to the
discovery of these principles that almost all the Arts that
contribute to the convenience of human life owe their
existence. Every principal art has some science for its
parent, though the person who mechanically performs the
work does not always, and but very seldom, perceive the
connection.
It is a fraud of the Christian system to call the sciences
'human inventions;' it is only the application of them that is
human. Every science has for its basis a system of
principles as fixed and unalterable as those by which the
universe is regulated and governed. Man cannot make
principles, he can only discover them.
For example: Every person who looks at an almanack sees
an account when an eclipse will take place, and he sees also
that it never fails to take place according to the account
there given. This shows that man is acquainted with the
laws by which the heavenly bodies move. But it would be
something worse than ignorance, were any church on earth
to say that those laws are an human invention.
It would also be ignorance, or something worse, to say that
the scientific principles, by the aid of which man is enabled
to calculate and foreknow when an eclipse will take place,
are an human invention. Man cannot invent any thing that
is eternal and immutable; and the scientific principles he
employs for this purpose must, and are, of necessity, as
eternal and immutable as the laws by which the heavenly
bodies move, or they could not be used as they are to
ascertain the time when, and the manner how, an eclipse
will take place.
The scientific principles that man employs to obtain the
foreknowledge of an eclipse, or of any thing else relating to
the motion of the heavenly bodies, are contained chiefly in
that part of science that is called trigonometry, or the
properties of a triangle, which, when applied to the study of
the heavenly bodies, is called astronomy; when applied to
direct the course of a ship on the ocean, it is called
navigation; when applied to the construction of figures
drawn by a rule and compass, it is called geometry; when
applied to the construction of plans of edifices, it is called
architecture; when applied to the measurement of any

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portion of the surface of the earth, it is called

land-surveying. In fine, it is the soul of science. It is an
eternal truth: it contains the mathematical demonstration of
which man speaks, and the extent of its uses are unknown.
It may be said, that man can make or draw a triangle, and
therefore a triangle is an human invention.
But the triangle, when drawn, is no other than the image of
the principle: it is a delineation to the eye, and from thence
to the mind, of a principle that would otherwise be
imperceptible. The triangle does not make the principle,
any more than a candle taken into a room that was dark,
makes the chairs and tables that before were invisible. All
the properties of a triangle exist independently of the
figure, and existed before any triangle was drawn or
thought of by man. Man had no more to do in the formation
of those properties or principles, than he had to do in
making the laws by which the heavenly bodies move; and
therefore the one must have the same divine origin as the
other.
In the same manner as, it may be said, that man can make a
triangle, so also, may it be said, he can make the
mechanical instrument called a lever. But the principle by
which the lever acts, is a thing distinct from the instrument,
and would exist if the instrument did not; it attaches itself
to the instrument after it is made; the instrument,
therefore, can act no otherwise than it does act; neither can
all the efforts of human invention make it act otherwise.
That which, in all such cases, man calls the effect, is no
other than the principle itself rendered perceptible to the
senses.
Since, then, man cannot make principles, from whence did
he gain a knowledge of them, so as to be able to apply
them, not only to things on earth, but to ascertain the
motion of bodies so immensely distant from him as all the
heavenly bodies are? From whence, I ask, could he gain
that knowledge, but from the study of the true theology?
It is the structure of the universe that has taught this
knowledge to man. That structure is an ever-existing
exhibition of every principle upon which every part of
mathematical science is founded. The offspring of this
science is mechanics; for mechanics is no other than the
principles of science applied practically. The man who
proportions the several parts of a mill uses the same
scientific principles as if he had the power of constructing
an universe, but as he cannot give to matter that invisible
agency by which all the component parts of the immense
machine of the universe have influence upon each other,
and act in motional unison together, without any apparent

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contact, and to which man has given the name of attraction,

gravitation, and repulsion, he supplies the place of that
agency by the humble imitation of teeth and cogs. All the
parts of man's microcosm must visibly touch. But could he
gain a knowledge of that agency, so as to be able to apply it
in practice, we might then say that another canonical book
of the word of God had been discovered.
If man could alter the properties of the lever, so also could
he alter the properties of the triangle: for a lever (taking
that sort of lever which is called a steel-yard, for the sake of
explanation) forms, when in motion, a triangle. The line it
descends from, (one point of that line being in the fulcrum,)
the line it descends to, and the chord of the arc, which the
end of the lever describes in the air, are the three sides of a
triangle. The other arm of the lever describes also a
triangle; and the corresponding sides of those two triangles,
calculated scientifically, or measured geometrically,—and
also the sines, tangents, and secants generated from the
angles, and geometrically measured,—have the same
proportions to each other as the different weights have that
will balance each other on the lever, leaving the weight of
the lever out of the case.
It may also be said, that man can make a wheel and axis;
that he can put wheels of different magnitudes together,
and produce a mill. Still the case comes back to the same
point, which is, that he did not make the principle that gives
the wheels those powers. This principle is as unalterable as
in the former cases, or rather it is the same principle under
a different appearance to the eye.
The power that two wheels of different magnitudes have
upon each other is in the same proportion as if the
semi-diameter of the two wheels were joined together and
made into that kind of lever I have described, suspended at
the part where the semi-diameters join; for the two wheels,
scientifically considered, are no other than the two circles
generated by the motion of the compound lever.
It is from the study of the true theology that all our
knowledge of science is derived; and it is from that
knowledge that all the arts have originated.
The Almighty lecturer, by displaying the principles of
science in the structure of the universe, has invited man to
study and to imitation. It is as if he had said to the
inhabitants of this globe that we call ours, "I have made an
earth for man to dwell upon, and I have rendered the starry
heavens visible, to teach him science and the arts. He can
now provide for his own comfort, AND LEARN FROM MY
MUNIFICENCE TO ALL, TO BE KIND TO EACH OTHER."

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Of what use is it, unless it be to teach man something, that

his eye is endowed with the power of beholding, to an
incomprehensible distance, an immensity of worlds
revolving in the ocean of space? Or of what use is it that
this immensity of worlds is visible to man? What has man to
do with the Pleiades, with Orion, with Sirius, with the star
he calls the north star, with the moving orbs he has named
Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Venus, and Mercury, if no uses are to
follow from their being visible? A less power of vision would
have been sufficient for man, if the immensity he now
possesses were given only to waste itself, as it were, on an
immense desert of space glittering with shows.
It is only by contemplating what he calls the starry heavens,
as the book and school of science, that he discovers any use
in their being visible to him, or any advantage resulting
from his immensity of vision. But when he contemplates the
subject in this light, he sees an additional motive for saying,
that nothing was made in vain; for in vain would be this
power of vision if it taught man nothing.

CHAPTER XII - THE EFFECTS OF

CHRISTIANISM ON EDUCATION;
PROPOSED

REFORMS.

As the Christian system of faith has made a revolution in

theology, so also has it made a revolution in the state of
learning. That which is now called learning, was not
learning originally. Learning does not consist, as the schools
now make it consist, in the knowledge of languages, but in
the knowledge of things to which language gives names.
The Greeks were a learned people, but learning with them
did not consist in speaking Greek, any more than in a
Roman's speaking Latin, or a Frenchman's speaking French,
or an Englishman's speaking English. From what we know
of the Greeks, it does not appear that they knew or studied
any language but their own, and this was one cause of their
becoming so learned; it afforded them more time to apply
themselves to better studies. The schools of the Greeks
were schools of science and philosophy, and not of
languages; and it is in the knowledge of the things that
science and philosophy teach that learning consists.

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Almost all the scientific learning that now exists, came to us

from the Greeks, or the people who spoke the Greek
language. It therefore became necessary to the people of
other nations, who spoke a different language, that some
among them should learn the Greek language, in order that
the learning the Greeks had might be made known in those
nations, by translating the Greek books of science and
philosophy into the mother tongue of each nation.
The study, therefore, of the Greek language (and in the
same manner for the Latin) was no other than the drudgery
business of a linguist; and the language thus obtained, was
no other than the means, or as it were the tools, employed
to obtain the learning the Greeks had. It made no part of
the learning itself; and was so distinct from it as to make it
exceedingly probable that the persons who had studied
Greek sufficiently to translate those works, such for
instance as Euclid's Elements, did not understand any of the
learning the works contained.
As there is now nothing new to be learned from the dead
languages, all the useful books being already translated, the
languages are become useless, and the time expended in
teaching and in learning them is wasted. So far as the study
of languages may contribute to the progress and
communication of knowledge (for it has nothing to do with
the creation of knowledge) it is only in the living languages
that new knowledge is to be found; and certain it is, that, in
general, a youth will learn more of a living language in one
year, than of a dead language in seven; and it is but seldom
that the teacher knows much of it himself. The difficulty of
learning the dead languages does not arise from any
superior abstruseness in the languages themselves, but in
their being dead, and the pronunciation entirely lost. It
would be the same thing with any other language when it
becomes dead. The best Greek linguist that now exists does
not understand Greek so well as a Grecian plowman did, or
a Grecian milkmaid; and the same for the Latin, compared
with a plowman or a milkmaid of the Romans; and with
respect to pronunciation and idiom, not so well as the cows
that she milked. It would therefore be advantageous to the
state of learning to abolish the study of the dead languages,
and to make learning consist, as it originally did, in
scientific knowledge.
The apology that is sometimes made for continuing to teach
the dead languages is, that they are taught at a time when a
child is not capable of exerting any other mental faculty
than that of memory. But this is altogether erroneous. The
human mind has a natural disposition to scientific
knowledge, and to the things connected with it. The first
and favourite amusement of a child, even before it begins to

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play, is that of imitating the works of man. It builds bouses

with cards or sticks; it navigates the little ocean of a bowl of
water with a paper boat; or dams the stream of a gutter,
and contrives something which it calls a mill; and it
interests itself in the fate of its works with a care that
resembles affection. It afterwards goes to school, where its
genius is killed by the barren study of a dead language, and
the philosopher is lost in the linguist.
But the apology that is now made for continuing to teach
the dead languages, could not be the cause at first of
cutting down learning to the narrow and humble sphere of
linguistry; the cause therefore must be sought for
elsewhere. In all researches of this kind, the best evidence
that can be produced, is the internal evidence the thing
carries with itself, and the evidence of circumstances that
unites with it; both of which, in this case, are not difficult to
be discovered.
Putting then aside, as matter of distinct consideration, the
outrage offered to the moral justice of God, by supposing
him to make the innocent suffer for the guilty, and also the
loose morality and low contrivance of supposing him to
change himself into the shape of a man, in order to make an
excuse to himself for not executing his supposed sentence
upon Adam; putting, I say, those things aside as matter of
distinct consideration, it is certain that what is called the
christian system of faith, including in it the whimsical
account of the creation—the strange story of Eve, the
snake, and the apple—the amphibious idea of a
man-god—the corporeal idea of the death of a god—the
mythological idea of a family of gods, and the christian
system of arithmetic, that three are one, and one is three,
are all irreconcilable, not only to the divine gift of reason,
that God has given to man, but to the knowledge that man
gains of the power and wisdom of God by the aid of the
sciences, and by studying the structure of the universe that
God has made.
The setters up, therefore, and the advocates of the Christian
system of faith, could not but foresee that the continually
progressive knowledge that man would gain by the aid of
science, of the power and wisdom of God, manifested in the
structure of the universe, and in all the works of creation,
would militate against, and call into question, the truth of
their system of faith; and therefore it became necessary to
their purpose to cut learning down to a size less dangerous
to their project, and this they effected by restricting the
idea of learning to the dead study of dead languages.
They not only rejected the study of science out of the
christian schools, but they persecuted it; and it is only

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within about the last two centuries that the study has been
revived. So late as 1610, Galileo, a Florentine, discovered
and introduced the use of telescopes, and by applying them
to observe the motions and appearances of the heavenly
bodies, afforded additional means for ascertaining the true
structure of the universe. Instead of being esteemed for
these discoveries, he was sentenced to renounce them, or
the opinions resulting from them, as a damnable heresy.
And prior to that time Virgilius was condemned to be
burned for asserting the antipodes, or in other words, that
the earth was a globe, and habitable in every part where
there was land; yet the truth of this is now too well known
even to be told. [NOTE: I cannot discover the source of this
statement concerning the ancient author whose Irish name
Feirghill was Latinized into Virgilius. The British Museum
possesses a copy of the work (Decalogiunt) which was the
pretext of the charge of heresy made by Boniface,
Archbishop of Mayence, against Virgilius, Abbot—bishop of
Salzburg, These were leaders of the rival "British" and
"Roman parties, and the British champion made a
countercharge against Boniface of irreligious practices."
Boniface had to express a "regret," but none the less
pursued his rival. The Pope, Zachary II., decided that if his
alleged "doctrine, against God and his soul, that beneath
the earth there is another world, other men, or sun and
moon," should be acknowledged by Virgilius, he should be
excommunicated by a Council and condemned with
canonical sanctions. Whatever may have been the fate
involved by condemnation with "canonicis sanctionibus," in
the middle of the eighth century, it did not fall on Virgilius.
His accuser, Boniface, was martyred, 755, and it is probable
that Virgilius harmonied his Antipodes with orthodoxy. The
gravamen of the heresy seems to have been the suggestion
that there were men not of the progeny of Adam. Virgilius
was made Bishop of Salzburg in 768. He bore until his
death, 789, the curious title, "Geometer and Solitary," or
"lone wayfarer" (Solivagus). A suspicion of heresy clung to
his memory until 1233, when he was raised by Gregory IX,
to sainthood beside his accuser, St. Boniface.—Editor.
(Conway)]
If the belief of errors not morally bad did no mischief, it
would make no part of the moral duty of man to oppose and
remove them. There was no moral ill in believing the earth
was flat like a trencher, any more than there was moral
virtue in believing it was round like a globe; neither was
there any moral ill in believing that the Creator made no
other world than this, any more than there was moral virtue
in believing that he made millions, and that the infinity of
space is filled with worlds. But when a system of religion is
made to grow out of a supposed system of creation that is

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not true, and to unite itself therewith in a manner almost

inseparable therefrom, the case assumes an entirely
different ground. It is then that errors, not morally bad,
become fraught with the same mischiefs as if they were. It
is then that the truth, though otherwise indifferent itself,
becomes an essential, by becoming the criterion that either
confirms by corresponding evidence, or denies by
contradictory evidence, the reality of the religion itself. In
this view of the case it is the moral duty of man to obtain
every possible evidence that the structure of the heavens,
or any other part of creation affords, with respect to
systems of religion. But this, the supporters or partizans of
the christian system, as if dreading the result, incessantly
opposed, and not only rejected the sciences, but persecuted
the professors. Had Newton or Descartes lived three or four
hundred years ago, and pursued their studies as they did, it
is most probable they would not have lived to finish them;
and had Franklin drawn lightning from the clouds at the
same time, it would have been at the hazard of expiring for
it in flames.
Later times have laid all the blame upon the Goths and
Vandals, but, however unwilling the partizans of the
Christian system may be to believe or to acknowledge it, it
is nevertheless true, that the age of ignorance commenced
with the Christian system. There was more knowledge in
the world before that period, than for many centuries
afterwards; and as to religious knowledge, the Christian
system, as already said, was only another species of
mythology; and the mythology to which it succeeded, was a
corruption of an ancient system of theism. [NOTE by Paine:
It is impossible for us now to know at what time the heathen
mythology began; but it is certain, from the internal
evidence that it carries, that it did not begin in the same
state or condition in which it ended. All the gods of that
mythology, except Saturn, were of modern invention. The
supposed reign of Saturn was prior to that which is called
the heathen mythology, and was so far a species of theism
that it admitted the belief of only one God. Saturn is
supposed to have abdicated the govemment in favour of his
three sons and one daughter, Jupiter, Pluto, Neptune, and
Juno; after this, thousands of other gods and demigods were
imaginarily created, and the calendar of gods increased as
fast as the calendar of saints and the calendar of courts
have increased since.
All the corruptions that have taken place, in theology and in
religion have been produced by admitting of what man calls
'revealed religion.' The mythologists pretended to more
revealed religion than the christians do. They had their
oracles and their priests, who were supposed to receive and
deliver the word of God verbally on almost all occasions.

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Since then all corruptions down from Moloch to modern

predestinarianism, and the human sacrifices of the
heathens to the christian sacrifice of the Creator, have been
produced by admitting of what is called revealed religion,
the most effectual means to prevent all such evils and
impositions is, not to admit of any other revelation than that
which is manifested in the book of Creation., and to
contemplate the Creation as the only true and real word of
God that ever did or ever will exist; and every thing else
called the word of God is fable and imposition.—Author.]
It is owing to this long interregnum of science, and to no
other cause, that we have now to look back through a vast
chasm of many hundred years to the respectable characters
we call the Ancients. Had the progression of knowledge
gone on proportionably with the stock that before existed,
that chasm would have been filled up with characters rising
superior in knowledge to each other; and those Ancients we
now so much admire would have appeared respectably in
the background of the scene. But the christian system laid
all waste; and if we take our stand about the beginning of
the sixteenth century, we look back through that long
chasm, to the times of the Ancients, as over a vast sandy
desert, in which not a shrub appears to intercept the vision
to the fertile hills beyond.
It is an inconsistency scarcely possible to be credited, that
any thing should exist, under the name of a religion, that
held it to be irreligious to study and contemplate the
structure of the universe that God had made. But the fact is
too well established to be denied. The event that served
more than any other to break the first link in this long chain
of despotic ignorance, is that known by the name of the
Reformation by Luther. From that time, though it does not
appear to have made any part of the intention of Luther, or
of those who are called Reformers, the Sciences began to
revive, and Liberality, their natural associate, began to
appear. This was the only public good the Reformation did;
for, with respect to religious good, it might as well not have
taken place. The mythology still continued the same; and a
multiplicity of National Popes grew out of the downfall of
the Pope of Christendom.

CHAPTER XIII - COMPARISON OF

CHRISTIANISM WITH THE
RELIGIOUS IDEAS

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INSPIRED BY NATURE.

HAVING thus shewn, from the internal evidence of things,

the cause that produced a change in the state of learning,
and the motive for substituting the study of the dead
languages, in the place of the Sciences, I proceed, in
addition to the several observations already made in the
former part of this work, to compare, or rather to confront,
the evidence that the structure of the universe affords, with
the christian system of religion. But as I cannot begin this
part better than by referring to the ideas that occurred to
me at an early part of life, and which I doubt not have
occurred in some degree to almost every other person at
one time or other, I shall state what those ideas were, and
add thereto such other matter as shall arise out of the
subject, giving to the whole, by way of preface, a short
introduction.
My father being of the quaker profession, it was my good
fortune to have an exceedingly good moral education, and a
tolerable stock of useful learning. Though I went to the
grammar school, I did not learn Latin, not only because I
had no inclination to learn languages, but because of the
objection the quakers have against the books in which the
language is taught. But this did not prevent me from being
acquainted with the subjects of all the Latin books used in
the school.
The natural bent of my mind was to science. I had some
turn, and I believe some talent for poetry; but this I rather
repressed than encouraged, as leading too much into the
field of imagination. As soon as I was able, I purchased a
pair of globes, and attended the philosophical lectures of
Martin and Ferguson, and became afterwards acquainted
with Dr. Bevis, of the society called the Royal Society, then
living in the Temple, and an excellent astronomer.
I had no disposition for what was called politics. It
presented to my mind no other idea than is contained in the
word jockeyship. When, therefore, I turned my thoughts
towards matters of government, I had to form a system for
myself, that accorded with the moral and philosophic
principles in which I had been educated. I saw, or at least I
thought I saw, a vast scene opening itself to the world in the
affairs of America; and it appeared to me, that unless the
Americans changed the plan they were then pursuing, with
respect to the government of England, and declared
themselves independent, they would not only involve
themselves in a multiplicity of new difficulties, but shut out
the prospect that was then offering itself to mankind
through their means. It was from these motives that I

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published the work known by the name of Common Sense,

which is the first work I ever did publish, and so far as I can
judge of myself, I believe I should never have been known in
the world as an author on any subject whatever, had it not
been for the affairs of America. I wrote Common Sense the
latter end of the year 1775, and published it the first of
January, 1776. Independence was declared the fourth of July
following. [NOTE: The pamphlet Common Sense was first
advertised, as "just published," on January 10, 1776. His
plea for the Officers of Excise, written before leaving
England, was printed, but not published until 1793. Despite
his reiterated assertion that Common Sense was the first
work he ever published the notion that he was "junius" still
finds some believers. An indirect comment on our Paine-
Junians may be found in Part 2 of this work where Paine
says a man capable of writing Homer "would not have
thrown away his own fame by giving it to another." It is
probable that Paine ascribed the Letters of Junius to
Thomas Hollis. His friend F. Lanthenas, in his translation of
the Age of Reason (1794) advertises his translation of the
Letters of Junius from the English "(Thomas Hollis)." This
he could hardly have done without consultation with Paine.
Unfortunately this translation of Junius cannot be found
either in the Bibliotheque Nationale or the British Museum,
and it cannot be said whether it contains any attempt at an
identification of Junius—Editor.]
Any person, who has made observations on the state and
progress of the human mind, by observing his own, can not
but have observed, that there are two distinct classes of
what are called Thoughts; those that we produce in
ourselves by reflection and the act of thinking, and those
that bolt into the mind of their own accord. I have always
made it a rule to treat those voluntary visitors with civility,
taking care to examine, as well as I was able, if they were
worth entertaining; and it is from them I have acquired
almost all the knowledge that I have. As to the learning that
any person gains from school education, it serves only, like
a small capital, to put him in the way of beginning learning
for himself afterwards. Every person of learning is finally
his own teacher; the reason of which is, that principles,
being of a distinct quality to circumstances, cannot be
impressed upon the memory; their place of mental
residence is the understanding, and they are never so
lasting as when they begin by conception. Thus much for
the introductory part.
From the time I was capable of conceiving an idea, and
acting upon it by reflection, I either doubted the truth of the
christian system, or thought it to be a strange affair; I
scarcely knew which it was: but I well remember, when
about seven or eight years of age, hearing a sermon read by

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a relation of mine, who was a great devotee of the church,

upon the subject of what is called Redemption by the death
of the Son of God. After the sermon was ended, I went into
the garden, and as I was going down the garden steps (for I
perfectly recollect the spot) I revolted at the recollection of
what I had heard, and thought to myself that it was making
God Almighty act like a passionate man, that killed his son,
when he could not revenge himself any other way; and as I
was sure a man would be hanged that did such a thing, I
could not see for what purpose they preached such
sermons. This was not one of those kind of thoughts that
had any thing in it of childish levity; it was to me a serious
reflection, arising from the idea I had that God was too good
to do such an action, and also too almighty to be under any
necessity of doing it. I believe in the same manner to this
moment; and I moreover believe, that any system of religion
that has anything in it that shocks the mind of a child,
cannot be a true system.
It seems as if parents of the christian profession were
ashamed to tell their children any thing about the principles
of their religion. They sometimes instruct them in morals,
and talk to them of the goodness of what they call
Providence; for the Christian mythology has five deities:
there is God the Father, God the Son, God the Holy Ghost,
the God Providence, and the Goddess Nature. But the
christian story of God the Father putting his son to death, or
employing people to do it, (for that is the plain language of
the story,) cannot be told by a parent to a child; and to tell
him that it was done to make mankind happier and better, is
making the story still worse; as if mankind could be
improved by the example of murder; and to tell him that all
this is a mystery, is only making an excuse for the
incredibility of it.
How different is this to the pure and simple profession of
Deism! The true deist has but one Deity; and his religion
consists in contemplating the power, wisdom, and benignity
of the Deity in his works, and in endeavouring to imitate
him in every thing moral, scientifical, and mechanical.
The religion that approaches the nearest of all others to
true Deism, in the moral and benign part thereof, is that
professed by the quakers: but they have contracted
themselves too much by leaving the works of God out of
their system. Though I reverence their philanthropy, I can
not help smiling at the conceit, that if the taste of a quaker
could have been consulted at the creation, what a silent and
drab-colored creation it would have been! Not a flower
would have blossomed its gaieties, nor a bird been
permitted to sing.

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Quitting these reflections, I proceed to other matters. After

I had made myself master of the use of the globes, and of
the orrery, [NOTE by Paine: As this book may fall into the
bands of persons who do not know what an orrery is, it is
for their information I add this note, as the name gives no
idea of the uses of the thing. The orrery has its name from
the person who invented it. It is a machinery of clock-work,
representing the universe in miniature: and in which the
revolution of the earth round itself and round the sun, the
revolution of the moon round the earth, the revolution of
the planets round the sun, their relative distances from the
sun, as the center of the whole system, their relative
distances from each other, and their different magnitudes,
are represented as they really exist in what we call the
heavens.—Author.] and conceived an idea of the infinity of
space, and of the eternal divisibility of matter, and obtained,
at least, a general knowledge of what was called natural
philosophy, I began to compare, or, as I have before said, to
confront, the internal evidence those things afford with the
christian system of faith.
Though it is not a direct article of the christian system that
this world that we inhabit is the whole of the habitable
creation, yet it is so worked up therewith, from what is
called the Mosaic account of the creation, the story of Eve
and the apple, and the counterpart of that story, the death
of the Son of God, that to believe otherwise, that is, to
believe that God created a plurality of worlds, at least as
numerous as what we call stars, renders the christian
system of faith at once little and ridiculous; and scatters it
in the mind like feathers in the air. The two beliefs can not
be held together in the same mind; and he who thinks that
he believes both, has thought but little of either.
Though the belief of a plurality of worlds was familiar to the
ancients, it is only within the last three centuries that the
extent and dimensions of this globe that we inhabit have
been ascertained. Several vessels, following the tract of the
ocean, have sailed entirely round the world, as a man may
march in a circle, and come round by the contrary side of
the circle to the spot he set out from. The circular
dimensions of our world, in the widest part, as a man would
measure the widest round of an apple, or a ball, is only
twenty-five thousand and twenty English miles, reckoning
sixty-nine miles and an half to an equatorial degree, and
may be sailed round in the space of about three years.
[NOTE by Paine: Allowing a ship to sail, on an average,
three miles in an hour, she would sail entirely round the
world in less than one year, if she could sail in a direct
circle, but she is obliged to follow the course of the ocean.
—Author.]

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A world of this extent may, at first thought, appear to us to

be great; but if we compare it with the immensity of space
in which it is suspended, like a bubble or a balloon in the
air, it is infinitely less in proportion than the smallest grain
of sand is to the size of the world, or the finest particle of
dew to the whole ocean, and is therefore but small; and, as
will be hereafter shown, is only one of a system of worlds, of
which the universal creation is composed.
It is not difficult to gain some faint idea of the immensity of
space in which this and all the other worlds are suspended,
if we follow a progression of ideas. When we think of the
size or dimensions of, a room, our ideas limit themselves to
the walls, and there they stop. But when our eye, or our
imagination darts into space, that is, when it looks upward
into what we call the open air, we cannot conceive any walls
or boundaries it can have; and if for the sake of resting our
ideas we suppose a boundary, the question immediately
renews itself, and asks, what is beyond that boundary? and
in the same manner, what beyond the next boundary? and
so on till the fatigued imagination returns and says, there is
no end. Certainly, then, the Creator was not pent for room
when he made this world no larger than it is; and we have
to seek the reason in something else.
If we take a survey of our own world, or rather of this, of
which the Creator has given us the use as our portion in the
immense system of creation, we find every part of it, the
earth, the waters, and the air that surround it, filled, and as
it were crowded with life, down from the largest animals
that we know of to the smallest insects the naked eye can
behold, and from thence to others still smaller, and totally
invisible without the assistance of the microscope. Every
tree, every plant, every leaf, serves not only as an
habitation, but as a world to some numerous race, till
animal existence becomes so exceedingly refined, that the
effluvia of a blade of grass would be food for thousands.
Since then no part of our earth is left unoccupied, why is it
to be supposed that the immensity of space is a naked void,
lying in eternal waste? There is room for millions of worlds
as large or larger than ours, and each of them millions of
miles apart from each other.
Having now arrived at this point, if we carry our ideas only
one thought further, we shall see, perhaps, the true reason,
at least a very good reason for our happiness, why the
Creator, instead of making one immense world, extending
over an immense quantity of space, has preferred dividing
that quantity of matter into several distinct and separate
worlds, which we call planets, of which our earth is one. But
before I explain my ideas upon this subject, it is necessary

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(not for the sake of those that already know, but for those
who do not) to show what the system of the universe is.

