Chapter 3.

Traffic Laws, Rules and Regulations and Other Related Statues

2. Introduction:

This chapter presents the various traffic laws, rules and regulations and other
statutes governing traffic. It is imperative for the learners to know the pertinent laws
relative to the work of a traffic law enforcer. Further this chapter comprehensively
discusses the general rule of road use and conduct and the general traffic prohibitions
and restrictions.

This chapter is divided into:

Lesson 1. Traffic Laws, Rules and Regulations.
Lesson 2. Important Provisions of R.A. 4136.
Lesson 3. Registration of Motor Vehicles.
Lesson 4. Provisions on Driver’s Licenses.
Lesson 5. Basic General Rules of Road Use and Conduct.

3. Learning Outcome:

At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:

1) recognize the various traffic laws, rules, and regulations and other statutes
governing traffic.
2) understand the important provisions of R.A. 4136
3) elaborate the proper procedure on motor vehicle registration.
4) Distinguish the different types of licenses and elaborate the provisions in
procuring Driver’s license.
5) Discuss the basic general rules of road use and conduct and the general
prohibitions and restrictions

4. Learning Content

Lesson 3.1: Traffic Laws, Rules and Regulations

The standards of regulating movements on roads, streets and highways are

found in traffic laws, rules and regulations.
In the Philippines, the mass of traffic laws, rules and regulations have their
source in-laws, Presidential Decrees, Executive Orders, Letter of Instructions,
Administrative Orders and Implementing memoranda and other Special Laws relative to
traffic operation and traffic law enforcement. As a traffic enforcer, it is essential that you
should be familiar with these rules and regulations.
In addition, traffic signs, pavement markings, and other control devices are traffic
law themselves. Violations of such constitute misdemeanor or infraction in the country.

A. Sources.
The following are the basis for the traffic regulations and prohibitions in the
country.
1. Republic Acts (R.A.s)

a) R.A. 4136 (June 20, 1964). This is the basic law regulating land
transportation in the Philippines. It has repealed Act No. 3992 (The Revised
Motor Vehicle Law).
b) R.A. No. 6539. The Anti-Carnapping Act of 1972. The Act preventing and
penalizing carnapping.
c) R.A. No. 5448. An Act imposing a tax on privately-owned passenger
automobiles, motorcycles and scooters, and a science stamp tax, to
constitute a special science fund defining the programs, projects and activities
of science agencies to be financed therefrom and for other purposes.
d) R.A. 8749. Also known as the “Clean Air Act” which regulates emission of
toxic gases of both gasoline and diesel engines and bans the use of leaded
gas for gasoline engines.
e) R.A. 8750. It provides for the attachment of seatbelts for all types of motor
vehicles and imposes penalty for the non-compliance thereof.
f) R.A. 7924. An Act creating the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority,
defining its powers and functions, providing funds therefor and for other
purposes.
g) R.A. 8794. An Act imposing a motor vehicle user’s charge on owners of all
types of motor vehicles and for other purposes. It also imposes penalties on
overloaded motor vehicles.
h) R.A. 10054. An Act mandating all motorcycle riders to wear standard
protective motorcycle helmets while driving and providing penalties therefor. It
is also known as “Motorcycle Helmet Act of 2009.”
i) R.A. 10586. An Act that penalizes persons driving under the influence of
alcohol, dangerous drugs, and similar substances, and for other purposes. It
also repealed the mandatory drug testing of driver’s license applicants. This
Act is known as the “Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act of 2013.”
j) R.A. 10666. The law providing the safety of children riding on motorcycles
particularly boarding two-wheeled vehicles running faster than 60 kph on
public road. It is also known as the “Children’s Safety on Motorcycles Act of
2015.”
k) R.A. 10913. An Act defining and penalizing distracted driving. This Act is
known as the “Anti-Distracted Driving Act of 2016.”
l) R.A. 10916. An Act requiring the mandatory installation of speed limiter in
public utility and certain types of motor vehicles. This law is known as the
“Road Speed Limiter Act of 2016.”
m) R.A. 10930. An Act rationalizing and strengthening the policy regarding
driver’s license by extending the validity period of drivers’ licenses, and
penalizing acts in violation of its issuance and application amending for those
purposes section 23 of Republic Act No. 4136, as amended by Batas
Pambansa Blg. 398 and Executive Order No. 1011, otherwise known as the
land transportation and traffic code.

2. Presidential Decrees (P.D.s)

 a) P.D. 96. Regulating the use of sirens, bells, horns, etc., by prohibiting the
attachment of any siren, horn bell, etc. on motor vehicles which produce
unusual or startling sounds as well as blinkers and other similar devices
unless the vehicle belongs to the AFP, NBI, LTO,PNP, BJMP, Hospitals and
Fire Departments and are specially intended for use in emergencies.
b) P.D. 101. Expediting the methods of prescribing, redefining or modifying the
lines and modes of operations of public utility motor vehicles in the
Philippines.
c) P.D. 207. Declaring as part of the Laws of the Philippines the Vienna
Convention on Road Traffic, Signs and Signals.
d) P.D. 612. Requiring compulsory insurance for all types of motor vehicles
against third party liability as an additional pre-requisite for registration by the
LTO.
e) P.D. 1686. Imposing a tax on every motor vehicle equipped with air
conditioner.
f) P.D. 1181. Providing for the abatement of air pollution from motor vehicles
and for other purposes.
g) P.D. 1605. Granting the Metropolitan Manila Commission certain powers
related to traffic management and control in Metropolitan manila providing
penalties, and for other purposes.
h) P.D. 98. Regulating the issuance of license plates of all motor vehicles.
i) P.D. 109. Modifying P.D. 98.
j) P.D. 1729. Authorizing the Bureau of Land Transportation to dispose of
impounded motor vehicles unclaimed by owners for a certain period of time.
k) P.D. 1730. Declaring the syndicated printing, manufacture, distribution,
possession or use of fake official Bureau of Land Transportation forms,
documents, plates and stickers as offenses involving economic sabotage.

3. Letters of Instruction (L.O.I.s)

a) L.O.I No. 43. Providing for the removal of impediments on roads, streets and
highways such as constructions, stalled or parked vehicles and other movable
property that obstruct free passage. This LOI abrogated city or municipal
ordinances governing the disposition of traffic on duty and municipal streets
throughout the country.
b) L.O.I. No. 112. Prohibiting freight and cargo trucks from using roads,
highways and bridges whose load capacities are in excess of specific
allowable limits.
c) L.O.I. No. 229. Requiring all motor vehicle owners, users, or drivers to have
in their possession at all times while driving at least one (1) pair of early
warning device (EWD) for use when the vehicle is disabled on roads, streets
and highways or other emergencies compelling vehicle to be on stop position.
d) L.O.I. No. 716. Every motor vehicle to equip at least a pair of early warning
device.
e) L.O.I. No. 551. Directing the law enforcement agencies to implement the
Pollution Control Program.
 f) L.O.I. No. 853. Calling for the National Tripartite Conference to consider the
establishment of viable labor-management relations based upon the
“boundary” system in land transportation.
g) L.O.I. No. 1009. All owners of private motor vehicles who desire to stop
operating or using their number plates and registration certificates to
surrender to BLT.
h) L.O.I. No. 1071. Owners and/or operators of motor vehicles are authorized to
pay the annual premiums for the insurance of their motor annual premiums
for the insurance of their motor vehicles on quarterly basis.

