Indian Foreign Policy

⮚ Introduction
⮚ Determinants of Indian Foreign Policy
⮚ The Institutions of Policy-Making
⮚ Continuity and Change in Indian Foreign Policy
⮚ Conclusion

Introduction
Foreign policy refers to a set of principles and strategies adopted by a nation to manage its
relations with other countries and international actors. It encompasses a wide range of diplomatic,
economic, and security decisions aimed at safeguarding national interests, promoting international
cooperation, and advancing the country's goals on the global stage.

The importance of foreign policy for any nation, including India, cannot be overstated. In an
increasingly interconnected world, where global challenges and opportunities abound, a well-defined
and effective foreign policy is crucial for safeguarding national security, enhancing economic growth,
fostering regional stability, promoting cultural diplomacy, and shaping the country's overall position in
the international community. For India, a country with a rich history, diverse culture, and emerging
global influence, its foreign policy plays a pivotal role in navigating complex international dynamics and
pursuing its national interests in a rapidly changing world.

Determinants of Indian Foreign Policy

1. National Interests
Economic interests: India's foreign policy is heavily influenced by its economic interests. As one of the
fastest-growing major economies, India seeks to secure access to markets, investments, and resources
abroad. The country's foreign policy focuses on fostering economic partnerships, attracting foreign direct
investment (FDI), promoting trade liberalization, and expanding export opportunities. India's emphasis
on economic diplomacy is evident in its engagement with regional forums like the Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the negotiation of free trade agreements with various countries
and regional blocs.

Security interests: National security is a fundamental concern for India's foreign policy. The country faces
various security challenges, including terrorism, border disputes, and regional instability. India seeks to
safeguard its territorial integrity, maintain internal stability, and protect its interests in the Indian Ocean
region. As a nuclear-armed state, India's foreign policy also revolves around ensuring strategic
deterrence and engaging in arms control and disarmament initiatives. The country actively participates
in regional security frameworks such as the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) and engages in defense
cooperation with partner countries.

Political interests: India's foreign policy is guided by its political interests, which include promoting
democratic values, human rights, and good governance. The country supports multilateralism and
actively engages in global governance institutions like the United Nations (UN), where it seeks reform to
reflect contemporary geopolitical realities. India also emphasizes the principles of sovereignty,
non-interference, and respect for international law in its diplomatic engagements. India's aspiration for a
permanent seat on the UN Security Council demonstrates its political interests in shaping global
decision-making processes.

2. Geopolitical Considerations
Neighboring countries: India's foreign policy is significantly influenced by its relationships with
neighboring countries. Given its geographic proximity, stability in the region is crucial for India's security
and economic interests. India maintains bilateral ties with countries like Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri
Lanka, and the Maldives, with an aim to enhance regional cooperation, address common challenges, and
promote economic integration. Managing border disputes, facilitating cross-border trade and
connectivity, and promoting people-to-people exchanges are key elements of India's foreign policy
towards its neighbors.

Regional dynamics: India's foreign policy is shaped by the evolving regional dynamics in its extended
neighborhood, including the South Asian region, the Indian Ocean region, and the broader Asia-Pacific.
India seeks to play a constructive role in regional forums such as the South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation (SAARC), the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS), and the Bay of Bengal Initiative for
Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC). India's "Act East" policy reflects its efforts
to deepen ties with Southeast Asian countries and strengthen connectivity and economic integration in
the region.

3. Domestic Factors
Public opinion: Public opinion and popular sentiment play a significant role in shaping India's foreign
policy. The government takes into account public sentiment, especially on issues of national security,
territorial disputes, and relations with specific countries. Public opinion can influence the government's
decisions on issues like trade agreements, defense cooperation, and diplomatic engagements. The
media, civil society organizations, and public discourse often shape the public's perceptions and
expectations, which in turn influence the direction of foreign policy.

