WALLAGA UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY

ASSESSMENT OF JOB SATISFACTION AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG

PHARMACY PROFESSIONALS WORKING IN EAST WALLAGA TOWN, CROSS-
SECTIONAL STUDY

By: FIKADU OLIKA

A PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO WALLAGA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF HEALTH

SCIENCES, DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS

NOVEMBER, 2024
 Nekemte, Ethiopia

WALLAGA UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY

ASSESSMENT OF JOB SATISFACTION AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG

PHARMACY PROFESSIONALS WORKING IN EAST WALLAGA TOWN, CROSS-
SECTIONAL STUDY

ADVISER;MR. DANIEL MITIKU(B.PHARM,MSC,IN CLINICAL PHARMACY)

A PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO WALLAGA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF HEALTH

SCIENCES, DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS

NOVEMBER, 2024
 Nekemte, Ethiopia

APPROVAL SHEET

Proposal Summary
Background: Job satisfaction is a multidimensional, enduring, important, and much-
researched concept in the field of organizational behavior and has been identified as recognition
in one’s field of work, level of salary, opportunities for promotion, and achievement of personal
goals.

Objective: The aim of this research will be to assess job satisfaction and its associated factors of
pharmacy professionals working in east Wallaga town.

Method: A cross sectional study survey will be conducted in east Wallaga town. All pharmacy
professionals working in east wallaga Nekemte town who fulfill the inclusion criteria will be
included. A structured questioner will be developed based on the published literature regarding
satisfaction of pharmacy professionals. The Statistical package for Social Science programs
version 21.0 for windows will be used to enter and encode the collected data. The results will be
presented in tables and figures.

Budget and work plan: The proposed total budget to conduct this study will be 15,623.4ETB.
The study will be ended up within four months, divided into three phases that is proposal writing
and defense, training of data collectors and data collection, analysis and processing.

Key words: Pharmacists, Satisfaction and Druggist,

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Great glory goes to the Almighty GOD, for granting me the capability to proceed successfully. I
would like to thank and express my deep routed gratitude to department of Pharmacy Wallega
University for giving me the chance to conduct this research.

I would like to express my deepest gratitude and heartfelt thanks to my adviser, Mr. Daniel
Mitiku for his support, valuable and constructive comments from the beginning of the topic
selection to this proposal writing, I would like to thank my classmates who give me computer to
complete.

ABBREVIATIONS

CSA - Central Statically Agency

ETB- Ethiopian Birr

MOH - Minster of Health

WU- Wallega University

Phar.D. -Doctor of Pharmacy

SD -Standard Deviation

SPSS- Statistical Package for Social Science

WHO - World Health Organization

EWWE –East wallaga west Ethiopia

EWT –East Wallaga Town

WUCSH;Wallaga university comprehensive specialized hospital

NSCH;Nekemte specialized comperhensive hospital

BJHC;Bake Jama health center

CHC;Cheleleki health center

Operational definitions

Druggist: is an individual who have diploma qualification in pharmacy

Pharmacist: is an individual with degree qualification in pharmacy

Job satisfaction: is the degree of expression level of pleasurable altitude towards one
individuals

Satisfied: is a value above pleasurable cut off point towards each questions and overall values.

Unsatisfied: is a value below a pleasurable cut off points towards each questions and overall
values.

job satisfaction refers to the degree of pleasure or happiness that an individual feels in their job.

Associated factors include inflammation, drugs, trauma and intraocular surgery, including
cataract surgery and vitrectomy procedures.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Job satisfaction is a multidimensional, enduring, important, and much-researched concept in the
field of organizational behavior and has been identified as recognition in one’s field of work,
level of salary, opportunities for promotion, and achievement of personal goals. When there is
poor job satisfaction it becomes directly associated with performance especially in professionals
like pharmacists (5). These performance problems can include incorrectly filling prescriptions,
not detecting drug interactions and poor patient counseling. Thus, dissatisfaction may also affect
the way that patients view the pharmacist and patients may then be inclined limit their
interactions with the Pharmacist (6). Job satisfaction directly affects labor market behavior and
economic efficiency by means of the impact on productivity and turnover of staff (8).