4. Department Orders (D.O.s)

a) DOTC D.O 88-305. Rules of pleadings, practice and procedure for appeals on
franchising, fare rates charges and other related matters pertinent to Land
Transportation Public Utilities.
b) D.O. 93-693. Revised Schedule of Administrative Fees and charges of the
Land Transportation Office.

5. Administrative and Special Orders

a) Administrative Order No. VIII, S-1968, LTC. Requiring the towing and
impounding of stalled motor vehicles on public highways and the imposition of
corresponding fees thereof.
b) Administrative Order No. 1, S-1973, LTC. Prescribing guidelines and
procedures in the implementation of PD N0. 96
c) Administrative Order No. 1, S-1975, LTC. Laying down specific rules of
action in the imposition of uniform fines and penalties for violation of the
provisions of R.A. No. 4136.
d) Special Order No. 101-IRM, LTC. Enumerating and identifying various city
streets where parking is prohibited.

6. Memorandum circulars

a) LTC Memorandum to All Patrol Officers, Deputies and Agents dtd 09

August 1975. Directing the motor vehicles whose loads are rice, cereals,
fertilizers and other prime commodities are not to be apprehended and
stopped on roads and highways except only in cases of serious violations.
b) LTC Memorandum Circular No. 33, dated 12 September 1972. Providing
guidelines in the apprehension of illegally parked motor vehicles.
c) LTC Circular No. 15, dated 19 January 1972. Regulating and laying
instruction in the use of Special Commemorative Motor Vehicle Plates.
d) M.C. 94-199. Aide-memoir regarding retention and authority by LTO to
register motorized tricycles under R.A. 4136, and guidelines to implement
devolution of LTFRB’s Franchising Authority over TC’s per R.A. 7160 issued
by DOTC.
e) M.C. 94-188. Issuance of driver’s license to disabled persons.
 f) M.C. 92-146. Re-implementation of LOI 229, as amended by LOI 479
directing the installation of early warning devices of motor vehicles.
g) M.C. 94-192. Diesel smoke emission test for motor vehicles.
h) M.C. 90-020. Directing all public land transportation service operators and
drivers to display in any conspicuous place their vehicles the authorized fare
matrix for the specific route granted them to avoid conflict.
i) M.C. 93-011. Enjoining all public utility operators to use garage instead of
public places or side streets in parking their vehicles.
j) M.C. 94-002. Sanctions on operators arising from the violations of their
drivers.
k) M.C. 94-209. Clarificatory guidelines for the registration/operation of new
private vehicles particularly in the use of conduction sticker.

7. Executive Orders (E.O.s)

a) E.O. 125. Reorganizing the DOTC, defining its power and functions and for
other purposes.
b) E.O.266. Providing for two service units in the Office of the Asst. Sec. for
Land Transportation in the DOTC (Law Enforcement Service-LES and Traffic
Adjudication Service-TAS), defining the powers and functions thereof and for
other purposes.
c) E.O. 202. Creating the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory
Board (LTFRB).
d) E.O. 248. Empowering the Land Transportation Commission to control and
supervise the operations of motor vehicle driving schools.

8. Other Special Laws, Statutes, etc.

a) Batas Pambansa Blg. 344 (B.P. 344). Act to enhance the mobility of
disabled persons by requiring certain buildings, institutions, establishments
and public utilities to install facilities and other devices.
“Sec. 1, Par. 2. In the case of the parking place of any of the above
institutions, buildings, or establishments, or public utilities, the owner or
operator shall reserve sufficient and suitable space for the use of disabled
persons.”
“Sec. 2. In case of public conveyance, devices such as the prominent
display of posters, stickers shall be used to generate public awareness of the
rights of the disabled and posters understanding of their special needs.
Discriminating against disabled persons in the carriage or transportation of
passengers is hereby declared unlawful.”

b) Memorandum Unnumbered dated July 13, 1992. Early Warning Device

(EWD) not a requirement for registration.
c) SC Bars Lawmen from Removing Car Plates (187 SCRA 432).

Lesson 3.2 – Important provisions of R.A. 4136

 In the Philippines, Traffic Law Enforcement is governed by R.A. 4136. All other
ordinances by local government units are based on this law or act and/or these
ordinances should not contradict any provisions of said law/act.

A. Words and Phrases Used in R.A. 4136. As used in this Act, the following words
and phrases are defined for better and common understanding:

1. Motor Vehicle. Shall mean any vehicle propelled by any power other than
muscular power using the public highways, but excepting road rollers, trolley
cars, street-sweepers, sprinklers, lawn mowers, bulldozers, graders, fork-lifts,
amphibian trucks, and cranes if not used in public highways, vehicles which run
only on rails or tracks, and tractors, trailers and traction engines of all kinds used
exclusively for agricultural purposes.
Trailers having any number of wheels, when propelled or intended to be
propelled by attachment to a motor vehicle shall be classified as separate motor
vehicle with no power rating.
2. Passenger Automobiles. Shall mean all pneumatic tire vehicles of types similar
to those usually known under the following terms: touring car, command car,
speedster, sports car, roadster, jeep, cycle car (except motor wheel and similar
small outfits which are classified with motorcycles), coupe, landaulet, closed car,
limousine, cabriolet, and sedan.
The distinction between “passenger truck” and “passenger automobile”
shall be that of common usage: Provided that a motor vehicle registered for more
than nine (9) passengers shall be classified as “trucks”. Provided further, that a
truck with seating compartment at the back not used for hire shall be registered
under special “S” classification. In case of dispute, the Commissioner of LTO
shall determine the classification to which any special type of motor vehicle
belongs.
3. Articulated Vehicle. Shall mean any motor vehicle with a trailer having no front
axle and so attached that part of the trailer rests upon the motor vehicle and a
substantial part of the weight of the trailer and of its load is borne by the motor
vehicle. Such trailer shall be called as “semi-trailer”.
4. Driver. Shall mean every and any licensed operator of a motor vehicle.
5. Professional driver. Every and any driver hired for driving or operating a motor
vehicle, whether for private use or for hire to the public. Any driver driving his
own motor vehicle for hire is a professional driver.
6. Owner. The actual legal owner of a motor vehicle, in whose name such vehicle is
duly registered with the LTO.
The owner of a government-owned motor vehicle is the head of the office
or the chief of the Bureau to which the said motor vehicle belongs.
7. Dealer. Every person, association, partnership, corporation making,
manufacturing, constructing, assembling, remodeling, or setting up motor
vehicles; and every such entity acting as agent for the sale of one or more
makes, styles, or kinds of motor vehicles, dealing in motor vehicles, keeping the
same in stock or selling same or handling with a view to trading the same.
 8. Garage. Any building in which two or more motor vehicles, either with or without
drivers, are kept ready for hire to the public, but shall not include street stands,
public service stations, or other public places designated by proper authority as
parking spaces for motor vehicles for hire while awaiting or soliciting business.
9. Gross weight. The measured weight of a motor vehicle plus the maximum
allowable carrying capacity in merchandise, freight and/or passengers, as
determined by the Commissioner of the LTO.
10. Highways. Every public thoroughfare, public boulevard, driveway, avenue, park,
alley and Callejon, but shall not include roadway upon grounds owned by private
persons, colleges, universities, or other similar institutions.
11. Parking or parked. Shall mean that a motor vehicle is parked or parking if it has
been brought to a stop on the shoulder or proper edge of a highway, and remains
inactive in that place or close thereto for an appreciable period of time.
A motor vehicle which properly stops merely to discharge a passenger or
to take in a waiting passenger, or to load or unload a small quantity of freight with
reasonable dispatch shall not be considered as parked, if the motor vehicle again
moves away without delay.
12. Tourist. A foreigner who travels from one place to place for pleasure or culture.