Political leadership: India's foreign policy is greatly influenced by the political leadership in power. The
vision, priorities, and worldview of the government have a significant impact on the country's diplomatic
engagements. Different political parties and leaders may have varying approaches to foreign policy,
including their emphasis on specific regions, alignment with major powers, or ideological considerations.
Leadership changes at the national level can lead to shifts in foreign policy priorities and strategies.

Bureaucratic influences: India's foreign policy-making involves various bureaucratic institutions,

including the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) and other government departments. Bureaucrats,
diplomats, and experts within these institutions contribute to the formulation and implementation of
foreign policy. They provide valuable insights, analysis, and expertise in areas such as diplomacy, trade,
defense, and regional affairs. Bureaucratic dynamics, inter-ministerial coordination, and bureaucratic
rivalries can shape the direction and effectiveness of India's foreign policy.

4. Historical and Cultural Factors

Non-alignment and India's anti-colonial legacy: India's historical experience as a former colony and its
leadership role in the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) have shaped its foreign policy outlook.
Non-alignment, which emphasized independence, neutrality, and solidarity among developing nations,
remains a significant influence on India's approach to international relations. India's commitment to
anti-colonialism, self-determination, and the promotion of global South-South cooperation is deeply
rooted in its foreign policy traditions.

Cultural diplomacy and soft power: India's rich cultural heritage, including its traditions, arts,
philosophy, and spirituality, plays a role in its foreign policy. India leverages its soft power resources to
enhance its global influence and build people-to-people connections. Cultural diplomacy, through
initiatives like yoga diplomacy, Bollywood film collaborations, and promoting Indian languages and
literature, helps India project a positive image and foster deeper cultural ties with other nations. Cultural
exchanges, educational scholarships, and hosting international events also contribute to India's soft
power projection and diplomacy.

The Institutions of Policy-Making

A. Ministry of External Affairs (MEA):
Structure and organization:

● The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) is the primary institution responsible for formulating and
implementing India's foreign policy.
● It is headed by the Minister of External Affairs and supported by a team of diplomats, bureaucrats,
and experts.
● The MEA operates through a network of diplomatic missions and consulates around the world.

Role and responsibilities:

● The MEA's main role is to advise the government on foreign policy matters and represent India's
interests internationally.
● It engages in bilateral and multilateral diplomacy, negotiates treaties and agreements, and manages
India's diplomatic relations.
● The MEA also handles consular services, including passport issuance, visa facilitation, and assistance
to Indian citizens abroad.
● It coordinates with other government departments, intelligence agencies, and stakeholders to
ensure coherence in India's foreign policy objectives.

B. National Security Council (NSC):

Composition and functions:

● The National Security Council (NSC) is a key institution responsible for advising the government on
national security issues and strategic matters.
● The NSC is chaired by the Prime Minister and comprises senior government officials, military leaders,
and intelligence agency representatives.
● It provides a platform for discussing and formulating policies related to defense, intelligence, internal
security, and external threats.
● The NSC plays a crucial role in assessing security challenges, formulating long-term strategies, and
coordinating responses to crises.
Coordination with other agencies:

● The NSC collaborates with various government agencies, including the Ministry of Defense,
intelligence agencies (such as the Research and Analysis Wing and Intelligence Bureau), and law
enforcement bodies (like the Central Bureau of Investigation and National Investigation Agency).
● It facilitates coordination among these agencies to ensure effective national security management
and decision-making.
● The NSC's role in coordinating the efforts of multiple agencies helps streamline policy
implementation and enhances the government's ability to respond to emerging security threats.

C. Prime Minister's Office (PMO):

Prime Minister's role in foreign policy:

● The Prime Minister holds a significant role in India's foreign policy, as they are the head of
government and have the authority to shape and guide policy decisions.
● The Prime Minister represents India on the international stage, conducts high-level bilateral and
multilateral engagements, and sets the overall direction of foreign policy.
● They play a crucial role in formulating strategic priorities, engaging with world leaders, and
representing India's interests in international forums.