Community pharmacies in addition to dispensing pharmaceuticals, they involve in many

activities that needs their participation like involving and controlling business and also trade
management, budgeting. personnel management are some of the areas that needs their
involvement. Pharmacists are usually viewed as multidisciplinary professionals because their
activities much differs based on the type of job setting they are involved (1). Pharmacy
professional category includes Pharmacy Assistant Level II, Pharmacy Assistant Level III,
Pharmacy Technician Level IV (Druggist), Pharmacist, Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, and Doctor
of Pharmacy (2).

Community pharmacists play an important role in reducing medication related problems and
improving patient’s overall health status through providing different services including patient
counseling Pharmacies that are run only by a pharmacist (with qualification of a university
degree or above),

drug shop run by druggist (with qualification of diploma in pharmacy) and rural drug vendor run
by health assistant (3). Research’s showed that pharmacists (especially community pharmacists)
are the most accessible health care professionals and their major role is compounding and
dispensing of medicines (4).
Pharmacist’s job satisfaction has been found to be negatively associated with job turnover that is
pharmacists with low levels job of satisfaction are more likely to resign their positions (9). In
Ethiopia there are more than 650 community pharmacists, which are divided into pharmacy drug
store and rural drug vendors based on the type of medications they are supposed to dispense and
the qualification of dispensers (10

1.2. Statement of problem

Improving workforce performance productivity, capability and the ability to adapt to new roles
is an ongoing challenge in the increasingly dynamic environment of rising health care costs,
increased demand for health services, and increased burden of chronic diseases. Fuelled in part
by an increased focus on patient care and inter-professional collaboration, these elements provide
the opportunity for pharmacists to use their professional skills to provide safe, high quality, and
cost-effective pharmaceutical services for the benefit of populations.

Leadership is a key aspect in empowering pharmacy professionals to maximize these

opportunities and to innovate and shape their practice.

In many countries, pharmacists are the most accessible of all health care workers and as such
play a key role in the delivery of health care services, particularly the safe distribution of
medicines at all levels. In an era of rapidly accelerating change in health care delivery, the roles
of pharmacists are constantly being redefined, as roles, competency, and training requirements
change. Thus, understanding the current workforce and the factors that influence it are key
components to human resource planning in pharmacy. As the recent report from the Office of the
Chief Pharmacist to the US Surgeon General states, a health system improvement that is well
supported by the evidence-base is to maximize the expertise and scope of pharmacists and
minimize expansion barriers for an already existing and successful health care delivery model
[28]. developing countries migrate to the developed world; however, the extent of such migration
was not properly captured. All health care system activities to run efficiently as needed; they
need a sufficient amount.

There is greater migration from less-developed countries to more-developed countries. The

pharmacist workforce from African and Asian countries was disproportionately affected by
migration. A significant number of pharmacists from motivated, knowledgeable, and cooperative
health care professionals including community pharmacists. Motivation directly associated with
job satisfaction simply is its expression in working area and also is major determinant of
workers’ behavior and daily activities; generally, is driving force to work efficiently for the
achievement of individuals and organization goals (11). Although the number of professionals
available and their satisfaction level is the base of service quality provided in health care systems
there are limited amount of studies done on assessment of their satisfaction level (12).

Different factors are associated with job satisfaction of pharmacists especially in the community
pharmacy setting this includes perceived work load, information technologies, continuing
pharmacy education, preceptorship, treatment by the management, interpersonal interaction
including patient contact and coworkers’ relationship, pharmacy ownership, and practice setting
are found to have association with satisfaction (13)

A study conducted on pharmacists’ satisfaction and intention to quiet the profession shows that
job satisfaction directly influences the quality of work they provided in which dissatisfaction
may cause harm to the patient, their overall life satisfaction and their intention to remain or
intension to change their job (14). So assessing level of satisfaction of health care professionals
in general and especially pharmacy professionals working at community pharmacy in particular
is very important.

Loss of clinical staff from low and middle-income countries is crippling already fragile health
care systems. Health worker retention is critical for health system performance and a key
problem is how best to motivate and retain health workers (15).

At the heart of each country’s health system, health workers Struggle to provide high-quality
care to growing patient loads in increasingly challenging working conditions. In developing
countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, pharmacists were facing shortages of supplies, poor
compensation, inadequate management systems, and heavy workloads. Job satisfaction among
employees is an indicator of organizational effectiveness and is influenced by organizational and
dispositional factors (16,17).