B. Selected Provisions of R.A. 4136.

The following provisions of R.A. 4136 are the most common rules and
regulations violated by road users.

1. Exceeding registered capacity (overloading). Passengers, freight or cargo

load of a motor vehicle should not be more than its registered carrying capacity.
Conductors of public utility trucks or buses are held liable for the overloading of
vehicles under their charge.
All passenger automobiles for hire are required to have the registered passenger
capacity marked plainly and conspicuously on the sides thereof in letters and
numerals not less than 5 cms. in height. Motor trucks for passenger or freight,
private of for hire, shall have the registered passenger or freight gross and net
weight capacities marked plainly and conspicuously on the sides thereof in letters
and numerals not less than 5 cms in height (Sec. 33)
2. Cargo carrying devices. The construction of devices for carrying cargo at the
rear or sides of trucks may be allowed, subject to the approval of the
Commissioner, but the total net weight of the device, including cargo, must not
exceed 100kls (Sec. 32, a)
3. Riding on Running Board. It is strictly prohibited, except for conductors
collecting passenger fare (Sec. 32,c)
4. Riding on Top of the Motor Vehicle. Passengers shall not be allowed to ride on
top of motor vehicles, but baggage or freight may be carried on top of the truck,
provided that the weight thereof is not more than 20 kilos per square meter
distributed in such a way as not to endanger passengers or the vehicle’s stability
(Sec. 32,b)
 5. Required Motor Vehicle Accessories. Every motor vehicle when operated on a
traffic way should have the following specified accessories (see Art. IV, Sec. 34,
par a-I of RA 4136 as appended for the specifications of these accessories);
a. Tires of MVs
b. Brakes
c. Horns
d. Headlights
e. Taillights
f. Stop lights
g. Motorcycle and other vehicle lights
h. Lights when parked or disabled
i. Windshield wiper
j. Use of red flag
k. Mufflers

6. Hitching on to a Vehicle. The following practices are prohibited:

a. Hanging on to or riding on the outside or rear end of any vehicle.
b. Holding on to any moving vehicle whether on foot or otherwise.
c. Driver allowing any person to hang on to or ride outside of or the rear end of
the vehicle (Sec. 51).
7. Driving while under the influence of liquor or other prohibited drugs (Sec.
53)
8. Obstruction of traffic. Obstruction of traffic by operating a motor vehicle in such
a manner as to obstruct, block, or impede the passage of another vehicle is
prohibited. This prohibition applies even when discharging or loading passengers
(Sec. 54)
9. Duties od driver in case of accident. In the event that any accident should
occur as a result of the operation of a motor vehicle upon a highway, the driver
shall observe the following:
a. Stop immediately.
b. Show his driver’s license to inspecting traffic law enforcer.
c. Give his true name and address, including that of the owner of the vehicle.
d. Assist injured persons.
e. Take measures to protect belongings of passengers.
f. Report the accident (Sec. 55)
10. When could a driver leave the area of accident without being held for Hit-
and-Run?
a. His life is in imminent danger of being harmed by other person/s by reason of
the accident;
b. He surrenders to proper authority;
c. He summons the assistance of a physician or nurse to aid the victim.

Lesson 3.3 – Registration of Motor Vehicles

R.A. 4136, mandates that all motor vehicles shall be registered by its owner
before the designated District Offices of the Land Transportation Office. Law
enforcement officers should keep themselves abreast with the proper procedures of
registering motor vehicles for them to easily identify unregistered motor vehicles or
motor vehicles having expired registrations. On the other hand, motor vehicle owners as
well as drivers should be aware of the provisions on motor vehicle registration to avoid
unnecessary delays and penalties whenever registration-related apprehensions occur.

A. Classification of Registered Motor Vehicles

1. Private (not for hire). These are motor vehicles used for the personal use of
their owners.
2. Public Utility Vehicles (PUV a.k.a. for hire). These are registered primarily for
the conveyance of passengers and other commercial goods, i.e., passenger
jeepneys, taxi cabs, etc.
3. Government. These are motor vehicles owned by government offices and are
used for official purposes only.
4. Diplomat. These are issued to foreign diplomats and consuls assigned in the
Philippines.

B. Plate Numbers.
Upon registration, motor vehicles are assigned with plate numbers. The letter and
numeral prefixes as well as the assigned colors are based on the date and place of
registrations and purpose of the registered motor vehicle.

1. Private or not for hire MVs – Green with white background, on newer vehicles,
the first letter usually indicates the region where the vehicle is registered. For
example, beginning with “N”, the vehicle is registered in the National Capital
Region (NCR). For the new series (2014 to present), black symbols on white
background with holograms and bar codes.

2. Public Utility Vehicles or for-hire MVs – Black with yellow background usually
begin with either the letter “N” or “P” or “T” or “U” in NCR. Since 1995, they
always have either “V” “W” “X” or “Y” in the middle of the letter block. Older
license plates starting with “N” and “P” may have other letters in the middle of the
block, although the “V” “W” “X” “Y” letters are also present (from late 70s NVA-
101 to early 1995 NYZ-999). For the new series (2014 to present), black symbols
on yellow background with holograms and bar codes.

3. Government MVs – Red (maroon) with white background – usually starts with
letter “S.” For the new series (2014 to present), red symbols on white background
with holograms and bar codes and the agency/office indicated.

4. Diplomatic or other exempted MVs – Blue characters on a white background

plates reserved for diplomats, embassy and consulate officials, country
ambassadors and some expatriates such as scientists and researchers at the
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), in the form of five or six digits. For
 the new series (2014 to present), blue symbols on white background with
holograms and bar codes.
a. Ambassadors’ plates are always “1000” and have the country they
represent at the bottom of the plate. These plates have a small decal on the
bottom left part with a “CM.”
b. 1001-9999; a small decal on the bottom left part displayed as “DC” for
“diplomatic corps”
10000-25999; embassy vehicles – a small decal on the bottom left part
displayed as “OEV” for “other exempted vehicle”. For the new series symbols
on a light blue background with holograms and bar codes.