CHAPTER XIV - SYSTEM OF THE

UNIVERSE.
THAT part of the universe that is called the solar system
(meaning the system of worlds to which our earth belongs,
and of which Sol, or in English language, the Sun, is the
center) consists, besides the Sun, of six distinct orbs, or
planets, or worlds, besides the secondary bodies, called the
satellites, or moons, of which our earth has one that attends
her in her annual revolution round the Sun, in like manner
as the other satellites or moons, attend the planets or
worlds to which they severally belong, as may be seen by
the assistance of the telescope.
The Sun is the center round which those six worlds or
planets revolve at different distances therefrom, and in
circles concentric to each other. Each world keeps
constantly in nearly the same tract round the Sun, and
continues at the same time turning round itself, in nearly an
upright position, as a top turns round itself when it is
spinning on the ground, and leans a little sideways.
It is this leaning of the earth (23 1/2 degrees) that occasions
summer and winter, and the different length of days and
nights. If the earth turned round itself in a position
perpendicular to the plane or level of the circle it moves in
round the Sun, as a top turns round when it stands erect on
the ground, the days and nights would be always of the
same length, twelve hours day and twelve hours night, and
the season would be uniformly the same throughout the
year.
Every time that a planet (our earth for example) turns
round itself, it makes what we call day and night; and every
time it goes entirely round the Sun, it makes what we call a
year, consequently our world turns three hundred and
sixty-five times round itself, in going once round the Sun.
The names that the ancients gave to those six worlds, and
which are still called by the same names, are Mercury,
Venus, this world that we call ours, Mars, Jupiter, and
Saturn. They appear larger to the eye than the stars, being
many million miles nearer to our earth than any of the stars
are. The planet Venus is that which is called the evening

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star, and sometimes the morning star, as she happens to set

after, or rise before the Sun, which in either case is never
more than three hours.
The Sun as before said being the center, the planet or world
nearest the Sun is Mercury; his distance from the Sun is
thirty-four million miles, and he moves round in a circle
always at that distance from the Sun, as a top may be
supposed to spin round in the tract in which a horse goes in
a mill. The second world is Venus; she is fifty-seven million
miles distant from the Sun, and consequently moves round
in a circle much greater than that of Mercury. The third
world is this that we inhabit, and which is eighty-eight
million miles distant from the Sun, and consequently moves
round in a circle greater than that of Venus. The fourth
world is Mars; he is distant from the sun one hundred and
thirty-four million miles, and consequently moves round in a
circle greater than that of our earth. The fifth is Jupiter; he
is distant from the Sun five hundred and fifty-seven million
miles, and consequently moves round in a circle greater
than that of Mars. The sixth world is Saturn; he is distant
from the Sun seven hundred and sixty-three million miles,
and consequently moves round in a circle that surrounds
the circles or orbits of all the other worlds or planets.
The space, therefore, in the air, or in the immensity of
space, that our solar system takes up for the several worlds
to perform their revolutions in round the Sun, is of the
extent in a strait line of the whole diameter of the orbit or
circle in which Saturn moves round the Sun, which being
double his distance from the Sun, is fifteen hundred and
twenty-six million miles; and its circular extent is nearly five
thousand million; and its globical content is almost three
thousand five hundred million times three thousand five
hundred million square miles. [NOTE by Paine: If it should
be asked, how can man know these things? I have one plain
answer to give, which is, that man knows how to calculate
an eclipse, and also how to calculate to a minute of time
when the planet Venus, in making her revolutions round the
Sun, will come in a strait line between our earth and the
Sun, and will appear to us about the size of a large pea
passing across the face of the Sun. This happens but twice
in about a hundred years, at the distance of about eight
years from each other, and has happened twice in our time,
both of which were foreknown by calculation. It can also be
known when they will happen again for a thousand years to
come, or to any other portion of time. As therefore, man
could not be able to do these things if he did not understand
the solar system, and the manner in which the revolutions
of the several planets or worlds are performed, the fact of
calculating an eclipse, or a transit of Venus, is a proof in
point that the knowledge exists; and as to a few thousand,

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or even a few million miles, more or less, it makes scarcely

any sensible difference in such immense distances.
—Author.]
But this, immense as it is, is only one system of worlds.
Beyond this, at a vast distance into space, far beyond all
power of calculation, are the stars called the fixed stars.
They are called fixed, because they have no revolutionary
motion, as the six worlds or planets have that I have been
describing. Those fixed stars continue always at the same
distance from each other, and always in the same place, as
the Sun does in the center of our system. The probability,
therefore, is that each of those fixed stars is also a Sun,
round which another system of worlds or planets, though
too remote for us to discover, performs its revolutions, as
our system of worlds does round our central Sun. By this
easy progression of ideas, the immensity of space will
appear to us to be filled with systems of worlds; and that no
part of space lies at waste, any more than any part of our
globe of earth and water is left unoccupied.
Having thus endeavoured to convey, in a familiar and easy
manner, some idea of the structure of the universe, I return
to explain what I before alluded to, namely, the great
benefits arising to man in consequence of the Creator
having made a Plurality of worlds, such as our system is,
consisting of a central Sun and six worlds, besides
satellites, in preference to that of creating one world only of
a vast extent.

CHAPTER XV - ADVANTAGES OF
THE EXISTENCE OF MANY
WORLDS IN EACH SOLAR

SYSTEM.

IT is an idea I have never lost sight of, that all our

knowledge of science is derived from the revolutions
(exhibited to our eye and from thence to our understanding)
which those several planets or worlds of which our system
is composed make in their circuit round the Sun.
Had then the quantity of matter which these six worlds
contain been blended into one solitary globe, the
consequence to us would have been, that either no

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revolutionary motion would have existed, or not a

sufficiency of it to give us the ideas and the knowledge of
science we now have; and it is from the sciences that all the
mechanical arts that contribute so much to our earthly
felicity and comfort are derived.
As therefore the Creator made nothing in vain, so also must
it be believed that he organized the structure of the
universe in the most advantageous manner for the benefit of
man; and as we see, and from experience feel, the benefits
we derive from the structure of the universe, formed as it is,
which benefits we should not have had the opportunity of
enjoying if the structure, so far as relates to our system, had
been a solitary globe, we can discover at least one reason
why a plurality of worlds has been made, and that reason
calls forth the devotional gratitude of man, as well as his
admiration.
But it is not to us, the inhabitants of this globe, only, that
the benefits arising from a plurality of worlds are limited.
The inhabitants of each of the worlds of which our system is
composed, enjoy the same opportunities of knowledge as we
do. They behold the revolutionary motions of our earth, as
we behold theirs. All the planets revolve in sight of each
other; and, therefore, the same universal school of science
presents itself to all.
Neither does the knowledge stop here. The system of
worlds next to us exhibits, in its revolutions, the same
principles and school of science, to the inhabitants of their
system, as our system does to us, and in like manner
throughout the immensity of space.
Our ideas, not only of the almightiness of the Creator, but of
his wisdom and his beneficence, become enlarged in
proportion as we contemplate the extent and the structure
of the universe. The solitary idea of a solitary world, rolling
or at rest in the immense ocean of space, gives place to the
cheerful idea of a society of worlds, so happily contrived as
to administer, even by their motion, instruction to man. We
see our own earth filled with abundance; but we forget to
consider how much of that abundance is owing to the
scientific knowledge the vast machinery of the universe has
unfolded.

CHAPTER XVI - APPLICATION OF

THE PRECEDING TO THE SYSTEM

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OF THE

CHRISTIANS.

BUT, in the midst of those reflections, what are we to think

of the christian system of faith that forms itself upon the
idea of only one world, and that of no greater extent, as is
before shown, than twenty-five thousand miles. An extent
which a man, walking at the rate of three miles an hour for
twelve hours in the day, could he keep on in a circular
direction, would walk entirely round in less than two years.
Alas! what is this to the mighty ocean of space, and the
almighty power of the Creator!
From whence then could arise the solitary and strange
conceit that the Almighty, who had millions of worlds
equally dependent on his protection, should quit the care of
all the rest, and come to die in our world, because, they say,
one man and one woman had eaten an apple! And, on the
other hand, are we to suppose that every world in the
boundless creation had an Eve, an apple, a serpent, and a
redeemer? In this case, the person who is irreverently
called the Son of God, and sometimes God himself, would
have nothing else to do than to travel from world to world,
in an endless succession of death, with scarcely a
momentary interval of life.
It has been by rejecting the evidence, that the word, or
works of God in the creation, affords to our senses, and the
action of our reason upon that evidence, that so many wild
and whimsical systems of faith, and of religion, have been
fabricated and set up. There may be many systems of
religion that so far from being morally bad are in many
respects morally good: but there can be but ONE that is
true; and that one necessarily must, as it ever will, be in all
things consistent with the ever existing word of God that we
behold in his works. But such is the strange construction of
the christian system of faith, that every evidence the
heavens affords to man, either directly contradicts it or
renders it absurd.
It is possible to believe, and I always feel pleasure in
encouraging myself to believe it, that there have been men
in the world who persuaded themselves that what is called a
pious fraud, might, at least under particular circumstances,
be productive of some good. But the fraud being once
established, could not afterwards be explained; for it is with
a pious fraud as with a bad action, it begets a calamitous
necessity of going on.
The persons who first preached the christian system of

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faith, and in some measure combined with it the morality

preached by Jesus Christ, might persuade themselves that it
was better than the heathen mythology that then prevailed.
From the first preachers the fraud went on to the second,
and to the third, till the idea of its being a pious fraud
became lost in the belief of its being true; and that belief
became again encouraged by the interest of those who
made a livelihood by preaching it.
But though such a belief might, by such means, be rendered
almost general among the laity, it is next to impossible to
account for the continual persecution carried on by the
church, for several hundred years, against the sciences, and
against the professors of science, if the church had not
some record or tradition that it was originally no other than
a pious fraud, or did not foresee that it could not be
maintained against the evidence that the structure of the
universe afforded.

CHAPTER XVII - OF THE MEANS

EMPLOYED IN ALL TIME, AND
ALMOST

UNIVERSALLY, TO DECEIVE THE PEOPLES.

HAVING thus shown the irreconcileable inconsistencies

between the real word of God existing in the universe, and
that which is called the word of God, as shown to us in a
printed book that any man might make, I proceed to speak
of the three principal means that have been employed in all
ages, and perhaps in all countries, to impose upon mankind.
Those three means are Mystery, Miracle, and Prophecy, The
first two are incompatible with true religion, and the third
ought always to be suspected.
With respect to Mystery, everything we behold is, in one
sense, a mystery to us. Our own existence is a mystery: the
whole vegetable world is a mystery. We cannot account how
it is that an acorn, when put into the ground, is made to
develop itself and become an oak. We know not how it is
that the seed we sow unfolds and multiplies itself, and
returns to us such an abundant interest for so small a
capital.
The fact however, as distinct from the operating cause, is

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not a mystery, because we see it; and we know also the

means we are to use, which is no other than putting the
seed in the ground. We know, therefore, as much as is
necessary for us to know; and that part of the operation that
we do not know, and which if we did, we could not perform,
the Creator takes upon himself and performs it for us. We
are, therefore, better off than if we had been let into the
secret, and left to do it for ourselves.
But though every created thing is, in this sense, a mystery,
the word mystery cannot be applied to moral truth, any
more than obscurity can be applied to light. The God in
whom we believe is a God of moral truth, and not a God of
mystery or obscurity. Mystery is the antagonist of truth. It is
a fog of human invention that obscures truth, and
represents it in distortion. Truth never envelops itself in
mystery; and the mystery in which it is at any time
enveloped, is the work of its antagonist, and never of itself.
Religion, therefore, being the belief of a God, and the
practice of moral truth, cannot have connection with
mystery. The belief of a God, so far from having any thing of
mystery in it, is of all beliefs the most easy, because it arises
to us, as is before observed, out of necessity. And the
practice of moral truth, or, in other words, a practical
imitation of the moral goodness of God, is no other than our
acting towards each other as he acts benignly towards all.
We cannot serve God in the manner we serve those who
cannot do without such service; and, therefore, the only
idea we can have of serving God, is that of contributing to
the happiness of the living creation that God has made. This
cannot be done by retiring ourselves from the society of the
world, and spending a recluse life in selfish devotion.
The very nature and design of religion, if I may so express
it, prove even to demonstration that it must be free from
every thing of mystery, and unincumbered with every thing
that is mysterious. Religion, considered as a duty, is
incumbent upon every living soul alike, and, therefore, must
be on a level to the understanding and comprehension of
all. Man does not learn religion as he learns the secrets and
mysteries of a trade. He learns the theory of religion by
reflection. It arises out of the action of his own mind upon
the things which he sees, or upon what he may happen to
hear or to read, and the practice joins itself thereto.
When men, whether from policy or pious fraud, set up
systems of religion incompatible with the word or works of
God in the creation, and not only above but repugnant to
human comprehension, they were under the necessity of
inventing or adopting a word that should serve as a bar to
all questions, inquiries and speculations. The word mystery

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answered this purpose, and thus it has happened that

religion, which is in itself without mystery, has been
corrupted into a fog of mysteries.
As mystery answered all general purposes, miracle followed
as an occasional auxiliary. The former served to bewilder
the mind, the latter to puzzle the senses. The one was the
lingo, the other the legerdemain.
But before going further into this subject, it will be proper
to inquire what is to be understood by a miracle.
In the same sense that every thing may be said to be a
mystery, so also may it be said that every thing is a miracle,
and that no one thing is a greater miracle than another. The
elephant, though larger, is not a greater miracle than a
mite: nor a mountain a greater miracle than an atom. To an
almighty power it is no more difficult to make the one than
the other, and no more difficult to make a million of worlds
than to make one. Every thing, therefore, is a miracle, in
one sense; whilst, in the other sense, there is no such thing
as a miracle. It is a miracle when compared to our power,
and to our comprehension. It is not a miracle compared to
the power that performs it. But as nothing in this
description conveys the idea that is affixed to the word
miracle, it is necessary to carry the inquiry further.
Mankind have conceived to themselves certain laws, by
which what they call nature is supposed to act; and that a
miracle is something contrary to the operation and effect of
those laws. But unless we know the whole extent of those
laws, and of what are commonly called the powers of
nature, we are not able to judge whether any thing that may
appear to us wonderful or miraculous, be within, or be
beyond, or be contrary to, her natural power of acting.
The ascension of a man several miles high into the air,
would have everything in it that constitutes the idea of a
miracle, if it were not known that a species of air can be
generated several times lighter than the common
atmospheric air, and yet possess elasticity enough to
prevent the balloon, in which that light air is inclosed, from
being compressed into as many times less bulk, by the
common air that surrounds it. In like manner, extracting
flashes or sparks of fire from the human body, as visibly as
from a steel struck with a flint, and causing iron or steel to
move without any visible agent, would also give the idea of
a miracle, if we were not acquainted with electricity and
magnetism; so also would many other experiments in
natural philosophy, to those who are not acquainted with
the subject. The restoring persons to life who are to
appearance dead as is practised upon drowned persons,
would also be a miracle, if it were not known that animation

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is capable of being suspended without being extinct.

Besides these, there are performances by slight of hand,
and by persons acting in concert, that have a miraculous
appearance, which, when known, are thought nothing of.
And, besides these, there are mechanical and optical
deceptions. There is now an exhibition in Paris of ghosts or
spectres, which, though it is not imposed upon the
spectators as a fact, has an astonishing appearance. As,
therefore, we know not the extent to which either nature or
art can go, there is no criterion to determine what a miracle
is; and mankind, in giving credit to appearances, under the
idea of their being miracles, are subject to be continually
imposed upon.
Since then appearances are so capable of deceiving, and
things not real have a strong resemblance to things that
are, nothing can be more inconsistent than to suppose that
the Almighty would make use of means, such as are called
miracles, that would subject the person who performed
them to the suspicion of being an impostor, and the person
who related them to be suspected of lying, and the doctrine
intended to be supported thereby to be suspected as a
fabulous invention.
Of all the modes of evidence that ever were invented to
obtain belief to any system or opinion to which the name of
religion has been given, that of miracle, however successful
the imposition may have been, is the most inconsistent. For,
in the first place, whenever recourse is had to show, for the
purpose of procuring that belief (for a miracle, under any
idea of the word, is a show) it implies a lameness or
weakness in the doctrine that is preached. And, in the
second place, it is degrading the Almighty into the
character of a show-man, playing tricks to amuse and make
the people stare and wonder. It is also the most equivocal
sort of evidence that can be set up; for the belief is not to
depend upon the thing called a miracle, but upon the credit
of the reporter, who says that he saw it; and, therefore, the
thing, were it true, would have no better chance of being
believed than if it were a lie.
Suppose I were to say, that when I sat down to write this
book, a hand presented itself in the air, took up the pen and
wrote every word that is herein written; would any body
believe me? Certainly they would not. Would they believe
me a whit the more if the thing had been a fact? Certainly
they would not. Since then a real miracle, were it to
happen, would be subject to the same fate as the falsehood,
the inconsistency becomes the greater of supposing the
Almighty would make use of means that would not answer
the purpose for which they were intended, even if they were

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real.
If we are to suppose a miracle to be something so entirely
out of the course of what is called nature, that she must go
out of that course to accomplish it, and we see an account
given of such a miracle by the person who said he saw it, it
raises a question in the mind very easily decided, which
is,—Is it more probable that nature should go out of her
course, or that a man should tell a lie? We have never seen,
in our time, nature go out of her course; but we have good
reason to believe that millions of lies have been told in the
same time; it is, therefore, at least millions to one, that the
reporter of a miracle tells a lie.
The story of the whale swallowing Jonah, though a whale is
large enough to do it, borders greatly on the marvellous;
but it would have approached nearer to the idea of a
miracle, if Jonah had swallowed the whale. In this, which
may serve for all cases of miracles, the matter would decide
itself as before stated, namely, Is it more probable that a
man should have, swallowed a whale, or told a lie?
But suppose that Jonah had really swallowed the whale, and
gone with it in his belly to Nineveh, and to convince the
people that it was true have cast it up in their sight, of the
full length and size of a whale, would they not have believed
him to have been the devil instead of a prophet? or if the
whale had carried Jonah to Nineveh, and cast him up in the
same public manner, would they not have believed the
whale to have been the devil, and Jonah one of his imps?
The most extraordinary of all the things called miracles,
related in the New Testament, is that of the devil flying
away with Jesus Christ, and carrying him to the top of a
high mountain; and to the top of the highest pinnacle of the
temple, and showing him and promising to him all the
kingdoms of the world. How happened it that he did not
discover America? or is it only with kingdoms that his sooty
highness has any interest.
I have too much respect for the moral character of Christ to
believe that he told this whale of a miracle himself: neither
is it easy to account for what purpose it could have been
fabricated, unless it were to impose upon the connoisseurs
of miracles, as is sometimes practised upon the
connoisseurs of Queen Anne's farthings, and collectors of
relics and antiquities; or to render the belief of miracles
ridiculous, by outdoing miracle, as Don Quixote outdid
chivalry; or to embarrass the belief of miracles, by making it
doubtful by what power, whether of God or of the devil, any
thing called a miracle was performed. It requires, however,
a great deal of faith in the devil to believe this miracle.

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In every point of view in which those things called miracles

can be placed and considered, the reality of them is
improbable, and their existence unnecessary. They would
not, as before observed, answer any useful purpose, even if
they were true; for it is more difficult to obtain belief to a
miracle, than to a principle evidently moral, without any
miracle. Moral principle speaks universally for itself.
Miracle could be but a thing of the moment, and seen but
by a few; after this it requires a transfer of faith from God to
man to believe a miracle upon man's report. Instead,
therefore, of admitting the recitals of miracles as evidence
of any system of religion being true, they ought to be
considered as symptoms of its being fabulous. It is
necessary to the full and upright character of truth that it
rejects the crutch; and it is consistent with the character of
fable to seek the aid that truth rejects. Thus much for
Mystery and Miracle.
As Mystery and Miracle took charge of the past and the
present, Prophecy took charge of the future, and rounded
the tenses of faith. It was not sufficient to know what had
been done, but what would be done. The supposed prophet
was the supposed historian of times to come; and if he
happened, in shooting with a long bow of a thousand years,
to strike within a thousand miles of a mark, the ingenuity of
posterity could make it point-blank; and if he happened to
be directly wrong, it was only to suppose, as in the case of
Jonah and Nineveh, that God had repented himself and
changed his mind. What a fool do fabulous systems make of
man!
It has been shewn, in a former part of this work, that the
original meaning of the words prophet and prophesying has
been changed, and that a prophet, in the sense of the word
as now used, is a creature of modern invention; and it is
owing to this change in the meaning of the words, that the
flights and metaphors of the Jewish poets, and phrases and
expressions now rendered obscure by our not being
acquainted with the local circumstances to which they
applied at the time they were used, have been erected into
prophecies, and made to bend to explanations at the will
and whimsical conceits of sectaries, expounders, and
commentators. Every thing unintelligible was prophetical,
and every thing insignificant was typical. A blunder would
have served for a prophecy; and a dish-clout for a type.
If by a prophet we are to suppose a man to whom the
Almighty communicated some event that would take place
in future, either there were such men, or there were not. If
there were, it is consistent to believe that the event so
communicated would be told in terms that could be
understood, and not related in such a loose and obscure

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manner as to be out of the comprehension of those that

heard it, and so equivocal as to fit almost any circumstance
that might happen afterwards. It is conceiving very
irreverently of the Almighty, to suppose he would deal in
this jesting manner with mankind; yet all the things called
prophecies in the book called the Bible come under this
description.
But it is with Prophecy as it is with Miracle. It could not
answer the purpose even if it were real. Those to whom a
prophecy should be told could not tell whether the man
prophesied or lied, or whether it had been revealed to him,
or whether he conceited it; and if the thing that he
prophesied, or pretended to prophesy, should happen, or
some thing like it, among the multitude of things that are
daily happening, nobody could again know whether he
foreknew it, or guessed at it, or whether it was accidental. A
prophet, therefore, is a character useless and unnecessary;
and the safe side of the case is to guard against being
imposed upon, by not giving credit to such relations.
Upon the whole, Mystery, Miracle, and Prophecy, are
appendages that belong to fabulous and not to true religion.
They are the means by which so many Lo heres! and Lo
theres! have been spread about the world, and religion
been made into a trade. The success of one impostor gave
encouragement to another, and the quieting salvo of doing
some good by keeping up a pious fraud protected them from
remorse.

RECAPITULATION.

HAVING now extended the subject to a greater length than

I first intended, I shall bring it to a close by abstracting a
summary from the whole.
First, That the idea or belief of a word of God existing in
print, or in writing, or in speech, is inconsistent in itself for
the reasons already assigned. These reasons, among many
others, are the want of an universal language; the
mutability of language; the errors to which translations are
subject, the possibility of totally suppressing such a word;
the probability of altering it, or of fabricating the whole,
and imposing it upon the world.
Secondly, That the Creation we behold is the real and ever
existing word of God, in which we cannot be deceived. It
proclaimeth his power, it demonstrates his wisdom, it
manifests his goodness and beneficence.
Thirdly, That the moral duty of man consists in imitating the
moral goodness and beneficence of God manifested in the

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creation towards all his creatures. That seeing as we daily

do the goodness of God to all men, it is an example calling
upon all men to practise the same towards each other; and,
consequently, that every thing of persecution and revenge
between man and man, and every thing of cruelty to
animals, is a violation of moral duty.
I trouble not myself about the manner of future existence. I
content myself with believing, even to positive conviction,
that the power that gave me existence is able to continue it,
in any form and manner he pleases, either with or without
this body; and it appears more probable to me that I shall
continue to exist hereafter than that I should have had
existence, as I now have, before that existence began.
It is certain that, in one point, all nations of the earth and
all religions agree. All believe in a God. The things in which
they disgrace are the redundancies annexed to that belief;
and therefore, if ever an universal religion should prevail, it
will not be believing any thing new, but in getting rid of
redundancies, and believing as man believed at first. ["In
the childhood of the world," according to the first (French)
version; and the strict translation of the final sentence is:
"Deism was the religion of Adam, supposing him not an
imaginary being; but none the less must it be left to all men
to follow, as is their right, the religion and worship they
prefer."—Editor.] Adam, if ever there was such a man, was
created a Deist; but in the mean time, let every man follow,
as he has a right to do, the religion and worship he prefers.

END OF PART I

THE AGE OF REASON - PART II

Contents

* Preface
* Chapter I - The Old Testament
* Chapter II - The New Testament
* Chapter III - Conclusion

PREFACE

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I HAVE mentioned in the former part of The Age of Reason

that it had long been my intention to publish my thoughts
upon Religion; but that I had originally reserved it to a later
period in life, intending it to be the last work I should
undertake. The circumstances, however, which existed in
France in the latter end of the year 1793, determined me to
delay it no longer. The just and humane principles of the
Revolution which Philosophy had first diffused, had been
departed from. The Idea, always dangerous to Society as it
is derogatory to the Almighty,—that priests could forgive
sins,—though it seemed to exist no longer, had blunted the
feelings of humanity, and callously prepared men for the
commission of all crimes. The intolerant spirit of church
persecution had transferred itself into politics; the
tribunals, stiled Revolutionary, supplied the place of an
Inquisition; and the Guillotine of the Stake. I saw many of
my most intimate friends destroyed; others daily carried to
prison; and I had reason to believe, and had also intimations
given me, that the same danger was approaching myself.
Under these disadvantages, I began the former part of the
Age of Reason; I had, besides, neither Bible nor Testament
[It must be borne in mind that throughout this work Paine
generally means by "Bible" only the Old Testament, and
speaks of the New as the "Testament."—Editor.] to refer to,
though I was writing against both; nor could I procure any;
notwithstanding which I have produced a work that no Bible
Believer, though writing at his ease and with a Library of
Church Books about him, can refute. Towards the latter end
of December of that year, a motion was made and carried,
to exclude foreigners from the Convention. There were but
two, Anacharsis Cloots and myself; and I saw I was
particularly pointed at by Bourdon de l'Oise, in his speech
on that motion.
Conceiving, after this, that I had but a few days of liberty, I
sat down and brought the work to a close as speedily as
possible; and I had not finished it more than six hours, in
the state it has since appeared, [This is an allusion to the
essay which Paine wrote at an earlier part of 1793. See
Introduction.—Editor.] before a guard came there, about
three in the morning, with an order signed by the two
Committees of Public Safety and Surety General, for putting
me in arrestation as a foreigner, and conveying me to the
prison of the Luxembourg. I contrived, in my way there, to
call on Joel Barlow, and I put the Manuscript of the work
into his hands, as more safe than in my possession in
prison; and not knowing what might be the fate in France
either of the writer or the work, I addressed it to the
protection of the citizens of the United States.
It is justice that I say, that the guard who executed this

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order, and the interpreter to the Committee of General

Surety, who accompanied them to examine my papers,
treated me not only with civility, but with respect. The
keeper of the 'Luxembourg, Benoit, a man of good heart,
shewed to me every friendship in his power, as did also all
his family, while he continued in that station. He was
removed from it, put into arrestation, and carried before the
tribunal upon a malignant accusation, but acquitted.
After I had been in Luxembourg about three weeks, the
Americans then in Paris went in a body to the Convention to
reclaim me as their countryman and friend; but were
answered by the President, Vadier, who was also President
of the Committee of Surety General, and had signed the
order for my arrestation, that I was born in England. [These
excited Americans do not seem to have understood or
reported the most important item in Vadeer's reply, namely
that their application was "unofficial," i.e. not made through
or sanctioned by Gouverneur Morris, American Minister.
For the detailed history of all this see vol. iii.—Editor.] I
heard no more, after this, from any person out of the walls
of the prison, till the fall of Robespierre, on the 9th of
Thermidor—July 27, 1794.
About two months before this event, I was seized with a
fever that in its progress had every symptom of becoming
mortal, and from the effects of which I am not recovered. It
was then that I remembered with renewed satisfaction, and
congratulated myself most sincerely, on having written the
former part of The Age of Reason. I had then but little
expectation of surviving, and those about me had less. I
know therefore by experience the conscientious trial of my
own principles.
I was then with three chamber comrades: Joseph Vanheule
of Bruges, Charles Bastfni, and Michael Robyns of Louvain.
The unceasing and anxious attention of these three friends
to me, by night and day, I remember with gratitude and
mention with pleasure. It happened that a physician (Dr.
Graham) and a surgeon, (Mr. Bond,) part of the suite of
General O'Hara, [The officer who at Yorktown, Virginia,
carried out the sword of Cornwallis for surrender, and
satirically offered it to Rochambeau instead of Washington.
Paine loaned him 300 pounds when he (O'Hara) left the
prison, the money he had concealed in the lock of his
cell-door.—Editor.] were then in the Luxembourg: I ask not
myself whether it be convenient to them, as men under the
English Government, that I express to them my thanks; but
I should reproach myself if I did not; and also to the
physician of the Luxembourg, Dr. Markoski.
I have some reason to believe, because I cannot discover

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any other, that this illness preserved me in existence.

Among the papers of Robespierre that were examined and
reported upon to the Convention by a Committee of
Deputies, is a note in the hand writing of Robespierre, in
the following words:
"Demander que Thomas Paine soit decrete d'accusation,
pour l'interet de l'Amerique autant que de la France."
[Demand that Thomas Paine be decreed of accusation, for
the interest of America, as well as of France.] From what
cause it was that the intention was not put in execution, I
know not, and cannot inform myself; and therefore I ascribe
it to impossibility, on account of that illness.
The Convention, to repair as much as lay in their power the
injustice I had sustained, invited me publickly and
unanimously to return into the Convention, and which I
accepted, to shew I could bear an injury without permitting
it to injure my principles or my disposition. It is not because
right principles have been violated, that they are to be
abandoned.
I have seen, since I have been at liberty, several
publications written, some in America, and some in
England, as answers to the former part of "The Age of
Reason." If the authors of these can amuse themselves by so
doing, I shall not interrupt them, They may write against
the work, and against me, as much as they please; they do
me more service than they intend, and I can have no
objection that they write on. They will find, however, by this
Second Part, without its being written as an answer to
them, that they must return to their work, and spin their
cobweb over again. The first is brushed away by accident.
They will now find that I have furnished myself with a Bible
and Testament; and I can say also that I have found them to
be much worse books than I had conceived. If I have erred
in any thing, in the former part of the Age of Reason, it has
been by speaking better of some parts than they deserved.
I observe, that all my opponents resort, more or less, to
what they call Scripture Evidence and Bible authority, to
help them out. They are so little masters of the subject, as
to confound a dispute about authenticity with a dispute
about doctrines; I will, however, put them right, that if they
should be disposed to write any more, they may know how
to begin.
THOMAS PAINE. October, 1795.

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CHAPTER I - THE OLD TESTAMENT

IT has often been said that any thing may be proved from
the Bible; but before any thing can be admitted as proved
by Bible, the Bible itself must be proved to be true; for if the
Bible be not true, or the truth of it be doubtful, it ceases to
have authority, and cannot be admitted as proof of any
thing.
It has been the practice of all Christian commentators on
the Bible, and of all Christian priests and preachers, to
impose the Bible on the world as a mass of truth, and as the
word of God; they have disputed and wrangled, and have
anathematized each other about the supposeable meaning
of particular parts and passages therein; one has said and
insisted that such a passage meant such a thing, another
that it meant directly the contrary, and a third, that it meant
neither one nor the other, but something different from
both; and this they have called understanding the Bible.
It has happened, that all the answers that I have seen to the
former part of 'The Age of Reason' have been written by
priests: and these pious men, like their predecessors,
contend and wrangle, and understand the Bible; each
understands it differently, but each understands it best; and
they have agreed in nothing but in telling their readers that
Thomas Paine understands it not.
Now instead of wasting their time, and heating themselves
in fractious disputations about doctrinal points drawn from
the Bible, these men ought to know, and if they do not it is
civility to inform them, that the first thing to be understood
is, whether there is sufficient authority for believing the
Bible to be the word of God, or whether there is not?
There are matters in that book, said to be done by the
express command of God, that are as shocking to humanity,
and to every idea we have of moral justice, as any thing
done by Robespierre, by Carrier, by Joseph le Bon, in
France, by the English government in the East Indies, or by
any other assassin in modern times. When we read in the
books ascribed to Moses, Joshua, etc., that they (the
Israelites) came by stealth upon whole nations of people,
who, as the history itself shews, had given them no offence;
that they put all those nations to the sword; that they
spared neither age nor infancy; that they utterly destroyed
men, women and children; that they left not a soul to
breathe; expressions that are repeated over and over again
in those books, and that too with exulting ferocity; are we
sure these things are facts? are we sure that the Creator of
man commissioned those things to be done? Are we sure

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that the books that tell us so were written by his authority?