If a pharmacist is dissatisfied with his/her career, there is a potential for increased job turnover.
Pharmacists job satisfaction has been found to be negatively associated with job turnover, that is
pharmacists with low levels job of satisfaction are more likely to resign their positions.
Pharmacist job satisfaction does not only affect the pharmacist at his/her workplace but has the
potential to affect many other aspects of his/her pharmacist life

Research suggests that there is a strong link between job satisfaction and overall life satisfaction.
If a pharmacist is not satisfied with his/her work, he/she may bring those ill feelings from their
job home and allow them to affect his/her life outside of the workplace (13).

In East Wallega Nekemte town there was no study done addressing job satisfaction of pharmacy
professionals, which is a vital for health care system quality improvement and achieving definite
outcome of the patient in the health institution. Thus, the aim of this study is to assess the level
of job satisfaction among pharmacy professionals working in WUCSH,NSH,BJHC and CHC in
East Wallega Nekemte town, South West Ethiopia.

1,3. OBJECTIVES
1,3.1 General Objective
To assess the job satisfaction of pharmacy professionals working in East Wallega
Nekemte town, southwest Ethiopia

1,3.2 Specific Objectives

To determine the level of job satisfaction of pharmacy professionals working in
WUCSH,NSH,BJHC and CHC east wallaga Nekemte town,south west Ethiopia .

To identify the factor affecting job satisfaction of pharmacy professionals working in

government health facility Nekemte town east wallaga,southwest Ethiopia.

1.4 Significance of the Study

To date, there has been very few studies undertaken to assess job satisfaction level of pharmacy
professionals. Conducting this research has a significant importance for the government, the
community and the pharmacy professionals themselves working in community pharmacy on
making the future move to increase the level of their satisfaction. It provides clue for the police
maker to take progress to increase the level of satisfaction of pharmacy professionals. It will also
show the way they should stand against the problems based on the recommendations from the
result and as a result, the communities will get appropriate service that they should get which
were enhance the customer’s satisfaction. It will be used as baseline for other study.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
A cross sectional study done in United States of America having 373 respondents with 31%,
chain community pharmacist 23%, independent community pharmacists and 25%, in patient
pharmacist show 68%, overall satisfaction and remaining 32%, less satisfied. The study also
shows that pharmacists working in chain community pharmacies have low rate of satisfaction
53% when compared with other settings and place of employment rather than socio demographic
values affect the job satisfaction (18).

Another cross-sectional study done in four cites of United States containing all (129) chain
community pharmacies having 32 respondent pharmacies (12%) shows that respondent who had
experience outside community pharmacy were less satisfied with their job but actual reason for
the result was not studied (19).Another study conducted in north Ireland stress among all
community and hospital pharmacist with 766 study respondents and 571 of them are community
pharmacists reveled 57% of them were satisfied with their job most of the time with 5% of them
replaying they were never or rarely satisfied with their job (20).

A cross sectional study North Kerala having pharmacists from 53 community pharmacies show
that about half of the community pharmacists believe that they have adequate training to do their
job and majority of them said their job is a valuable profession. These studies also reveal about
60.3% of respondents replied that they receive support from their supervisors and 1.8% of them
claims that their activity is personally meaningless; half the respondents also blames that they
have inadequate facility and space to do the job and half of the participant were dissatisfied with
their salary (21).

In a study conducted in Portugal involving 54 community pharmacists (pharmacists, pharmacy

technicians and technical pharmacy assistant) in three different cities show moderate level of
satisfaction with a profession, work and security in good future of the job and high level of
satisfaction seen in relation with colleges, recognition of the work by others and support from
hierarchy. A different level of satisfaction seen in different location (cities) and it also show that
job satisfaction has no association with age, year of service, gender, salary, and professional
category but this study excludes owners (22).

A study containing 377 pharmacists of all job category held in India shows that 66.3% of
participants believed that there is balance between work load and personal life and 64.98% of
them were satisfied to be called as pharmacists. It also found that only 17.5% of them were
believed with professional opportunities in the future and only 20.42% were satisfied with their
salary interestingly these study shows pharmacists having high level of education has greater
satisfaction and was statically significant. In appropriate government policies were found to be
the major reason for dissatisfaction by the pharmacists (23).