5. Trailers – these have yellow or green plates that mostly have either “U” (private)
or “Z” (for hire) in the middle of the letter block.
6. Electric Vehicles – orange plates are used (white symbols on orange
background).
7. Motorcycles – private motorcycles have green characters on a white
background with the letters “MC” stamped on the upper left-hand corner next to
the registration sticker. Usually in the format AA 1111, but with the rise in the
number of motorcycles on the road, the 1111 AA format has also come into use.
8. Tricycles – private has green characters on a white background with the letters
“MC” stamped on the upper left-hand corner next to the registration sticker. This
is very rare since tricycles are usually bought for for-hire. For the public utility
“TC” stamped on the upper right-hand corner next to the registration sticker.
9. Department of Tourism (DOT) accredited vehicles – these are usually tour
buses and airport taxis which are issued with plates that look similar to those of
private vehicles, but have yellow highlights mixed with green color and share the
same first letter of current PUVs plates. A must special sticker indicating that they
are DOT-accredited is placed on the rear windows.
10. Optional Motor Vehicle Special Plates (OMVSP) – a project of the LTO since
2004, in the form of 3-letter-number. e.g. DGD 24
11. Personalized (Vanity) Plates – anyone desiring to have his own personalized
must consider the following:
a. Uniqueness – the plate does not have a registered duplicate anywhere else in
the Philippines.
b. It should not have the same format as government vehicles.
c. Price –
1) Premium edition (ex. 111 ABC) – Php 15,000.00
2) Select Edition (ex. JOEDET) – Php 10,000.00
12. Commemorative plate – These special plate numbers are issued for specific
purposes such as fund-raising for government projects and programs.

C. Dimensions and Medium

1. Tagalog: plaka which measures 390x140 mm

2. Characters are stamped on an aluminum plate which is then applied with
reflectorized paint.
 3. Previously, numerous watermarks of the Land Transportation Office (LTO) logo
as well as a small logo of the plate manufacturer were stamped on the plate
which was replaced in 2003 with reflectorized, printed color sticker of the statue
of Jose Rizal.
4. In 2008, all plates are produced by a sole, privately funded manufacturer in
Manila.
5. Slogan on the bottom plate usually reflects the goals campaign of the incumbent
President which was began under President Fidel V. Ramos.
a. Fidel V. Ramos – “Philippines 2000”
b. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo – “Matatag na Republika” (Strong Republic)
6. Until 2004, plates also bore the word “Pilipinas” at the bottom.
7. Common Inscription
a. PILIPINAS (the most common inscription; 1981-1995, 2001, 2002-2003,
2004-present)
b. PHILIPPINES 2000 (1995-2000)
c. ANGAT PINOY 2004 (“Raise Pinoy 2004”, 2000-2001)
d. PERLAS NG SILANGAN (“Pearl of the Orient”; 2001-2002)
e. MATATAG NA REPUBLIKA (2003-2013)
8. Typeface. Numerous typefaces are used but the current typeface was first
implemented in 1981 which is loosely based on the Australian license plate
system with some slight variations on the font design since then.
9. 2014 series plate numbers. It consists of three-letter and four numeric plate with
the region of registration inscribed below.

ABI 1234
Region 1

10. 2018 series plate numbers. It retains the three-letter and four-numeric plate and
the removal of the region of registration.

NAV 2832

D. Geographical designations of Plate Numbers.

Geographical designations of registered motor vehicles can be determined by the

beginning letter.

“A” – Region I (Ilocos Region) and COR (Cordillera Region)

“B” – Region II (Cagayan Valley Region)
“C” – Region III (Central Luzon Region), Superseded by “R” in 2003
“D” – Regions IV-A (CALABARZON) and IV-B (MIMAROPA), superseded by “V” in
2000.
“E” – Region V (Bicol Region)
“F” – Region VI (Western Visayas Region)
“G” – Region VII (Central Visayas Region), superseded by “Y” in 2004
“H” – Region VIII (Eastern Visayas Region)
“J” – Region IX (Zamboanga Peninsula) and ARMM
“K” – Region X and XIII (Northern Mindanao and CARAGA)
“L” – Region XI (Davao Region)
“M” – Region XII (SOCCSKSARGEN)
“N” – NCR, 1981-1982, 2009-2010 (with increments of “I”, “O”, and “Q”)
“P” – National Capital Region, 1982-1991, 2010-2011 (with increments of “I”, “O”, and
“Q”
“R” – Region III (Central Luzon Region), overflow series for private since 2003.
“S” – Government owned (Red Plate) vehicles.
“T” – National Capital Region, 1991-1995, 2011-2012 (with increments of “I”, “O”, and
“Q”)
“U” – National Capital Region, 1995-1997, 2012 to present (with increments of “I”, “O”,
and “Q”)
“V” – Regions IV-A (CALABARZON) and IV-B (MIMAROPA), overflow Series for private
since 2000.
“W” – National Capital Region, 1997-2001.
“X” – National Capital Region, 2001-2005.
“Y” – Region VII (Central Visayas Region), overflow series for private since 2004.
“Z” – National Capital Region, 2005-2009.

E. Approximate Year of Issuance

1. National Capital Region

1981 – NA, NB, NC, ND, NE, NF, NG, NH, NJ, NK, NL, NM, NN, NP, NR, NS
1982 – NT, PA
1983 – PB, PPC, PD
1984 – PD, PE, PF
1985 – PF, PG
1986 – PH
1987 – PJ
1988 – PK, PL
1989 – PM, PN, PP
1990 – PR, PPS, PT
1991 – TA, TB, TC
1992 – TD, TE, TF
1993 – TG, TH, TJ, TK, TL
1994 – TM, TN, TP, TR, TT
1995 – UA(A-B), TS, UA(C-onwards), UB, UC, UD, UE
1996 – UF, UG, UH, UJ, UK, UL, UM, UN
1997 – UP, UR, US, UT, UU, WA, WB
1998 – WC, WD, WE, WF
1999 - WG, WH, WJ, WK, WL
2000 – WM, WN, WP, WR
 2001 – WS, WT, XA, XB
2002 – XC, XD, XE, XF, XG
2003 – XH, XJ, XK, XL, XM
2004 – XN, XP, XR, XS
2005 – XT, ZA, ZB, ZC
2006 – ZD, ZE, ZF, ZG
2007 – ZH, ZJ, ZK, ZL
2008 – ZM, ZN, ZP, ZR, ZS
2009 – ZT, N-(I), N-(O), N-(Q), NI
2010 – NO, NQ, P-(I), P-(O), P-(Q), PI
2011 – PO, PQ, T-(I), T-(O), T-(Q), TI
2012 – TO, TQ, UI, U-(I)
2013 – UO

NOTE: I,O and Q are previously not used to avoid confusion with the numbers
“1” and “0”. But with the exhaustion of the “Z” series in 2009, they are already used by
reverting to the old “N” series. A new serial scheme is implemented using these
characters, instead of the third letter coming into series (e.g. after ZZZ-999 has been
reached, ZAB-101) the middle letter is the one being replaced (e.g. after NAI-999 series
has been exhausted, NBI-101 will follow). After all possible combinations with I, O and
Q as third letter for the same starting letter have been used, I, O and Q are used as
middle letters and the third letter is being replaced (e.g. after NZQ-999 has been used,
NIA-101 will follow), if the reverted letter is exhausted (e.g. after PQZ-999 has been
used, TAI-101 will follow).