It is not the antiquity of a tale that is an evidence of its
truth; on the contrary, it is a symptom of its being fabulous;
for the more ancient any history pretends to be, the more it
has the resemblance of a fable. The origin of every nation is
buried in fabulous tradition, and that of the Jews is as much
to be suspected as any other.
To charger the commission of things upon the Almighty,
which in their own nature, and by every rule of moral
justice, are crimes, as all assassination is, and more
especially the assassination of infants, is matter of serious
concern. The Bible tells us, that those assassinations were
done by the express command of God. To believe therefore
the Bible to be true, we must unbelieve all our belief in the
moral justice of God; for wherein could crying or smiling
infants offend? And to read the Bible without horror, we
must undo every thing that is tender, sympathising, and
benevolent in the heart of man. Speaking for myself, if I had
no other evidence that the Bible is fabulous, than the
sacrifice I must make to believe it to be true, that alone
would be sufficient to determine my choice.
But in addition to all the moral evidence against the Bible, I
will, in the progress of this work, produce such other
evidence as even a priest cannot deny; and show, from that
evidence, that the Bible is not entitled to credit, as being
the word of God.
But, before I proceed to this examination, I will show
wherein the Bible differs from all other ancient writings
with respect to the nature of the evidence necessary to
establish its authenticity; and this is is the more proper to
be done, because the advocates of the Bible, in their
answers to the former part of 'The Age of Reason,'
undertake to say, and they put some stress thereon, that the
authenticity of the Bible is as well established as that of any
other ancient book: as if our belief of the one could become
any rule for our belief of the other.
I know, however, but of one ancient book that
authoritatively challenges universal consent and belief, and
that is Euclid's Elements of Geometry; [Euclid, according to
chronological history, lived three hundred years before
Christ, and about one hundred before Archimedes; he was
of the city of Alexandria, in Egypt.—Author.] and the reason
is, because it is a book of self-evident demonstration,
entirely independent of its author, and of every thing
relating to time, place, and circumstance. The matters
contained in that book would have the same authority they
now have, had they been written by any other person, or
had the work been anonymous, or had the author never

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been known; for the identical certainty of who was the

author makes no part of our belief of the matters contained
in the book. But it is quite otherwise with respect to the
books ascribed to Moses, to Joshua, to Samuel, etc.: those
are books of testimony, and they testify of things naturally
incredible; and therefore the whole of our belief, as to the
authenticity of those books, rests, in the first place, upon
the certainty that they were written by Moses, Joshua, and
Samuel; secondly, upon the credit we give to their
testimony. We may believe the first, that is, may believe the
certainty of the authorship, and yet not the testimony; in the
same manner that we may believe that a certain person
gave evidence upon a case, and yet not believe the evidence
that he gave. But if it should be found that the books
ascribed to Moses, Joshua, and Samuel, were not written by
Moses, Joshua, and Samuel, every part of the authority and
authenticity of those books is gone at once; for there can be
no such thing as forged or invented testimony; neither can
there be anonymous testimony, more especially as to things
naturally incredible; such as that of talking with God face to
face, or that of the sun and moon standing still at the
command of a man.
The greatest part of the other ancient books are works of
genius; of which kind are those ascribed to Homer, to Plato,
to Aristotle, to Demosthenes, to Cicero, etc. Here again the
author is not an essential in the credit we give to any of
those works; for as works of genius they would have the
same merit they have now, were they anonymous. Nobody
believes the Trojan story, as related by Homer, to be true;
for it is the poet only that is admired, and the merit of the
poet will remain, though the story be fabulous. But if we
disbelieve the matters related by the Bible authors (Moses
for instance) as we disbelieve the things related by Homer,
there remains nothing of Moses in our estimation, but an
imposter. As to the ancient historians, from Herodotus to
Tacitus, we credit them as far as they relate things probable
and credible, and no further: for if we do, we must believe
the two miracles which Tacitus relates were performed by
Vespasian, that of curing a lame man, and a blind man, in
just the same manner as the same things are told of Jesus
Christ by his historians. We must also believe the miracles
cited by Josephus, that of the sea of Pamphilia opening to
let Alexander and his army pass, as is related of the Red
Sea in Exodus. These miracles are quite as well
authenticated as the Bible miracles, and yet we do not
believe them; consequently the degree of evidence
necessary to establish our belief of things naturally
incredible, whether in the Bible or elsewhere, is far greater
than that which obtains our belief to natural and probable
things; and therefore the advocates for the Bible have no

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claim to our belief of the Bible because that we believe

things stated in other ancient writings; since that we
believe the things stated in those writings no further than
they are probable and credible, or because they are
self-evident, like Euclid; or admire them because they are
elegant, like Homer; or approve them because they are
sedate, like Plato; or judicious, like Aristotle.
Having premised these things, I proceed to examine the
authenticity of the Bible; and I begin with what are called
the five books of Moses, Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus,
Numbers, and Deuteronomy. My intention is to shew that
those books are spurious, and that Moses is not the author
of them; and still further, that they were not written in the
time of Moses nor till several hundred years afterwards;
that they are no other than an attempted history of the life
of Moses, and of the times in which he is said to have lived,
and also of the times prior thereto, written by some very
ignorant and stupid pretenders to authorship, several
hundred years after the death of Moses; as men now write
histories of things that happened, or are supposed to have
happened, several hundred or several thousand years ago.
The evidence that I shall produce in this case is from the
books themselves; and I will confine myself to this evidence
only. Were I to refer for proofs to any of the ancient authors,
whom the advocates of the Bible call prophane authors,
they would controvert that authority, as I controvert theirs:
I will therefore meet them on their own ground, and oppose
them with their own weapon, the Bible.
In the first place, there is no affirmative evidence that
Moses is the author of those books; and that he is the
author, is altogether an unfounded opinion, got abroad
nobody knows how. The style and manner in which those
books are written give no room to believe, or even to
suppose, they were written by Moses; for it is altogether the
style and manner of another person speaking of Moses. In
Exodus, Leviticus and Numbers, (for every thing in Genesis
is prior to the times of Moses and not the least allusion is
made to him therein,) the whole, I say, of these books is in
the third person; it is always, the Lord said unto Moses, or
Moses said unto the Lord; or Moses said unto the people, or
the people said unto Moses; and this is the style and
manner that historians use in speaking of the person whose
lives and actions they are writing. It may be said, that a
man may speak of himself in the third person, and,
therefore, it may be supposed that Moses did; but
supposition proves nothing; and if the advocates for the
belief that Moses wrote those books himself have nothing
better to advance than supposition, they may as well be
silent.

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But granting the grammatical right, that Moses might speak

of himself in the third person, because any man might speak
of himself in that manner, it cannot be admitted as a fact in
those books, that it is Moses who speaks, without rendering
Moses truly ridiculous and absurd:—for example, Numbers
xii. 3: "Now the man Moses was very MEEK, above all the
men which were on the face of the earth." If Moses said this
of himself, instead of being the meekest of men, he was one
of the most vain and arrogant coxcombs; and the advocates
for those books may now take which side they please, for
both sides are against them: if Moses was not the author,
the books are without authority; and if he was the author,
the author is without credit, because to boast of meekness
is the reverse of meekness, and is a lie in sentiment.
In Deuteronomy, the style and manner of writing marks
more evidently than in the former books that Moses is not
the writer. The manner here used is dramatical; the writer
opens the subject by a short introductory discourse, and
then introduces Moses as in the act of speaking, and when
he has made Moses finish his harrangue, he (the writer)
resumes his own part, and speaks till he brings Moses
forward again, and at last closes the scene with an account
of the death, funeral, and character of Moses.
This interchange of speakers occurs four times in this book:
from the first verse of the first chapter, to the end of the
fifth verse, it is the writer who speaks; he then introduces
Moses as in the act of making his harrangue, and this
continues to the end of the 40th verse of the fourth chapter;
here the writer drops Moses, and speaks historically of
what was done in consequence of what Moses, when living,
is supposed to have said, and which the writer has
dramatically rehearsed.
The writer opens the subject again in the first verse of the
fifth chapter, though it is only by saying that Moses called
the people of Israel together; he then introduces Moses as
before, and continues him as in the act of speaking, to the
end of the 26th chapter. He does the same thing at the
beginning of the 27th chapter; and continues Moses as in
the act of speaking, to the end of the 28th chapter. At the
29th chapter the writer speaks again through the whole of
the first verse, and the first line of the second verse, where
he introduces Moses for the last time, and continues him as
in the act of speaking, to the end of the 33d chapter.
The writer having now finished the rehearsal on the part of
Moses, comes forward, and speaks through the whole of the
last chapter: he begins by telling the reader, that Moses
went up to the top of Pisgah, that he saw from thence the
land which (the writer says) had been promised to

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Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob; that he, Moses, died there in the
land of Moab, that he buried him in a valley in the land of
Moab, but that no man knoweth of his sepulchre unto this
day, that is unto the time in which the writer lived who
wrote the book of Deuteronomy. The writer then tells us,
that Moses was one hundred and ten years of age when he
died—that his eye was not dim, nor his natural force abated;
and he concludes by saying, that there arose not a prophet
since in Israel like unto Moses, whom, says this anonymous
writer, the Lord knew face to face.
Having thus shewn, as far as grammatical evidence implies,
that Moses was not the writer of those books, I will, after
making a few observations on the inconsistencies of the
writer of the book of Deuteronomy, proceed to shew, from
the historical and chronological evidence contained in those
books, that Moses was not, because he could not be, the
writer of them; and consequently, that there is no authority
for believing that the inhuman and horrid butcheries of
men, women, and children, told of in those books, were
done, as those books say they were, at the command of God.
It is a duty incumbent on every true deist, that he vindicates
the moral justice of God against the calumnies of the Bible.
The writer of the book of Deuteronomy, whoever he was, for
it is an anonymous work, is obscure, and also contradictory
with himself in the account he has given of Moses.
After telling that Moses went to the top of Pisgah (and it
does not appear from any account that he ever came down
again) he tells us, that Moses died there in the land of
Moab, and that he buried him in a valley in the land of
Moab; but as there is no antecedent to the pronoun he,
there is no knowing who he was, that did bury him. If the
writer meant that he (God) buried him, how should he (the
writer) know it? or why should we (the readers) believe
him? since we know not who the writer was that tells us so,
for certainly Moses could not himself tell where he was
buried.
The writer also tells us, that no man knoweth where the
sepulchre of Moses is unto this day, meaning the time in
which this writer lived; how then should he know that
Moses was buried in a valley in the land of Moab? for as the
writer lived long after the time of Moses, as is evident from
his using the expression of unto this day, meaning a great
length of time after the death of Moses, he certainly was not
at his funeral; and on the other hand, it is impossible that
Moses himself could say that no man knoweth where the
sepulchre is unto this day. To make Moses the speaker,
would be an improvement on the play of a child that hides
himself and cries nobody can find me; nobody can find

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Moses.
This writer has no where told us how he came by the
speeches which he has put into the mouth of Moses to
speak, and therefore we have a right to conclude that he
either composed them himself, or wrote them from oral
tradition. One or other of these is the more probable, since
he has given, in the fifth chapter, a table of commandments,
in which that called the fourth commandment is different
from the fourth commandment in the twentieth chapter of
Exodus. In that of Exodus, the reason given for keeping the
seventh day is, because (says the commandment) God made
the heavens and the earth in six days, and rested on the
seventh; but in that of Deuteronomy, the reason given is,
that it was the day on which the children of Israel came out
of Egypt, and therefore, says this commandment, the Lord
thy God commanded thee to kee the sabbath-day This
makes no mention of the creation, nor that of the coming
out of Egypt. There are also many things given as laws of
Moses in this book, that are not to be found in any of the
other books; among which is that inhuman and brutal law,
xxi. 18, 19, 20, 21, which authorizes parents, the father and
the mother, to bring their own children to have them stoned
to death for what it pleased them to call stubbornness.—But
priests have always been fond of preaching up
Deuteronomy, for Deuteronomy preaches up tythes; and it is
from this book, xxv. 4, they have taken the phrase, and
applied it to tything, that "thou shalt not muzzle the ox
when he treadeth Out the corn:" and that this might not
escape observation, they have noted it in the table of
contents at the head of the chapter, though it is only a
single verse of less than two lines. O priests! priests! ye are
willing to be compared to an ox, for the sake of tythes. [An
elegant pocket edition of Paine's Theological Works
(London. R. Carlile, 1822) has in its title a picture of Paine,
as a Moses in evening dress, unfolding the two tables of his
"Age of Reason" to a farmer from whom the Bishop of
Llandaff (who replied to this work) has taken a sheaf and a
lamb which he is carrying to a church at the summit of a
well stocked hill.—Editor.]—Though it is impossible for us to
know identically who the writer of Deuteronomy was, it is
not difficult to discover him professionally, that he was some
Jewish priest, who lived, as I shall shew in the course of this
work, at least three hundred and fifty years after the time of
Moses.
I come now to speak of the historical and chronological
evidence. The chronology that I shall use is the Bible
chronology; for I mean not to go out of the Bible for
evidence of any thing, but to make the Bible itself prove
historically and chronologically that Moses is not the author
of the books ascribed to him. It is therefore proper that I

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inform the readers (such an one at least as may not have

the opportunity of knowing it) that in the larger Bibles, and
also in some smaller ones, there is a series of chronology
printed in the margin of every page for the purpose of
showing how long the historical matters stated in each page
happened, or are supposed to have happened, before
Christ, and consequently the distance of time between one
historical circumstance and another.
I begin with the book of Genesis.—In Genesis xiv., the writer
gives an account of Lot being taken prisoner in a battle
between the four kings against five, and carried off; and
that when the account of Lot being taken came to Abraham,
that he armed all his household and marched to rescue Lot
from the captors; and that he pursued them unto Dan. (ver.
14.)
To shew in what manner this expression of Pursuing them
unto Dan applies to the case in question, I will refer to two
circumstances, the one in America, the other in France. The
city now called New York, in America, was originally New
Amsterdam; and the town in France, lately called Havre
Marat, was before called Havre-de-Grace. New Amsterdam
was changed to New York in the year 1664; Havre-de-Grace
to Havre Marat in the year 1793. Should, therefore, any
writing be found, though without date, in which the name of
New-York should be mentioned, it would be certain evidence
that such a writing could not have been written before, and
must have been written after New Amsterdam was changed
to New York, and consequently not till after the year 1664,
or at least during the course of that year. And in like
manner, any dateless writing, with the name of Havre
Marat, would be certain evidence that such a writing must
have been written after Havre-de-Grace became Havre
Marat, and consequently not till after the year 1793, or at
least during the course of that year.
I now come to the application of those cases, and to show
that there was no such place as Dan till many years after
the death of Moses; and consequently, that Moses could not
be the writer of the book of Genesis, where this account of
pursuing them unto Dan is given.
The place that is called Dan in the Bible was originally a
town of the Gentiles, called Laish; and when the tribe of
Dan seized upon this town, they changed its name to Dan,
in commemoration of Dan, who was the father of that tribe,
and the great grandson of Abraham.
To establish this in proof, it is necessary to refer from
Genesis to chapter xviii. of the book called the Book of
judges. It is there said (ver. 27) that "they (the Danites)
came unto Laish to a people that were quiet and secure,

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and they smote them with the edge of the sword [the Bible
is filled with murder] and burned the city with fire; and they
built a city, (ver. 28,) and dwelt therein, and [ver. 29,] they
called the name of the city Dan, after the name of Dan, their
father; howbeit the name of the city was Laish at the first."
This account of the Danites taking possession of Laish and
changing it to Dan, is placed in the book of Judges
immediately after the death of Samson. The death of
Samson is said to have happened B.C. 1120 and that of
Moses B.C. 1451; and, therefore, according to the historical
arrangement, the place was not called Dan till 331 years
after the death of Moses.
There is a striking confusion between the historical and the
chronological arrangement in the book of judges. The last
five chapters, as they stand in the book, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,
are put chronologically before all the preceding chapters;
they are made to be 28 years before the 16th chapter, 266
before the 15th, 245 before the 13th, 195 before the 9th, go
before the 4th, and 15 years before the 1st chapter. This
shews the uncertain and fabulous state of the Bible.
According to the chronological arrangement, the taking of
Laish, and giving it the name of Dan, is made to be twenty
years after the death of Joshua, who was the successor of
Moses; and by the historical order, as it stands in the book,
it is made to be 306 years after the death of Joshua, and 331
after that of Moses; but they both exclude Moses from being
the writer of Genesis, because, according to either of the
statements, no such a place as Dan existed in the time of
Moses; and therefore the writer of Genesis must have been
some person who lived after the town of Laish had the name
of Dan; and who that person was nobody knows, and
consequently the book of Genesis is anonymous, and
without authority.
I come now to state another point of historical and
chronological evidence, and to show therefrom, as in the
preceding case, that Moses is not the author of the book of
Genesis.
In Genesis xxxvi. there is given a genealogy of the sons and
descendants of Esau, who are called Edomites, and also a
list by name of the kings of Edom; in enumerating of which,
it is said, verse 31, "And these are the kings that reigned in
Edom, before there reigned any king over the children of
Israel."
Now, were any dateless writing to be found, in which,
speaking of any past events, the writer should say, these
things happened before there was any Congress in America,
or before there was any Convention in France, it would be
evidence that such writing could not have been written

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before, and could only be written after there was a

Congress in America or a Convention in France, as the case
might be; and, consequently, that it could not be written by
any person who died before there was a Congress in the one
country, or a Convention in the other.
Nothing is more frequent, as well in history as in
conversation, than to refer to a fact in the room of a date: it
is most natural so to do, because a fact fixes itself in the
memory better than a date; secondly, because the fact
includes the date, and serves to give two ideas at once; and
this manner of speaking by circumstances implies as
positively that the fact alluded to is past, as if it was so
expressed. When a person in speaking upon any matter,
says, it was before I was married, or before my son was
born, or before I went to America, or before I went to
France, it is absolutely understood, and intended to be
understood, that he has been married, that he has had a
son, that he has been in America, or been in France.
Language does not admit of using this mode of expression
in any other sense; and whenever such an expression is
found anywhere, it can only be understood in the sense in
which only it could have been used.
The passage, therefore, that I have quoted—that "these are
the kings that reigned in Edom, before there reigned any
king over the children of Israel," could only have been
written after the first king began to reign over them; and
consequently that the book of Genesis, so far from having
been written by Moses, could not have been written till the
time of Saul at least. This is the positive sense of the
passage; but the expression, any king, implies more kings
than one, at least it implies two, and this will carry it to the
time of David; and, if taken in a general sense, it carries
itself through all times of the Jewish monarchy.
Had we met with this verse in any part of the Bible that
professed to have been written after kings began to reign in
Israel, it would have been impossible not to have seen the
application of it. It happens then that this is the case; the
two books of Chronicles, which give a history of all the
kings of Israel, are professedly, as well as in fact, written
after the Jewish monarchy began; and this verse that I have
quoted, and all the remaining verses of Genesis xxxvi. are,
word for word, In 1 Chronicles i., beginning at the 43d
verse.
It was with consistency that the writer of the Chronicles
could say as he has said, 1 Chron. i. 43, "These are the
kings that reigned in Edom, before there reigned any king
ever the children of Israel," because he was going to give,
and has given, a list of the kings that had reigned in Israel;

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but as it is impossible that the same expression could have

been used before that period, it is as certain as any thing
can be proved from historical language, that this part of
Genesis is taken from Chronicles, and that Genesis is not so
old as Chronicles, and probably not so old as the book of
Homer, or as AEsop's Fables; admitting Homer to have
been, as the tables of chronology state, contemporary with
David or Solomon, and AEsop to have lived about the end of
the Jewish monarchy.
Take away from Genesis the belief that Moses was the
author, on which only the strange belief that it is the word
of God has stood, and there remains nothing of Genesis but
an anonymous book of stories, fables, and traditionary or
invented absurdities, or of downright lies. The story of Eve
and the serpent, and of Noah and his ark, drops to a level
with the Arabian Tales, without the merit of being
entertaining, and the account of men living to eight and
nine hundred years becomes as fabulous as the immortality
of the giants of the Mythology.
Besides, the character of Moses, as stated in the Bible, is
the most horrid that can be imagined. If those accounts be
true, he was the wretch that first began and carried on wars
on the score or on the pretence of religion; and under that
mask, or that infatuation, committed the most unexampled
atrocities that are to be found in the history of any nation.
Of which I will state only one instance:
When the Jewish army returned from one of their
plundering and murdering excursions, the account goes on
as follows (Numbers xxxi. 13): "And Moses, and Eleazar the
priest, and all the princes of the congregation, went forth to
meet them without the camp; and Moses was wroth with
the officers of the host, with the captains over thousands,
and captains over hundreds, which came from the battle;
and Moses said unto them, 'Have ye saved all the women
alive?' behold, these caused the children of Israel, through
the counsel of Balaam, to commit trespass against the Lord
in the matter of Peor, and there was a plague among the
congregation of the Lord. Now therefore, 'kill every male
among the little ones, and kill every woman that hath
known a man by lying with him; but all the women-children
that have not known a man by lying with him, keep alive for
Yourselves.'"
Among the detestable villains that in any period of the
world have disgraced the name of man, it is impossible to
find a greater than Moses, if this account be true. Here is
an order to butcher the boys, to massacre the mothers, and
debauch the daughters.
Let any mother put herself in the situation of those mothers,

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one child murdered, another destined to violation, and

herself in the hands of an executioner: let any daughter put
herself in the situation of those daughters, destined as a
prey to the murderers of a mother and a brother, and what
will be their feelings? It is in vain that we attempt to impose
upon nature, for nature will have her course, and the
religion that tortures all her social ties is a false religion.
After this detestable order, follows an account of the
plunder taken, and the manner of dividing it; and here it is
that the profaneings of priestly hypocrisy increases the
catalogue of crimes. Verse 37, "And the Lord's tribute of the
sheep was six hundred and threescore and fifteen; and the
beeves were thirty and six thousand, of which the Lord's
tribute was threescore and twelve; and the asses were
thirty thousand, of which the Lord's tribute was threescore
and one; and the persons were sixteen thousand, of which
the Lord's tribute was thirty and two." In short, the matters
contained in this chapter, as well as in many other parts of
the Bible, are too horrid for humanity to read, or for
decency to hear; for it appears, from the 35th verse of this
chapter, that the number of women-children consigned to
debauchery by the order of Moses was thirty-two thousand.
People in general know not what wickedness there is in this
pretended word of God. Brought up in habits of
superstition, they take it for granted that the Bible is true,
and that it is good; they permit themselves not to doubt of
it, and they carry the ideas they form of the benevolence of
the Almighty to the book which they have been taught to
believe was written by his authority. Good heavens! it is
quite another thing, it is a book of lies, wickedness, and
blasphemy; for what can be greater blasphemy, than to
ascribe the wickedness of man to the orders of the
Almighty!
But to return to my subject, that of showing that Moses is
not the author of the books ascribed to him, and that the
Bible is spurious. The two instances I have already given
would be sufficient, without any additional evidence, to
invalidate the authenticity of any book that pretended to be
four or five hundred years more ancient than the matters it
speaks of, refers to, them as facts; for in the case of
pursuing them unto Dan, and of the kings that reigned over
the children of Israel; not even the flimsy pretence of
prophecy can be pleaded. The expressions are in the preter
tense, and it would be downright idiotism to say that a man
could prophecy in the preter tense.
But there are many other passages scattered throughout
those books that unite in the same point of evidence. It is
said in Exodus, (another of the books ascribed to Moses,)

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xvi. 35: "And the children of Israel did eat manna until they
came to a land inhabited; they did eat manna until they
came unto the borders of the land of Canaan."
Whether the children of Israel ate manna or not, or what
manna was, or whether it was anything more than a kind of
fungus or small mushroom, or other vegetable substance
common to that part of the country, makes no part of my
argument; all that I mean to show is, that it is not Moses
that could write this account, because the account extends
itself beyond the life time of Moses. Moses, according to the
Bible, (but it is such a book of lies and contradictions there
is no knowing which part to believe, or whether any) died in
the wilderness, and never came upon the borders of 'the
land of Canaan; and consequently, it could not be he that
said what the children of Israel did, or what they ate when
they came there. This account of eating manna, which they
tell us was written by Moses, extends itself to the time of
Joshua, the successor of Moses, as appears by the account
given in the book of Joshua, after the children of Israel had
passed the river Jordan, and came into the borders of the
land of Canaan. Joshua, v. 12: "And the manna ceased on
the morrow, after they had eaten of the old corn of the land;
neither had the children of Israel manna any more, but they
did eat of the fruit of the land of Canaan that year."
But a more remarkable instance than this occurs in
Deuteronomy; which, while it shows that Moses could not
be the writer of that book, shows also the fabulous notions
that prevailed at that time about giants' In Deuteronomy iii.
11, among the conquests said to be made by Moses, is an
account of the taking of Og, king of Bashan: "For only Og,
king of Bashan, remained of the race of giants; behold, his
bedstead was a bedstead of iron; is it not in Rabbath of the
children of Ammon? nine cubits was the length thereof, and
four cubits the breadth of it, after the cubit of a man." A
cubit is 1 foot 9 888/1000 inches; the length therefore of the
bed was 16 feet 4 inches, and the breadth 7 feet 4 inches:
thus much for this giant's bed. Now for the historical part,
which, though the evidence is not so direct and positive as
in the former cases, is nevertheless very presumable and
corroborating evidence, and is better than the best
evidence on the contrary side.
The writer, by way of proving the existence of this giant,
refers to his bed, as an ancient relick, and says, is it not in
Rabbath (or Rabbah) of the children of Ammon? meaning
that it is; for such is frequently the bible method of
affirming a thing. But it could not be Moses that said this,
because Moses could know nothing about Rabbah, nor of
what was in it. Rabbah was not a city belonging to this giant
king, nor was it one of the cities that Moses took. The

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knowledge therefore that this bed was at Rabbah, and of

the particulars of its dimensions, must be referred to the
time when Rabbah was taken, and this was not till four
hundred years after the death of Moses; for which, see 2
Sam. xii. 26: "And Joab [David's general] fought against
Rabbah of the children of Ammon, and took the royal city,"
etc.
As I am not undertaking to point out all the contradictions
in time, place, and circumstance that abound in the books
ascribed to Moses, and which prove to demonstration that
those books could not be written by Moses, nor in the time
of Moses, I proceed to the book of Joshua, and to shew that
Joshua is not the author of that book, and that it is
anonymous and without authority. The evidence I shall
produce is contained in the book itself: I will not go out of
the Bible for proof against the supposed authenticity of the
Bible. False testimony is always good against itself.
Joshua, according to Joshua i., was the immediate successor
of Moses; he was, moreover, a military man, which Moses
was not; and he continued as chief of the people of Israel
twenty-five years; that is, from the time that Moses died,
which, according to the Bible chronology, was B.C. 1451,
until B.C. 1426, when, according to the same chronology,
Joshua died. If, therefore, we find in this book, said to have
been written by Joshua, references to facts done after the
death of Joshua, it is evidence that Joshua could not be the
author; and also that the book could not have been written
till after the time of the latest fact which it records. As to
the character of the book, it is horrid; it is a military history
of rapine and murder, as savage and brutal as those
recorded of his predecessor in villainy and hypocrisy,
Moses; and the blasphemy consists, as in the former books,
in ascribing those deeds to the orders of the Almighty.
In the first place, the book of Joshua, as is the case in the
preceding books, is written in the third person; it is the
historian of Joshua that speaks, for it would have been
absurd and vainglorious that Joshua should say of himself,
as is said of him in the last verse of the sixth chapter, that
"his fame was noised throughout all the country."—I now
come more immediately to the proof.
In Joshua xxiv. 31, it is said "And Israel served the Lord all
the days of Joshua, and all the days of the elders that
over-lived Joshua." Now, in the name of common sense, can
it be Joshua that relates what people had done after he was
dead? This account must not only have been written by
some historian that lived after Joshua, but that lived also
after the elders that out-lived Joshua.
There are several passages of a general meaning with

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respect to time, scattered throughout the book of Joshua,

that carries the time in which the book was written to a
distance from the time of Joshua, but without marking by
exclusion any particular time, as in the passage above
quoted. In that passage, the time that intervened between
the death of Joshua and the death of the elders is excluded
descriptively and absolutely, and the evidence substantiates
that the book could not have been written till after the
death of the last.
But though the passages to which I allude, and which I am
going to quote, do not designate any particular time by
exclusion, they imply a time far more distant from the days
of Joshua than is contained between the death of Joshua and
the death of the elders. Such is the passage, x. 14, where,
after giving an account that the sun stood still upon Gibeon,
and the moon in the valley of Ajalon, at the command of
Joshua, (a tale only fit to amuse children) [NOTE: This tale
of the sun standing still upon Motint Gibeon, and the moon
in the valley of Ajalon, is one of those fables that detects
itself. Such a circumstance could not have happened
without being known all over the world. One half would
have wondered why the sun did not rise, and the other why
it did not set; and the tradition of it would be universal;
whereas there is not a nation in the world that knows
anything about it. But why must the moon stand still? What
occasion could there be for moonlight in the daytime, and
that too whilst the sun shined? As a poetical figure, the
whole is well enough; it is akin to that in the song of
Deborah and Barak, The stars in their courses fought
against Sisera; but it is inferior to the figurative declaration
of Mahomet to the persons who came to expostulate with
him on his goings on, Wert thou, said he, to come to me
with the sun in thy right hand and the moon in thy left, it
should not alter my career. For Joshua to have exceeded
Mahomet, he should have put the sun and moon, one in
each pocket, and carried them as Guy Faux carried his dark
lanthorn, and taken them out to shine as he might happen
to want them. The sublime and the ridiculous are often so
nearly related that it is difficult to class them separately.
One step above the sublime makes the ridiculous, and one
step above the ridiculous makes the sublime again; the
account, however, abstracted from the poetical fancy, shews
the ignorance of Joshua, for he should have commanded the
earth to have stood still.—Author.] the passage says: "And
there was no day like that, before it, nor after it, that the
Lord hearkened to the voice of a man."
The time implied by the expression after it, that is, after
that day, being put in comparison with all the time that
passed before it, must, in order to give any expressive
signification to the passage, mean a great length of