A study conducted in china among young hospital pharmacist showed that, about 90% of
respondents were satisfied with their working environment, utilization of skills, and promotion.
Almost all young hospital pharmacists were satisfied with his/her supervisors, coworkers and
workload. However, only about 76% of young hospital pharmacists were satisfied with their
work pay and their job satisfaction was decreased as the age increased (25)

The study conducted in South Nigeria a sample of 116 registered hospital pharmacists, overall a
moderate level (63.4%) of general satisfaction was observed among respondents. However,
about 88% of respondents indicated that if they had to choose a career again, the pharmacy
would still be their choice of career. More than three-quarters (77%) of respondents agreed that
their job had more advantages than disadvantages and pharmacists were not satisfied with their
opportunity to develop (47.2%). While over one-half of the respondents (54.3%) were satisfied
with the opportunity for self-development respondents were moderately satisfied (62.4%) with
staff relations. A high percentage (94.8%) of respondents reported that they had good working
relationship with their colleagues (26).

A similar study conducted in Mekelle city with 55 participants show that about half (54.5%) of
the respondents believe that their job has good future and 50.9% of them were strongly agreed
that they have good overall satisfaction with 44.4% were not satisfied with their working
environment(7).
In a cross-sectional study conducted among pharmacy professionals working in selected towns
Agaro, Limmu Genet and Jimma, of Southwest Ethiopia, out of 97 pharmacy professionals
included in the study, 59 (60.8%) were satisfied and 38(39.2%) were dissatisfied in their job. The
major reasons reported for satisfaction were helping the needy 28(28.9%) and professional
gratification 23 (23. 7%).The major reasons identified for dissatisfaction were inadequate salary
24 (24.75%), poor interaction with other health care team members 15 (15.5%), lack of
motivation 12 (12.4%), insufficient on service training 11 (11.34%) and poor health institution
infrastructure 10 (10.31%) (12).

3. METHODOLOGY
3.1 Study area and period
The study will be conducted among pharmacy professionals working in WUCSH,NSCH,BJHC
and CHC East Wallega town,, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. East Wallega Nekemte town, is located
331 km West of Addis Ababa. It is one of the town of Oromia region. The current total
population Nekemte town is 148,428 people with 72,729 males and 76,209 females. Nekemte
town has two hospitals and two health centers.

3.2 Study design

Government health facility based a cross-sectional study will be conducted in Nekemte town
found in East Wallega zone.
 3.3. Population
3.3.1. Source Population
All pharmacy professionals working in Nekemte town, government health facility East Wallaga
town.

3.3.2 Study population

All pharmacy professionals working in East Wallega zone WUCSH,NSH,BJHC and CHC who
fulfill the inclusion criteria will be included.

3.4 Sample size determination

Since all of the study population in the study area will be covered no sample size determination
is utilized

3.5 Government health facility selection criteria’s

Criteria for selection

Patient load

Number of drug handled

No research conducted there.

3.6 Eligible criteria’s

3.6.1 Inclusion criteria
All pharmacy professional who have a minimum of diploma will be included in the
Study.

3.6.2 Exclusion criteria

Other professionals working in hospitals or health centers

Professionals who are not willing to participate in the study.

Pharmacy professionals who will be not presented during data collection

3.7 Study variables

3.7.1 Dependent variable
Level of Job satisfaction
 3.7.2 Independent variable
The socio demographic variables, including age, sex, salary, marital status, religion, educational
level, working hours and year of experience.

3.8 Data Collection instruments

The prepared questionnaires will be distributed among the hospitals and health centers for
pharmacy professional. The collection will be done through self-administered questionnaires and
in order to access all community pharmacists, the investigator will be reserved the questionnaire
for those who were not present at the time of data collection and collect the data after two days.

The questions were designed to consist of two sections;

Section A consists of socio demographic information to obtain personal information from

respondents, average working hour per day and salary per month. The other section contained
with questions to help test the research hypothesis or to determine the level of satisfaction of
community pharmacists.

Most of the questions require respondents to indicate their level of agreement to the items in the
research model. Items in the questionnaire will be measured using a five-point Likert Scale, with
1 representing „strongly disagree‟ and 5 representing strongly agree. For calculating the overall
satisfaction level of all participants, the value from each 17 questions we choose to asses’ level
of satisfaction were transformed in to compute variable and a mean value of Likert scale which
gained from adding scales from 1 to 5 and divided by 5 which is 3 will be used as a cutoff point.
It will be used to determine the level of satisfaction in to two out comes (satisfied or unsatisfied)
and the total percent of satisfaction will be calculated from this outcome.