2. Provincial Plate Numbers

“1980’s”

REGION I/CAR – AA, AB, AC (A-N)

REGION II - BA, BB (A-N)
REGION III - CA, CB, CC, CD, CE, CF, CG, CH, CJ (A-E)
REGION IV - DA, DB, DC, DD, DE. DF, DG (A-V)
REGION V - EA (A-U)
REGION VI - FA, FB, FC, (A-S)
REGION VII - GA, GB, GC, GD (A-D)
REGION VIII - HA (A-M)
REGION IX /ARMM - JA
REGION X/XIII - KA, KB
REGION XI - LA, LB, LC (A-E)
REGION XII - MA (A-W)

“1990S”
REGION 1/CAR - AC (P-onwards), AD, AE
REGION II - BB (P-onwards), BC
REGION III - CJ (F-onwards), CK, CL, CM, CN, CP, CR (A-E)
REGION IV - DG (W-Z), DH, DJ, DK, DL, DM, DN, DP, DR, DS, DT
REGION V - EA (V-Z), EB, EC
REGION VI - FC (T-onwards), FD, FE
REGION VII - GD (E-onwards), GE, GF, GG, GH, GJ, GK
REGION VIII - HA (P-onwards), HB
REGION IX/ARMM - JA (W-Z), JB
REGION X/XIII - KB (M-onwards), KC
REGION XI - LC (F-onwards), LD
REGION XII - MA (X-Z), MB

“2000S”
REGION I/CAR - AE, AF (A-D)
REGION II - BC, BD, BE
REGION III - CR (F-onwards), CS, CT, RA, RB, RC, RD, RE, RF, RG, RH, RJ
REGION IV - VA, VB, VC, VD, VE (A-E)
REGION V - EC, ED
REGION VI - FE, FF, FG (A-M)
REGION VII - GL, GM, GP, GR, GS, GT, YA, YB, YC, YD, YE, YF, YG, YH
REGION VIII - HB, HC
REGION IX/ARMM - JB, JC, JD
REGION X/XIII - KC, KD, KE
REGION XI - LD, LE, LF, LG, LH
REGION XII - MB, MC, MD, ME

“2010-2013”
REGION 1/CAR - AF (E-onwards)
REGION II - BE
REGION III - RK, RL, RM
REGION IV - VE (F-onwards), VF
REGION V - ED
REGION VI - FG (N-onwards), FH
REGION VII - YH, YJ, YK
REGION VIII - HC, HD
REGION IX/ARMM - JD, JE
REGION X/XIII - KE, KF
REGION XI - LH
REGION XII - ME, MF

F. Schedule of Registration.
Registration of motor vehicles should be done annually which follows the
numerical suffixes of their plate numbers.

Last Digit of Plate Middle Digit Weekly Deadline

Number of Plate Number (working days of the month
only)
1 – Jan 6 – Jun 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6
 2 - Feb 7 – Jul 4 5 6 7
3 – Mar 8 – Aug 7 8 8 9 10 11 12 13
4 – Apr 9 – Sep 9 0 14
5 – May 0 - Oct 15 16 17 18 19 20
21
22 23 24 25 26 27
28
29 30
31
Note: Vehicles may be registered one month in advance of weekly deadline. For
motorcycles, use the 3rd digit.

1. Old designed license plates: sample plate number – TNG 984

The above motor vehicle shall be registered in April every year because the last
digit is “4” and the day of registration falls in April 15-21 since the middle digit is “8”.

2. New designed license plates: Sample plate number – NAV 2832.

The above motor vehicle shall be registered in February every year because the
last digit is “2” and the day of registration falls in February 1-7 since the second to the
last digit is “3”.

3. two-wheeled vehicles (old): Sample plate number – DD 2425.

The above motor vehicle shall be registered in May every year because the last
digit is “5” and the day of registration falls in May 1-7 since the middle digit is “2”.

4. two-wheeled vehicles (new): Sample plate number – VD 72468.

The above motor vehicle shall be registered in August every year because the
last digit is “8” and the day of registration falls in May 8-14 since the middle digit is “6”.

5. Optional Motor Vehicle Special Plate (3 alpha characters and 2 numeric characters):
Sample plate number – IAN 86.
The above motor vehicle shall be registered in June every year because the last
digit is “6” and the day of registration falls in June 15-21 since the middle digit is “8”.

G. Letter of Prefixes on Plate Numbers. The letter prefixes indicate:

1. Place of initial registration of the motor vehicle;

2. Year of initial registration and the possible year model of the registered motor
vehicle could be determined from the order of the letter prefixes, i.e., the higher
the letters the later the year of registration and year model of the motor
vehicle.

Example: Vehicle 1 - PLT 255 Vehicle 2 - TNU 636

Between the above motor vehicles, Vehicle 1 was registered earlier than Vehicle
2 and possibly, Vehicle 2’s model is later than Vehicle 1.
H. Protocol Plate Numbers. These are special plate numbers for high-ranking
government officials as manifestation of courtesy towards them or their respective
positions or offices. These plates are blue D or DD plates reserved for the top
government officials of the Republic of the Philippines.

1 - President
2 - Vice President
3 - Senate President
4 - Speaker of the House of Representatives
5 - Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
6 - Cabinet Secretaries
7 - Senators
8 - Representatives (Congressmen)
9 - Associate Justices of the Supreme court
10 - Presiding Justice and other Justices of the Court of Appeals, Solicitor-
General (OSG formerly 13)
11 - Chairman of the Commission on Elections
12 - Cabinet Undersecretary
13 - None currently
14 - Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and Chief of the
Philippine National Police
16 - Regional Trial Court Judges
17 - First Level Courts (Metropolitan Trial Court, Municipal Trial Court,
Municipal Trial Court in Cities and Shari’ah Circuit Courts), added by
Memorandum Order No. 297 signed by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on
March 2, 2009.

Lesson 3.4 – Provisions on Driver’s Licenses

Driving a motor vehicle in the Philippines as in other countries is NOT a right but
a privilege granted by the Philippine Government through the LTO based on Republic
Act 4136 and Batas Pambansa Blg. 398. Further, it is a privilege which may be
suspended or revoked.

Driver’s License. A document issued to a qualified driver who possesses the

statutory qualification as provided therefore. It is also a public document which has the
legal presumption of genuineness (CCC Insurance Corp. vs. Court of appeals, 31
SCRA 264).
A. Duty to Procure License.

Sec. 19 of R.A. 4136 states that no person shall operate any motor vehicle
without first procuring a license to drive for the current year. To be effective in the hands
of its holder, it must not be delinquent, invalid, suspended or revoked and should be
carried at all times and shall be authorized by R.A. 4136 to inspect the same.
B. Confiscation of Driver’s License.
Sec. 29 of R.A. 4136 mandates that a driver’s license may be confiscated for
violations of R.A. 4136, the rules and regulations issued by the Commissioner and of
local traffic rules and regulations.
When a driver’s license is confiscated for any reason, the traffic enforcer must,
however, issue a receipt (Temporary Operator’s Permit -TOP) which is good for 72
hours within which the driver may continue to operate his vehicle. Failure to settle the
case within 15 days will cause suspension or revocation of the license.

