ASSIGNMENT # 1

Submitted by: Malyka Tuhra

SAP ID: 20587

Q.No.1 What is computer and briefly describe about all parts of computer.
Answer:
Computer:
Computer is an electronic and programmable device which is used to manipulate data.
Initially it was used to calculate numerical problems but now it is competing with human
intelligence. Computer takes input, process data and also stores information.
Some important parts of computers and their functionalities are described below:

Important Parts of Computer:

A computer system is made up of four main type of components:
1) Primary storage devices
2) Secondary storage devices
3) Input devices
4) Output devices

1) Primary Storage Devices:

These storage devices hold memory for short period of time while computer is running.
RAM, Graphic card memory and cache memory are
common examples of primary storage devices.
 RAM:
RAM is Random Access Memory. The
main function of RAM is to act as temporary
storage of data and program instructions that
can be accessed quickly by the CPU when
required. RAM works with conjunction of hard
drive.
 Cache:
Cache is a special memory present on computer processor. It is used to speed up and
synchronizing with the high speed CPU. Cache memory can be accessed very fast and it
act as buffer between RAM and CPU.
 Graphic Card Memory:
The Memory of a Graphic card is used to draw graphics or pictures of your games on
your monitor according to their resolutions with the game settings like graphics and
texture etc. The greater is the memory of graphic card, higher resolution graphics can be
drawn for games.
2) Secondary storage devices:
These storage devices operate alongside
the computer’s primary storage, Ram and cache memory.
Secondary storage use to keep data safe for a long time.
Secondary storage devices have great frequency to store
amount of data ranges from few megabytes to petabytes. These
devices store almost all types of programs and applications. We
can take the following examples to explain secondary storage
devices.
 Hard disk drive:
Hard disk drive is the hardware components
that stores all of your digital content. Your document, pictures, music, videos, programs,
application preferences and operating system represent digital content stored on a hard drive.
Hard drive can be external or internal.
 CD/DVD:
An optical disk drive that reads and writes all common CD and DVD formats. A DVD
or DVD-ROM is a disk capable of storing a significant amount more data than a standard
compact disc. DVD’s are widely used for storing and viewing movies and other data. CD/DVD
drives that utilize both of these discs were sold in 1997.

3) Input Devices:
In computer, input devices are used to
provide data and control signals to a system. In
computer input devices are also considered as hardware
components. Examples of input devices are very vast
like keyboard, mouse etc.

 Keyboard:
Keyboard is a set of keys that enables us
to enter data into computer. It is the main input device
of the computer.
 Mouse:
Mouse is a handheld pointing device used to position a cursor on computer screen. It is
an essential input device for selecting, clicking, dragging and wavering .This also allows user to
select items for stored and used to perform actions like opening, closing and moving on a
computer.

4) Output devices:
An output device used to show data from a computer to another device or user.
Most data from output devices maybe in the form of audio and video. The output devices which
are frequently used by us are numerous like
monitor, speakers etc.
 Monitors:
It is an output device. In the realm of
computer, a computer monitor’s function is to
accurately and clearly display the programs,
software or video being shown to the user. In
more technical terms, a monitor is a video output
device that displays text, video and other
information. A monitor usually comprises the display devices, circuitry, casing and power
supply.
Older Monitor: Used a cathode ray tube (CR)
 Speakers:
A speaker is a term used to describe the user who is giving vocal command to a
software program. A speaker is an output hardware device that connects to a computer to
generate sound. Speaker works by converting electrical energy into mechanical energy. Sound is
created in speaker by the computer’s sound card.

Q.No.2 What is computer hardware and describe about 5 computer hardware’s.

Answer:
Hardware:
Hardware of computer is all those components that we can touch. All physical
components of a computer is known as hardware. These components may be electrical or
mechanical. Some major hardware components are listed below:
1) Monitor
2) CPU
3) Keyboard
4) Mouse
5) Flash Driver

1) Monitor:
Monitor is an important part of computer hardware. It is used to display all the data.
Data maybe in the form of pictures, videos or file etc. Computer Monitor is like screen. It shows
output of programs. User is able to interact with computer due to monitor.