3.9 Data quality assurance

Before data collection the questionnaire will be checked for its completeness and the data
collection tool will be checked for completeness, accuracy, clarity and consistency by the
investigator and necessary modification will be made timely. The pre-test will be done before
actual data collection.

3.10 Data processing

The Statistical package for Social Science (SPSS) programs version 21.0 for windows will be
used to enter and encode the collected data. This involves organizing the data into categories,
coding and sorting them to identify patterns and interpret the meaning of the responses.
Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation will be used to
summarize the result.

3.11 Ethical Consideration

Ethical clearance will be obtained from Wallaga University College of Health Science, school
of Pharmacy. In this study, issues related to the ethical conduct such as informed consent,
confidentiality, privacy will be upheld. The researcher will be given full information on the
purpose and objectives of the study in order to make them decide as whether to participate or not

3.12 Plan for dissemination of the result

The result of this finding will be submitted to Wallaga University College of health sciences
department of pharmacy, and it will also be disseminated to East Wallega Zone health office. At
the end all possible endeavor will be exerted to publish at reputable journal.

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Annex

Wallaga University; College of Health Science; department of Pharmacy

My name is;FIKADU OLIKA

I am here on the behalf of University of Wallaga graduating class pharmacy student. I am

conducting a study on job satisfaction among community pharmacists in east wallaga Nekemte
town, southwest Ethiopia. This research project is approved by the research ethics committee of
department of pharmacy, university of Wallaga. Your participation is purely based on your
willingness. You have the right to choose not to take part; you have the right to stop any time. If
you are willing participate or refuse or decide to withdraw later, you will not be subjected to any
ill treatment. The interview with you will roughly take about 15 minutes. The information that
you provided will be kept absolutely confidential and will not under any circumstance be
publicly related to you or your establishment. Based on the understanding of the information I
gave you, are you willing to participate in this study?

Yes No

Name of the Pharmacy……………… Address……………. Service year………

Sociodemographic Data

1. Age________

2. Gender Male_____ Female_____

3. Level of education A. diploma B. Degree C. master

4. Ethnicity A. Oromo B. Amhara C. Tigire D. Gurage E.Other

(specify)____________

5. Religion A. Orthodox B. Muslim C. Protestant D. Other

(specify)________________

6. Marital status A. Married B. Unmarried C. Divorced D. Widowed

7. Year of experience________

8. Salary per month ___________

9. Working hour per day _____________

14

Table 1. Questions on the Assessment of Job Satisfaction and Associated Factors of Pharmacy
Professional’s Working in WUCSH,NSH,BJHC and CHC East wallaga Nekemte town
Southwest Ethiopia.
(Strongly disagree =1 disagree = 2 neutral = 3 agree = 4 strongly agree =5)

Questions 1 2 3 4 5

1 I believe the job will have good future

2 I have received good recognition from the community for

my job

3 I have received good salary for my work

4 I feel accomplishment after finishing my carrier every day

5 I have freedom for choosing my own working method

6 I have good working environment for what I have planned

to do

7 I have high chance of professional development

8 I have good interaction with coworkers in my working

environment

9 I believe I am providing good service (good benefit) to the

society

10 I have had adequate training for doing my job and there is a

chance of training in working environment

11 I am in the right position for accomplishing my job

12 I am free to use my personal ability in my working area

13 I receive sufficient feedback on my work

14 My working hour can be changed to fit my-personal

preference
 15 I feel my knowledge and skill have declined since being in
my current job

16 I feel restricted in my work due to professional guideline

17 I feel the government respects my job

15

WALLAGA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY

This is to certify that this research paper prepared by FIKADU OLIKA, entitled:
“ASSESSMENT OF JOB SATISFACTION AND ITS ASSOCIATED FACTOR AMONG
PHARMACY PROFESSIONALS WORKING IN WUCSH,NSH,BJHC and CHC, EAST
WALLAGA NEKEMTE TOWN,CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; and submitted in partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the bachelor degree of pharmacy complies with the regulations
of the university and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality.

Signed by the Examining Committee:

Examiner: ________________ Sig._________Date _____________

Advisor: ________________ Sig.__________ Date______________

Chair, Department of Pharmacy____________________