THE KAVERY ENGINEERING COLLEGE

MECHERI, SALEM – 636 453

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

(Regulation 2021)

STUDY ON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

TECHNOLOGIES.

AN INTERSHIP REPORT

Submitted by

MURUGESWARI M

(612722203014)

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

THE KAVERY ENGINEERING COLLEGE

MECHERI, SALEM – 636 453
ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI – 600 025
JUNE - 2024

i
 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI – 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report on “STUDY ON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF

RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES”.submitted by MURUGESWARI.M (612722203026)
in partial fulfilment of requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Chemical
Engineering at The Kavery Engineering College, Mecheri.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Dr. S.K. Mohan, Mr. S. Vasanthasudhan,

Professor and Head of the Department, Assistant Professor,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering,
The Kavery Engineering College, The Kavery Engineering College,
Mecheri – 636453. Mecheri – 636453.

Submitted for the Internship report held on

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ii
Internship Certificate

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the God Almighty whose divine
interventions was instrumental in the successful completion of this Internship program.

At this pleasing movement of having successfully completed our Internship phase i wish to
convey our sincere thanks and gratitude to management of our college and our honourable
chairman & advisor Prof .Dr .A.K. NATESAN and chairman, THIRU .A. ANBALAGAN who
provide all facilities to us.

I express our sincere thanks to our secretary Prof. S.K. ELANGOVEN & coordinator
Mrs .S.V. REVATHY ELANGOVEN for their inspiring support.

I would express my sincere thanks to our correspondent Mr.R. RAMANATHAN.

I would like to express our sincere thanks to our principal Prof. Dr. V. DURAISAMY for
forwarding us to do my internship and offering adequate duration in completing my internship.

I would like to express my thanks to our Dr. S.K. MOHAN, Head of Department and also
Internship Coordinator Mr. S.VASANTHASUDHAN who gave us the valuable guidance on how
internship should be done and for the successful completion of the Internship program.

I also express indebt thanks to our teaching members in industry and other staff members
of chemical engineering department for their valuable support.

iv
 Executive Summary
I completed my internship at NLC India Limited located at Neyveli from 15th
June, 2024 to 29th June, 2024 and this internship report is the result of those 15 days
attachment with the NLC India Limited. During my internship period we gathered
practical experiences on topics related to research and development, different mechanical
equipment which we have theoretically learned in Mechanical Operations and Renewable
Energy courses. In this report we have focused on the manufacturing process research
and development of in NLC India Limited.

I acquired knowledge about various types of Minees, Drilling and cracking

process of research and development, manufacturing process of research and development
and were introduced with different machines such as grid casting machine, curing
chamber, electrolyte dilution unit and demineralized water plant.

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES

Page
Fig. No. Tittle
No

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Silent features of mine-I, NLC 2

2.1 Unique Features Of Neyveli Lignite Mines 6

2.2 Mineral Contains 7

3.1 Drilling and blasting 11

3.2 Details of mine operation 13

3.3 Machinery 15

3.4 Conclusion 22

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Tittle Page

Tittle
No. No. No.

Internship Certificate iii

Acknowledgement iv

Executive Summary v

List Of Figures vi

1.1 Introduction 1
1
1.2 Silent features of mine-I, NLC 2

2.1 Unique Features Of Neyveli Lignite Mines 6

2
2.2 Mineral Contains 7

3.1 Drilling and blasting 11

3 3.2 Details of mine operation 13

3.3 Machinery 15

Training Shedule 21

Conclusion 22

References 23

vi
 CHAPTER 1
1.1 Introduction
Neyveli Lignite Corporation limited (NLC) is a government owned lignite mining
and power production company in India. Neyveli is situated in Cuddalore district in
Tamil Nadu about 200kms south of Chennai. Existence of lignite in this area is known
since1870. In 1956 NLC was formed as the corporate body. NLC operates the largest
open pit lignite Mines in India, presently mining 28.5 MT of lignite in Neyveli (10.5 MT
from Mine-I, 15 MT from Mine-II and 3 MT from Mine-IA) and 2.1 MT in Rajasthan and
has installed capacity of 2740MWin Neyveli (600MW from TPSI, 420 MW fromTPSI Exp.,
1470MW from TPSII in Neyveli) and 250 MW from Barsingsar, Rajasthan of electricity. On
April 11, 2011 it joined the elite group of Navratna companies. The major problems faced by
the lignite Mines in Neyveli is firstly due to the confined quifers which when left untreated
due to the high pressure exerted by the aquifer smay flood the whole Mines up to +30m and
secondly hydrological problem is due torain.This exploration was followed by a detailed
survey by the Geological Survey of Indiain 1943. In 1956 government of India formed
Neyveli Corporation limited forcommercial exploitation of lignite for generation of
electricity. The project was inaugurated by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru in 1957.