C. Types of Licenses, Procedures and Requirements.

A driver is licensed by the LTO as proof of proficiency in driving his knowledge of

road rules and regulations while operating a motor vehicle. Upon proving hi proficiency
and knowledge, he will be issued a document in the form of the following licenses:

1. International Driver’s License. Bonafide tourists and transients who are duly
licensed to operate motor vehicles in their respective countries may be allowed to
operate motor vehicles during their stay but not beyond 90 days of their sojourn
in the Philippines. After ninety days, any tourist or transient desiring to operate
motor vehicles shall pay fees and obtain and carry a license as hereinafter
provided (Sec. 21, R.A. 4136)
2. Military Driver’s License. Enlisted personnel of the AFP operating motor vehicles
owned by the government shall be licensed in accordance with R.A. 4136 but no
license or delinquency fees shall be collected thereof.
All licenses so issued shall bear the words “FOR GOVERNMENT
VEHICLES ONLY” plainly marked or stamped in red inks across the face
thereof. A Military Driver’s License does not authorize the holder to
operate a privately-owned motor vehicle (Sec. 20, R.A. 4136).
3. Professional Driver’s License. This license is issued to a driver or paid for driving
or operating a motor vehicle whether private use or for hire to the public. Any
person driving his own motor vehicle for hire is a professional driver (Sec. 3, e,
R.A. 4136). To easily distinguished, the word “professional” on the license is red-
highlighted.
4. Non-Professional Driver’s License. This kind of license is issued to owners of
privately-owned motor vehicles or those not for hire or paid for driving (Effect of
Sec. 3e, RA 4136). To easily distinguish this license from professional license,
the word “Non-professional” is green-highlighted.
5. Student Driver’s Permit. This kind of document is issued to persons who desire to
learn how to drive. A student driver cannot operate a vehicle unless
accompanied by an instructor who may either be a licensed professional or non-
professional driver (Sec. 30, R.A. 4136)

D. Validity or Expiration of License.

1. Student driver’s permit – 12 months or 1 year.

 2. Non-professional and Professional Driver’s Licenses and Conductors’ License –
5 years as per R.A. 10930 and LTO Administrative Order 2016-034.
3. International Driver’s License for Tourists – 90 days but can be renewed.

E. Conductors’ License. Conductors of public utility vehicles are also mandated to

procure their licenses from the LTO.

F. Qualifications and Requirements.

A. Qualifications (Student Permit)

1. Must be at least seventeen (17) years old;

2. Must be physically and mentally fit to operate a motor vehicle;
3. Must be able to read and write Filipino, English or the applicable local dialect;
and
4. In addition, for foreigners, the applicant must be eighteen (18) years old and
must have been in the Philippines for at least one (1) month with proof that
he/she will stay in the country for at least one (1) year from date of application.

B. Documentary Requirements:
1. Duly accompllshed Application for Driver's License (AOL);
2. Original and photocopy of birth certificate duly authenticated by National
Statistics Office (NSO);
3. If below eighteen (18) years of age, original copy of parental/guardian's consent
with original and photocopy of one (1) valid government issued Identification
Card containing the signature of the consenting parent/guardian.
4. Medical Certificate issued· by any licensed practicing physician stating that the
applicant is physically and mentally fit to operate a motor vehicle or otherwise
stating his/her impairment; and
5. In addition, for foreigners, original and photocopy of passport with entry date of at
least one (1) month and visa duration of at least one (1) year from date of
application, or if born in the Philippines, present original and photocopy of birth
certificate duly authenticated by the NSO.

A. Qualifications: (Non-Professional)

1. Must be at least eighteen (18) years old;

2. Must be physically and mentally fit to operate a motor vehicle;
3. Must be able to read and write Filipino, English or the applicable local dialect;
4. Must be a holder of a valid SP issued at least thirty (30) days prior to the
application; and
5. In addition, for foreigners. the applicant must have been in the Philippines for at
least one {1) month with proof that he/she will stay in the country for at least one
{1) year from date of application.

B. Documentary Requirements for the Issuance of a New NPDL/Conversion:

 1. Duly accomplished Application for Driver's License (AOL);
2. Valid SP issued at least thirty (30) days from date of application;
3. Medical Certificate issued by any licensed practicing physician stating that the
applicant is physically and mentally fit to operate a motor vehicle or otherwise
stating his/her impairment; and
4. In addition, for foreigners, original and photocopy of passport with entry of at
least one {1) month and visa duration of at least one (1) year from date of
application, or if born in the Philippines, present original and photocopy of birth
certificate duly authenticated by the NSO. In the event that the applicant is a
holder of a valid Foreign Driver's License, the applicant may present the original
and photocopy of Foreign Driver's License, if not in English language, original
and photocopy of official English translation from the local Embassy issuing
country, instead of an SP.

A. Qualifications: (Professional Driver’s License)

1. Must be at least eighteen (18) years old;

2. Must be physically and mentally fit to operate a motor vehicle (or work, in the
case of applications for Conductor's License);
3. Must be able to read and write Filipino, English or the applicable local dialect;
4. For RC 1, 2, 4 and 6 -Must be a holder of a valid SP issued at leas.t six (6)
months prior to the application For RC 3, 5, 7 and 8 -Must be a holder of a valid
NPDL issued at least one (1) year prior to the application or POL holder with RC
1,2 ,4 and 6 for a period of at least six (6) months prior to the application;
5. Must not have been cited for two (2) or more counts of reckless driving during
the period of validity of his/her existing license; and
6. In addition, for foreigner, the applicant must have been in the Philippines for at
least one (1) month with proof that he/she will stay in the country for at least one
(1) year from date of application and is allowed to work herein.

B. Documentary Requirements for the Issuance of a New PDL or Conductor's

License/Change Classification from NPDL to PDL:

1. Duly accomplished Application for Driver's License (AOL);

2. For RC 1, 2, 4 and 6 -Must be a holder of a valid SP issued at least six (6)
months prior to the application For RC 3, 5, 7 and 8-Must be a holder of a valid
NPDL issued at least one (1) year prior to the application or POL holder with RC
1,2,4 and 6 for a period of at least six (6) months prior to the application;
3. Medical Certificate issued by any licensed practicing physician stating that the
applicant is physically and mentally fit to operate a motor vehicle (or work, in the
case of applications for Conductor's License);
4. Clearance that the applicant has not been convicted of any offense involving
moral turpitude or reckless imprudence resulting from reckless driving from all
the following: a. National Bureau of Investigation (NBI}; and b. Philippine National
Police (PNP);
 5. In addition, for foreigners, original and photocopy of passport with entry of at
least one (1) month and working visa duration of at least one (1) year from date
of application, or if born in the Philippines, present original and photocopy of birth
certificate duly authenticated by the NSO.