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time:—for example, it would have been ridiculous to have

said so the next day, or the next week, or the next month, or
the next year; to give therefore meaning to the passage,
comparative with the wonder it relates, and the prior time it
alludes to, it must mean centuries of years; less however
than one would be trifling, and less than two would be
barely admissible.
A distant, but general time is also expressed in chapter viii.;
where, after giving an account of the taking the city of Ai, it
is said, ver. 28th, "And Joshua burned Ai, and made it an
heap for ever, a desolation unto this day;" and again, ver.
29, where speaking of the king of Ai, whom Joshua had
hanged, and buried at the entering of the gate, it is said,
"And he raised thereon a great heap of stones, which
remaineth unto this day," that is, unto the day or time in
which the writer of the book of Joshua lived. And again, in
chapter x. where, after speaking of the five kings whom
Joshua had hanged on five trees, and then thrown in a cave,
it is said, "And he laid great stones on the cave's mouth,
which remain unto this very day."
In enumerating the several exploits of Joshua, and of the
tribes, and of the places which they conquered or
attempted, it is said, xv. 63, "As for the Jebusites, the
inhabitants of Jerusalem, the children of Judah could not
drive them out; but the Jebusites dwell with the children of
Judah AT JERUSALEM unto this day." The question upon
this passage is, At what time did the Jebusites and the
children of Judah dwell together at Jerusalem? As this
matter occurs again in judges i. I shall reserve my
observations till I come to that part.
Having thus shewn from the book of Joshua itself, without
any auxiliary evidence whatever, that Joshua is not the
author of that book, and that it is anonymous, and
consequently without authority, I proceed, as before-
mentioned, to the book of Judges.
The book of Judges is anonymous on the face of it; and,
therefore, even the pretence is wanting to call it the word of
God; it has not so much as a nominal voucher; it is
altogether fatherless.
This book begins with the same expression as the book of
Joshua. That of Joshua begins, chap i. 1, Now after the
death of Moses, etc., and this of the Judges begins, Now
after the death of Joshua, etc. This, and the similarity of
stile between the two books, indicate that they are the work
of the same author; but who he was, is altogether unknown;
the only point that the book proves is that the author lived
long after the time of Joshua; for though it begins as if it
followed immediately after his death, the second chapter is

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an epitome or abstract of the whole book, which, according

to the Bible chronology, extends its history through a space
of 306 years; that is, from the death of Joshua, B.C. 1426 to
the death of Samson, B.C. 1120, and only 25 years before
Saul went to seek his father's asses, and was made king.
But there is good reason to believe, that it was not written
till the time of David, at least, and that the book of Joshua
was not written before the same time.
In Judges i., the writer, after announcing the death of
Joshua, proceeds to tell what happened between the
children of Judah and the native inhabitants of the land of
Canaan. In this statement the writer, having abruptly
mentioned Jerusalem in the 7th verse, says immediately
after, in the 8th verse, by way of explanation, "Now the
children of Judah had fought against Jerusalem, and taken
it;" consequently this book could not have been written
before Jerusalem had been taken. The reader will recollect
the quotation I have just before made from Joshua xv. 63,
where it said that the Jebusites dwell with the children of
Judah at Jerusalem at this day; meaning the time when the
book of Joshua was written.
The evidence I have already produced to prove that the
books I have hitherto treated of were not written by the
persons to whom they are ascribed, nor till many years after
their death, if such persons ever lived, is already so
abundant, that I can afford to admit this passage with less
weight than I am entitled to draw from it. For the case is,
that so far as the Bible can be credited as an history, the
city of Jerusalem was not taken till the time of David; and
consequently, that the book of Joshua, and of Judges, were
not written till after the commencement of the reign of
David, which was 370 years after the death of Joshua.
The name of the city that was afterward called Jerusalem
was originally Jebus, or Jebusi, and was the capital of the
Jebusites. The account of David's taking this city is given in
2 Samuel, v. 4, etc.; also in 1 Chron. xiv. 4, etc. There is no
mention in any part of the Bible that it was ever taken
before, nor any account that favours such an opinion. It is
not said, either in Samuel or in Chronicles, that they
"utterly destroyed men, women and children, that they left
not a soul to breathe," as is said of their other conquests;
and the silence here observed implies that it was taken by
capitulation; and that the Jebusites, the native inhabitants,
continued to live in the place after it was taken. The
account therefore, given in Joshua, that "the Jebusites dwell
with the children of Judah" at Jerusalem at this day,
corresponds to no other time than after taking the city by
David.

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Having now shown that every book in the Bible, from

Genesis to Judges, is without authenticity, I come to the
book of Ruth, an idle, bungling story, foolishly told, nobody
knows by whom, about a strolling country-girl creeping slily
to bed to her cousin Boaz. [The text of Ruth does not imply
the unpleasant sense Paine's words are likely to convey.
—Editor.] Pretty stuff indeed to be called the word of God. It
is, however, one of the best books in the Bible, for it is free
from murder and rapine.
I come next to the two books of Samuel, and to shew that
those books were not written by Samuel, nor till a great
length of time after the death of Samuel; and that they are,
like all the former books, anonymous, and without authority.
To be convinced that these books have been written much
later than the time of Samuel, and consequently not by him,
it is only necessary to read the account which the writer
gives of Saul going to seek his father's asses, and of his
interview with Samuel, of whom Saul went to enquire about
those lost asses, as foolish people now-a-days go to a
conjuror to enquire after lost things.
The writer, in relating this story of Saul, Samuel, and the
asses, does not tell it as a thing that had just then
happened, but as an ancient story in the time this writer
lived; for he tells it in the language or terms used at the
time that Samuel lived, which obliges the writer to explain
the story in the terms or language used in the time the
writer lived.
Samuel, in the account given of him in the first of those
books, chap. ix. 13 called the seer; and it is by this term
that Saul enquires after him, ver. 11, "And as they [Saul and
his servant] went up the hill to the city, they found young
maidens going out to draw water; and they said unto them,
Is the seer here?" Saul then went according to the direction
of these maidens, and met Samuel without knowing him,
and said unto him, ver. 18, "Tell me, I pray thee, where the
seer's house is? and Samuel answered Saul, and said, I am
the seer."
As the writer of the book of Samuel relates these questions
and answers, in the language or manner of speaking used in
the time they are said to have been spoken, and as that
manner of speaking was out of use when this author wrote,
he found it necessary, in order to make the story
understood, to explain the terms in which these questions
and answers are spoken; and he does this in the 9th verse,
where he says, "Before-time in Israel, when a man went to
enquire of God, thus he spake, Come let us go to the seer;
for he that is now called a prophet, was before-time called a
seer." This proves, as I have before said, that this story of

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Saul, Samuel, and the asses, was an ancient story at the

time the book of Samuel was written, and consequently that
Samuel did not write it, and that the book is without
authenticity.
But if we go further into those books the evidence is still
more positive that Samuel is not the writer of them; for they
relate things that did not happen till several years after the
death of Samuel. Samuel died before Saul; for i Samuel,
xxviii. tells, that Saul and the witch of Endor conjured
Samuel up after he was dead; yet the history of matters
contained in those books is extended through the remaining
part of Saul's life, and to the latter end of the life of David,
who succeeded Saul. The account of the death and burial of
Samuel (a thing which he could not write himself) is related
in i Samuel xxv.; and the chronology affixed to this chapter
makes this to be B.C. 1060; yet the history of this first book
is brought down to B.C. 1056, that is, to the death of Saul,
which was not till four years after the death of Samuel.
The second book of Samuel begins with an account of things
that did not happen till four years after Samuel was dead;
for it begins with the reign of David, who succeeded Saul,
and it goes on to the end of David's reign, which was
forty-three years after the death of Samuel; and, therefore,
the books are in themselves positive evidence that they
were not written by Samuel.
I have now gone through all the books in the first part of the
Bible, to which the names of persons are affixed, as being
the authors of those books, and which the church, styling
itself the Christian church, have imposed upon the world as
the writings of Moses, Joshua and Samuel; and I have
detected and proved the falsehood of this imposition.—And
now ye priests, of every description, who have preached
and written against the former part of the 'Age of Reason,'
what have ye to say? Will ye with all this mass of evidence
against you, and staring you in the face, still have the
assurance to march into your pulpits, and continue to
impose these books on your congregations, as the works of
inspired penmen and the word of God? when it is as evident
as demonstration can make truth appear, that the persons
who ye say are the authors, are not the authors, and that ye
know not who the authors are. What shadow of pretence
have ye now to produce for continuing the blasphemous
fraud? What have ye still to offer against the pure and moral
religion of deism, in support of your system of falsehood,
idolatry, and pretended revelation? Had the cruel and
murdering orders, with which the Bible is filled, and the
numberless torturing executions of men, women, and
children, in consequence of those orders, been ascribed to
some friend, whose memory you revered, you would have

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glowed with satisfaction at detecting the falsehood of the

charge, and gloried in defending his injured fame. It is
because ye are sunk in the cruelty of superstition, or feel no
interest in the honour of your Creator, that ye listen to the
horrid tales of the Bible, or hear them with callous
indifference. The evidence I have produced, and shall still
produce in the course of this work, to prove that the Bible is
without authority, will, whilst it wounds the stubbornness of
a priest, relieve and tranquillize the minds of millions: it will
free them from all those hard thoughts of the Almighty
which priestcraft and the Bible had infused into their minds,
and which stood in everlasting opposition to all their ideas
of his moral justice and benevolence.
I come now to the two books of Kings, and the two books of
Chronicles.—Those books are altogether historical, and are
chiefly confined to the lives and actions of the Jewish kings,
who in general were a parcel of rascals: but these are
matters with which we have no more concern than we have
with the Roman emperors, or Homer's account of the Trojan
war. Besides which, as those books are anonymous, and as
we know nothing of the writer, or of his character, it is
impossible for us to know what degree of credit to give to
the matters related therein. Like all other ancient histories,
they appear to be a jumble of fable and of fact, and of
probable and of improbable things, but which distance of
time and place, and change of circumstances in the world,
have rendered obsolete and uninteresting.
The chief use I shall make of those books will be that of
comparing them with each other, and with other parts of the
Bible, to show the confusion, contradiction, and cruelty in
this pretended word of God.
The first book of Kings begins with the reign of Solomon,
which, according to the Bible chronology, was B.C. 1015;
and the second book ends B.C. 588, being a little after the
reign of Zedekiah, whom Nebuchadnezzar, after taking
Jerusalem and conquering the Jews, carried captive to
Babylon. The two books include a space of 427 years.
The two books of Chronicles are an history of the same
times, and in general of the same persons, by another
author; for it would be absurd to suppose that the same
author wrote the history twice over. The first book of
Chronicles (after giving the genealogy from Adam to Saul,
which takes up the first nine chapters) begins with the reign
of David; and the last book ends, as in the last book of
Kings, soon, after the reign of Zedekiah, about B.C. 588.
The last two verses of the last chapter bring the history 52
years more forward, that is, to 536. But these verses do not
belong to the book, as I shall show when I come to speak of

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the book of Ezra.

The two books of Kings, besides the history of Saul, David,
and Solomon, who reigned over all Israel, contain an
abstract of the lives of seventeen kings, and one queen, who
are stiled kings of Judah; and of nineteen, who are stiled
kings of Israel; for the Jewish nation, immediately on the
death of Solomon, split into two parties, who chose separate
kings, and who carried on most rancorous wars against
each other.
These two books are little more than a history of
assassinations, treachery, and wars. The cruelties that the
Jews had accustomed themselves to practise on the
Canaanites, whose country they had savagely invaded,
under a pretended gift from God, they afterwards practised
as furiously on each other. Scarcely half their kings died a
natural death, and in some instances whole families were
destroyed to secure possession to the successor, who, after
a few years, and sometimes only a few months, or less,
shared the same fate. In 2 Kings x., an account is given of
two baskets full of children's heads, seventy in number,
being exposed at the entrance of the city; they were the
children of Ahab, and were murdered by the orders of Jehu,
whom Elisha, the pretended man of God, had anointed to be
king over Israel, on purpose to commit this bloody deed,
and assassinate his predecessor. And in the account of the
reign of Menahem, one of the kings of Israel who had
murdered Shallum, who had reigned but one month, it is
said, 2 Kings xv. 16, that Menahem smote the city of
Tiphsah, because they opened not the city to him, and all
the women therein that were with child he ripped up.
Could we permit ourselves to suppose that the Almighty
would distinguish any nation of people by the name of his
chosen people, we must suppose that people to have been
an example to all the rest of the world of the purest piety
and humanity, and not such a nation of ruffians and
cut-throats as the ancient Jews were,—a people who,
corrupted by and copying after such monsters and
imposters as Moses and Aaron, Joshua, Samuel, and David,
had distinguished themselves above all others on the face of
the known earth for barbarity and wickedness. If we will not
stubbornly shut our eyes and steel our hearts it is
impossible not to see, in spite of all that long-established
superstition imposes upon the mind, that the flattering
appellation of his chosen people is no other than a LIE
which the priests and leaders of the Jews had invented to
cover the baseness of their own characters; and which
Christian priests sometimes as corrupt, and often as cruel,
have professed to believe.

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The two books of Chronicles are a repetition of the same

crimes; but the history is broken in several places, by the
author leaving out the reign of some of their kings; and in
this, as well as in that of Kings, there is such a frequent
transition from kings of Judah to kings of Israel, and from
kings of Israel to kings of Judah, that the narrative is
obscure in the reading. In the same book the history
sometimes contradicts itself: for example, in 2 Kings, i. 17,
we are told, but in rather ambiguous terms, that after the
death of Ahaziah, king of Israel, Jehoram, or Joram, (who
was of the house of Ahab), reigned in his stead in the
second Year of Jehoram, or Joram, son of Jehoshaphat, king
of Judah; and in viii. 16, of the same book, it is said, "And in
the fifth year of Joram, the son of Ahab, king of Israel,
Jehoshaphat being then king of Judah, Jehoram, the son of
Jehoshaphat king of judah, began to reign." That is, one
chapter says Joram of Judah began to reign in the second
year of Joram of Israel; and the other chapter says, that
Joram of Israel began to reign in the fifth year of Joram of
Judah.
Several of the most extraordinary matters related in one
history, as having happened during the reign of such or
such of their kings, are not to be found in the other, in
relating the reign of the same king: for example, the two
first rival kings, after the death of Solomon, were Rehoboam
and Jeroboam; and in i Kings xii. and xiii. an account is
given of Jeroboam making an offering of burnt incense, and
that a man, who is there called a man of God, cried out
against the altar (xiii. 2): "O altar, altar! thus saith the Lord:
Behold, a child shall be born unto the house of David, Josiah
by name, and upon thee shall he offer the priests of the high
places that burn incense upon thee, and men's bones shall
be burned upon thee." Verse 4: "And it came to pass, when
king Jeroboam heard the saying of the man of God, which
had cried against the altar in Bethel, that he put forth his
hand from the altar, saying, Lay hold on him; and his hand
which he put out against him dried up so that he could not
pull it again to him."
One would think that such an extraordinary case as this,
(which is spoken of as a judgement,) happening to the chief
of one of the parties, and that at the first moment of the
separation of the Israelites into two nations, would, if it,.
had been true, have been recorded in both histories. But
though men, in later times, have believed all that the
prophets have said unto them, it does appear that those
prophets, or historians, disbelieved each other: they knew
each other too well.
A long account also is given in Kings about Elijah. It runs
through several chapters, and concludes with telling, 2

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Kings ii. 11, "And it came to pass, as they (Elijah and Elisha)
still went on, and talked, that, behold, there appeared a
chariot of fire and horses of fire, and parted them both
asunder, and Elijah went up by a whirlwind into heaven."
Hum! this the author of Chronicles, miraculous as the story
is, makes no mention of, though he mentions Elijah by
name; neither does he say anything of the story related in
the second chapter of the same book of Kings, of a parcel of
children calling Elisha bald head; and that this man of God
(ver. 24) "turned back, and looked upon them, and cursed
them in the name of the Lord; and there came forth two
she-bears out of the wood, and tare forty and two children
of them." He also passes over in silence the story told, 2
Kings xiii., that when they were burying a man in the
sepulchre where Elisha had been buried, it happened that
the dead man, as they were letting him down, (ver. 21)
"touched the bones of Elisha, and he (the dead man)
revived, and stood up on his feet." The story does not tell us
whether they buried the man, notwithstanding he revived
and stood upon his feet, or drew him up again. Upon all
these stories the writer of the Chronicles is as silent as any
writer of the present day, who did not chose to be accused
of lying, or at least of romancing, would be about stories of
the same kind.
But, however these two historians may differ from each
other with respect to the tales related by either, they are
silent alike with respect to those men styled prophets whose
writings fill up the latter part of the Bible. Isaiah, who lived
in the time of Hezekiab, is mentioned in Kings, and again in
Chronicles, when these histories are speaking of that reign;
but except in one or two instances at most, and those very
slightly, none of the rest are so much as spoken of, or even
their existence hinted at; though, according to the Bible
chronology, they lived within the time those histories were
written; and some of them long before. If those prophets, as
they are called, were men of such importance in their day,
as the compilers of the Bible, and priests and commentators
have since represented them to be, how can it be accounted
for that not one of those histories should say anything about
them?
The history in the books of Kings and of Chronicles is
brought forward, as I have already said, to the year B.C.
588; it will, therefore, be proper to examine which of these
prophets lived before that period.
Here follows a table of all the prophets, with the times in
which they lived before Christ, according to the chronology
affixed to the first chapter of each of the books of the
prophets; and also of the number of years they lived before
the books of Kings and Chronicles were written:

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TABLE of the Prophets, with the time in which they lived before Christ,
and also before the books of Kings and Chronicles were written:

Years Years before

NAMES. before Kings and Observations.
Christ. Chronicles.

Isaiah............... 760 172 mentioned.

(mentioned only in
Jeremiah............. 629 41 the last [two] chapters
of Chronicles.

Ezekiel.............. 595 7 not mentioned.

Daniel............... 607 19 not mentioned.

Hosea................ 785 97 not mentioned.

Joel................. 800 212 not mentioned.

Amos................. 789 199 not mentioned.

Obadiah.............. 789 199 not mentioned.

Jonah................ 862 274 see the note.

Micah................ 750 162 not mentioned.

Nahum................ 713 125 not mentioned.

Habakkuk............. 620 38 not mentioned.

Zepbaniah............ 630 42 not mentioned.

Haggai Zechariah all three after the year 588 Medachi

[NOTE In 2 Kings xiv. 25, the name of Jonah is mentioned
on account of the restoration of a tract of land by Jeroboam;
but nothing further is said of him, nor is any allusion made
to the book of Jonah, nor to his expedition to Nineveh, nor
to his encounter with the whale.—Author.]
This table is either not very honourable for the Bible
historians, or not very honourable for the Bible prophets;
and I leave to priests and commentators, who are very
learned in little things, to settle the point of etiquette
between the two; and to assign a reason, why the authors of
Kings and of Chronicles have treated those prophets, whom,
in the former part of the 'Age of Reason,' I have considered
as poets, with as much degrading silence as any historian of
the present day would treat Peter Pindar.
I have one more observation to make on the book of
Chronicles; after which I shall pass on to review the
remaining books of the Bible.
In my observations on the book of Genesis, I have quoted a
passage from xxxvi. 31, which evidently refers to a time,
after that kings began to reign over the children of Israel;

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and I have shown that as this verse is verbatim the same as

in 1 Chronicles i. 43, where it stands consistently with the
order of history, which in Genesis it does not, that the verse
in Genesis, and a great part of the 36th chapter, have been
taken from Chronicles; and that the book of Genesis, though
it is placed first in the Bible, and ascribed to Moses, has
been manufactured by some unknown person, after the
book of Chronicles was written, which was not until at least
eight hundred and sixty years after the time of Moses.
The evidence I proceed by to substantiate this, is regular,
and has in it but two stages. First, as I have already stated,
that the passage in Genesis refers itself for time to
Chronicles; secondly, that the book of Chronicles, to which
this passage refers itself, was not begun to be written until
at least eight hundred and sixty years after the time of
Moses. To prove this, we have only to look into 1 Chronicles
iii. 15, where the writer, in giving the genealogy of the
descendants of David, mentions Zedekiah; and it was in the
time of Zedekiah that Nebuchadnezzar conquered
Jerusalem, B.C. 588, and consequently more than 860 years
after Moses. Those who have superstitiously boasted of the
antiquity of the Bible, and particularly of the books ascribed
to Moses, have done it without examination, and without
any other authority than that of one credulous man telling it
to another: for, so far as historical and chronological
evidence applies, the very first book in the Bible is not so
ancient as the book of Homer, by more than three hundred
years, and is about the same age with AEsop's Fables.
I am not contending for the morality of Homer; on the
contrary, I think it a book of false glory, and tending to
inspire immoral and mischievous notions of honour; and
with respect to AEsop, though the moral is in general just,
the fable is often cruel; and the cruelty of the fable does
more injury to the heart, especially in a child, than the
moral does good to the judgment.
Having now dismissed Kings and Chronicles, I come to the
next in course, the book of Ezra.
As one proof, among others I shall produce to shew the
disorder in which this pretended word of God, the Bible, has
been put together, and the uncertainty of who the authors
were, we have only to look at the first three verses in Ezra,
and the last two in 2 Chronicles; for by what kind of cutting
and shuffling has it been that the first three verses in Ezra
should be the last two verses in 2 Chronicles, or that the
last two in 2 Chronicles should be the first three in Ezra?
Either the authors did not know their own works or the
compilers did not know the authors.
Last Two Verses of 2 Chronicles.

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Ver. 22. Now in the first year of Cyrus, King of Persia, that
the word of the Lord, spoken by the mouth of Jeremiah,
might be accomplished, the Lord stirred up the spirit of
Cyrus, king of Persia, that he made a proclamation
throughout all his kingdom, and put it also in writing,
saying.
earth hath the Lord God of heaven given me; and he hath
charged me to build him an house in Jerusalem which is in
Judah. Who is there among you of all his people? the Lord
his God be with him, and let him go up. ***
First Three Verses of Ezra.
Ver. 1. Now in the first year of Cyrus, king of Persia, that the
word of the Lord, by the mouth of Jeremiah, might be
fulfilled, the Lord stirred up the spirit of Cyrus, king of
Persia, that he made a proclamation throughout all his
kingdom, and put it also in writing, saying.
2. Thus saith Cyrus, king of Persia, The Lord God of heaven
hath given me all the kingdoms of the earth; and he hath
charged me to build him an house at Jerusalem, which is in
Judah.
3. Who is there among you of all his people? his God be with
him, and let him go up to Jerusalem, which is in Judah, and
build the house of the Lord God of Israel (he is the God)
which is in Jerusalem.
*** The last verse in Chronicles is broken abruptly, and ends
in the middle of the phrase with the word 'up' without
signifying to what place. This abrupt break, and the
appearance of the same verses in different books, show as I
have already said, the disorder and ignorance in which the
Bible has been put together, and that the compilers of it had
no authority for what they were doing, nor we any authority
for believing what they have done. [NOTE I observed, as I
passed along, several broken and senseless passages in the
Bible, without thinking them of consequence enough to be
introduced in the body of the work; such as that, 1 Samuel
xiii. 1, where it is said, "Saul reigned one year; and when he
had reigned two years over Israel, Saul chose him three
thousand men," &c. The first part of the verse, that Saul
reigned one year has no sense, since it does not tell us what
Saul did, nor say any thing of what happened at the end of
that one year; and it is, besides, mere absurdity to say he
reigned one year, when the very next phrase says he had
reigned two for if he had reigned two, it was impossible not
to have reigned one.
Another instance occurs in Joshua v. where the writer tells
us a story of an angel (for such the table of contents at the

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head of the chapter calls him) appearing unto Joshua; and

the story ends abruptly, and without any conclusion. The
story is as follows:—Ver. 13. "And it came to pass, when
Joshua was by Jericho, that he lifted up his eyes and looked,
and behold there stood a man over against him with his
sword drawn in his hand; and Joshua went unto him and
said unto him, Art thou for us, or for our adversaries?"
Verse 14, "And he said, Nay; but as captain of the host of
the Lord am I now come. And Joshua fell on his face to the
earth, and did worship and said unto him, What saith my
Lord unto his servant?" Verse 15, "And the captain of the
Lord's host said unto Joshua, Loose thy shoe from off thy
foot; for the place whereon thou standeth is holy. And
Joshua did so."—And what then? nothing: for here the story
ends, and the chapter too.
Either this story is broken off in the middle, or it is a story
told by some Jewish humourist in ridicule of Joshua's
pretended mission from God, and the compilers of the Bible,
not perceiving the design of the story, have told it as a
serious matter. As a story of humour and ridicule it has a
great deal of point; for it pompously introduces an angel in
the figure of a man, with a drawn sword in his hand, before
whom Joshua falls on his face to the earth, and worships
(which is contrary to their second commandment;) and
then, this most important embassy from heaven ends in
telling Joshua to pull off his shoe. It might as well have told
him to pull up his breeches.
It is certain, however, that the Jews did not credit every
thing their leaders told them, as appears from the cavalier
manner in which they speak of Moses, when he was gone
into the mount. As for this Moses, say they, we wot not what
is become of him. Exod. xxxii. 1.—Author.
The only thing that has any appearance of certainty in the
book of Ezra is the time in which it was written, which was
immediately after the return of the Jews from the
Babylonian captivity, about B.C. 536. Ezra (who, according
to the Jewish commentators, is the same person as is called
Esdras in the Apocrypha) was one of the persons who
returned, and who, it is probable, wrote the account of that
affair. Nebemiah, whose book follows next to Ezra, was
another of the returned persons; and who, it is also
probable, wrote the account of the same affair, in the book
that bears his name. But those accounts are nothing to us,
nor to any other person, unless it be to the Jews, as a part of
the history of their nation; and there is just as much of the
word of God in those books as there is in any of the
histories of France, or Rapin's history of England, or the
history of any other country.