PMO's influence on decision-making:

● The Prime Minister's Office (PMO) is the administrative office that supports the Prime Minister in
policy formulation and implementation.
● The PMO has a team of advisors, experts, and bureaucrats who provide research, analysis, and
administrative support to the Prime Minister.
● The PMO's influence on foreign policy decision-making stems from its proximity to the Prime
Minister and its role in coordinating inter-ministerial consultations, preparing briefing materials, and
facilitating communication between various government departments.

D. Parliament and Foreign Policy:

● Parliament plays a crucial role in overseeing and scrutinizing India's foreign policy decisions.
● The Ministry of External Affairs regularly briefs Parliament on foreign policy developments, treaties,
and agreements.
● Members of Parliament have the opportunity to ask questions, participate in debates, and provide
input on foreign policy matters through discussions in the Lok Sabha (Lower House) and Rajya Sabha
(Upper House).

Role of parliamentary committees:

● Parliamentary committees, such as the Standing Committee on External Affairs, analyze and review
India's foreign policy initiatives.
● These committees assess the effectiveness of foreign policy decisions, conduct inquiries, and make
recommendations for policy improvements.
● They provide a platform for lawmakers to engage with foreign policy experts, diplomats, and
government officials, ensuring democratic oversight and accountability in foreign policy formulation.
Continuity and Change in Indian Foreign Policy
Pre-Independence Foreign Policy
During the Indian freedom struggle period, various foreign policy measures and events
significantly impacted India's quest for independence.

Firstly, the Indian National Congress (INC), the leading political organization during the freedom
struggle, pursued a diplomatic approach to garner international support for India's cause. INC leaders,
such as Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, actively engaged with foreign governments and
international forums to highlight the oppressive nature of British colonial rule in India. They traveled
abroad, met with world leaders, and utilized platforms like the Round Table Conferences in London to
advocate for India's self-determination. These efforts helped raise awareness about the Indian freedom
struggle globally and built diplomatic pressure on the British government.

Secondly, the support and solidarity of other nations and freedom movements proved
instrumental in shaping India's foreign policy during this period. India received support from several
countries and leaders who empathized with its struggle against colonialism and racial discrimination. For
instance, leaders like Subhas Chandra Bose sought assistance from Axis powers during World War II to
further the cause of Indian independence. Additionally, countries like the United States, Ireland, and
various African nations expressed solidarity with India's freedom struggle. The Indian National Army
(INA) led by Bose also fought alongside the Japanese against the British in Southeast Asia. These events
not only showcased India's determination for independence but also highlighted the international
dimensions of the freedom struggle.

Furthermore, the formation of organizations such as the Indian Independence League and the
establishment of offices in countries like Germany and Japan aimed to gain diplomatic and military
support for India's cause. These initiatives contributed to shaping India's foreign policy by actively
seeking alliances and resources to challenge British colonial rule.

Post-Independence Foreign Policy

Non-alignment and Panchsheel:

● After gaining independence from British colonial rule in 1947, India embarked on a foreign policy
path known as non-alignment.
● Non-alignment, advocated by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, aimed to keep India independent
and free from alignment with either the United States or the Soviet Union during the Cold War.
● Nehru outlined the policy of non-alignment in a broadcast in September 1946, emphasizing goals
such as independence from power blocs and close ties with China and Asian neighbors.
● Non-alignment did not mean neutrality but rather retaining the independence to make decisions on
issues affecting India's interests.
● One of the key principles of non-alignment was the Panchsheel, a set of five principles of peaceful
coexistence, which India promoted as the basis for international relations.