2) CPU:
Central processing unit is another important part of computer hardware. It is
responsible for executing all process. CPU is known as “Brain of Computer”. A modern CPU is
usually small and square, with many short, rounded, metallic connectors on its underside. Some
older CPUs have pins instead of metallic connectors. Processors produce heat, so they are
covered with a heat sink to keep them cool and running smoothly.

3) Keyboard:
Keyboard is that piece of computer hardware that is used to give input to the system.
The input can be commands, text, number or symbol etc. Combination of different keys are
created as shortcuts to perform various tasks. Keyboard consists of following keys
 Control keys
 Function keys
 LED indicators
 Arrow keys
Arrow keys area also called navigation keys. Keyboards layout is different for different
computing devices like personal computer PC, laptop or MacBook etc. keyboards have different
types and different layouts. Some types of keyboards are Laptop size, handheld, flexible
keyboards and thumb sized keyboards etc. Following are some layouts of keyboard:
 AZERTY
 QWERTZ
 DVORAIC
 MALTRON
 COLEMAC
A labelled diagram of keyboard is shown below:

4) Mouse:
Mouse (plural mic) is known as “pointer”. It is used to locate and navigate on screen
of monitor. Each click of mouse is the command to computer. Mouse is used to manipulate files.
Mouse can be wired or wireless. Mouse has two standard button:
 Left Click
 Right Click
The first public demonstration of a mouse controlling a computer system was in 1968. Initially
mic uses rolling balls to detect motion but the sensors are installed in mic to make its function
easy.

5) Flash Drive:
Flash drive is a storage device with flash memory. It is also known as USB. It
is removable device. It is rewriteable and much smaller than disc and its storage is more than
CDs, and DVDs. According to data, Flash drives of range 8 GB to 256 GB was sold frequently
in 2016. 2 TB flash drives is the largest available in terms of storage capacity. USB frives are
compatible with many operating systems like Linux, Microsoft windows or macOS etc.
A flash drive consists of a small printed circuit board carrying the circuit elements and a USB
connector, insulated electrically and protected inside a plastic, metal, or rubberized case, which
can be carried in a pocket or on a key chain
Different types of flash drives are shown below:
Q.No.3 What is computer program and describe all parts of computer program.
Answer:
Computer Program:
A computer program is the set of instruction used by computer to solve a
problem or perform a specific task. It is written by a programmer in a specific language.
Different programming language include C, C#, C++, python or Java etc. The instructions are
executed by the processer present in CPU. A computer program is also referred as “Computer
Software”.
Types:
Generally there are two types of Computer programs:
1) Application Program
2) System Program

1) Application Program:
Application program is that type of software which is designed to use by the
end user. The interface of these programs is easy to understand and user friendly. Application
programs are used for creative, productive and
communication purpose.
Examples:
Some examples of Application programs are:
 Microsoft Office Products (Word, PowerPoint or
excel etc.)
 Web Browsers (Chrome, Firefox or opera etc.)
 Sony Vegas for editing purpose

2) System Program:
System program are written to produce
a platform to operate application programs. The system
software is designed to make hardware compatible for
computer.
Examples:
 Operating systems (Windows, Ubuntu)
 Game engines

Parts of Computer Program:

Following five components can be considered as basic parts of a program:
1) Input
2) Output
3) Arithmetic
4) Conditional
5) Looping

1) Input:
Input is any data given to the computer to start its process. Input can be text files,
video files or numbers according to the program requirement. Input is given by using input
devices like keyboard.

2) Output:
Output is the final result of any task. It shows that the goal has been achieved. It is
displayed on output devices of computer.

3) Arithmetic:
Arithmetic operations include addition, subtraction, mean, median and other calculus
operations on input data. Arithmetic is involved in the processing body of a program. These
processes are performed by Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) of CPU.

4) Conditional:
Conditional part of a program helps in resulting different outputs for different
condition. It use if-else statements. It is also considered as testing to check whether the statement
is true or false.

5) Looping:
Loops in programs repeat an instruction until the specific condition is met. Loops help in
creating smart programs. “For” loop and “while” loops are important loops used in programming
languages.