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But even in matters of historical record, neither of those

writers are to be depended upon. In Ezra ii., the writer
gives a list of the tribes and families, and of the precise
number of souls of each, that returned from Babylon to
Jerusalem; and this enrolment of the persons so returned
appears to have been one of the principal objects for writing
the book; but in this there is an error that destroys the
intention of the undertaking.
The writer begins his enrolment in the following manner (ii.
3): "The children of Parosh, two thousand one hundred
seventy and four." Ver. 4, "The children of Shephatiah, three
hundred seventy and two." And in this manner he proceeds
through all the families; and in the 64th verse, he makes a
total, and says, the whole congregation together was forty
and two thousand three hundred and threescore.
But whoever will take the trouble of casting up the several
particulars, will find that the total is but 29,818; so that the
error is 12,542. What certainty then can there be in the
Bible for any thing?
[Here Mr. Paine includes the long list of numbers from the
Bible of all the children listed and the total thereof. This can
be had directly from the Bible.]
Nehemiah, in like manner, gives a list of the returned
families, and of the number of each family. He begins as in
Ezra, by saying (vii. 8): "The children of Parosh, two
thousand three hundred and seventy-two;" and so on
through all the families. (The list differs in several of the
particulars from that of Ezra.) In ver. 66, Nehemiah makes a
total, and says, as Ezra had said, "The whole congregation
together was forty and two thousand three hundred and
threescore." But the particulars of this list make a total but
of 31,089, so that the error here is 11,271. These writers
may do well enough for Bible-makers, but not for any thing
where truth and exactness is necessary.
The next book in course is the book of Esther. If Madam
Esther thought it any honour to offer herself as a kept
mistress to Ahasuerus, or as a rival to Queen Vashti, who
had refused to come to a drunken king in the midst of a
drunken company, to be made a show of, (for the account
says, they had been drinking seven days, and were merry,)
let Esther and Mordecai look to that, it is no business of
ours, at least it is none of mine; besides which, the story has
a great deal the appearance of being fabulous, and is also
anonymous. I pass on to the book of Job.
The book of Job differs in character from all the books we
have hitherto passed over. Treachery and murder make no
part of this book; it is the meditations of a mind strongly

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impressed with the vicissitudes of human life, and by turns

sinking under, and struggling against the pressure. It is a
highly wrought composition, between willing submission
and involuntary discontent; and shows man, as he
sometimes is, more disposed to be resigned than he is
capable of being. Patience has but a small share in the
character of the person of whom the book treats; on the
contrary, his grief is often impetuous; but he still
endeavours to keep a guard upon it, and seems determined,
in the midst of accumulating ills, to impose upon himself the
hard duty of contentment.
I have spoken in a respectful manner of the book of Job in
the former part of the 'Age of Reason,' but without knowing
at that time what I have learned since; which is, that from
all the evidence that can be collected, the book of Job does
not belong to the Bible.
I have seen the opinion of two Hebrew commentators,
Abenezra and Spinoza, upon this subject; they both say that
the book of Job carries no internal evidence of being an
Hebrew book; that the genius of the composition, and the
drama of the piece, are not Hebrew; that it has been
translated from another language into Hebrew, and that the
author of the book was a Gentile; that the character
represented under the name of Satan (which is the first and
only time this name is mentioned in the Bible) [In a later
work Paine notes that in "the Bible" (by which he always
means the Old Testament alone) the word Satan occurs also
in 1 Chron. xxi. 1, and remarks that the action there
ascribed to Satan is in 2 Sam. xxiv. 1, attributed to Jehovah
("Essay on Dreams"). In these places, however, and in Ps.
cix. 6, Satan means "adversary," and is so translated (A.S.
version) in 2 Sam. xix. 22, and 1 Kings v. 4, xi. 25. As a
proper name, with the article, Satan appears in the Old
Testament only in Job and in Zech. iii. 1, 2. But the
authenticity of the passage in Zechariah has been
questioned, and it may be that in finding the proper name of
Satan in Job alone, Paine was following some opinion met
with in one of the authorities whose comments are
condensed in his paragraph.—Editor.] does not correspond
to any Hebrew idea; and that the two convocations which
the Deity is supposed to have made of those whom the
poem calls sons of God, and the familiarity which this
supposed Satan is stated to have with the Deity, are in the
same case.
It may also be observed, that the book shows itself to be the
production of a mind cultivated in science, which the Jews,
so far from being famous for, were very ignorant of. The
allusions to objects of natural philosophy are frequent and
strong, and are of a different cast to any thing in the books

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known to be Hebrew. The astronomical names, Pleiades,

Orion, and Arcturus, are Greek and not Hebrew names, and
it does not appear from any thing that is to be found in the
Bible that the Jews knew any thing of astronomy, or that
they studied it, they had no translation of those names into
their own language, but adopted the names as they found
them in the poem. [Paine's Jewish critic, David Levi,
fastened on this slip ("Defence of the Old Testament," 1797,
p. 152). In the original the names are Ash (Arcturus), Kesil'
(Orion), Kimah' (Pleiades), though the identifications of the
constellations in the A.S.V. have been questioned.—Editor.]
That the Jews did translate the literary productions of the
Gentile nations into the Hebrew language, and mix them
with their own, is not a matter of doubt; Proverbs xxxi. i, is
an evidence of this: it is there said, The word of king
Lemuel, the prophecy which his mother taught him. This
verse stands as a preface to the proverbs that follow, and
which are not the proverbs of Solomon, but of Lemuel; and
this Lemuel was not one of the kings of Israel, nor of Judah,
but of some other country, and consequently a Gentile. The
Jews however have adopted his proverbs; and as they
cannot give any account who the author of the book of Job
was, nor how they came by the book, and as it differs in
character from the Hebrew writings, and stands totally
unconnected with every other book and chapter in the Bible
before it and after it, it has all the circumstantial evidence
of being originally a book of the Gentiles. [The prayer
known by the name of Agur's Prayer, in Proverbs xxx.,—
immediately preceding the proverbs of Lemuel,—and which
is the only sensible, well-conceived, and well-expressed
prayer in the Bible, has much the appearance of being a
prayer taken from the Gentiles. The name of Agur occurs on
no other occasion than this; and he is introduced, together
with the prayer ascribed to him, in the same manner, and
nearly in the same words, that Lemuel and his proverbs are
introduced in the chapter that follows. The first verse says,
"The words of Agur, the son of Jakeh, even the prophecy:"
here the word prophecy is used with the same application it
has in the following chapter of Lemuel, unconnected with
anything of prediction. The prayer of Agur is in the 8th and
9th verses, "Remove far from me vanity and lies; give me
neither riches nor poverty, but feed me with food
convenient for me; lest I be full and deny thee and say, Who
is the Lord? or lest I be poor and steal, and take the name of
my God in vain." This has not any of the marks of being a
Jewish prayer, for the Jews never prayed but when they
were in trouble, and never for anything but victory,
vengeance, or riches.—Author. (Prov. xxx. 1, and xxxi. 1) the
word "prophecy" in these verses is translated "oracle" or
"burden" (marg.) in the revised version.—The prayer of

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Agur was quoted by Paine in his plea for the officers of

Excise, 1772.—Editor.]
The Bible-makers, and those regulators of time, the Bible
chronologists, appear to have been at a loss where to place
and how to dispose of the book of Job; for it contains no one
historical circumstance, nor allusion to any, that might
serve to determine its place in the Bible. But it would not
have answered the purpose of these men to have informed
the world of their ignorance; and, therefore, they have
affixed it to the aera of B.C. 1520, which is during the time
the Israelites were in Egypt, and for which they have just as
much authority and no more than I should have for saying it
was a thousand years before that period. The probability
however is, that it is older than any book in the Bible; and it
is the only one that can be read without indignation or
disgust.
We know nothing of what the ancient Gentile world (as it is
called) was before the time of the Jews, whose practice has
been to calumniate and blacken the character of all other
nations; and it is from the Jewish accounts that we have
learned to call them heathens. But, as far as we know to the
contrary, they were a just and moral people, and not
addicted, like the Jews, to cruelty and revenge, but of whose
profession of faith we are unacquainted. It appears to have
been their custom to personify both virtue and vice by
statues and images, as is done now-a-days both by statuary
and by painting; but it does not follow from this that they
worshipped them any more than we do.—I pass on to the
book of,
Psalms, of which it is not necessary to make much
observation. Some of them are moral, and others are very
revengeful; and the greater part relates to certain local
circumstances of the Jewish nation at the time they were
written, with which we have nothing to do. It is, however, an
error or an imposition to call them the Psalms of David; they
are a collection, as song-books are now-a-days, from
different song-writers, who lived at different times. The
137th Psalm could not have been written till more than 400
years after the time of David, because it is written in
commemoration of an event, the captivity of the Jews in
Babylon, which did not happen till that distance of time. "By
the rivers of Babylon we sat down; yea, we wept when we
remembered Zion. We hanged our harps upon the willows,
in the midst thereof; for there they that carried us away
captive required of us a song, saying, sing us one of the
songs of Zion." As a man would say to an American, or to a
Frenchman, or to an Englishman, sing us one of your
American songs, or your French songs, or your English
songs. This remark, with respect to the time this psalm was

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written, is of no other use than to show (among others

already mentioned) the general imposition the world has
been under with respect to the authors of the Bible. No
regard has been paid to time, place, and circumstance; and
the names of persons have been affixed to the several books
which it was as impossible they should write, as that a man
should walk in procession at his own funeral.
The Book of Proverbs. These, like the Psalms, are a
collection, and that from authors belonging to other nations
than those of the Jewish nation, as I have shewn in the
observations upon the book of Job; besides which, some of
the Proverbs ascribed to Solomon did not appear till two
hundred and fifty years after the death of Solomon; for it is
said in xxv. i, "These are also proverbs of Solomon which the
men of Hezekiah, king of Judah, copied out." It was two
hundred and fifty years from the time of Solomon to the
time of Hezekiah. When a man is famous and his name is
abroad he is made the putative father of things he never
said or did; and this, most probably, has been the case with
Solomon. It appears to have been the fashion of that day to
make proverbs, as it is now to make jest-books, and father
them upon those who never saw them. [A "Tom Paine's Jest
Book" had appeared in London with little or nothing of
Paine in it.—Editor.]
The book of Ecclesiastes, or the Preacher, is also ascribed to
Solomon, and that with much reason, if not with truth. It is
written as the solitary reflections of a worn-out debauchee,
such as Solomon was, who looking back on scenes he can
no longer enjoy, cries out All is Vanity! A great deal of the
metaphor and of the sentiment is obscure, most probably by
translation; but enough is left to show they were strongly
pointed in the original. [Those that look out of the window
shall be darkened, is an obscure figure in translation for
loss of sight.—Author.] From what is transmitted to us of the
character of Solomon, he was witty, ostentatious, dissolute,
and at last melancholy. He lived fast, and died, tired of the
world, at the age of fifty-eight years.
Seven hundred wives, and three hundred concubines, are
worse than none; and, however it may carry with it the
appearance of heightened enjoyment, it defeats all the
felicity of affection, by leaving it no point to fix upon;
divided love is never happy. This was the case with
Solomon; and if he could not, with all his pretensions to
wisdom, discover it beforehand, he merited, unpitied, the
mortification he afterwards endured. In this point of view,
his preaching is unnecessary, because, to know the
consequences, it is only necessary to know the cause. Seven
hundred wives, and three hundred concubines would have
stood in place of the whole book. It was needless after this

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to say that all was vanity and vexation of spirit; for it is

impossible to derive happiness from the company of those
whom we deprive of happiness.
To be happy in old age it is necessary that we accustom
ourselves to objects that can accompany the mind all the
way through life, and that we take the rest as good in their
day. The mere man of pleasure is miserable in old age; and
the mere drudge in business is but little better: whereas,
natural philosophy, mathematical and mechanical science,
are a continual source of tranquil pleasure, and in spite of
the gloomy dogmas of priests, and of superstition, the study
of those things is the study of the true theology; it teaches
man to know and to admire the Creator, for the principles of
science are in the creation, and are unchangeable, and of
divine origin.
Those who knew Benjamin Franklin will recollect, that his
mind was ever young; his temper ever serene; science, that
never grows grey, was always his mistress. He was never
without an object; for when we cease to have an object we
become like an invalid in an hospital waiting for death.
Solomon's Songs, amorous and foolish enough, but which
wrinkled fanaticism has called divine.—The compilers of the
Bible have placed these songs after the book of
Ecclesiastes; and the chronologists have affixed to them the
aera of B.C. 1014, at which time Solomon, according to the
same chronology, was nineteen years of age, and was then
forming his seraglio of wives and concubines. The Bible-
makers and the chronologists should have managed this
matter a little better, and either have said nothing about the
time, or chosen a time less inconsistent with the supposed
divinity of those songs; for Solomon was then in the
honey-moon of one thousand debaucheries.
It should also have occurred to them, that as he wrote, if he
did write, the book of Ecclesiastes, long after these songs,
and in which he exclaims that all is vanity and vexation of
spirit, that he included those songs in that description. This
is the more probable, because he says, or somebody for
him, Ecclesiastes ii. 8, I got me men-singers, and women-
singers [most probably to sing those songs], and musical
instruments of all sorts; and behold (Ver. ii), "all was vanity
and vexation of spirit." The compilers however have done
their work but by halves; for as they have given us the
songs they should have given us the tunes, that we might
sing them.
The books called the books of the Prophets fill up all the
remaining part of the Bible; they are sixteen in number,
beginning with Isaiah and ending with Malachi, of which I
have given a list in the observations upon Chronicles. Of

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these sixteen prophets, all of whom except the last three

lived within the time the books of Kings and Chronicles
were written, two only, Isaiah and Jeremiah, are mentioned
in the history of those books. I shall begin with those two,
reserving, what I have to say on the general character of
the men called prophets to another part of the work.
Whoever will take the trouble of reading the book ascribed
to Isaiah, will find it one of the most wild and disorderly
compositions ever put together; it has neither beginning,
middle, nor end; and, except a short historical part, and a
few sketches of history in the first two or three chapters, is
one continued incoherent, bombastical rant, full of
extravagant metaphor, without application, and destitute of
meaning; a school-boy would scarcely have been excusable
for writing such stuff; it is (at least in translation) that kind
of composition and false taste that is properly called prose
run mad.
The historical part begins at chapter xxxvi., and is
continued to the end of chapter xxxix. It relates some
matters that are said to have passed during the reign of
Hezekiah, king of Judah, at which time Isaiah lived. This
fragment of history begins and ends abruptly; it has not the
least connection with the chapter that precedes it, nor with
that which follows it, nor with any other in the book. It is
probable that Isaiah wrote this fragment himself, because
he was an actor in the circumstances it treats of; but except
this part there are scarcely two chapters that have any
connection with each other. One is entitled, at the
beginning of the first verse, the burden of Babylon; another,
the burden of Moab; another, the burden of Damascus;
another, the burden of Egypt; another, the burden of the
Desert of the Sea; another, the burden of the Valley of
Vision: as you would say the story of the Knight of the
Burning Mountain, the story of Cinderella, or the glassen
slipper, the story of the Sleeping Beauty in the Wood, etc.,
etc.
I have already shown, in the instance of the last two verses
of 2 Chronicles, and the first three in Ezra, that the
compilers of the Bible mixed and confounded the writings of
different authors with each other; which alone, were there
no other cause, is sufficient to destroy the authenticity of an
compilation, because it is more than presumptive evidence
that the compilers are ignorant who the authors were. A
very glaring instance of this occurs in the book ascribed to
Isaiah: the latter part of the 44th chapter, and the beginning
of the 45th, so far from having been written by Isaiah, could
only have been written by some person who lived at least an
hundred and fifty years after Isaiah was dead.

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These chapters are a compliment to Cyrus, who permitted

the Jews to return to Jerusalem from the Babylonian
captivity, to rebuild Jerusalem and the temple, as is stated
in Ezra. The last verse of the 44th chapter, and the
beginning of the 45th [Isaiah] are in the following words:
"That saith of Cyrus, he is my shepherd, and shall perform
all my pleasure; even saying to Jerusalem, thou shalt be
built; and to the temple thy foundations shall be laid: thus
saith the Lord to his enointed, to Cyrus, whose right hand I
have holden to subdue nations before him, and I will loose
the loins of kings to open before him the two-leaved gates,
and the gates shall not be shut; I will go before thee," etc.
What audacity of church and priestly ignorance it is to
impose this book upon the world as the writing of Isaiah,
when Isaiah, according to their own chronology, died soon
after the death of Hezekiah, which was B.C. 698; and the
decree of Cyrus, in favour of the Jews returning to
Jerusalem, was, according to the same chronology, B.C. 536;
which is a distance of time between the two of 162 years. I
do not suppose that the compilers of the Bible made these
books, but rather that they picked up some loose,
anonymous essays, and put them together under the names
of such authors as best suited their purpose. They have
encouraged the imposition, which is next to inventing it; for
it was impossible but they must have observed it.
When we see the studied craft of the scripture-makers, in
making every part of this romantic book of school-boy's
eloquence bend to the monstrous idea of a Son of God,
begotten by a ghost on the body of a virgin, there is no
imposition we are not justified in suspecting them of. Every
phrase and circumstance are marked with the barbarous
hand of superstitious torture, and forced into meanings it
was impossible they could have. The head of every chapter,
and the top of every page, are blazoned with the names of
Christ and the Church, that the unwary reader might suck
in the error before he began to read.
Behold a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son (Isa. vii. I4),
has been interpreted to mean the person called Jesus
Christ, and his mother Mary, and has been echoed through
christendom for more than a thousand years; and such has
been the rage of this opinion, that scarcely a spot in it but
has been stained with blood and marked with desolation in
consequence of it. Though it is not my intention to enter
into controversy on subjects of this kind, but to confine
myself to show that the Bible is spurious,—and thus, by
taking away the foundation, to overthrow at once the whole
structure of superstition raised thereon,—I will however
stop a moment to expose the fallacious application of this
passage.

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Whether Isaiah was playing a trick with Ahaz, king of Judah,

to whom this passage is spoken, is no business of mine; I
mean only to show the misapplication of the passage, and
that it has no more reference to Christ and his mother, than
it has to me and my mother. The story is simply this:
The king of Syria and the king of Israel (I have already
mentioned that the Jews were split into two nations, one of
which was called Judah, the capital of which was Jerusalem,
and the other Israel) made war jointly against Ahaz, king of
Judah, and marched their armies towards Jerusalem. Ahaz
and his people became alarmed, and the account says (Is.
vii. 2), Their hearts were moved as the trees of the wood are
moved with the wind.
In this situation of things, Isaiah addresses himself to Ahaz,
and assures him in the name of the Lord (the cant phrase of
all the prophets) that these two kings should not succeed
against him; and to satisfy Ahaz that this should be the
case, tells him to ask a sign. This, the account says, Ahaz
declined doing; giving as a reason that he would not tempt
the Lord; upon which Isaiah, who is the speaker, says, ver.
14, "Therefore the Lord himself shall give you a sign; behold
a virgin shall conceive and bear a son;" and the 16th verse
says, "And before this child shall know to refuse the evil,
and choose the good, the land which thou abhorrest or
dreadest [meaning Syria and the kingdom of Israel] shall be
forsaken of both her kings." Here then was the sign, and the
time limited for the completion of the assurance or promise;
namely, before this child shall know to refuse the evil and
choose the good.
Isaiah having committed himself thus far, it became
necessary to him, in order to avoid the imputation of being
a false prophet, and the consequences thereof, to take
measures to make this sign appear. It certainly was not a
difficult thing, in any time of the world, to find a girl with
child, or to make her so; and perhaps Isaiah knew of one
beforehand; for I do not suppose that the prophets of that
day were any more to be trusted than the priests of this: be
that, however, as it may, he says in the next chapter, ver. 2,
"And I took unto me faithful witnesses to record, Uriah the
priest, and Zechariah the son of Jeberechiah, and I went
unto the prophetess, and she conceived and bare a son."
Here then is the whole story, foolish as it is, of this child and
this virgin; and it is upon the barefaced perversion of this
story that the book of Matthew, and the impudence and
sordid interest of priests in later times, have founded a
theory, which they call the gospel; and have applied this
story to signify the person they call Jesus Christ; begotten,
they say, by a ghost, whom they call holy, on the body of a

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woman engaged in marriage, and afterwards married,

whom they call a virgin, seven hundred years after this
foolish story was told; a theory which, speaking for myself, I
hesitate not to believe, and to say, is as fabulous and as
false as God is true. [In Is. vii. 14, it is said that the child
should be called Immanuel; but this name was not given to
either of the children, otherwise than as a character, which
the word signifies. That of the prophetess was called
Maher-shalalhash-baz, and that of Mary was called Jesus.
—Author.]
But to show the imposition and falsehood of Isaiah we have
only to attend to the sequel of this story; which, though it is
passed over in silence in the book of Isaiah, is related in 2
Chronicles, xxviii; and which is, that instead of these two
kings failing in their attempt against Ahaz, king of Judah, as
Isaiah had pretended to foretel in the name of the Lord,
they succeeded: Ahaz was defeated and destroyed; an
hundred and twenty thousand of his people were
slaughtered; Jerusalem was plundered, and two hundred
thousand women and sons and daughters carried into
captivity. Thus much for this lying prophet and imposter
Isaiah, and the book of falsehoods that bears his name. I
pass on to the book of Jeremiah. This prophet, as he is
called, lived in the time that Nebuchadnezzar besieged
Jerusalem, in the reign of Zedekiah, the last king of Judah;
and the suspicion was strong against him that he was a
traitor in the interest of Nebuchadnezzar. Every thing
relating to Jeremiah shows him to have been a man of an
equivocal character: in his metaphor of the potter and the
clay, (ch. xviii.) he guards his prognostications in such a
crafty manner as always to leave himself a door to escape
by, in case the event should be contrary to what he had
predicted. In the 7th and 8th verses he makes the Almighty
to say, "At what instant I shall speak concerning a nation,
and concerning a kingdom, to pluck up, and to pull down,
and destroy it, if that nation, against whom I have
pronounced, turn from their evil, I will repent me of the evil
that I thought to do unto them." Here was a proviso against
one side of the case: now for the other side. Verses 9 and
10, "At what instant I shall speak concerning a nation, and
concerning a kingdom, to build and to plant it, if it do evil in
my sight, that it obey not my voice, then I will repent me of
the good wherewith I said I would benefit them." Here is a
proviso against the other side; and, according to this plan of
prophesying, a prophet could never be wrong, however
mistaken the Almighty might be. This sort of absurd
subterfuge, and this manner of speaking of the Almighty, as
one would speak of a man, is consistent with nothing but
the stupidity of the Bible.
As to the authenticity of the book, it is only necessary to

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read it in order to decide positively that, though some

passages recorded therein may have been spoken by
Jeremiah, he is not the author of the book. The historical
parts, if they can be called by that name, are in the most
confused condition; the same events are several times
repeated, and that in a manner different, and sometimes in
contradiction to each other; and this disorder runs even to
the last chapter, where the history, upon which the greater
part of the book has been employed, begins anew, and ends
abruptly. The book has all the appearance of being a medley
of unconnected anecdotes respecting persons and things of
that time, collected together in the same rude manner as if
the various and contradictory accounts that are to be found
in a bundle of newspapers, respecting persons and things of
the present day, were put together without date, order, or
explanation. I will give two or three examples of this kind.
It appears, from the account of chapter xxxvii. that the army
of Nebuchadnezzer, which is called the army of the
Chaldeans, had besieged Jerusalem some time; and on their
hearing that the army of Pharaoh of Egypt was marching
against them, they raised the siege and retreated for a time.
It may here be proper to mention, in order to understand
this confused history, that Nebuchadnezzar had besieged
and taken Jerusalem during the reign of Jehoakim, the
redecessor of Zedekiah; and that it was Nebuchadnezzar
who had make Zedekiah king, or rather viceroy; and that
this second siege, of which the book of Jeremiah treats, was
in consequence of the revolt of Zedekiah against
Nebuchadnezzar. This will in some measure account for the
suspicion that affixes itself to Jeremiah of being a traitor,
and in the interest of Nebuchadnezzar,—whom Jeremiah
calls, xliii. 10, the servant of God.
Chapter xxxvii. 11-13, says, "And it came to pass, that, when
the army of the Chaldeans was broken up from Jerusalem,
for fear of Pharaoh's army, that Jeremiah went forth out of
Jerusalem, to go (as this account states) into the land of
Benjamin, to separate himself thence in the midst of the
people; and when he was in the gate of Benjamin a captain
of the ward was there, whose name was Irijah... and he took
Jeremiah the prophet, saying, Thou fallest away to the
Chaldeans; then Jeremiah said, It is false; I fall not away to
the Chaldeans." Jeremiah being thus stopt and accused,
was, after being examined, committed to prison, on
suspicion of being a traitor, where he remained, as is stated
in the last verse of this chapter.
But the next chapter gives an account of the imprisonment
of Jeremiah, which has no connection with this account, but
ascribes his imprisonment to another circumstance, and for
which we must go back to chapter xxi. It is there stated, ver.

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1, that Zedekiah sent Pashur the son of Malchiah, and

Zephaniah the son of Maaseiah the priest, to Jeremiah, to
enquire of him concerning Nebuchadnezzar, whose army
was then before Jerusalem; and Jeremiah said to them, ver.
8, "Thus saith the Lord, Behold I set before you the way of
life, and the way of death; he that abideth in this city shall
die by the sword and by the famine, and by the pestilence;
but he that goeth out and falleth to the Chaldeans that
besiege you, he shall live, and his life shall be unto him for a
prey."
This interview and conference breaks off abruptly at the
end of the 10th verse of chapter xxi.; and such is the
disorder of this book that we have to pass over sixteen
chapters upon various subjects, in order to come at the
continuation and event of this conference; and this brings
us to the first verse of chapter xxxviii., as I have just
mentioned. The chapter opens with saying, "Then
Shaphatiah, the son of Mattan, Gedaliah the son of Pashur,
and Jucal the son of Shelemiah, and Pashur the son of
Malchiah, (here are more persons mentioned than in
chapter xxi.) heard the words that Jeremiah spoke unto all
the people, saying, Thus saith the Lord, He that remaineth
in this city, shall die by the sword, by famine, and by the
pestilence; but he that goeth forth to the Chaldeans shall
live; for he shall have his life for a prey, and shall live";
[which are the words of the conference;] therefore, (say
they to Zedekiah,) "We beseech thee, let this man be put to
death, for thus he weakeneth the hands of the men of war
that remain in this city, and the hands of all the people, in
speaking such words unto them; for this man seeketh not
the welfare of the people, but the hurt:" and at the 6th verse
it is said, "Then they took Jeremiah, and put him into the
dungeon of Malchiah."
These two accounts are different and contradictory. The one
ascribes his imprisonment to his attempt to escape out of
the city; the other to his preaching and prophesying in the
city; the one to his being seized by the guard at the gate;
the other to his being accused before Zedekiah by the
conferees. [I observed two chapters in I Samuel (xvi. and
xvii.) that contradict each other with respect to David, and
the manner he became acquainted with Saul; as Jeremiah
xxxvii. and xxxviii. contradict each other with respect to the
cause of Jeremiah's imprisonment.
In 1 Samuel, xvi., it is said, that an evil spirit of God
troubled Saul, and that his servants advised him (as a
remedy) "to seek out a man who was a cunning player upon
the harp." And Saul said, ver. 17, "Provide me now a man
that can play well, and bring him to me. Then answered one
of his servants, and said, Behold, I have seen a son of Jesse,

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the Bethlehemite, that is cunning in playing, and a mighty

man, and a man of war, and prudent in matters, and a
comely person, and the Lord is with him; wherefore Saul
sent messengers unto Jesse, and said, Send me David, thy
son. And (verse 21) David came to Saul, and stood before
him, and he loved him greatly, and he became his armour-
bearer; and when the evil spirit from God was upon Saul,
(verse 23) David took his harp, and played with his hand,
and Saul was refreshed, and was well."
But the next chapter (xvii.) gives an account, all different to
this, of the manner that Saul and David became acquainted.
Here it is ascribed to David's encounter with Goliah, when
David was sent by his father to carry provision to his
brethren in the camp. In the 55th verse of this chapter it is
said, "And when Saul saw David go forth against the
Philistine (Goliah) he said to Abner, the captain of the host,
Abner, whose son is this youth? And Abner said, As thy soul
liveth, 0 king, I cannot tell. And the king said, Enquire thou
whose son the stripling is. And as David returned from the
slaughter of the Philistine, Abner took him and brought him
before Saul, with the head of the Philistine in his hand; and
Saul said unto him, Whose son art thou, thou young man?
And David answered, I am the son of thy servant, Jesse, the
Betblehemite," These two accounts belie each other,
because each of them supposes Saul and David not to have
known each other before. This book, the Bible, is too
ridiculous for criticism.—Author.]
In the next chapter (Jer. xxxix.) we have another instance of
the disordered state of this book; for notwithstanding the
siege of the city by Nebuchadnezzar has been the subject of
several of the preceding chapters, particularly xxxvii. and
xxxviii., chapter xxxix. begins as if not a word had been said
upon the subject, and as if the reader was still to be
informed of every particular respecting it; for it begins with
saying, ver. 1, "In the ninth year of Zedekiah king of Judah,
in the tenth month, came Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon,
and all his army, against Jerusalem, and besieged it," etc.
But the instance in the last chapter (lii.) is still more
glaring; for though the story has been told over and over
again, this chapter still supposes the reader not to know
anything of it, for it begins by saying, ver. i, "Zedekiah was
one and twenty years old when he began to reign, and he
reigned eleven years in Jerusalem, and his mother's name
was Hamutal, the daughter of Jeremiah of Libnah." (Ver. 4,)
"And it came to pass in the ninth year of his reign, in the
tenth month, that Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came,
he and all his army, against Jerusalem, and pitched against
it, and built forts against it," etc.

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It is not possible that any one man, and more particularly

Jeremiah, could have been the writer of this book. The
errors are such as could not have been committed by any
person sitting down to compose a work. Were I, or any other
man, to write in such a disordered manner, no body would
read what was written, and every body would suppose that
the writer was in a state of insanity. The only way, therefore,
to account for the disorder is, that the book is a medley of
detached unauthenticated anecdotes, put together by some
stupid book-maker, under the name of Jeremiah; because
many of them refer to him, and to the circumstances of the
times he lived in.
Of the duplicity, and of the false predictions of Jeremiah, I
shall mention two instances, and then proceed to review the
remainder of the Bible.
It appears from chapter xxxviii. that when Jeremiah was in
prison, Zedekiah sent for him, and at this interview, which
was private, Jeremiah pressed it strongly on Zedekiah to
surrender himself to the enemy. "If," says he, (ver. 17,) "thou
wilt assuredly go forth unto the king of Babylon's princes,
then thy soul shall live," etc. Zedekiah was apprehensive
that what passed at this conference should be known; and
he said to Jeremiah, (ver. 25,) "If the princes [meaning those
of Judah] hear that I have talked with thee, and they come
unto thee, and say unto thee, Declare unto us now what
thou hast said unto the king; hide it not from us, and we will
not put thee to death; and also what the king said unto thee;
then thou shalt say unto them, I presented my supplication
before the king that he would not cause me to return to
Jonathan's house, to die there. Then came all the princes
unto Jeremiah, and asked him, and "he told them according
to all the words the king had commanded." Thus, this man
of God, as he is called, could tell a lie, or very strongly
prevaricate, when he supposed it would answer his
purpose; for certainly he did not go to Zedekiah to make
this supplication, neither did he make it; he went because
he was sent for, and he employed that opportunity to advise
Zedekiah to surrender himself to Nebuchadnezzar.
In chapter xxxiv. 2-5, is a prophecy of Jeremiah to Zedekiah
in these words: "Thus saith the Lord, Behold I will give this
city into the hand of the king of Babylon, and he will burn it
with fire; and thou shalt not escape out of his hand, but
thou shalt surely be taken, and delivered into his hand; and
thine eyes shall behold the eyes of the king of Babylon, and
he shall speak with thee mouth to mouth, and thou shalt go
to Babylon. Yet hear the word of the Lord; O Zedekiah, king,
of Judah, thus saith the Lord, Thou shalt not die by the
sword, but thou shalt die in Peace; and with the burnings of
thy fathers, the former kings that were before thee, so shall

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they burn odours for thee, and they will lament thee,
saying, Ah, Lord! for I have pronounced the word, saith the
Lord."
Now, instead of Zedekiah beholding the eyes of the king of
Babylon, and speaking with him mouth to mouth, and dying
in peace, and with the burning of odours, as at the funeral
of his fathers, (as Jeremiah had declared the Lord himself
had pronounced,) the reverse, according to chapter Iii., 10,
11 was the case; it is there said, that the king of Babylon
slew the sons of Zedekiah before his eyes: then he put out
the eyes of Zedekiah, and bound him in chains, and carried
him to Babylon, and put him in prison till the day of his
death.
What then can we say of these prophets, but that they are
impostors and liars?
As for Jeremiah, he experienced none of those evils. He was
taken into favour by Nebuchadnezzar, who gave him in
charge to the captain of the guard (xxxix, 12), "Take him
(said he) and look well to him, and do him no harm; but do
unto him even as he shall say unto thee." Jeremiah joined
himself afterwards to Nebuchadnezzar, and went about
prophesying for him against the Egyptians, who had
marched to the relief of Jerusalem while it was besieged.
Thus much for another of the lying prophets, and the book
that bears his name.
I have been the more particular in treating of the books
ascribed to Isaiah and Jeremiah, because those two are
spoken of in the books of Kings and Chronicles, which the
others are not. The remainder of the books ascribed to the
men called prophets I shall not trouble myself much about;
but take them collectively into the observations I shall offer
on the character of the men styled prophets.
In the former part of the 'Age of Reason,' I have said that
the word prophet was the Bible-word for poet, and that the
flights and metaphors of Jewish poets have been foolishly
erected into what are now called prophecies. I am
sufficiently justified in this opinion, not only because the
books called the prophecies are written in poetical
language, but because there is no word in the Bible, except
it be the word prophet, that describes what we mean by a
poet. I have also said, that the word signified a performer
upon musical instruments, of which I have given some
instances; such as that of a company of prophets,
prophesying with psalteries, with tabrets, with pipes, with
harps, etc., and that Saul prophesied with them, 1 Sam. x.,
5. It appears from this passage, and from other parts in the
book of Samuel, that the word prophet was confined to
signify poetry and music; for the person who was supposed

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to have a visionary insight into concealed things, was not a

prophet but a seer, [I know not what is the Hebrew word
that corresponds to the word seer in English; but I observe
it is translated into French by Le Voyant, from the verb voir
to see, and which means the person who sees, or the seer.—
Author.]
[The Hebrew word for Seer, in 1 Samuel ix., transliterated,
is chozeh, the gazer, it is translated in Is. xlvii. 13, "the
stargazers."—Editor.] (i Sam, ix. 9;) and it was not till after
the word seer went out of use (which most probably was
when Saul banished those he called wizards) that the
profession of the seer, or the art of seeing, became
incorporated into the word prophet.
According to the modern meaning of the word prophet and
prophesying, it signifies foretelling events to a great
distance of time; and it became necessary to the inventors
of the gospel to give it this latitude of meaning, in order to
apply or to stretch what they call the prophecies of the Old
Testament, to the times of the New. But according to the
Old Testament, the prophesying of the seer, and afterwards
of the prophet, so far as the meaning of the word "seer" was
incorporated into that of prophet, had reference only to
things of the time then passing, or very closely connected
with it; such as the event of a battle they were going to
engage in, or of a journey, or of any enterprise they were
going to undertake, or of any circumstance then pending, or
of any difficulty they were then in; all of which had
immediate reference to themselves (as in the case already
mentioned of Ahaz and Isaiah with respect to the
expression, Behold a virgin shall conceive and bear a son,)
and not to any distant future time. It was that kind of
prophesying that corresponds to what we call fortune-
telling; such as casting nativities, predicting riches,
fortunate or unfortunate marriages, conjuring for lost
goods, etc.; and it is the fraud of the Christian church, not
that of the Jews, and the ignorance and the superstition of
modern, not that of ancient times, that elevated those
poetical, musical, conjuring, dreaming, strolling gentry, into
the rank they have since had.
But, besides this general character of all the prophets, they
had also a particular character. They were in parties, and
they prophesied for or against, according to the party they
were with; as the poetical and political writers of the
present day write in defence of the party they associate
with against the other.
After the Jews were divided into two nations, that of Judah
and that of Israel, each party had its prophets, who abused
and accused each other of being false prophets, lying

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prophets, impostors, etc.