Fig 1.1 : NLC INDIA LIMITED

THE LIGNITE LEGEND OF TAMIL NADU CHRONOLOGY

It is a long history with lots of efforts behind the birth of baby of Coal family, the fossil fuel,
"LIGNITE" arrival in the coal starved Southern region of India. The following is thegist of
events that took place in the legend of Tamil Nadu before the formation of Neyveli Lignite
Corporation as a Corporate body. Table:- 1.1 showing the chronology of NLC
Year Chronology of events1828Occurrence of "PEAT" a low calorific fuel of coal family
near point claymore is reported to the then Madras Government, by the sub-collector of
Thanjavur Mr. Nelson1830General Cullen discovers lignite deposits at the base of the cliffs
on the Sea-shore near Cannanore - Later near varkala near Quilon and also at Vaikomin
Kerala1840 Captain New bold discovers Lignite at the foot of the cliffs of laterite on theriver
banks near Beypore

1
 1870Peat bogs found in Nilgris (Peat is considered to be the first stage in the formation of
Coal from vegetable matter accumulating in swamps)1877Mr. W. King of the Geological
survey of India takes up a study of artesian wells around Pondicherry. He comes across a
carbonaceous strata.1884Mr.Poilay a French Engineer encounters a Lignite seam in a bore
hole at Bahoor, the then French territory. Further exploration along the beltindicates
possible Lignite deposits at Udharamanickam, Aranganur and Kanniarkoil, near
Cuddalore. Lignite deposits are indicated at Kasargod and the Collector of South Kanara
reports kit to the board of Revenue1934Industries Department of the then Government of
Madras drills bore holes for tapping artesian water in the neighbour hood of Neyveli.
Lignite particlesen countered are taken as "black - clay" by unlettered workmen engaged
indrilling.1935Borewells sunk in Jambulinga Mudaliyar's land in Neyveli and the
Black particles gushing forth attract the attention of camping Geologists engaged in some
other mission in the Neyveli Vriddhachalam area.1937-38Samples of the black substance
taken from the above form well sent to the Government of Madras for analysis.1941M/s.
Binny & Co., Madras put down four or five bore holes at Aziz Nagar, near Neyveli. Two
of them show evidence of Lignite deposits; but for want of casing pipes and drilling
equipment, further work is given up.1943-46The Geological Survey of India starts drilling
operations near Neyveli. Preliminary investigations indicate the existence of Lignite to the
extent of about 500 tonnes in that area.1947Mr.H.K.Ghose, Geologist and Mining
Engineer deputed by the Government of India arrives in Neyveli and starts his
operations1948The first bore holes sunk by Mr. Ghose have to be abandoned because
ofwater logging and sand - beds. The third one "September 1951" yields samples of
Lignite1949 Mr. Ghose draws experimental open cut plan and calls for tenders to
startexcavation.1951Sinking 175 bore wells in a cluster punctuating the chosen area, Mr.
Ghose proves the existence of about 2000 Million tonnes of Lignite reserves in the area.
State Government's Industries and Commerce Department also sinks over 150 bore wells
South of Vriddhachalam Mr. Paul Eyrich, a Mining Engineer is deputed by the Bureau of
Mines, United States of America, to assist the Government of Madras under point four
programme to determine the Engineering and Economic aspects of Lignite Mining in
Neyveli. Upon his recommendation, the US Government sponsors a study on the subject
under the direction of Mr. V.F.Parry.1952The High Power Committee for Lignite Mining
recommends the Pilot Quarry project.1953Pilot Quarry being commissioned by Dr. U.
Krishna Rao, Minister for Industries, Madras Government.