G. Drivers’ Examination. All drivers’ license applicants must obtain the passing score
as follows:

1. The written examination. All written examinations will contain questions

concerning proper driving procedures, road rules and regulations, emergency
procedures, etc. number of questions will be as follows:
a. Non-professional license – 40 questions
b. Professional license – 60 questions

Examinees will have to pass the written examination with the following marks:
a. Non-professional – 30 out of 40 questions
b. Professional – 45 out of 60 questions

Before each examination, a DRIVING SKILL RATER will provide a 30 minute lecture
about traffic rules and other driver information as a “review” for the applicants.

2. The Road Test. The actual road test will be undertaken under the auspices of a
DRIVING SKILL RATER.
During the road test, the applicant will be rated according to his proficiency on
the following aspects:
a. That the applicant is aware of and capable of performing a check on the
primary components of the vehicle such as the engine, the tires, the battery,
lights, windshield wipers, brakes, transmission and clutch, etc..
b. Proper use and correct positioning of the hands on the steering wheel.
c. Proper engine control and use of the gear shift lever and the foot pedals.
d. Proper speed control and observance and practice of road discipline.
e. Proper knowledge and interpretation of road signs and markings.
f. Proper turning procedures.
g. Proper backing procedures.
h. Proper parking procedures.

The applicant will be credited with a score of 100 points at the start of the road
test. Each infraction or unsatisfactory performance will be listed down on a ROAD TEST
SCORE SHEET and the corresponding deductions made at the end of the test. Passing
grade will be 70 points or a total possible deduction of 30 points.

H. Mandatory Drug Test.

It is mandatory to all drivers’ license applicants except for student drivers’ permit
to pass a drug test conducted by duly LTO accredited drug testing centers. (Repealed
by R.A. 10586)
I. Drivers’ Restriction Code. When the driver is issued a license the driver’s restriction
code is indicated as follows:

1. Motorcycles/Motorized tricycles
2. Vehicle up to 4500 kgs Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW).
3. Vehicle above 4500 kgs GVW
4. Automatic clutch up to 4500 kgs GVW
5. Automatic clutch above 4500 kgs GVW
6. Articulated vehicle 1600 kgs GVW and below
7. Articulated vehicle 1601 up to 4500 kgs GVW
8. Articulated vehicle 4501 kgs & above GVW
9. Disabled (Old) – no longer existing because disabled individuals are now called
differently-abled persons.

J. Drivers’ Condition. The condition for driver’s license holder while operating a motor
vehicle are indicated as follows:

1. A – wear eye glasses

2. B – drive only with special equipment for upper limbs
3. C – drive only with special equipment for lower limbs
4. D – daylight driving only
5. E – accompanied by a person with normal hearing

Lesson 3.5 – Basic General Rules of Road Use and Conduct

The traffic rules in the Philippines are based entirely on the general rules of road
use and conduct which also include the general prohibitions and restrictions. Chapter
IV, Articles I to V of the R.A. 4136 comprehensively discuss the traffic rules observed in
the Philippines.

A. Speed Limit and Other Rules on Speed.

Any person driving a motor vehicle on a highway shall drive the same at a careful
and prudent speed, not greater nor less than is reasonable and proper, having due
regard for the traffic, the width of the highway, and of any other condition then and there
existing; and no person shall drive any motor vehicle upon a highway at such speed as
to endanger the life, limb and property of any person, nor at a speed greater than will
permit him to bring the vehicle to a stop within the assured clear distance ahead.

1. Maximum allowable speeds. The maximum allowable speed shall be in

accordance with the preceding paragraph and for the specific speed limits on
specifics sections of highways, see Chapter IV, Sec. 35, par b of RA 4136.

Passengers Motor trucks

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE SPEEDS
Cars and Motorcycle and buses

1. On open country roads, with no "blinds corners" 80 km. per hour 50 km. per
 not closely bordered by habitations. hour

2. On "through streets" or boulevards, clear of traffic, 40 km. per hour 30 km. per
with no " blind corners," when so designated. hour

3. On city and municipal streets, with light traffic, 30 km. per hour 30 km. per
when not designated "through streets". hour

4. Through crowded streets, approaching 20 km. per hour 20 km. per

intersections at "blind corners," passing school hour
zones, passing other vehicles which are stationery,
or for similar dangerous circumstances.

2. Exception to the speed limit. The rates of speed hereinabove prescribed shall not
apply to the following:
a. A physician or his driver when the former responds to emergency calls.
b. The driver of a hospital ambulance on the way to and from the place of
accident or other emergency.
c. Any driver bringing a wounded or sick person for emergency treatment to a
hospital, clinic, or any other similar place.
d. The driver of a motor vehicle belonging to the Armed Forces while in use for
official purposes in times of riot, insurrection or invasion.
e. The driver of a vehicle, when he or his passengers are in pursuit of a criminal.
f. A law enforcement officer who is trying to overtake a violator of traffic laws.
g. The driver officially operating a motor vehicle of any fire department, provided
that exemption shall not be construed to allow useless or unnecessary fast
driving of drivers aforementioned.
3. Uniform Speed Limits throughout the Philippines. No provincial, city or municipal
authority shall enact or enforce any ordinance or resolution specifying maximum
allowable speeds other than those provided by RA 4136.

B. Lateral Placement.
Lateral placement means the proper positioning of the motor vehicle while
traversing on a traffic way or while on parked.

In the Philippines, unless a different course of action is required in the interest of

the safety and the security of life, person or property, or because of unreasonable
difficulty of operation in compliance herewith, every person operating a motor vehicle or
an animal-drawn vehicle on a highway shall pass to the right when meeting persons
or vehicles going the same direction, and when turning to the left in going from one
highway to another, every motor vehicle shall be conducted to the right of the center of
the intersection of the highway.

For the pedestrians, they should walk on side streets to the left facing the
oncoming traffic. On the other hand, motor vehicles should be parked only on
designated areas and so properly parked without encroaching the parking stall or space
of another vehicle.

Proper positioning while traversing.

Parallel Parking
Proper placement while parked diagonally

C. Overtaking and Passing.

 In overtaking another vehicle, a driver should pass at a safe distance to the left of
the vehicle being overtaken and shall resume driving on the right side of the road only
after passing clear of the overtaken vehicle.
1. Exception. On the highways with two or more lanes where traffic goes in one
direction, another vehicle may be overtaken on the right (Sec. 39, R.A. 4136)
2. Driver to give way to overtaking vehicle. The driver of a motor vehicle about to be
overtaken must give way to the overtaking vehicle and shall not increase his
speed until the overtaking vehicle has fully passed by (Sec. 40, R.A. 4136)
3. Restrictions on overtaking and passing. To avoid accident or any unusual
incidents, overtaking and passing on the following places are restricted (Sec. 41,
R.A. 4136)
a. To the left side of the center line of a highway in overtaking another vehicle
proceeding in the same direction, unless such left side is clearly visible, and is
free of oncoming traffic for a sufficient distance ahead to permit safety
overtaking.
b. When approaching the crest of a grade, nor upon a curve in the highway,
where the driver’s view along the highway is obstructed within the distance of
five hundred feet ahead, except on a highway having two or more lanes for
movement of vehicles in one direction.
c. At any railway grade crossing, nor at any intersection of highways, unless
such intersection or crossing is controlled by traffic signal, or a traffic officer.
d. Between any points indicated by the placing of official temporary or caution
signs indicating that men are working on the highways.
e. In any “no passing or overtaking zone.”