The prophets of the party of Judah prophesied against the
prophets of the party of Israel; and those of the party of
Israel against those of Judah. This party prophesying
showed itself immediately on the separation under the first
two rival kings, Rehoboam and Jeroboam. The prophet that
cursed, or prophesied against the altar that Jeroboam had
built in Bethel, was of the party of Judah, where Rehoboam
was king; and he was way-laid on his return home by a
prophet of the party of Israel, who said unto him (i Kings
xiii.) "Art thou the man of God that came from Judah? and
he said, I am." Then the prophet of the party of Israel said
to him "I am a prophet also, as thou art, [signifying of
Judah,] and an angel spake unto me by the word of the
Lord, saying, Bring him back with thee unto thine house,
that he may eat bread and drink water; but (says the 18th
verse) he lied unto him." The event, however, according to
the story, is, that the prophet of Judah never got back to
Judah; for he was found dead on the road by the contrivance
of the prophet of Israel, who no doubt was called a true
prophet by his own party, and the prophet of Judah a lying
prophet.
In 2 Kings, iii., a story is related of prophesying or conjuring
that shews, in several particulars, the character of a
prophet. Jehoshaphat king of Judah, and Joram king of
Israel, had for a while ceased their party animosity, and
entered into an alliance; and these two, together with the
king of Edom, engaged in a war against the king of Moab.
After uniting and marching their armies, the story says,
they were in great distress for water, upon which
Jehoshaphat said, "Is there not here a prophet of the Lord,
that we may enquire of the Lord by him? and one of the
servants of the king of Israel said here is Elisha. [Elisha was
of the party of Judah.] And Jehoshaphat the king of Judah
said, The word of the Lord is with him." The story then says,
that these three kings went down to Elisha; and when
Elisha [who, as I have said, was a Judahmite prophet] saw
the King of Israel, he said unto him, "What have I to do with
thee, get thee to the prophets of thy father and the prophets
of thy mother. Nay but, said the king of Israel, the Lord hath
called these three kings together, to deliver them into the
hands of the king of Moab," (meaning because of the
distress they were in for water;) upon which Elisha said, "As
the Lord of hosts liveth before whom I stand, surely, were it
not that I regard the presence of Jehoshaphat, king of
Judah, I would not look towards thee nor see thee." Here is
all the venom and vulgarity of a party prophet. We are now
to see the performance, or manner of prophesying.
Ver. 15. "'Bring me,' (said Elisha), 'a minstrel'; and it came

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to pass, when the minstrel played, that the hand of the Lord
came upon him." Here is the farce of the conjurer. Now for
the prophecy: "And Elisha said, [singing most probably to
the tune he was playing], Thus saith the Lord, Make this
valley full of ditches;" which was just telling them what
every countryman could have told them without either
fiddle or farce, that the way to get water was to dig for it.
But as every conjuror is not famous alike for the same thing, so neither
were those prophets; for though all of them, at least those I have
spoken of, were famous for lying, some of them excelled in cursing.
Elisha, whom I have just mentioned, was a chief in this branch of
prophesying; it was he that cursed the forty-two children in the name
of the Lord, whom the two she-bears came and devoured. We are to suppose
that those children were of the party of Israel; but as those who will
curse will lie, there is just as much credit to be given to this story
of Elisha's two she-bears as there is to that of the Dragon of Wantley,
of whom it is said:

Poor children three devoured be,

That could not with him grapple;
And at one sup he eat them up,
As a man would eat an apple.

There was another description of men called prophets, that

amused themselves with dreams and visions; but whether
by night or by day we know not. These, if they were not
quite harmless, were but little mischievous. Of this class
are,
EZEKIEL and DANIEL; and the first question upon these
books, as upon all the others, is, Are they genuine? that is,
were they written by Ezekiel and Daniel?
Of this there is no proof; but so far as my own opinion goes,
I am more inclined to believe they were, than that they
were not. My reasons for this opinion are as follows: First,
Because those books do not contain internal evidence to
prove they were not written by Ezekiel and Daniel, as the
books ascribed to Moses, Joshua, Samuel, etc., prove they
were not written by Moses, Joshua, Samuel, etc.
Secondly, Because they were not written till after the
Babylonish captivity began; and there is good reason to
believe that not any book in the bible was written before
that period; at least it is proveable, from the books
themselves, as I have already shown, that they were not
written till after the commencement of the Jewish
monarchy.
Thirdly, Because the manner in which the books ascribed to
Ezekiel and Daniel are written, agrees with the condition
these men were in at the time of writing them.
Had the numerous commentators and priests, who have
foolishly employed or wasted their time in pretending to
expound and unriddle those books, been carred into

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captivity, as Ezekiel and Daniel were, it would greatly have

improved their intellects in comprehending the reason for
this mode of writing, and have saved them the trouble of
racking their invention, as they have done to no purpose;
for they would have found that themselves would be obliged
to write whatever they had to write, respecting their own
affairs, or those of their friends, or of their country, in a
concealed manner, as those men have done.
These two books differ from all the rest; for it is only these
that are filled with accounts of dreams and visions: and this
difference arose from the situation the writers were in as
prisoners of war, or prisoners of state, in a foreign country,
which obliged them to convey even the most trifling
information to each other, and all their political projects or
opinions, in obscure and metaphorical terms. They pretend
to have dreamed dreams, and seen visions, because it was
unsafe for them to speak facts or plain language. We ought,
however, to suppose, that the persons to whom they wrote
understood what they meant, and that it was not intended
anybody else should. But these busy commentators and
priests have been puzzling their wits to find out what it was
not intended they should know, and with which they have
nothing to do.
Ezekiel and Daniel were carried prisoners to Babylon, under
the first captivity, in the time of Jehoiakim, nine years
before the second captivity in the time of Zedekiah. The
Jews were then still numerous, and had considerable force
at Jerusalem; and as it is natural to suppose that men in the
situation of Ezekiel and Daniel would be meditating the
recovery of their country, and their own deliverance, it is
reasonable to suppose that the accounts of dreams and
visions with which these books are filled, are no other than
a disguised mode of correspondence to facilitate those
objects: it served them as a cypher, or secret alphabet. If
they are not this, they are tales, reveries, and nonsense; or
at least a fanciful way of wearing off the wearisomeness of
captivity; but the presumption is, they are the former.
Ezekiel begins his book by speaking of a vision of
cherubims, and of a wheel within a wheel, which he says he
saw by the river Chebar, in the land of his captivity. Is it not
reasonable to suppose that by the cherubims he meant the
temple at Jerusalem, where they had figures of cherubims?
and by a wheel within a wheel (which as a figure has always
been understood to signify political contrivance) the project
or means of recovering Jerusalem? In the latter part of his
book he supposes himself transported to Jerusalem, and
into the temple; and he refers back to the vision on the river
Chebar, and says, (xliii- 3,) that this last vision was like the
vision on the river Chebar; which indicates that those

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pretended dreams and visions had for their object the

recovery of Jerusalem, and nothing further.
As to the romantic interpretations and applications, wild as
the dreams and visions they undertake to explain, which
commentators and priests have made of those books, that of
converting them into things which they call prophecies, and
making them bend to times and circumstances as far
remote even as the present day, it shows the fraud or the
extreme folly to which credulity or priestcraft can go.
Scarcely anything can be more absurd than to suppose that
men situated as Ezekiel and Daniel were, whose country
was over-run, and in the possession of the enemy, all their
friends and relations in captivity abroad, or in slavery at
home, or massacred, or in continual danger of it; scarcely
any thing, I say, can be more absurd than to suppose that
such men should find nothing to do but that of employing
their time and their thoughts about what was to happen to
other nations a thousand or two thousand years after they
were dead; at the same time nothing more natural than that
they should meditate the recovery of Jerusalem, and their
own deliverance; and that this was the sole object of all the
obscure and apparently frantic writing contained in those
books.
In this sense the mode of writing used in those two books
being forced by necessity, and not adopted by choice, is not
irrational; but, if we are to use the books as prophecies,
they are false. In Ezekiel xxix. 11., speaking of Egypt, it is
said, "No foot of man shall pass through it, nor foot of beast
pass through it; neither shall it be inhabited for forty years."
This is what never came to pass, and consequently it is
false, as all the books I have already reviewed are.—I here
close this part of the subject.
In the former part of 'The Age of Reason' I have spoken of
Jonah, and of the story of him and the whale.—A fit story for
ridicule, if it was written to be believed; or of laughter, if it
was intended to try what credulity could swallow; for, if it
could swallow Jonah and the whale it could swallow
anything.
But, as is already shown in the observations on the book of
Job and of Proverbs, it is not always certain which of the
books in the Bible are originally Hebrew, or only
translations from the books of the Gentiles into Hebrew;
and, as the book of Jonah, so far from treating of the affairs
of the Jews, says nothing upon that subject, but treats
altogether of the Gentiles, it is more probable that it is a
book of the Gentiles than of the Jews, [I have read in an
ancient Persian poem (Saadi, I believe, but have mislaid the
reference) this phrase: "And now the whale swallowed

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Jonah: the sun set."—Editor.] and that it has been written as

a fable to expose the nonsense, and satyrize the vicious and
malignant character, of a Bible-prophet, or a predicting
priest.
Jonah is represented, first as a disobedient prophet, running
away from his mission, and taking shelter aboard a vessel of
the Gentiles, bound from Joppa to Tarshish; as if he
ignorantly supposed, by such a paltry contrivance, he could
hide himself where God could not find him. The vessel is
overtaken by a storm at sea; and the mariners, all of whom
are Gentiles, believing it to be a judgement on account of
some one on board who had committed a crime, agreed to
cast lots to discover the offender; and the lot fell upon
Jonah. But before this they had cast all their wares and
merchandise over-board to lighten the vessel, while Jonah,
like a stupid fellow, was fast asleep in the hold.
After the lot had designated Jonah to be the offender, they
questioned him to know who and what he was? and he told
them he was an Hebrew; and the story implies that he
confessed himself to be guilty. But these Gentiles, instead of
sacrificing him at once without pity or mercy, as a company
of Bible-prophets or priests would have done by a Gentile in
the same case, and as it is related Samuel had done by
Agag, and Moses by the women and children, they
endeavoured to save him, though at the risk of their own
lives: for the account says, "Nevertheless [that is, though
Jonah was a Jew and a foreigner, and the cause of all their
misfortunes, and the loss of their cargo] the men rowed
hard to bring the boat to land, but they could not, for the
sea wrought and was tempestuous against them." Still
however they were unwilling to put the fate of the lot into
execution; and they cried, says the account, unto the Lord,
saying, "We beseech thee, O Lord, let us not perish for this
man's life, and lay not upon us innocent blood; for thou, O
Lord, hast done as it pleased thee." Meaning thereby, that
they did not presume to judge Jonah guilty, since that he
might be innocent; but that they considered the lot that had
fallen upon him as a decree of God, or as it pleased God.
The address of this prayer shows that the Gentiles
worshipped one Supreme Being, and that they were not
idolaters as the Jews represented them to be. But the storm
still continuing, and the danger encreasing, they put the
fate of the lot into execution, and cast Jonah in the sea;
where, according to the story, a great fish swallowed him up
whole and alive!
We have now to consider Jonah securely housed from the
storm in the fish's belly. Here we are told that he prayed;
but the prayer is a made-up prayer, taken from various
parts of the Psalms, without connection or consistency, and

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adapted to the distress, but not at all to the condition that

Jonah was in. It is such a prayer as a Gentile, who might
know something of the Psalms, could copy out for him. This
circumstance alone, were there no other, is sufficient to
indicate that the whole is a made-up story. The prayer,
however, is supposed to have answered the purpose, and
the story goes on, (taking-off at the same time the cant
language of a Bible-prophet,) saying, "The Lord spake unto
the fish, and it vomited out Jonah upon dry land."
Jonah then received a second mission to Nineveh, with
which he sets out; and we have now to consider him as a
preacher. The distress he is represented to have suffered,
the remembrance of his own disobedience as the cause of it,
and the miraculous escape he is supposed to have had, were
sufficient, one would conceive, to have impressed him with
sympathy and benevolence in the execution of his mission;
but, instead of this, he enters the city with denunciation and
malediction in his mouth, crying, "Yet forty days, and
Nineveh shall be overthrown."
We have now to consider this supposed missionary in the
last act of his mission; and here it is that the malevolent
spirit of a Bible-prophet, or of a predicting priest, appears
in all that blackness of character that men ascribe to the
being they call the devil.
Having published his predictions, he withdrew, says the
story, to the east side of the city.—But for what? not to
contemplate in retirement the mercy of his Creator to
himself or to others, but to wait, with malignant impatience,
the destruction of Nineveh. It came to pass, however, as the
story relates, that the Ninevites reformed, and that God,
according to the Bible phrase, repented him of the evil he
had said he would do unto them, and did it not. This, saith
the first verse of the last chapter, displeased Jonah
exceedingly and he was very angry. His obdurate heart
would rather that all Nineveh should be destroyed, and
every soul, young and old, perish in its ruins, than that his
prediction should not be fulfilled. To expose the character of
a prophet still more, a gourd is made to grow up in the
night, that promises him an agreeable shelter from the heat
of the sun, in the place to which he is retired; and the next
morning it dies.
Here the rage of the prophet becomes excessive, and he is
ready to destroy himself. "It is better, said he, for me to die
than to live." This brings on a supposed expostulation
between the Almighty and the prophet; in which the former
says, "Doest thou well to be angry for the gourd? And Jonah
said, I do well to be angry even unto death. Then said the
Lord, Thou hast had pity on the gourd, for which thou hast

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not laboured, neither madest it to grow, which came up in a

night, and perished in a night; and should not I spare
Nineveh, that great city, in which are more than threescore
thousand persons, that cannot discern between their right
hand and their left?"
Here is both the winding up of the satire, and the moral of
the fable. As a satire, it strikes against the character of all
the Bible-prophets, and against all the indiscriminate
judgements upon men, women and children, with which this
lying book, the bible, is crowded; such as Noah's flood, the
destruction of the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah, the
extirpation of the Canaanites, even to suckling infants, and
women with child; because the same reflection 'that there
are more than threescore thousand persons that cannot
discern between their right hand and their left,' meaning
young children, applies to all their cases. It satirizes also
the supposed partiality of the Creator for one nation more
than for another.
As a moral, it preaches against the malevolent spirit of
prediction; for as certainly as a man predicts ill, he becomes
inclined to wish it. The pride of having his judgment right
hardens his heart, till at last he beholds with satisfaction, or
sees with disappointment, the accomplishment or the
failure of his predictions.—This book ends with the same
kind of strong and well-directed point against prophets,
prophecies and indiscriminate judgements, as the chapter
that Benjamin Franklin made for the Bible, about Abraham
and the stranger, ends against the intolerant spirit of
religious persecutions—Thus much for the book Jonah. [The
story of Abraham and the Fire-worshipper, ascribed to
Franklin, is from Saadi. (See my "Sacred Anthology," p. 61.)
Paine has often been called a "mere scoffer," but he seems
to have been among the first to treat with dignity the book
of Jonah, so especially liable to the ridicule of superficial
readers, and discern in it the highest conception of Deity
known to the Old Testament.—Editor.]
Of the poetical parts of the Bible, that are called
prophecies, I have spoken in the former part of 'The Age of
Reason,' and already in this, where I have said that the
word for prophet is the Bible-word for Poet, and that the
flights and metaphors of those poets, many of which have
become obscure by the lapse of time and the change of
circumstances, have been ridiculously erected into things
called prophecies, and applied to purposes the writers
never thought of. When a priest quotes any of those
passages, he unriddles it agreeably to his own views, and
imposes that explanation upon his congregation as the
meaning of the writer. The whore of Babylon has been the
common whore of all the priests, and each has accused the

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other of keeping the strumpet; so well do they agree in their

explanations.
There now remain only a few books, which they call books
of the lesser prophets; and as I have already shown that the
greater are impostors, it would be cowardice to disturb the
repose of the little ones. Let them sleep, then, in the arms of
their nurses, the priests, and both be forgotten together.
I have now gone through the Bible, as a man would go
through a wood with an axe on his shoulder, and fell trees.
Here they lie; and the priests, if they can, may replant them.
They may, perhaps, stick them in the ground, but they will
never make them grow.—I pass on to the books of the New
Testament.

CHAPTER II - THE NEW

TESTAMENT
THE New Testament, they tell us, is founded upon the
prophecies of the Old; if so, it must follow the fate of its
foundation.
As it is nothing extraordinary that a woman should be with
child before she was married, and that the son she might
bring forth should be executed, even unjustly, I see no
reason for not believing that such a woman as Mary, and
such a man as Joseph, and Jesus, existed; their mere
existence is a matter of indifference, about which there is
no ground either to believe or to disbelieve, and which
comes under the common head of, It may be so, and what
then? The probability however is that there were such
persons, or at least such as resembled them in part of the
circumstances, because almost all romantic stories have
been suggested by some actual circumstance; as the
adventures of Robinson Crusoe, not a word of which is true,
were suggested by the case of Alexander Selkirk.
It is not then the existence or the non-existence, of the
persons that I trouble myself about; it is the fable of Jesus
Christ, as told in the New Testament, and the wild and
visionary doctrine raised thereon, against which I contend.
The story, taking it as it is told, is blasphemously obscene. It
gives an account of a young woman engaged to be married,
and while under this engagement, she is, to speak plain
language, debauched by a ghost, under the impious
pretence, (Luke i. 35,) that "the Holy Ghost shall come upon

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thee, and the power of the Highest shall overshadow thee."

Notwithstanding which, Joseph afterwards marries her,
cohabits with her as his wife, and in his turn rivals the
ghost. This is putting the story into intelligible language,
and when told in this manner, there is not a priest but must
be ashamed to own it. [Mary, the supposed virgin, mother of
Jesus, had several other children, sons and daughters. See
Matt. xiii. 55, 56.—Author.]
Obscenity in matters of faith, however wrapped up, is
always a token of fable and imposture; for it is necessary to
our serious belief in God, that we do not connect it with
stories that run, as this does, into ludicrous interpretations.
This story is, upon the face of it, the same kind of story as
that of Jupiter and Leda, or Jupiter and Europa, or any of
the amorous adventures of Jupiter; and shews, as is already
stated in the former part of 'The Age of Reason,' that the
Christian faith is built upon the heathen Mythology.
As the historical parts of the New Testament, so far as
concerns Jesus Christ, are confined to a very short space of
time, less than two years, and all within the same country,
and nearly to the same spot, the discordance of time, place,
and circumstance, which detects the fallacy of the books of
the Old Testament, and proves them to be impositions,
cannot be expected to be found here in the same
abundance. The New Testament compared with the Old, is
like a farce of one act, in which there is not room for very
numerous violations of the unities. There are, however,
some glaring contradictions, which, exclusive of the fallacy
of the pretended prophecies, are sufficient to show the story
of Jesus Christ to be false.
I lay it down as a position which cannot be controverted,
first, that the agreement of all the parts of a story does not
prove that story to be true, because the parts may agree,
and the whole may be false; secondly, that the disagreement
of the parts of a story proves the whole cannot be true. The
agreement does not prove truth, but the disagreement
proves falsehood positively.
The history of Jesus Christ is contained in the four books
ascribed to Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John.—The first
chapter of Matthew begins with giving a genealogy of Jesus
Christ; and in the third chapter of Luke there is also given a
genealogy of Jesus Christ. Did these two agree, it would not
prove the genealogy to be true, because it might
nevertheless be a fabrication; but as they contradict each
other in every particular, it proves falsehood absolutely. If
Matthew speaks truth, Luke speaks falsehood; and if Luke
speaks truth, Matthew speaks falsehood: and as there is no
authority for believing one more than the other, there is no

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authority for believing either; and if they cannot be believed

even in the very first thing they say, and set out to prove,
they are not entitled to be believed in any thing they say
afterwards. Truth is an uniform thing; and as to inspiration
and revelation, were we to admit it, it is impossible to
suppose it can be contradictory. Either then the men called
apostles were imposters, or the books ascribed to them
have been written by other persons, and fathered upon
them, as is the case in the Old Testament.
The book of Matthew gives (i. 6), a genealogy by name from
David, up, through Joseph, the husband of Mary, to Christ;
and makes there to be twent eight generations. The book of
Luke gives also a genealogy by name from Christ, through
Joseph the husband of Mary, down to David, and makes
there to be forty-three generations; besides which, there is
only the two names of David and Joseph that are alike in the
two lists.—I here insert both genealogical lists, and for the
sake of perspicuity and comparison, have placed them both
in the same direction, that is, from Joseph down to David.
Genealogy, according to Genealogy, according to
Matthew. Luke.

Christ Christ
2 Joseph 2 Joseph
3 Jacob 3 Heli
4 Matthan 4 Matthat
5 Eleazer 5 Levi
6 Eliud 6 Melchl
7 Achim 7 Janna
8 Sadoc 8 Joseph
9 Azor 9 Mattathias
10 Eliakim 10 Amos
11 Abiud 11 Naum
12 Zorobabel 12 Esli
13 Salathiel 13 Nagge
14 Jechonias 14 Maath
15 Josias 15 Mattathias
16 Amon 16 Semei
17 Manasses 17 Joseph
18 Ezekias 18 Juda
19 Achaz 19 Joanna
20 Joatham 20 Rhesa
21 Ozias 21 Zorobabel
22 Joram 22 Salathiel
23 Josaphat 23 Neri
24 Asa 24 Melchi
25 Abia 25 Addi
26 Roboam 26 Cosam
27 Solomon 27 Elmodam
28 David * 28 Er
29 Jose
30 Eliezer
31 Jorim
32 Matthat
33 Levi
34 Simeon
35 Juda
36 Joseph

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37 Jonan
38 Eliakim
39 Melea
40 Menan
41 Mattatha
42 Nathan
43 David

[NOTE: * From the birth of David to the birth of Christ is

upwards of 1080 years; and as the life-time of Christ is not
included, there are but 27 full generations. To find therefore
the average age of each person mentioned in the list, at the
time his first son was born, it is only necessary to divide
1080 by 27, which gives 40 years for each person. As the
life-time of man was then but of the same extent it is now, it
is an absurdity to suppose, that 27 following generations
should all be old bachelors, before they married; and the
more so, when we are told that Solomon, the next in
succession to David, had a house full of wives and
mistresses before he was twenty-one years of age. So far
from this genealogy being a solemn truth, it is not even a
reasonable lie. The list of Luke gives about twenty-six years
for the average age, and this is too much.—Author.]
Now, if these men, Matthew and Luke, set out with a
falsehood between them (as these two accounts show they
do) in the very commencement of their history of Jesus
Christ, and of who, and of what he was, what authority (as I
have before asked) is there left for believing the strange
things they tell us afterwards? If they cannot be believed in
their account of his natural genealogy, how are we to
believe them when they tell us he was the son of God,
begotten by a ghost; and that an angel announced this in
secret to his mother? If they lied in one genealogy, why are
we to believe them in the other? If his natural genealogy be
manufactured, which it certainly is, why are we not to
suppose that his celestial genealogy is manufactured also,
and that the whole is fabulous? Can any man of serious
reflection hazard his future happiness upon the belief of a
story naturally impossible, repugnant to every idea of
decency, and related by persons already detected of
falsehood? Is it not more safe that we stop ourselves at the
plain, pure, and unmixed belief of one God, which is deism,
than that we commit ourselves on an ocean of improbable,
irrational, indecent, and contradictory tales?
The first question, however, upon the books of the New
Testament, as upon those of the Old, is, Are they genuine?
were they written by the persons to whom they are
ascribed? For it is upon this ground only that the strange
things related therein have been credited. Upon this point,
there is no direct proof for or against; and all that this state
of a case proves is doubtfulness; and doubtfulness is the
opposite of belief. The state, therefore, that the books are

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in, proves against themselves as far as this kind of proof can

go.
But, exclusive of this, the presumption is that the books
called the Evangelists, and ascribed to Matthew, Mark,
Luke, and John, were not written by Matthew, Mark, Luke,
and John; and that they are impositions. The disordered
state of the history in these four books, the silence of one
book upon matters related in the other, and the
disagreement that is to be found among them, implies that
they are the productions of some unconnected individuals,
many years after the things they pretend to relate, each of
whom made his own legend; and not the writings of men
living intimately together, as the men called apostles are
supposed to have done: in fine, that they have been
manufactured, as the books of the Old Testament have
been, by other persons than those whose names they bear.
The story of the angel announcing what the church calls the
immaculate conception, is not so much as mentioned in the
books ascribed to Mark, and John; and is differently related
in Matthew and Luke. The former says the angel, appeared
to Joseph; the latter says, it was to Mary; but either Joseph
or Mary was the worst evidence that could have been
thought of; for it was others that should have testified for
them, and not they for themselves. Were any girl that is now
with child to say, and even to swear it, that she was gotten
with child by a ghost, and that an angel told her so, would
she be believed? Certainly she would not. Why then are we
to believe the same thing of another girl whom we never
saw, told by nobody knows who, nor when, nor where? How
strange and inconsistent is it, that the same circumstance
that would weaken the belief even of a probable story,
should be given as a motive for believing this one, that has
upon the face of it every token of absolute impossibility and
imposture.
The story of Herod destroying all the children under two
years old, belongs altogether to the book of Matthew; not
one of the rest mentions anything about it. Had such a
circumstance been true, the universality of it must have
made it known to all the writers, and the thing would have
been too striking to have been omitted by any. This writer
tell us, that Jesus escaped this slaughter, because Joseph
and Mary were warned by an angel to flee with him into
Egypt; but he forgot to make provision for John [the
Baptist], who was then under two years of age. John,
however, who staid behind, fared as well as Jesus, who fled;
and therefore the story circumstantially belies itself.
Not any two of these writers agree in reciting, exactly in the
same words, the written inscription, short as it is, which

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they tell us was put over Christ when he was crucified; and
besides this, Mark says, He was crucified at the third hour,
(nine in the morning;) and John says it was the sixth hour,
(twelve at noon.) [According to John, (xix. 14) the sentence
was not passed till about the sixth hour (noon,) and
consequently the execution could not be till the afternoon;
but Mark (xv. 25) Says expressly that he was crucified at the
third hour, (nine in the morning,)—Author.]
The inscription is thus stated in those books:
Matthew—This is Jesus the king of the Jews. Mark—The
king of the Jews. Luke—This is the king of the Jews.
John—Jesus of Nazareth the king of the Jews.
We may infer from these circumstances, trivial as they are,
that those writers, whoever they were, and in whatever
time they lived, were not present at the scene. The only one
of the men called apostles who appears to have been near
to the spot was Peter, and when he was accused of being
one of Jesus's followers, it is said, (Matthew xxvi. 74,) "Then
Peter began to curse and to swear, saying, I know not the
man:" yet we are now called to believe the same Peter,
convicted, by their own account, of perjury. For what
reason, or on what authority, should we do this?
The accounts that are given of the circumstances, that they
tell us attended the crucifixion, are differently related in
those four books.
The book ascribed to Matthew says 'there was darkness
over all the land from the sixth hour unto the ninth
hour—that the veil of the temple was rent in twain from the
top to the bottom—that there was an earthquake—that the
rocks rent—that the graves opened, that the bodies of many
of the saints that slept arose and came out of their graves
after the resurrection, and went into the holy city and
appeared unto many.' Such is the account which this
dashing writer of the book of Matthew gives, but in which
he is not supported by the writers of the other books.
The writer of the book ascribed to Mark, in detailing the
circumstances of the crucifixion, makes no mention of any
earthquake, nor of the rocks rending, nor of the graves
opening, nor of the dead men walking out. The writer of the
book of Luke is silent also upon the same points. And as to
the writer of the book of John, though he details all the
circumstances of the crucifixion down to the burial of
Christ, he says nothing about either the darkness—the veil
of the temple—the earthquake—the rocks—the graves—nor
the dead men.
Now if it had been true that these things had happened, and