Nehruvian Era and India's Global Role:

● Jawaharlal Nehru's leadership during the Nehruvian era shaped India's foreign policy and its global
role.
● Nehru envisioned India as a leader of the non-aligned movement, advocating for the decolonization
of countries and opposing imperialism.
● India played an active role in promoting South-South cooperation, fostering ties with newly
independent nations in Asia and Africa.
● Nehru sought to establish close relationships with like-minded leaders such as Gamal Abdel Nasser
of Egypt, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, and Sukarno of Indonesia.
● India's foreign policy emphasized principles of anti-colonialism, anti-racism, and equal opportunities
for all races.
● Nehru's faith in international organizations, such as the United Nations, was reflected in India's
approach to resolving conflicts, such as the Kashmir issue.
● However, India faced challenges in the context of the Cold War rivalry between the United States and
the Soviet Union, with Pakistan leveraging its military alliance with the U.S. to raise the Kashmir issue
in international forums.
● While Nehru maintained close ties with the British Commonwealth, his relations with the U.S. were
strained due to differing views on military alliances and the Kashmir dispute.

Tilt in Non-alignment
Soviet Support and Embarrassment:

● The Soviet Union played a crucial role in supporting India against the efforts of Western powers to
embarrass the country.
● In 1956, when the Soviet Union intervened militarily in Hungary to suppress an uprising against
Soviet domination, India faced a dilemma at the United Nations. A resolution was introduced calling
for the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Hungary, and India voted against it.
● India's vote against the resolution was widely disapproved, both domestically and internationally, as
it was seen as supporting the Soviet military intervention. Nehru attempted to explain the
circumstances under which India voted against the resolution, but the decision was still criticized.
● This incident highlighted the complexities of non-alignment and the challenges of maintaining a
balanced foreign policy amid global power dynamics.

India-China Border War:

● The limitations of non-alignment were further exposed during the India-China border conflict in
October 1962.
● India's foreign policy had emphasized peace and friendship with China, with Nehru and Defense
Minister Krishna Menon envisioning a resolution of territorial issues through political negotiations.
● However, India was unprepared for China's military aggression and failed to recognize the
importance of military strength in negotiating political settlements.
● India had conceded the Chinese claim over Tibet in 1954 by accepting its suzerainty, which
weakened India's position in the border dispute.
● The Sino-Indian conflict resulted in China's occupation of strategic outposts, the destruction of
Indian border defenses, and India's helplessness in resisting the Chinese attack.
● Nehru's reliance on the "doctrine of defense by friendship" with China proved ineffective, leading to
a disillusionment with his foreign policy approach.

These events demonstrated the limitations and challenges of non-alignment as India's foreign policy
paradigm. While non-alignment aimed to maintain independence and avoid alignment with power blocs,
it faced challenges in effectively addressing regional conflicts and safeguarding India's security interests.

FOREIGN POLICY AFTER NEHRU

After the demise of Jawaharlal Nehru in 1964, Lal Bahadur Shastri succeeded him as the Prime
Minister of India. Shastri's tenure was short-lived as he passed away in January 1966. During his time in
office, Shastri brought about a significant change in India's foreign policy by shifting the emphasis
towards the immediate neighborhood of India. Unlike Nehru, who envisioned a larger role for India in
international affairs, Shastri focused on improving relations within South Asia.

However, Shastri's perceived weakness led to conflicts and war with Pakistan in 1965. The first
dispute erupted in the Rann of Kutch, where Pakistan claimed Indian territory. The issue was referred to
arbitration, but the dispute escalated into hostilities. Eventually, British Prime Minister Harold Wilson
intervened and brokered an agreement to refer the dispute to arbitration. The arbitrators awarded a
portion of the disputed territory to Pakistan.

During this period, India faced challenges from both China and Pakistan. China had conducted
nuclear tests in 1964 without an immediate response from India. Meanwhile, the India-Pakistan War of
1965 saw Pakistan launching an attack, capturing some territory in Jammu and Kashmir. India, in turn,
initiated a counteroffensive and advanced towards Lahore. The United States, preoccupied with the
Vietnam War, imposed an arms embargo on both India and Pakistan.

In an effort to resolve the conflict, Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin invited Lal Bahadur Shastri and
Ayub Khan, the President of Pakistan, to Tashkent. After intense negotiations, the Tashkent Agreement
was signed, requiring India to give back the captured territories. The agreement faced opposition within
India, as some political parties opposed the terms.