Q.No.4 Write about computer generations.

Answer: Generation:
 In the language of computer, invention of new generation means to make
more advanced development and major changes in software and hardware technology in
previous computer generation. Initially the term generation was only related to the advancement
in hardware components. But afterward, it is related to both software and hardware technology.
For example, 1st computer generation have vacuum tubes but 2nd generation have Transistors.
Each generation is more compact, less expensive and more powerful than previous generations.

Generations of Computer:
Five generations of computers are discussed below briefly.

1) FIRST GENERATION
1940- 1956 is the period of first generation
computer. The first generation computers originally built
during World War 2. J.P.Eckert and J.W.Mauchy invented the
first successful electronic computer called ENIAC, ENIAC
stands for “Electronic Numeric Integrated and Calculator”.
The first generation computers were made of vacuum tubes.
Few Examples of this generation are: ENIAC, EDVAC,
UNIVAC, IBM-701, and IBM-650.

Pros and Cons:

The calculating capacity of these computer was
in milliseconds. But these computers were very big in size.
The average weight was estimated as 30 tons for a single
computer. These computers were very costly and the storage
size was very low due to magnetic drums. A large cooling
system was required for vacuum tubes. These computers
required more energy but efficiency of work was very low.

2) SECOND GENERATION:
1956-1963 is the period of second-generation computer. Transistor was the
building unit of second generation of computer. Some
examples are: Honeywell 400, IBM 7094, CDC 1604,
CDC 3600, and UNIVAC 1108 etc.

Pros and Cons:

The size of computer was less than first
generation computers because vacuum tubes were
replaced by transistors. Heat emission was also
reduced. These computers used Assembly language
for input data. These computers were better than first generation of computers in term of
efficiency, storage and processing data.
But cooling system was still required. These computers needed regular maintenance to work
properly.

3) THIRD GENERATION:
1964-1971 is the period of third generation computer. The basic building unit
of these computers were Integrated circuits. An integrated circuit is the collection of number of
transistors in a single unit. IC was invented by Robert Noyce and Jack Kilby In 1958-1959.
Few Examples are: PDP-8, PDP-11, ICL 2900, IBM 360, and IBM 370.

Pros and Cons:

These computers were cheaper as
compared to second-generation computers.
They were fast and reliable. The size of
computer reduces dramatically due to use of
integrated circuits. The performance of
computer was also increased. The storage
capacity was also better. Mouse and keyboards
were first time introduced in this generation.
Mouse and keyboards were used for input
purposes. Operating system was also used in
these computers. These computers reduce the
computational time from microseconds to
nanoseconds.
Despite all these benefits, ICs are difficult to maintain. Air conditioning was
required for cooling the system.

4) FOURTH GENERATION:
1971-1980 is the era of fourth generation computer. Their technology was based
on Microprocessor. A microprocessor is used in a computer for any logical and arithmetic
function to be performed in any program.
Graphics User Interface (GUI) technology was
used first time in this era which helped end
users a lot.
Few Examples are: IBM 4341, DEC 10, STAR
1000 and PUP 11.

Pros and Cons:

These computers were smaller in
size, greater in storage, faster in processing as
compared to all previous generations of computer. Heat generated is so small in amount that is n
negligible. High level languages like C, C++, C# and python etc. could be used in these
computers.
But the design got more complicated and use of higher technology was must for this
generation.
.
5) FIFTH GENERATION
The period of the fifth generation in 1980-onwards. This generation is based on
artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence is making a computer act like human. The further
subdomains of artificial intelligence are machine learning and deep learning. Several algorithm
are being used to make computer learn the behaviors and analyze like humans.
This generation is based on ULSI (Ultra
Large Scale Integration) technology resulting in the
production of microprocessor chips having ten million
electronic component.
Few Examples are: Desktop, Laptop, Notebook,
Ultrabook, and Chromebook.

Pros and Cons:

These computers are more reliable and available in
different sizes. The graphical user interfaces are more comprehensible for end users. Latest
technologies make this generation more fascinating.
The only disadvantage of this generation is humans are being dependent on machine. It may lead
to the era of machine-dominance rather than human dominance.