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if the writers of these books had lived at the time they did
happen, and had been the persons they are said to
be—namely, the four men called apostles, Matthew, Mark,
Luke, and John,—it was not possible for them, as true
historians, even without the aid of inspiration, not to have
recorded them. The things, supposing them to have been
facts, were of too much notoriety not to have been known,
and of too much importance not to have been told. All these
supposed apostles must have been witnesses of the
earthquake, if there had been any, for it was not possible for
them to have been absent from it: the opening of the graves
and resurrection of the dead men, and their walking about
the city, is of still greater importance than the earthquake.
An earthquake is always possible, and natural, and proves
nothing; but this opening of the graves is supernatural, and
directly in point to their doctrine, their cause, and their
apostleship. Had it been true, it would have filled up whole
chapters of those books, and been the chosen theme and
general chorus of all the writers; but instead of this, little
and trivial things, and mere prattling conversation of 'he
said this and she said that' are often tediously detailed,
while this most important of all, had it been true, is passed
off in a slovenly manner by a single dash of the pen, and
that by one writer only, and not so much as hinted at by the
rest.
It is an easy thing to tell a lie, but it is difficult to support
the lie after it is told. The writer of the book of Matthew
should have told us who the saints were that came to life
again, and went into the city, and what became of them
afterwards, and who it was that saw them; for he is not
hardy enough to say that he saw them himself;—whether
they came out naked, and all in natural buff, he-saints and
she-saints, or whether they came full dressed, and where
they got their dresses; whether they went to their former
habitations, and reclaimed their wives, their husbands, and
their property, and how they were received; whether they
entered ejectments for the recovery of their possessions, or
brought actions of crim. con. against the rival interlopers;
whether they remained on earth, and followed their former
occupation of preaching or working; or whether they died
again, or went back to their graves alive, and buried
themselves.
Strange indeed, that an army of saints should retum to life,
and nobody know who they were, nor who it was that saw
them, and that not a word more should be said upon the
subject, nor these saints have any thing to tell us! Had it
been the prophets who (as we are told) had formerly
prophesied of these things, they must have had a great deal
to say. They could have told us everything, and we should
have had posthumous prophecies, with notes and

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commentaries upon the first, a little better at least than we

have now. Had it been Moses, and Aaron, and Joshua, and
Samuel, and David, not an unconverted Jew had remained
in all Jerusalem. Had it been John the Baptist, and the saints
of the times then present, everybody would have known
them, and they would have out-preached and out-famed all
the other apostles. But, instead of this, these saints are
made to pop up, like Jonah's gourd in the night, for no
purpose at all but to wither in the morning.—Thus much for
this part of the story.
The tale of the resurrection follows that of the crucifixion;
and in this as well as in that, the writers, whoever they
were, disagree so much as to make it evident that none of
them were there.
The book of Matthew states, that when Christ was put in
the sepulchre the Jews applied to Pilate for a watch or a
guard to be placed over the septilchre, to prevent the body
being stolen by the disciples; and that in consequence of
this request the sepulchre was made sure, sealing the stone
that covered the mouth, and setting a watch. But the other
books say nothing about this application, nor about the
sealing, nor the guard, nor the watch; and according to
their accounts, there were none. Matthew, however, follows
up this part of the story of the guard or the watch with a
second part, that I shall notice in the conclusion, as it
serves to detect the fallacy of those books.
The book of Matthew continues its account, and says,
(xxviii. 1,) that at the end of the Sabbath, as it began to
dawn, towards the first day of the week, came Mary
Magdalene and the other Mary, to see the sepulchre. Mark
says it was sun-rising, and John says it was dark. Luke says
it was Mary Magdalene and Joanna, and Mary the mother of
James, and other women, that came to the sepulchre; and
John states that Mary Magdalene came alone. So well do
they agree about their first evidence! They all, however,
appear to have known most about Mary Magdalene; she
was a woman of large acquaintance, and it was not an ill
conjecture that she might be upon the stroll. [The Bishop of
Llandaff, in his famous "Apology," censured Paine severely
for this insinuation against Mary Magdalene, but the
censure really falls on our English version, which, by a
chapter-heading (Luke vii.), has unwarrantably identified
her as the sinful woman who anointed Jesus, and
irrevocably branded her.—Editor.]
The book of Matthew goes on to say (ver. 2): "And behold
there was a great earthquake, for the angel of the Lord
descended from heaven, and came and rolled back the
stone from the door, and sat upon it" But the other books

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say nothing about any earthquake, nor about the angel

rolling back the stone, and sitting upon it and, according to
their account, there was no angel sitting there. Mark says
the angel [Mark says "a young man," and Luke "two men."—
Editor.] was within the sepulchre, sitting on the right side.
Luke says there were two, and they were both standing up;
and John says they were both sitting down, one at the head
and the other at the feet.
Matthew says, that the angel that was sitting upon the
stone on the outside of the sepulchre told the two Marys
that Christ was risen, and that the women went away
quickly. Mark says, that the women, upon seeing the stone
rolled away, and wondering at it, went into the sepulchre,
and that it was the angel that was sitting within on the right
side, that told them so. Luke says, it was the two angels that
were Standing up; and John says, it was Jesus Christ himself
that told it to Mary Magdalene; and that she did not go into
the sepulchre, but only stooped down and looked in.
Now, if the writers of these four books had gone into a court
of justice to prove an alibi, (for it is of the nature of an alibi
that is here attempted to be proved, namely, the absence of
a dead body by supernatural means,) and had they given
their evidence in the same contradictory manner as it is
here given, they would have been in danger of having their
ears cropt for perjury, and would have justly deserved it. Yet
this is the evidence, and these are the books, that have been
imposed upon the world as being given by divine
inspiration, and as the unchangeable word of God.
The writer of the book of Matthew, after giving this account,
relates a story that is not to be found in any of the other
books, and which is the same I have just before alluded to.
"Now," says he, [that is, after the conversation the women
had had with the angel sitting upon the stone,] "behold
some of the watch [meaning the watch that he had said had
been placed over the sepulchre] came into the city, and
shawed unto the chief priests all the things that were done;
and when they were assembled with the elders and had
taken counsel, they gave large money unto the soldiers,
saying, Say ye, that his disciples came by night, and stole
him away while we slept; and if this come to the governor's
ears, we will persuade him, and secure you. So they took
the money, and did as they were taught; and this saying
[that his disciples stole him away] is commonly reported
among the Jews until this day."
The expression, until this day, is an evidence that the book
ascribed to Matthew was not written by Matthew, and that
it has been manufactured long after the times and things of
which it pretends to treat; for the expression implies a great

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length of intervening time. It would be inconsistent in us to

speak in this manner of any thing happening in our own
time. To give, therefore, intelligible meaning to the
expression, we must suppose a lapse of some generations at
least, for this manner of speaking carries the mind back to
ancient time.
The absurdity also of the story is worth noticing; for it
shows the writer of the book of Matthew to have been an
exceeding weak and foolish man. He tells a story that
contradicts itself in point of possibility; for though the
guard, if there were any, might be made to say that the
body was taken away while they were asleep, and to give
that as a reason for their not having prevented it, that same
sleep must also have prevented their knowing how, and by
whom, it was done; and yet they are made to say that it was
the disciples who did it. Were a man to tender his evidence
of something that he should say was done, and of the
manner of doing it, and of the person who did it, while he
was asleep, and could know nothing of the matter, such
evidence could not be received: it will do well enough for
Testament evidence, but not for any thing where truth is
concerned.
I come now to that part of the evidence in those books, that
respects the pretended appearance of Christ after this
pretended resurrection.
The writer of the book of Matthew relates, that the angel
that was sitting on the stone at the mouth of the sepulchre,
said to the two Marys (xxviii. 7), "Behold Christ is gone
before you into Galilee, there ye shall see him; lo, I have
told you." And the same writer at the next two verses (8, 9,)
makes Christ himself to speak to the same purpose to these
women immediately after the angel had told it to them, and
that they ran quickly to tell it to the disciples; and it is said
(ver. 16), "Then the eleven disciples went away into Galilee,
into a mountain where Jesus had appointed them; and,
when they saw him, they worshipped him."
But the writer of the book of John tells us a story very
different to this; for he says (xx. 19) "Then the same day at
evening, being the first day of the week, [that is, the same
day that Christ is said to have risen,] when the doors were
shut, where the disciples were assembled, for fear of the
Jews, came Jesus and stood in the midst of them."
According to Matthew the eleven were marching to Galilee,
to meet Jesus in a mountain, by his own appointment, at the
very time when, according to John, they were assembled in
another place, and that not by appointment, but in secret,
for fear of the Jews.

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The writer of the book of Luke xxiv. 13, 33-36, contradicts

that of Matthew more pointedly than John does; for he says
expressly, that the meeting was in Jerusalem the evening of
the same day that he (Christ) rose, and that the eleven were
there.
Now, it is not possible, unless we admit these supposed
disciples the right of wilful lying, that the writers of these
books could be any of the eleven persons called disciples;
for if, according to Matthew, the eleven went into Galilee to
meet Jesus in a mountain by his own appointment, on the
same day that he is said to have risen, Luke and John must
have been two of that eleven; yet the writer of Luke says
expressly, and John implies as much, that the meeting was
that same day, in a house in Jerusalem; and, on the other
hand, if, according to Luke and John, the eleven were
assembled in a house in Jerusalem, Matthew must have
been one of that eleven; yet Matthew says the meeting was
in a mountain in Galilee, and consequently the evidence
given in those books destroy each other.
The writer of the book of Mark says nothing about any
meeting in Galilee; but he says (xvi. 12) that Christ, after his
resurrection, appeared in another form to two of them, as
they walked into the country, and that these two told it to
the residue, who would not believe them. [This belongs to
the late addition to Mark, which originally ended with xvi.
8.—Editor.] Luke also tells a story, in which he keeps Christ
employed the whole of the day of this pretended
resurrection, until the evening, and which totally invalidates
the account of going to the mountain in Galilee. He says,
that two of them, without saying which two, went that same
day to a village called Emmaus, three score furlongs (seven
miles and a half) from Jerusalem, and that Christ in disguise
went with them, and stayed with them unto the evening,
and supped with them, and then vanished out of their sight,
and reappeared that same evening, at the meeting of the
eleven in Jerusalem.
This is the contradictory manner in which the evidence of
this pretended reappearance of Christ is stated: the only
point in which the writers agree, is the skulking privacy of
that reappearance; for whether it was in the recess of a
mountain in Galilee, or in a shut-up house in Jerusalem, it
was still skulking. To what cause then are we to assign this
skulking? On the one hand, it is directly repugnant to the
supposed or pretended end, that of convincing the world
that Christ was risen; and, on the other hand, to have
asserted the publicity of it would have exposed the writers
of those books to public detection; and, therefore, they have
been under the necessity of making it a private affair.

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As to the account of Christ being seen by more than five

hundred at once, it is Paul only who says it, and not the five
hundred who say it for themselves. It is, therefore, the
testimony of but one man, and that too of a man, who did
not, according to the same account, believe a word of the
matter himself at the time it is said to have happened. His
evidence, supposing him to have been the writer of
Corinthians xv., where this account is given, is like that of a
man who comes into a court of justice to swear that what he
had sworn before was false. A man may often see reason,
and he has too always the right of changing his opinion; but
this liberty does not extend to matters of fact.
I now come to the last scene, that of the ascension into
heaven.—Here all fear of the Jews, and of every thing else,
must necessarily have been out of the question: it was that
which, if true, was to seal the whole; and upon which the
reality of the future mission of the disciples was to rest for
proof. Words, whether declarations or promises, that passed
in private, either in the recess of a mountain in Galilee, or in
a shut-up house in Jerusalem, even supposing them to have
been spoken, could not be evidence in public; it was
therefore necessary that this last scene should preclude the
possibility of denial and dispute; and that it should be, as I
have stated in the former part of 'The Age of Reason,' as
public and as visible as the sun at noon-day; at least it ought
to have been as public as the crucifixion is reported to have
been.—But to come to the point.
In the first place, the writer of the book of Matthew does
not say a syllable about it; neither does the writer of the
book of John. This being the case, is it possible to suppose
that those writers, who affect to be even minute in other
matters, would have been silent upon this, had it been true?
The writer of the book of Mark passes it off in a careless,
slovenly manner, with a single dash of the pen, as if he was
tired of romancing, or ashamed of the story. So also does
the writer of Luke. And even between these two, there is
not an apparent agreement, as to the place where this final
parting is said to have been. [The last nine verses of Mark
being ungenuine, the story of the ascension rests
exclusively on the words in Luke xxiv. 51, "was carried up
into heaven,"—words omitted by several ancient authorities.
—Editor.]
The book of Mark says that Christ appeared to the eleven as
they sat at meat, alluding to the meeting of the eleven at
Jerusalem: he then states the conversation that he says
passed at that meeting; and immediately after says (as a
school-boy would finish a dull story,) "So then, after the
Lord had spoken unto them, he was received up into
heaven, and sat on the right hand of God." But the writer of

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Luke says, that the ascension was from Bethany; that he

(Christ) led them out as far as Bethany, and was parted
from them there, and was carried up into heaven. So also
was Mahomet: and, as to Moses, the apostle Jude says, ver.
9. That 'Michael and the devil disputed about his body.'
While we believe such fables as these, or either of them, we
believe unworthily of the Almighty.
I have now gone through the examination of the four books
ascribed to Matthew, Mark, Luke and John; and when it is
considered that the whole space of time, from the
crucifixion to what is called the ascension, is but a few days,
apparently not more than three or four, and that all the
circumstances are reported to have happened nearly about
the same spot, Jerusalem, it is, I believe, impossible to find
in any story upon record so many and such glaring
absurdities, contradictions, and falsehoods, as are in those
books. They are more numerous and striking than I had any
expectation of finding, when I began this examination, and
far more so than I had any idea of when I wrote the former
part of 'The Age of Reason.' I had then neither Bible nor
Testament to refer to, nor could I procure any. My own
situation, even as to existence, was becoming every day
more precarious; and as I was willing to leave something
behind me upon the subject, I was obliged to be quick and
concise. The quotations I then made were from memory
only, but they are correct; and the opinions I have advanced
in that work are the effect of the most clear and
long-established conviction,—that the Bible and the
Testament are impositions upon the world;—that the fall of
man, the account of Jesus Christ being the Son of God, and
of his dying to appease the wrath of God, and of salvation
by that strange means, are all fabulous inventions,
dishonourable to the wisdom and power of the
Almighty;—that the only true religion is deism, by which I
then meant and now mean the belief of one God, and an
imitation of his moral character, or the practice of what are
called moral virtues;—and that it was upon this only (so far
as religion is concerned) that I rested all my hopes of
happiness hereafter. So say I now—and so help me God.
But to retum to the subject.—Though it is impossible, at this
distance of time, to ascertain as a fact who were the writers
of those four books (and this alone is sufficient to hold them
in doubt, and where we doubt we do not believe) it is not
difficult to ascertain negatively that they were not written
by the persons to whom they are ascribed. The
contradictions in those books demonstrate two things:
First, that the writers cannot have been eye-witnesses and
ear-witnesses of the matters they relate, or they would have
related them without those contradictions; and,

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consequently that the books have not been written by the

persons called apostles, who are supposed to have been
witnesses of this kind.
Secondly, that the writers, whoever they were, have not
acted in concerted imposition, but each writer separately
and individually for himself, and without the knowledge of
the other.
The same evidence that applies to prove the one, applies
equally to prove both cases; that is, that the books were not
written by the men called apostles, and also that they are
not a concerted imposition. As to inspiration, it is altogether
out of the question; we may as well attempt to unite truth
and falsehood, as inspiration and contradiction.
If four men are eye-witnesses and ear-witnesses to a scene,
they will without any concert between them, agree as to
time and place, when and where that scene happened. Their
individual knowledge of the thing, each one knowing it for
himself, renders concert totally unnecessary; the one will
not say it was in a mountain in the country, and the other at
a house in town; the one will not say it was at sunrise, and
the other that it was dark. For in whatever place it was and
whatever time it was, they know it equally alike.
And on the other hand, if four men concert a story, they will
make their separate relations of that story agree and
corroborate with each other to support the whole. That
concert supplies the want of fact in the one case, as the
knowledge of the fact supersedes, in the other case, the
necessity of a concert. The same contradictions, therefore,
that prove there has been no concert, prove also that the
reporters had no knowledge of the fact, (or rather of that
which they relate as a fact,) and detect also the falsehood of
their reports. Those books, therefore, have neither been
written by the men called apostles, nor by imposters in
concert.—How then have they been written?
I am not one of those who are fond of believing there is
much of that which is called wilful lying, or lying originally,
except in the case of men setting up to be prophets, as in
the Old Testament; for prophesying is lying professionally.
In almost all other cases it is not difficult to discover the
progress by which even simple supposition, with the aid of
credulity, will in time grow into a lie, and at last be told as a
fact; and whenever we can find a charitable reason for a
thing of this kind, we ought not to indulge a severe one.
The story of Jesus Christ appearing after he was dead is the
story of an apparition, such as timid imaginations can
always create in vision, and credulity believe. Stories of this
kind had been told of the assassination of Julius Caesar not

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many years before, and they generally have their origin in

violent deaths, or in execution of innocent persons. In cases
of this kind, compassion lends its aid, and benevolently
stretches the story. It goes on a little and a little farther, till
it becomes a most certain truth. Once start a ghost, and
credulity fills up the history of its life, and assigns the cause
of its appearance; one tells it one way, another another way,
till there are as many stories about the ghost, and about the
proprietor of the ghost, as there are about Jesus Christ in
these four books.
The story of the appearance of Jesus Christ is told with that
strange mixture of the natural and impossible, that
distinguishes legendary tale from fact. He is represented as
suddenly coming in and going out when the doors are shut,
and of vanishing out of sight, and appearing again, as one
would conceive of an unsubstantial vision; then again he is
hungry, sits down to meat, and eats his supper. But as those
who tell stories of this kind never provide for all the cases,
so it is here: they have told us, that when he arose he left
his grave-clothes behind him; but they have forgotten to
provide other clothes for him to appear in afterwards, or to
tell us what he did with them when he ascended; whether
he stripped all off, or went up clothes and all. In the case of
Elijah, they have been careful enough to make him throw
down his mantle; how it happened not to be burnt in the
chariot of fire, they also have not told us; but as imagination
supplies all deficiencies of this kind, we may suppose if we
please that it was made of salamander's wool.
Those who are not much acquainted with ecclesiastical
history, may suppose that the book called the New
Testament has existed ever since the time of Jesus Christ, as
they suppose that the books ascribed to Moses have existed
ever since the time of Moses. But the fact is historically
otherwise; there was no such book as the New Testament
till more than three hundred years after the time that Christ
is said to have lived.
At what time the books ascribed to Matthew, Mark, Luke
and John, began to appear, is altogether a matter of
uncertainty. There is not the least shadow of evidence of
who the persons were that wrote them, nor at what time
they were written; and they might as well have been called
by the names of any of the other supposed apostles as by
the names they are now called. The originals are not in the
possession of any Christian Church existing, any more than
the two tables of stone written on, they pretend, by the
finger of God, upon Mount Sinai, and given to Moses, are in
the possession of the Jews. And even if they were, there is
no possibility of proving the hand-writing in either case. At
the time those four books were written there was no

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printing, and consequently there could be no publication

otherwise than by written copies, which any man might
make or alter at pleasure, and call them originals. Can we
suppose it is consistent with the wisdom of the Almighty to
commit himself and his will to man upon such precarious
means as these; or that it is consistent we should pin our
faith upon such uncertainties? We cannot make nor alter,
nor even imitate, so much as one blade of grass that he has
made, and yet we can make or alter words of God as easily
as words of man. [The former part of the 'Age of Reason'
has not been published two years, and there is already an
expression in it that is not mine. The expression is: The
book of Luke was carried by a majority of one voice only. It
may be true, but it is not I that have said it. Some person
who might know of that circumstance, has added it in a note
at the bottom of the page of some of the editions, printed
either in England or in America; and the printers, after that,
have erected it into the body of the work, and made me the
author of it. If this has happened within such a short space
of time, notwithstanding the aid of printing, which prevents
the alteration of copies individually, what may not have
happened in a much greater length of time, when there was
no printing, and when any man who could write could make
a written copy and call it an original by Matthew, Mark,
Luke, or John?—Author.]
[The spurious addition to Paine's work alluded to in his
footnote drew on him a severe criticism from Dr. Priestley
("Letters to a Philosophical Unbeliever," p. 75), yet it seems
to have been Priestley himself who, in his quotation, first
incorporated into Paine's text the footnote added by the
editor of the American edition (1794). The American added:
"Vide Moshiem's (sic) Ecc. History," which Priestley omits.
In a modern American edition I notice four verbal
alterations introduced into the above footnote.—Editor.]
About three hundred and fifty years after the time that
Christ is said to have lived, several writings of the kind I am
speaking of were scattered in the hands of divers
individuals; and as the church had begun to form itself into
an hierarchy, or church government, with temporal powers,
it set itself about collecting them into a code, as we now see
them, called 'The New Testament.' They decided by vote, as
I have before said in the former part of the Age of Reason,
which of those writings, out of the collection they had made,
should be the word of God, and which should not. The
Robbins of the Jews had decided, by vote, upon the books of
the Bible before.
As the object of the church, as is the case in all national
establishments of churches, was power and revenue, and
terror the means it used, it is consistent to suppose that the

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most miraculous and wonderful of the writings they had

collected stood the best chance of being voted. And as to
the authenticity of the books, the vote stands in the place of
it; for it can be traced no higher.
Disputes, however, ran high among the people then calling
themselves Christians, not only as to points of doctrine, but
as to the authenticity of the books. In the contest between
the person called St. Augustine, and Fauste, about the year
400, the latter says, "The books called the Evangelists have
been composed long after the times of the apostles, by some
obscure men, who, fearing that the world would not give
credit to their relation of matters of which they could not be
informed, have published them under the names of the
apostles; and which are so full of sottishness and discordant
relations, that there is neither agreement nor connection
between them."
And in another place, addressing himself to the advocates of
those books, as being the word of God, he says, "It is thus
that your predecessors have inserted in the scriptures of
our Lord many things which, though they carry his name,
agree not with his doctrine." This is not surprising, since
that we have often proved that these things have not been
written by himself, nor by his apostles, but that for the
greatest part they are founded upon tales, upon vague
reports, and put together by I know not what half-Jews, with
but little agreement between them; and which they have
nevertheless published under the name of the apostles of
our Lord, and have thus attributed to them their own errors
and their lies. [I have taken these two extracts from
Boulanger's Life of Paul, written in French; Boulanger has
quoted them from the writings of Augustine against Fauste,
to which he refers.—Author.]
This Bishop Faustus is usually styled "The Manichaeum,"
Augustine having entitled his book, Contra Frustum
Manichaeum Libri xxxiii., in which nearly the whole of
Faustus' very able work is quoted.—Editor.]
The reader will see by those extracts that the authenticity of
the books of the New Testament was denied, and the books
treated as tales, forgeries, and lies, at the time they were
voted to be the word of God. But the interest of the church,
with the assistance of the faggot, bore down the opposition,
and at last suppressed all investigation. Miracles followed
upon miracles, if we will believe them, and men were taught
to say they believed whether they believed or not. But (by
way of throwing in a thought) the French Revolution has
excommunicated the church from the power of working
miracles; she has not been able, with the assistance of all
her saints, to work one miracle since the revolution began;

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and as she never stood in greater need than now, we may,

without the aid of divination, conclude that all her former
miracles are tricks and lies. [Boulanger in his life of Paul,
has collected from the ecclesiastical histories, and the
writings of the fathers as they are called, several matters
which show the opinions that prevailed among the different
sects of Christians, at the time the Testament, as we now
see it, was voted to be the word of God. The following
extracts are from the second chapter of that work:
[The Marcionists (a Christian sect) asserted that the
evangelists were filled with falsities. The Manichaeans, who
formed a very numerous sect at the commencement of
Christianity, rejected as false all the New Testament, and
showed other writings quite different that they gave for
authentic. The Corinthians, like the Marcionists, admitted
not the Acts of the Apostles. The Encratites and the
Sevenians adopted neither the Acts, nor the Epistles of
Paul. Chrysostom, in a homily which he made upon the Acts
of the Apostles, says that in his time, about the year 400,
many people knew nothing either of the author or of the
book. St. Irene, who lived before that time, reports that the
Valentinians, like several other sects of the Christians,
accused the scriptures of being filled with imperfections,
errors, and contradictions. The Ebionites, or Nazarenes,
who were the first Christians, rejected all the Epistles of
Paul, and regarded him as an impostor. They report, among
other things, that he was originally a Pagan; that he came to
Jerusalem, where he lived some time; and that having a
mind to marry the daughter of the high priest, he had
himself been circumcised; but that not being able to obtain
her, he quarrelled with the Jews and wrote against
circumcision, and against the observation of the Sabbath,
and against all the legal ordinances.—Author.] [Much
abridged from the Exam. Crit. de la Vie de St. Paul, by N.A.
Boulanger, 1770.—Editor.]
When we consider the lapse of more than three hundred
years intervening between the time that Christ is said to
have lived and the time the New Testament was formed into
a book, we must see, even without the assistance of
historical evidence, the exceeding uncertainty there is of its
authenticity. The authenticity of the book of Homer, so far
as regards the authorship, is much better established than
that of the New Testament, though Homer is a thousand
years the most ancient. It was only an exceeding good poet
that could have written the book of Homer, and, therefore,
few men only could have attempted it; and a man capable of
doing it would not have thrown away his own fame by
giving it to another. In like manner, there were but few that
could have composed Euclid's Elements, because none but
an exceeding good geometrician could have been the author

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of that work.
But with respect to the books of the New Testament,
particularly such parts as tell us of the resurrection and
ascension of Christ, any person who could tell a story of an
apparition, or of a man's walking, could have made such
books; for the story is most wretchedly told. The chance,
therefore, of forgery in the Testament is millions to one
greater than in the case of Homer or Euclid. Of the
numerous priests or parsons of the present day, bishops and
all, every one of them can make a sermon, or translate a
scrap of Latin, especially if it has been translated a
thousand times before; but is there any amongst them that
can write poetry like Homer, or science like Euclid? The
sum total of a parson's learning, with very few exceptions,
is a, b, ab, and hic, haec, hoc; and their knowledge of
science is, three times one is three; and this is more than
sufficient to have enabled them, had they lived at the time,
to have written all the books of the New Testament.
As the opportunities of forgery were greater, so also was the
inducement. A man could gain no advantage by writing
under the name of Homer or Euclid; if he could write equal
to them, it would be better that he wrote under his own
name; if inferior, he could not succeed. Pride would prevent
the former, and impossibility the latter. But with respect to
such books as compose the New Testament, all the
inducements were on the side of forgery. The best imagined
history that could have been made, at the distance of two or
three hundred years after the time, could not have passed
for an original under the name of the real writer; the only
chance of success lay in forgery; for the church wanted
pretence for its new doctrine, and truth and talents were
out of the question.
But as it is not uncommon (as before observed) to relate
stories of persons walking after they are dead, and of ghosts
and apparitions of such as have fallen by some violent or
extraordinary means; and as the people of that day were in
the habit of believing such things, and of the appearance of
angels, and also of devils, and of their getting into people's
insides, and shaking them like a fit of an ague, and of their
being cast out again as if by an emetic—(Mary Magdalene,
the book of Mark tells us had brought up, or been brought
to bed of seven devils;) it was nothing extraordinary that
some story of this kind should get abroad of the person
called Jesus Christ, and become afterwards the foundation
of the four books ascribed to Matthew, Mark, Luke, and
John. Each writer told a tale as he heard it, or thereabouts,
and gave to his book the name of the saint or the apostle
whom tradition had given as the eye-witness. It is only upon
this ground that the contradictions in those books can be

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accounted for; and if this be not the case, they are

downright impositions, lies, and forgeries, without even the
apology of credulity.
That they have been written by a sort of half Jews, as the
foregoing quotations mention, is discernible enough. The
frequent references made to that chief assassin and
impostor Moses, and to the men called prophets,
establishes this point; and, on the other hand, the church
has complimented the fraud, by admitting the Bible and the
Testament to reply to each other. Between the Christian-Jew
and the Christian-Gentile, the thing called a prophecy, and
the thing prophesied of, the type and the thing typified, the
sign and the thing signified, have been industriously
rummaged up, and fitted together like old locks and
pick-lock keys. The story foolishly enough told of Eve and
the serpent, and naturally enough as to the enmity between
men and serpents (for the serpent always bites about the
heel, because it cannot reach higher, and the man always
knocks the serpent about the head, as the most effectual
way to prevent its biting;) ["It shall bruise thy head, and
thou shalt bruise his heel." Gen. iii. 15.—Author.] this foolish
story, I say, has been made into a prophecy, a type, and a
promise to begin with; and the lying imposition of Isaiah to
Ahaz, 'That a virgin shall conceive and bear a son,' as a sign
that Ahaz should conquer, when the event was that he was
defeated (as already noticed in the observations on the book
of Isaiah), has been perverted, and made to serve as a
winder up.
Jonah and the whale are also made into a sign and type.
Jonah is Jesus, and the whale is the grave; for it is said, (and
they have made Christ to say it of himself, Matt. xii. 40),
"For as Jonah was three days and three nights in the
whale's belly, so shall the Son of man be three days and
three nights in the heart of the earth." But it happens,
awkwardly enough, that Christ, according to their own
account, was but one day and two nights in the grave; about
36 hours instead of 72; that is, the Friday night, the
Saturday, and the Saturday night; for they say he was up on
the Sunday morning by sunrise, or before. But as this fits
quite as well as the bite and the kick in Genesis, or the
virgin and her son in Isaiah, it will pass in the lump of
orthodox things.—Thus much for the historical part of the
Testament and its evidences.
Epistles of Paul—The epistles ascribed to Paul, being
fourteen in number, almost fill up the remaining part of the
Testament. Whether those epistles were written by the
person to whom they are ascribed is a matter of no great
importance, since that the writer, whoever he was, attempts
to prove his doctrine by argument. He does not pretend to

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have been witness to any of the scenes told of the

resurrection and the ascension; and he declares that he had
not believed them.
The story of his being struck to the ground as he was
journeying to Damascus, has nothing in it miraculous or
extraordinary; he escaped with life, and that is more than
many others have done, who have been struck with
lightning; and that he should lose his sight for three days,
and be unable to eat or drink during that time, is nothing
more than is common in such conditions. His companions
that were with him appear not to have suffered in the same
manner, for they were well enough to lead him the
remainder of the journey; neither did they pretend to have
seen any vision.
The character of the person called Paul, according to the
accounts given of him, has in it a great deal of violence and
fanaticism; he had persecuted with as much heat as he
preached afterwards; the stroke he had received had
changed his thinking, without altering his constitution; and
either as a Jew or a Christian he was the same zealot. Such
men are never good moral evidences of any doctrine they
preach. They are always in extremes, as well of action as of
belief.
The doctrine he sets out to prove by argument, is the
resurrection of the same body: and he advances this as an
evidence of immortality. But so much will men differ in their
manner of thinking, and in the conclusions they draw from
the same premises, that this doctrine of the resurrection of
the same body, so far from being an evidence of immortality,
appears to me to be an evidence against it; for if I have
already died in this body, and am raised again in the same
body in which I have died, it is presumptive evidence that I
shall die again. That resurrection no more secures me
against the repetition of dying, than an ague-fit, when past,
secures me against another. To believe therefore in
immortality, I must have a more elevated idea than is
contained in the gloomy doctrine of the resurrection.
Besides, as a matter of choice, as well as of hope, I had
rather have a better body and a more convenient form than
the present. Every animal in the creation excels us in
something. The winged insects, without mentioning doves
or eagles, can pass over more space with greater ease in a
few minutes than man can in an hour. The glide of the
smallest fish, in proportion to its bulk, exceeds us in motion
almost beyond comparison, and without weariness. Even
the sluggish snail can ascend from the bottom of a dungeon,
where man, by the want of that ability, would perish; and a
spider can launch itself from the top, as a playful

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amusement. The personal powers of man are so limited, and

his heavy frame so little constructed to extensive
enjoyment, that there is nothing to induce us to wish the
opinion of Paul to be true. It is too little for the magnitude
of the scene, too mean for the sublimity of the subject.
But all other arguments apart, the consciousness of
existence is the only conceivable idea we can have of
another life, and the continuance of that consciousness is
immortality. The consciousness of existence, or the knowing
that we exist, is not necessarily confined to the same form,
nor to the same matter, even in this life.
We have not in all cases the same form, nor in any case the
same matter, that composed our bodies twenty or thirty
years ago; and yet we are conscious of being the same
persons. Even legs and arms, which make up almost half
the human frame, are not necessary to the consciousness of
existence. These may be lost or taken away and the full
consciousness of existence remain; and were their place
supplied by wings, or other appendages, we cannot
conceive that it could alter our consciousness of existence.
In short, we know not how much, or rather how little, of our
composition it is, and how exquisitely fine that little is, that
creates in us this consciousness of existence; and all beyond
that is like the pulp of a peach, distinct and separate from
the vegetative speck in the kernel.
Who can say by what exceeding fine action of fine matter it
is that a thought is produced in what we call the mind? and
yet that thought when produced, as I now produce the
thought I am writing, is capable of becoming immortal, and
is the only production of man that has that capacity.
Statues of brass and marble will perish; and statues made
in imitation of them are not the same statues, nor the same
workmanship, any more than the copy of a picture is the
same picture. But print and reprint a thought a thousand
times over, and that with materials of any kind, carve it in
wood, or engrave it on stone, the thought is eternally and
identically the same thought in every case. It has a capacity
of unimpaired existence, unaffected by change of matter,
and is essentially distinct, and of a nature different from
every thing else that we know of, or can conceive. If then
the thing produced has in itself a capacity of being
immortal, it is more than a token that the power that
produced it, which is the self-same thing as consciousness
of existence, can be immortal also; and that as
independently of the matter it was first connected with, as
the thought is of the printing or writing it first appeared in.
The one idea is not more difficult to believe than the other;
and we can see that one is true.