Indira Gandhi
Following Shastri's death, Indira Gandhi succeeded him as Prime Minister and had the longest
tenure in office after Nehru. One of the major foreign policy events during her tenure was the
Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. In the democratic elections held in Pakistan, the Awami League won
a majority in East Pakistan, but the military government refused to transfer power. The subsequent
crackdown by the Pakistani military led to widespread human rights violations and a flood of refugees
into India.

Indira Gandhi toured Western countries, highlighting the humanitarian crisis in East Pakistan and
garnering support. Pakistan, backed by the United States, launched an attack on India to divert troops
from East Pakistan. India intervened on a massive scale and successfully liberated East Pakistan, leading
to the birth of Bangladesh. The US, upset by India's victory, considered it a victory for the Soviet Union,
which had supported India during the conflict.

During this period, India signed the Indo-Soviet Treaty of Peace and Friendship in 1971, which
expressed the Soviet Union's acceptance of India's policy of non-alignment. The treaty drew criticism
from the US, but it was seen as a response to the changing global landscape. India also signed the Shimla
Agreement with Pakistan in 1972, resolving to settle differences through bilateral negotiations and
respecting each other's territorial integrity.

Another significant event during Indira Gandhi's tenure was India's nuclear test in 1974. This
test aimed to demonstrate India's nuclear capability, although it was claimed to be a peaceful nuclear
explosion. It was seen as a move towards making India self-reliant in its security.

Indira Gandhi's second tenure saw a brief period of non-Congress governments, but they did not
significantly impact the evolution of India's foreign policy. During this time, the Soviet Union's military
intervention in Afghanistan in 1979 created a challenge for India. The Indian government called for the
Soviet Union to withdraw its troops, but the statement made by India's Permanent Representative at the
UN suggested alignment with the Soviet Union, which troubled India's non-alignment policy.

Rajiv Gandhi (1984-1989):

Rajiv Gandhi assumed office as Prime Minister following the assassination of his mother, Indira
Gandhi, in 1984. During his tenure, Rajiv Gandhi aimed to revamp India's foreign policy and promote a
more proactive role in regional and global affairs. Key aspects of his foreign policy include:

Rajiv Gandhi prioritized building stronger ties with neighboring countries through his "Neighbors
First" policy. He sought to improve relations with countries like Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bangladesh.
However, his efforts faced challenges, particularly in Sri Lanka, where the Indian Peacekeeping Force
(IPKF) was deployed to mediate the conflict between the Sri Lankan government and Tamil separatists.

He played a crucial role in the establishment of SAARC, an organization aimed at promoting

regional cooperation among South Asian countries. The first SAARC Summit was held in Dhaka in 1985,
and its framework provided a platform for dialogue and cooperation on various issues such as trade,
security, and cultural exchanges.

While Rajiv Gandhi continued to adhere to India's non-aligned principles, he also sought closer
ties with major powers such as the United States and the Soviet Union. He initiated dialogues with these
countries, which led to improved economic and technological cooperation.

Rajiv Gandhi maintained India's policy of nuclear disarmament and advocated for a
comprehensive ban on nuclear weapons. He actively promoted the idea of a nuclear-free world and
sought to establish nuclear non-proliferation norms.

P.V. Narasimha Rao (1991-1996)

Narasimha Rao became Prime Minister during a time of significant economic challenges and
political transitions. Rao's government implemented sweeping economic reforms, dismantling the
license raj and opening up the Indian economy. This led to a shift in foreign policy, with a focus on
strengthening economic ties and attracting foreign investment. The "Look East" policy aimed to deepen
engagement with Southeast Asian countries and tap into their growing economies.