D. Right of Way.
 This principle refers to the legal or customary precedence (priority in place or time)
which allows one vehicle to cross or pass in front of another. The concept of the right of
way is important to understand since the law never really grants the right of way. The
law simply states when the right of way must be yielded. Right of way can be used
when the law permits its use by requiring that others yield the right of way to you.
Failure to yield the right of way leads to crashes in all states. There are some ways for
you to reduce this probability when you are driving however safemotorist.com).

1. Rules on Right of Way. Sections 42-44, of RA 4136 provides for the rules on
giving the right of way.

a. In case of two vehicles approaching or entering an intersection at the same

time, the driver of the vehicle on the left shall yield the right of way; however,
the driver of any vehicle traveling at an unlawful speed forfeits this right (Sec.
42).

b. In the case of a vehicle approaching but has not yet entered the intersection,
its driver shall yield the right of way to vehicles already within such
intersection or turning therein to the left across the line of travel of the first
mentioned vehicle (Sec. 42, b).
 c. In case of a vehicle on a highway within a business or residential district, its
driver shall yield the right of way to pedestrians crossing the highway within q
crosswalk except at intersections where traffic is regulated by a peace officer
or a traffic signal. If there is no crosswalk, pedestrians shall yield the right of
way to vehicles on the highways (Sec. 42, d).

2. Exceptions to the Right of Way Rule. Right-of-way rules do not apply in the
case:
a. Of a vehicle entering from a private road or drive. The right of way is in favor
of all vehicles utilizing the highway (Sec. 43).

b. The driver of a vehicle upon a highway shall yield the right of way to police or
fire department vehicles and ambulances when such vehicles are operated
on official business and the drivers thereof sound audible signal of their
approach.
c. The driver of a vehicle entering a “through highway” or a “stop intersection”
shall yield the right of way to all vehicles approaching in either direction on
such “through highway.”
E. Starting, Stopping or Turning Rules.
The driver of any motor vehicle on a highway, before starting, stopping or turning
from a direct line, shall first see that such movement can be made safely; and if any
pedestrian is affected by such movement, he shall give a clearly audible signal by
sounding the vehicle’s horn.

1. When other motorists are affected. Whenever the operation of any other
approaching or following may be affected by such movement, the driver making
the movement shall give a signal to the other driver/s of his intention to make
such movement (Sec. 44, a).
2. Hand signal. The required signal shall be given by means of extending the hand
or arm beyond the left side of the vehicle or by an approved mechanical or
electrical signal device (Sec. 44, b).

3. Making a right turn (normal procedures). The following are the rules to be
observed in making a correct turning to the right from a four-lane street to a four-
lane street.
 a. Signal your intention to turn right with your turning signal light or a hand signal
at least 100 ft before you intend to make your turn.
b. Stay on the right lane of the road.
c. NEVER make a right turn from left lane.
d. At an intersection with a red traffic light, make a right turn ONLY after coming
to a full stop to make sure that no vehicle is coming from the left.
e. If there is a sign prohibiting a right turn unless the light is GREEN, DO NOT
turn right while the RED LIGHT IS ON.
4. Making a Left Turn (Normal procedures). Motor vehicles intending to turn left
from a four-lane street to four-lane street should observe the following
procedures:
a. Signal your intention to turn left with your turning signal or a hand signal at
least 100 feet before you intend to make your turn.
b. Stay on the left lane of the road.
c. NEVER make a left turn from the right lane.
d. At an intersection with a traffic light, vehicles GOING STRAIGHT have the
right of way. Wait for them to pass first before you turn left.
e. At an intersection with a traffic light, make a left turn only when the green light
is on or when there is a left turn light.

5. Making a U-turn on a Two-lane Road (normal procedure). Following is the

recommended procedure in making a U-turn on two-lane road.
a. Make a right turn signal at least 100 ft. before you start moving to the right
side of the road.
b. Stay as close to the right side as possible. Come to a complete stop if
necessary. Check behind you for traffic. Also check for oncoming traffic on
the other lane.
 c. Once all traffic has passed you, initiate your U-turn. See to it that you can
make it in one “sweep”. If you have a long vehicle, look for an intersection or
a wide section of the road to make a U-turn in.
d. At this point, you should be making the U-turn if you know the turning radius
of your vehicle.
e. Do not move immediately to the middle of the road. Keep to the right side until
you have increased your speed sufficiently to move to the middle of the lane.

6. Making a U-turn on a Four-lane highway (normal procedure). Following is the

correct procedure:
a. Check for traffic behind you and indicate your intentions with a left turn signal.
If no fast vehicles, stay on the left lane.
b. Clear the “other side” for oncoming traffic and initiate your turn as soon as it is
clear. Do not come to a complete stop. Straighten out on the right lane and
begin gaining speed.
c. As soon as you have reached a relatively safe speed, signal your intention to
move to the fast lane with a left turn signal.
d. Move to the fast lane as soon as you are fast enough to hold up traffic moving
in the same direction.
F. Pedestrian’ Rights and Duties.
Pedestrians have the right to occupy or pass on spaces or portions of traffic way
allocated for them like crossing on pedestrian lanes and passing on the sidewalks or
catwalks. In addition, pedestrians, as part of the traffic system, their fundamental duty is
to observe and obey all traffic rules and regulations. Motorists should also know the
rights of the pedestrians so that they will not be using the portions of the traffic way
allocated for the pedestrians for parking purposes.

G. General parking rules and similar regulations.

Motor vehicles should park only on areas specifically designated for parking. All
accidents are not cause while vehicles are being driven. A parked vehicle may create
an accident, kill someone or destroy property. Before leaving your vehicle, set the
brakes, put the gear in low or reverse or park position and remove the key. This will
prevent your car from rolling down an incline and will also prevent cars from pushing
your car.

1. Parking on cities. In cities and towns, unless otherwise directed by a city or

municipal ordinance, motor vehicles will be parked parallel and within 12 inches
of the curb. For additional pre-caution while parking, observe the following:
a. Downhill with or without curb - turn wheels to right.
b. Uphill curb – turn wheels from curb (to left).
c. Uphill without curb – turn wheels to curb.
2. Parking on a highway. On rural roads, pull entirely off pavement to park.
Whenever practicable, turn on your parking lights.
3. Parking prohibited in specified places. No driver shall park a vehicle, or permit it
to stand, whether attended or unattended, upon a highway in any of the following
places and at any place where official signs have been erected prohibiting
parking.
a. Within an intersection.
b. On a crosswalk.
c. Within six meters of the intersection of curb lines.
d. Within four meters of the driveway entrance to and fire station.
e. Within four meters of a fire hydrant.
f. In front of a private driveway.
g. On the roadway side of any vehicle stopped or parked at the curb or edge of the
highway.
h. At any place where official signs have been erected prohibiting parking.