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That the consciousness of existence is not dependent on the

same form or the same matter, is demonstrated to our
senses in the works of the creation, as far as our senses are
capable of receiving that demonstration. A very numerous
part of the animal creation preaches to us, far better than
Paul, the belief of a life hereafter. Their little life resembles
an earth and a heaven, a present and a future state; and
comprises, if it may be so expressed, immortality in
miniature.
The most beautiful parts of the creation to our eye are the
winged insects, and they are not so originally. They acquire
that form and that inimitable brilliancy by progressive
changes. The slow and creeping caterpillar worm of to day,
passes in a few days to a torpid figure, and a state
resembling death; and in the next change comes forth in all
the miniature magnificence of life, a splendid butterfly. No
resemblance of the former creature remains; every thing is
changed; all his powers are new, and life is to him another
thing. We cannot conceive that the consciousness of
existence is not the same in this state of the animal as
before; why then must I believe that the resurrection of the
same body is necessary to continue to me the consciousness
of existence hereafter?
In the former part of 'The Agee of Reason.' I have called the
creation the true and only real word of God; and this
instance, or this text, in the book of creation, not only shows
to us that this thing may be so, but that it is so; and that the
belief of a future state is a rational belief, founded upon
facts visible in the creation: for it is not more difficult to
believe that we shall exist hereafter in a better state and
form than at present, than that a worm should become a
butterfly, and quit the dunghill for the atmosphere, if we did
not know it as a fact.
As to the doubtful jargon ascribed to Paul in 1 Corinthians
xv., which makes part of the burial service of some Christian
sectaries, it is as destitute of meaning as the tolling of a bell
at the funeral; it explains nothing to the understanding, it
illustrates nothing to the imagination, but leaves the reader
to find any meaning if he can. "All flesh," says he, "is not the
same flesh. There is one flesh of men, another of beasts,
another of fishes, and another of birds." And what then?
nothing. A cook could have said as much. "There are also,"
says he, "bodies celestial and bodies terrestrial; the glory of
the celestial is one and the glory of the terrestrial is the
other." And what then? nothing. And what is the difference?
nothing that he has told. "There is," says he, "one glory of
the sun, and another glory of the moon, and another glory
of the stars." And what then? nothing; except that he says
that one star differeth from another star in glory, instead of

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distance; and he might as well have told us that the moon

did not shine so bright as the sun. All this is nothing better
than the jargon of a conjuror, who picks up phrases he does
not understand to confound the credulous people who come
to have their fortune told. Priests and conjurors are of the
same trade.
Sometimes Paul affects to be a naturalist, and to prove his
system of resurrection from the principles of vegetation.
"Thou fool" says he, "that which thou sowest is not
quickened except it die." To which one might reply in his
own language, and say, Thou fool, Paul, that which thou
sowest is not quickened except it die not; for the grain that
dies in the ground never does, nor can vegetate. It is only
the living grains that produce the next crop. But the
metaphor, in any point of view, is no simile. It is succession,
and [not] resurrection.
The progress of an animal from one state of being to
another, as from a worm to a butterfly, applies to the case;
but this of a grain does not, and shows Paul to have been
what he says of others, a fool.
Whether the fourteen epistles ascribed to Paul were written
by him or not, is a matter of indifference; they are either
argumentative or dogmatical; and as the argument is
defective, and the dogmatical part is merely presumptive, it
signifies not who wrote them. And the same may be said for
the remaining parts of the Testament. It is not upon the
Epistles, but upon what is called the Gospel, contained in
the four books ascribed to Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John,
and upon the pretended prophecies, that the theory of the
church, calling itself the Christian Church, is founded. The
Epistles are dependant upon those, and must follow their
fate; for if the story of Jesus Christ be fabulous, all
reasoning founded upon it, as a supposed truth, must fall
with it.
We know from history, that one of the principal leaders of
this church, Athanasius, lived at the time the New
Testament was formed; [Athanasius died, according to the
Church chronology, in the year 371—Author.] and we know
also, from the absurd jargon he has left us under the name
of a creed, the character of the men who formed the New
Testament; and we know also from the same history that the
authenticity of the books of which it is composed was
denied at the time. It was upon the vote of such as
Athanasius that the Testament was decreed to be the word
of God; and nothing can present to us a more strange idea
than that of decreeing the word of God by vote. Those who
rest their faith upon such authority put man in the place of
God, and have no true foundation for future happiness.

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Credulity, however, is not a crime, but it becomes criminal

by resisting conviction. It is strangling in the womb of the
conscience the efforts it makes to ascertain truth. We
should never force belief upon ourselves in any thing.
I here close the subject on the Old Testament and the New.
The evidence I have produced to prove them forgeries, is
extracted from the books themselves, and acts, like a
two-edge sword, either way. If the evidence be denied, the
authenticity of the Scriptures is denied with it, for it is
Scripture evidence: and if the evidence be admitted, the
authenticity of the books is disproved. The contradictory
impossibilities, contained in the Old Testament and the
New, put them in the case of a man who swears for and
against. Either evidence convicts him of perjury, and equally
destroys reputation.
Should the Bible and the Testament hereafter fall, it is not
that I have done it. I have done no more than extracted the
evidence from the confused mass of matters with which it is
mixed, and arranged that evidence in a point of light to be
clearly seen and easily comprehended; and, having done
this, I leave the reader to judge for himself, as I have judged
for myself.

CHAPTER III - CONCLUSION

IN the former part of 'The Age of Reason' I have spoken of
the three frauds, mystery, miracle, and Prophecy; and as I
have seen nothing in any of the answers to that work that in
the least affects what I have there said upon those subjects,
I shall not encumber this Second Part with additions that
are not necessary.
I have spoken also in the same work upon what is celled
revelation, and have shown the absurd misapplication of
that term to the books of the Old Testament and the New;
for certainly revelation is out of the question in reciting any
thing of which man has been the actor or the witness. That
which man has done or seen, needs no revelation to tell him
he has done it, or seen it—for he knows it already—nor to
enable him to tell it or to write it. It is ignorance, or
imposition, to apply the term revelation in such cases; yet
the Bible and Testament are classed under this fraudulent
description of being all revelation.
Revelation then, so far as the term has relation between
God and man, can only be applied to something which God

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reveals of his will to man; but though the power of the

Almighty to make such a communication is necessarily
admitted, because to that power all things are possible, yet,
the thing so revealed (if any thing ever was revealed, and
which, by the bye, it is impossible to prove) is revelation to
the person only to whom it is made. His account of it to
another is not revelation; and whoever puts faith in that
account, puts it in the man from whom the account comes;
and that man may have been deceived, or may have
dreamed it; or he may be an impostor and may lie. There is
no possible criterion whereby to judge of the truth of what
he tells; for even the morality of it would be no proof of
revelation. In all such cases, the proper answer should be,
"When it is revealed to me, I will believe it to be revelation;
but it is not and cannot be incumbent upon me to believe it
to be revelation before; neither is it proper that I should
take the word of man as the word of God, and put man in
the place of God." This is the manner in which I have
spoken of revelation in the former part of The Age of
Reason; and which, whilst it reverentially admits revelation
as a possible thing, because, as before said, to the Almighty
all things are possible, it prevents the imposition of one man
upon another, and precludes the wicked use of pretended
revelation.
But though, speaking for myself, I thus admit the possibility
of revelation, I totally disbelieve that the Almighty ever did
communicate any thing to man, by any mode of speech, in
any language, or by any kind of vision, or appearance, or by
any means which our senses are capable of receiving,
otherwise than by the universal display of himself in the
works of the creation, and by that repugnance we feel in
ourselves to bad actions, and disposition to good ones. [A
fair parallel of the then unknown aphorism of Kant: "Two
things fill the soul with wonder and reverence, increasing
evermore as I meditate more closely upon them: the starry
heavens above me and the moral law within me." (Kritik
derpraktischen Vernunfe, 1788). Kant's religious utterances
at the beginning of the French Revolution brought on him a
royal mandate of silence, because he had worked out from
"the moral law within" a principle of human equality
precisely similar to that which Paine had derived from his
Quaker doctrine of the "inner light" of every man. About the
same time Paine's writings were suppressed in England.
Paine did not understand German, but Kant, though always
independent in the formation of his opinions, was evidently
well acquainted with the literature of the Revolution, in
America, England, and France.—Editor.]
The most detestable wickedness, the most horrid cruelties,
and the greatest miseries, that have afflicted the human
race have had their origin in this thing called revelation, or

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revealed religion. It has been the most dishonourable belief

against the character of the divinity, the most destructive to
morality, and the peace and happiness of man, that ever was
propagated since man began to exist. It is better, far better,
that we admitted, if it were possible, a thousand devils to
roam at large, and to preach publicly the doctrine of devils,
if there were any such, than that we permitted one such
impostor and monster as Moses, Joshua, Samuel, and the
Bible prophets, to come with the pretended word of God in
his mouth, and have credit among us.
Whence arose all the horrid assassinations of whole nations
of men, women, and infants, with which the Bible is filled;
and the bloody persecutions, and tortures unto death and
religious wars, that since that time have laid Europe in
blood and ashes; whence arose they, but from this impious
thing called revealed religion, and this monstrous belief
that God has spoken to man? The lies of the Bible have been
the cause of the one, and the lies of the Testament [of] the
other.
Some Christians pretend that Christianity was not
established by the sword; but of what period of time do they
speak? It was impossible that twelve men could begin with
the sword: they had not the power; but no sooner were the
professors of Christianity sufficiently powerful to employ
the sword than they did so, and the stake and faggot too;
and Mahomet could not do it sooner. By the same spirit that
Peter cut off the ear of the high priest's servant (if the story
be true) he would cut off his head, and the head of his
master, had he been able. Besides this, Christianity grounds
itself originally upon the [Hebrew] Bible, and the Bible was
established altogether by the sword, and that in the worst
use of it—not to terrify, but to extirpate. The Jews made no
converts: they butchered all. The Bible is the sire of the
[New] Testament, and both are called the word of God. The
Christians read both books; the ministers preach from both
books; and this thing called Christianity is made up of both.
It is then false to say that Christianity was not established
by the sword.
The only sect that has not persecuted are the Quakers; and
the only reason that can be given for it is, that they are
rather Deists than Christians. They do not believe much
about Jesus Christ, and they call the scriptures a dead
letter. [This is an interesting and correct testimony as to the
beliefs of the earlier Quakers, one of whom was Paine's
father.—Editor.] Had they called them by a worse name,
they had been nearer the truth.
It is incumbent on every man who reverences the character
of the Creator, and who wishes to lessen the catalogue of

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artificial miseries, and remove the cause that has sown

persecutions thick among mankind, to expel all ideas of a
revealed religion as a dangerous heresy, and an impious
fraud. What is it that we have learned from this pretended
thing called revealed religion? Nothing that is useful to
man, and every thing that is dishonourable to his Maker.
What is it the Bible teaches us?—repine, cruelty, and
murder. What is it the Testament teaches us?—to believe
that the Almighty committed debauchery with a woman
engaged to be married; and the belief of this debauchery is
called faith.
As to the fragments of morality that are irregularly and
thinly scattered in those books, they make no part of this
pretended thing, revealed religion. They are the natural
dictates of conscience, and the bonds by which society is
held together, and without which it cannot exist; and are
nearly the same in all religions, and in all societies. The
Testament teaches nothing new upon this subject, and
where it attempts to exceed, it becomes mean and
ridiculous. The doctrine of not retaliating injuries is much
better expressed in Proverbs, which is a collection as well
from the Gentiles as the Jews, than it is in the Testament. It
is there said, (Xxv. 2 I) "If thine enemy be hungry, give him
bread to eat; and if he be thirsty, give him water to drink:"
[According to what is called Christ's sermon on the mount,
in the book of Matthew, where, among some other [and]
good things, a great deal of this feigned morality is
introduced, it is there expressly said, that the doctrine of
forbearance, or of not retaliating injuries, was not any part
of the doctrine of the Jews; but as this doctrine is found in
"Proverbs," it must, according to that statement, have been
copied from the Gentiles, from whom Christ had learned it.
Those men whom Jewish and Christian idolators have
abusively called heathen, had much better and clearer ideas
of justice and morality than are to be found in the Old
Testament, so far as it is Jewish, or in the New. The answer
of Solon on the question, "Which is the most perfect popular
govemment," has never been exceeded by any man since his
time, as containing a maxim of political morality, "That,"
says he, "where the least injury done to the meanest
individual, is considered as an insult on the whole
constitution." Solon lived about 500 years before Christ.
—Author.] but when it is said, as in the Testament, "If a man
smite thee on the right cheek, turn to him the other also," it
is assassinating the dignity of forbearance, and sinking man
into a spaniel.
Loving, of enemies is another dogma of feigned morality,
and has besides no meaning. It is incumbent on man, as a
moralist, that he does not revenge an injury; and it is
equally as good in a political sense, for there is no end to

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retaliation; each retaliates on the other, and calls it justice:

but to love in proportion to the injury, if it could be done,
would be to offer a premium for a crime. Besides, the word
enemies is too vague and general to be used in a moral
maxim, which ought always to be clear and defined, like a
proverb. If a man be the enemy of another from mistake and
prejudice, as in the case of religious opinions, and
sometimes in politics, that man is different to an enemy at
heart with a criminal intention; and it is incumbent upon us,
and it contributes also to our own tranquillity, that we put
the best construction upon a thing that it will bear. But even
this erroneous motive in him makes no motive for love on
the other part; and to say that we can love voluntarily, and
without a motive, is morally and physically impossible.
Morality is injured by prescribing to it duties that, in the
first place, are impossible to be performed, and if they could
be would be productive of evil; or, as before said, be
premiums for crime. The maxim of doing as we would be
done unto does not include this strange doctrine of loving
enemies; for no man expects to be loved himself for his
crime or for his enmity.
Those who preach this doctrine of loving their enemies, are
in general the greatest persecutors, and they act
consistently by so doing; for the doctrine is hypocritical,
and it is natural that hypocrisy should act the reverse of
what it preaches. For my own part, I disown the doctrine,
and consider it as a feigned or fabulous morality; yet the
man does not exist that can say I have persecuted him, or
any man, or any set of men, either in the American
Revolution, or in the French Revolution; or that I have, in
any case, returned evil for evil. But it is not incumbent on
man to reward a bad action with a good one, or to return
good for evil; and wherever it is done, it is a voluntary act,
and not a duty. It is also absurd to suppose that such
doctrine can make any part of a revealed religion. We
imitate the moral character of the Creator by forbearing
with each other, for he forbears with all; but this doctrine
would imply that he loved man, not in proportion as he was
good, but as he was bad.
If we consider the nature of our condition here, we must see
there is no occasion for such a thing as revealed religion.
What is it we want to know? Does not the creation, the
universe we behold, preach to us the existence of an
Almighty power, that governs and regulates the whole? And
is not the evidence that this creation holds out to our senses
infinitely stronger than any thing we can read in a book,
that any imposter might make and call the word of God? As
for morality, the knowledge of it exists in every man's
conscience.

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Here we are. The existence of an Almighty power is

sufficiently demonstrated to us, though we cannot conceive,
as it is impossible we should, the nature and manner of its
existence. We cannot conceive how we came here ourselves,
and yet we know for a fact that we are here. We must know
also, that the power that called us into being, can if he
please, and when he pleases, call us to account for the
manner in which we have lived here; and therefore without
seeking any other motive for the belief, it is rational to
believe that he will, for we know beforehand that he can.
The probability or even possibility of the thing is all that we
ought to know; for if we knew it as a fact, we should be the
mere slaves of terror; our belief would have no merit, and
our best actions no virtue.
Deism then teaches us, without the possibility of being
deceived, all that is necessary or proper to be known. The
creation is the Bible of the deist. He there reads, in the
hand-writing of the Creator himself, the certainty of his
existence, and the immutability of his power; and all other
Bibles and Testaments are to him forgeries. The probability
that we may be called to account hereafter, will, to
reflecting minds, have the influence of belief; for it is not
our belief or disbelief that can make or unmake the fact. As
this is the state we are in, and which it is proper we should
be in, as free agents, it is the fool only, and not the
philosopher, nor even the prudent man, that will live as if
there were no God.
But the belief of a God is so weakened by being mixed with
the strange fable of the Christian creed, and with the wild
adventures related in the Bible, and the obscurity and
obscene nonsense of the Testament, that the mind of man is
bewildered as in a fog. Viewing all these things in a
confused mass, he confounds fact with fable; and as he
cannot believe all, he feels a disposition to reject all. But the
belief of a God is a belief distinct from all other things, and
ought not to be confounded with any. The notion of a Trinity
of Gods has enfeebled the belief of one God. A
multiplication of beliefs acts as a division of belief; and in
proportion as anything is divided, it is weakened.
Religion, by such means, becomes a thing of form instead of
fact; of notion instead of principle: morality is banished to
make room for an imaginary thing called faith, and this faith
has its origin in a supposed debauchery; a man is preached
instead of a God; an execution is an object for gratitude; the
preachers daub themselves with the blood, like a troop of
assassins, and pretend to admire the brilliancy it gives
them; they preach a humdrum sermon on the merits of the
execution; then praise Jesus Christ for being executed, and
condemn the Jews for doing it.

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A man, by hearing all this nonsense lumped and preached

together, confounds the God of the Creation with the
imagined God of the Christians, and lives as if there were
none.
Of all the systems of religion that ever were invented, there
is none more derogatory to the Almighty, more unedifying to
man, more repugnant to reason, and more contradictory in
itself, than this thing called Christianity. Too absurd for
belief, too impossible to convince, and too inconsistent for
practice, it renders the heart torpid, or produces only
atheists and fanatics. As an engine of power, it serves the
purpose of despotism; and as a means of wealth, the avarice
of priests; but so far as respects the good of man in general,
it leads to nothing here or hereafter.
The only religion that has not been invented, and that has in
it every evidence of divine originality, is pure and simple
deism. It must have been the first and will probably be the
last that man believes. But pure and simple deism does not
answer the purpose of despotic governments. They cannot
lay hold of religion as an engine but by mixing it with
human inventions, and making their own authority a part;
neither does it answer the avarice of priests, but by
incorporating themselves and their functions with it, and
becoming, like the government, a party in the system. It is
this that forms the otherwise mysterious connection of
church and state; the church human, and the state tyrannic.
Were a man impressed as fully and strongly as he ought to
be with the belief of a God, his moral life would be
regulated by the force of belief; he would stand in awe of
God, and of himself, and would not do the thing that could
not be concealed from either. To give this belief the full
opportunity of force, it is necessary that it acts alone. This
is deism.
But when, according to the Christian Trinitarian scheme,
one part of God is represented by a dying man, and another
part, called the Holy Ghost, by a flying pigeon, it is
impossible that belief can attach itself to such wild conceits.
[The book called the book of Matthew, says, (iii. 16,) that
the Holy Ghost descended in the shape of a dove. It might
as well have said a goose; the creatures are equally
harmless, and the one is as much a nonsensical lie as the
other. Acts, ii. 2, 3, says, that it descended in a mighty
rushing wind, in the shape of cloven tongues: perhaps it
was cloven feet. Such absurd stuff is fit only for tales of
witches and wizards.—Author.]
It has been the scheme of the Christian church, and of all
the other invented systems of religion, to hold man in
ignorance of the Creator, as it is of government to hold him

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in ignorance of his rights. The systems of the one are as

false as those of the other, and are calculated for mutual
support. The study of theology as it stands in Christian
churches, is the study of nothing; it is founded on nothing; it
rests on no principles; it proceeds by no authorities; it has
no data; it can demonstrate nothing; and admits of no
conclusion. Not any thing can be studied as a science
without our being in possession of the principles upon
which it is founded; and as this is not the case with
Christian theology, it is therefore the study of nothing.
Instead then of studying theology, as is now done, out of the
Bible and Testament, the meanings of which books are
always controverted, and the authenticity of which is
disproved, it is necessary that we refer to the Bible of the
creation. The principles we discover there are eternal, and
of divine origin: they are the foundation of all the science
that exists in the world, and must be the foundation of
theology.
We can know God only through his works. We cannot have a
conception of any one attribute, but by following some
principle that leads to it. We have only a confused idea of
his power, if we have not the means of comprehending
something of its immensity. We can have no idea of his
wisdom, but by knowing the order and manner in which it
acts. The principles of science lead to this knowledge; for
the Creator of man is the Creator of science, and it is
through that medium that man can see God, as it were, face
to face.
Could a man be placed in a situation, and endowed with
power of vision to behold at one view, and to contemplate
deliberately, the structure of the universe, to mark the
movements of the several planets, the cause of their varying
appearances, the unerring order in which they revolve, even
to the remotest comet, their connection and dependence on
each other, and to know the system of laws established by
the Creator, that governs and regulates the whole; he would
then conceive, far beyond what any church theology can
teach him, the power, the wisdom, the vastness, the
munificence of the Creator. He would then see that all the
knowledge man has of science, and that all the mechanical
arts by which he renders his situation comfortable here, are
derived from that source: his mind, exalted by the scene,
and convinced by the fact, would increase in gratitude as it
increased in knowledge: his religion or his worship would
become united with his improvement as a man: any
employment he followed that had connection with the
principles of the creation,—as everything of agriculture, of
science, and of the mechanical arts, has,—would teach him
more of God, and of the gratitude he owes to him, than any

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theological Christian sermon he now hears. Great objects

inspire great thoughts; great munificence excites great
gratitude; but the grovelling tales and doctrines of the Bible
and the Testament are fit only to excite contempt.
Though man cannot arrive, at least in this life, at the actual
scene I have described, he can demonstrate it, because he
has knowledge of the principles upon which the creation is
constructed. We know that the greatest works can be
represented in model, and that the universe can be
represented by the same means. The same principles by
which we measure an inch or an acre of ground will
measure to millions in extent. A circle of an inch diameter
has the same geometrical properties as a circle that would
circumscribe the universe. The same properties of a
triangle that will demonstrate upon paper the course of a
ship, will do it on the ocean; and, when applied to what are
called the heavenly bodies, will ascertain to a minute the
time of an eclipse, though those bodies are millions of miles
distant from us. This knowledge is of divine origin; and it is
from the Bible of the creation that man has learned it, and
not from the stupid Bible of the church, that teaches man
nothing. [The Bible-makers have undertaken to give us, in
the first chapter of Genesis, an account of the creation; and
in doing this they have demonstrated nothing but their
ignorance. They make there to have been three days and
three nights, evenings and mornings, before there was any
sun; when it is the presence or absence of the sun that is
the cause of day and night—and what is called his rising
and setting that of morning and evening. Besides, it is a
puerile and pitiful idea, to suppose the Almighty to say, "Let
there be light." It is the imperative manner of speaking that
a conjuror uses when he says to his cups and balls, Presto,
be gone—and most probably has been taken from it, as
Moses and his rod is a conjuror and his wand. Longinus
calls this expression the sublime; and by the same rule the
conjurer is sublime too; for the manner of speaking is
expressively and grammatically the same. When authors
and critics talk of the sublime, they see not how nearly it
borders on the ridiculous. The sublime of the critics, like
some parts of Edmund Burke's sublime and beautiful, is like
a windmill just visible in a fog, which imagination might
distort into a flying mountain, or an archangel, or a flock of
wild geese.—Author.]
All the knowledge man has of science and of machinery, by
the aid of which his existence is rendered comfortable upon
earth, and without which he would be scarcely
distinguishable in appearance and condition from a common
animal, comes from the great machine and structure of the
universe. The constant and unwearied observations of our
ancestors upon the movements and revolutions of the

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heavenly bodies, in what are supposed to have been the

early ages of the world, have brought this knowledge upon
earth. It is not Moses and the prophets, nor Jesus Christ,
nor his apostles, that have done it. The Almighty is the great
mechanic of the creation, the first philosopher, and original
teacher of all science. Let us then learn to reverence our
master, and not forget the labours of our ancestors.
Had we, at this day, no knowledge of machinery, and were it
possible that man could have a view, as I have before
described, of the structure and machinery of the universe,
he would soon conceive the idea of constructing some at
least of the mechanical works we now have; and the idea so
conceived would progressively advance in practice. Or
could a model of the universe, such as is called an orrery, be
presented before him and put in motion, his mind would
arrive at the same idea. Such an object and such a subject
would, whilst it improved him in knowledge useful to
himself as a man and a member of society, as well as
entertaining, afford far better matter for impressing him
with a knowledge of, and a belief in the Creator, and of the
reverence and gratitude that man owes to him, than the
stupid texts of the Bible and the Testament, from which, be
the talents of the preacher; what they may, only stupid
sermons can be preached. If man must preach, let him
preach something that is edifying, and from the texts that
are known to be true.
The Bible of the creation is inexhaustible in texts. Every
part of science, whether connected with the geometry of the
universe, with the systems of animal and vegetable life, or
with the properties of inanimate matter, is a text as well for
devotion as for philosophy—for gratitude, as for human
improvement. It will perhaps be said, that if such a
revolution in the system of religion takes place, every
preacher ought to be a philosopher. Most certainly, and
every house of devotion a school of science.
It has been by wandering from the immutable laws of
science, and the light of reason, and setting up an invented
thing called "revealed religion," that so many wild and
blasphemous conceits have been formed of the Almighty.
The Jews have made him the assassin of the human species,
to make room for the religion of the Jews. The Christians
have made him the murderer of himself, and the founder of
a new religion to supersede and expel the Jewish religion.
And to find pretence and admission for these things, they
must have supposed his power or his wisdom imperfect, or
his will changeable; and the changeableness of the will is
the imperfection of the judgement. The philosopher knows
that the laws of the Creator have never changed, with
respect either to the principles of science, or the properties

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of matter. Why then is it to be supposed they have changed

with respect to man?
I here close the subject. I have shown in all the foregoing
parts of this work that the Bible and Testament are
impositions and forgeries; and I leave the evidence I have
produced in proof of it to be refuted, if any one can do it;
and I leave the ideas that are suggested in the conclusion of
the work to rest on the mind of the reader; certain as I am
that when opinions are free, either in matters of govemment
or religion, truth will finally and powerfully prevail.

END OF PART II

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