Rao faced challenges in managing India's relations with neighboring countries. The secessionist
movement in Kashmir, the Sri Lankan Civil War, and the rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan were key
regional issues that required careful diplomacy and strategic engagement.
 Rao faced international pressure to sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) and curb
India's nuclear program. However, he refrained from signing the CTBT, maintaining India's stance on
nuclear disarmament while advocating for a non-discriminatory approach to global non-proliferation
efforts.

Rao had to navigate the complexities of the Gulf Crisis in the early 1990s, which had implications
for India's large diaspora in the region. His government successfully conducted the largest-ever civilian
evacuation operation, rescuing thousands of Indian nationals from Kuwait and Iraq.

Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1998-2004)

Atal Bihari Vajpayee's tenure marked a significant shift in India's foreign policy with a focus on building
stronger ties with major powers, including the United States and a reinvigorated "Look East" policy.

Vajpayee's government conducted nuclear tests in 1998, signaling a shift in India's nuclear
policy. These tests were met with international criticism and sanctions, but Vajpayee asserted India's
right to maintain an independent nuclear deterrent. This led to a reevaluation of India's strategic
autonomy and its position as a responsible nuclear power.

Vajpayee sought to improve relations with the United States and overcome the strains caused by
the nuclear tests. He initiated a dialogue with the US, resulting in the establishment of the Next Steps in
Strategic Partnership (NSSP) and the civil nuclear agreement in 2005.

Vajpayee's government initiated confidence-building measures with Pakistan to reduce tensions

and promote peace in the region. The Lahore Declaration of 1999 aimed to address bilateral issues and
normalize relations between the two countries.

Vajpayee emphasized regional cooperation through SAARC and proposed initiatives such as the
South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) to enhance economic integration in the region. However, progress
on regional cooperation was hindered by ongoing tensions with Pakistan.

Manmohan Singh (2004-2014)

Manmohan Singh's tenure as Prime Minister witnessed continued economic reforms and an active
engagement with major powers. Singh focused on building strategic partnerships with key countries,
including the United States, Russia, Japan, and European Union nations. These partnerships aimed to
enhance economic cooperation, promote defense ties, and facilitate technology transfers.

Building on the "Look East" policy, Singh's government launched the "Act East" policy, which
aimed to deepen India's engagement with Southeast Asian countries and East Asia. This policy focused
on expanding economic ties, strengthening security cooperation, and promoting people-to-people
exchanges.

Singh's government pursued civilian nuclear cooperation with the United States, leading to the
historic Indo-US Civil Nuclear Agreement in 2008. This agreement facilitated India's access to civilian
nuclear technology and international nuclear markets.
 Singh faced challenges in managing India's relations with neighboring countries, including China
and Pakistan. He sought to address long-standing border disputes and promote dialogue and
cooperation on various regional issues.

Singh's government actively engaged in international efforts to address climate change and
promote sustainable development. India played a crucial role in climate negotiations and advocated for
the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities.

Indian Foreign Policy in the NDA Government (2014-present): A Comprehensive Overview

The National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government, led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi,
assumed power in 2014 with a vision to transform India's foreign policy and enhance its global standing.
The NDA government pursued a proactive and assertive approach, focusing on economic diplomacy,
strategic partnerships, and regional engagement. It sought to leverage India's growing economic strength
and address key geopolitical challenges through a combination of realism and multilateralism.

Under the NDA government, there was a significant emphasis on economic diplomacy as a key
pillar of India's foreign policy. The "Make in India" campaign and initiatives to improve the ease of doing
business aimed to attract foreign investment, promote exports, and bolster economic growth. Prime
Minister Modi actively engaged with world leaders and international economic forums to showcase India
as an attractive investment destination. Economic diplomacy helped strengthen India's position in global
trade negotiations and facilitated closer ties with major economies.

Strategic partnerships played a crucial role in shaping India's foreign policy during the NDA
government. Recognizing the importance of major powers in the evolving global order, India sought to
deepen ties with countries such as the United States, Russia, Japan, and European nations. The NDA
government actively engaged in high-level visits, bilateral dialogues, and defense collaborations with
these countries. The "Act East Policy" and “Act Far East Policy” aimed to strengthen India's ties with
Southeast Asian countries and enhance regional connectivity, trade, and security cooperation.

The NDA government's regional engagement focused on the "Neighborhood First" policy, which
sought to prioritize relations with neighboring countries. Initiatives such as the
Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal (BBIN) Motor Vehicle Agreement aimed to enhance connectivity and
economic integration within the region. However, challenges persisted, including border disputes,
cross-border terrorism, and political instability in certain neighboring countries. The government
employed a mix of diplomacy, economic assistance, and security cooperation to address these challenges
and foster regional stability.

Multilateralism played a significant role in India's foreign policy under the NDA government.
India actively engaged in regional and international organizations to address global challenges and
promote its interests. It sought to shape global agendas through active participation in forums such as
the United Nations, G20, BRICS, and ASEAN-led mechanisms. India advocated for comprehensive UN
reforms, including a permanent seat on the Security Council, to reflect its growing global stature and
ensure equitable representation. By actively engaging in multilateral platforms, India aimed to promote
dialogue, foster cooperation, and address global issues such as climate change, terrorism, and
sustainable development.

Hard Power and Soft Power

 In the present era, India employs a combination of hard power and soft power strategies in its
foreign policy to enhance its influence and achieve its objectives. On the one hand, India utilizes hard
power by bolstering its defense capabilities, conducting joint military exercises, and actively engaging in
defense diplomacy.

For example, India's defense cooperation with countries like the United States, Russia, and
France has included defense equipment procurement, joint exercises, and technology transfers. On the
other hand, India leverages soft power through cultural exchanges, development assistance, and
diplomatic outreach.

The "Vaccine Maitri" initiative, where India provided COVID-19 vaccines to other countries,
showcased its soft power by highlighting its role as a responsible global player. Additionally, India's rich
cultural heritage, Bollywood films, yoga, and cuisine contribute to its soft power appeal, fostering
favorable perceptions and building bridges with nations around the world. This combined use of hard
power and soft power enables India to project influence, build partnerships, and promote its interests on
the global stage.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the study of Indian foreign policy reveals a complex interplay of determinants,
institutional frameworks, and historical legacies. As major Indian thinkers in the field of international
relations have emphasized, India's foreign policy is guided by its national interests, regional dynamics,
and domestic factors. As Raja Mohan, a prominent Indian strategic analyst, once stated, "India's foreign
policy is a reflection of its aspirations as a rising power."

Assessing Indian foreign policy, it is evident that India has made significant strides in establishing
itself as a global player. With a diversified approach, India has managed to balance its interests in areas
such as economic development, security, and diplomacy. As articulated by C. Raja Mohan, "India's
foreign policy has evolved from being defensive to proactive, reflecting a desire to shape the
international order rather than merely adjusting to it."

However, Indian foreign policy also faces numerous challenges and uncertainties in the future.
The rise of geopolitical tensions, terrorism, climate change, and economic interdependence pose
significant challenges that India must navigate skillfully. As former National Security Adviser Shivshankar
Menon noted, "India's foreign policy challenges lie in managing its complex neighborhood, balancing
great power relations, and addressing global issues while protecting its own national interests."

Looking ahead, India has ample opportunities to expand its global role. As articulated by Shashi
Tharoor, "India has the potential to be a leading power, not just a balancing power." With its growing
economy, young demographic advantage, and vibrant soft power resources, India can aspire to play a
more influential role in shaping global norms and institutions.

In conclusion, Indian foreign policy is a dynamic and evolving field that requires astute
decision-making, adaptability, and strategic foresight. By leveraging its strengths, addressing challenges,
and seizing opportunities, India has the potential to make a significant impact on the global stage and
contribute to a more stable and prosperous world order. As Indian foreign policy continues to evolve, it
will be crucial for policymakers to draw insights from the wisdom of past thinkers and practitioners to
navigate the complexities of an interconnected world.