1954 Pandit Nehru's Visit to the Pilot Quarry. Government of India's Committee
comprising Mr. C.V. Narasimhan, ICS Mr. A.C. Guha and Mr. A. Lahiri inspect the Pilot
Quarry and submit a report to the Government Under theColombo Plan, Services of the
UK firm PDTS (M/s. Powell Duffryn Technical Services Limited) are availed of for a
Project report.1955 Neyveli Lignite project's affairs, hitherto managed by the State
Government, get passed on to the Central Government with full Financial responsibility.
Mr. T.M.S. Mani, ICS, Secretary, Department of Industries, Labour and Co-operation,
takes over as the Chief Executive of the project.1956Formation of NLC as a Corporate
body. NLC is born as a Government sponsored commercial concern.

1.2 Silent features of mine-I, NLC

PARTICULARS UNIT MINE-I
Mining area Sq.km. 36.354Capacity/Annum MT 10.5Lignite reserve MT 466.32O
B thickness Mts. 45 to 110Lignite thickness Mts. 8 to 26Average stripping ratio Tons :M3
1:5.5Mining started on Date 20.05.1957Lignite first exposed on Date 24.08.1961Overburd
en excavated for 201415 MM3 57.043Overburden excavated up to 31.03.15 MM3 1800.49

2
 Lignite mined for 201415 MT 9.05Lignite mined up to 31.03.2015 MT 324.94Balance res
erve as on 01.04.2015 MT 141.38Area mined out up to 31.03.2015 hectares 2057.83Area
claimed up to 31.03.2015 hectares 1537.23Area afforesteup to 31.03.2015 Hectares 1426.
63Trees planted during 201415 Nos. 10,100Tress planted up to 31.03.

Year Chronology of events

1828 Occurrence of "PEAT" a low calorific fuel of coal family near point
claymore is reported to the then Madras Government, by the sub-
collector of Thanjavur Mr. Nelson
1830 General Cullen discovers lignite deposits at the base of the cliffs on
the Sea-shore near Cannanore - Later near varkala near Quilon and
also at Vaikom in Kerala
1840 Captain New bold discovers Lignite at the foot of the cliffs of
laterite on the river banks near Beypore.
1870 Peat bogs found in Nilgris (Peat is considered to be the first stage in
the formation of Coal from vegetable matter accumulating in
swamps)
1877 Mr. W. King of the Geological survey of India takes up a study of
artesian wells around Pondicherry. He comes across a carbonaceous
strata.
1884 Mr.Poilay a French Engineer encounters a Lignite seam in a bore
hole at Bahoor, the then French territory. Further exploration along
the belt indicates possible Lignite deposits at Udharamanickam,
Aranganur and Kanniarkoil, near Cuddalore.
1934 Industries Department of the then Government of Madras drills bore
holes for tapping artesian water in the neighbourhood of Neyveli.
Lignite particles encountered are taken as "black clay" by unlettered
workmen engaged in drilling.
1935 Borewells sunk in Jambulinga Mudaliyar's land in Neyveli and the
Black particles gushing forth attract the attention of camping
Geologists engaged in some other mission in the Neyveli
Vriddhachalam area.
1937-38 Samples of the black substance taken from the above form well sent
to the Government of Madras for analysis.

1941 M/s. Binny & Co., Madras put down four or five bore holes at Aziz
Nagar, near Neyveli. Two of them show evidence of Lignite
deposits; but for want of casing pipes and drilling equipment, further
work is given up. The Geological Survey of India starts drilling
operations near Neyveli. Preliminary investigations indicate the
existence of Lignite to the extent of about 500 tonnes in that area
1947 Mr.H.K.Ghose, Geologist and Mining Engineer deputed by the
Government of India arrives in Neyveli and starts his operations
The first bore holes sunk by Mr. Ghose have to be abandoned
1948 because of water logging and sand - beds. The third one "September
1951" yields samples of Lignite
1949 Mr. Ghose draws experimental open cut plan and calls for tenders to
start excavation.
1951 Sinking 175 bore wells in a cluster punctuating the chosen area, Mr.
Ghose proves the existence of about 2000 Million tonnes of Lignite
reserves in the area. State Government's Industries and Commerce
Department also sinks over 150 bore wells South of Vriddhachalam
Mr. Paul Eyrich, a Mining Engineer is deputed by the Bureau of
Mines, United States of America, to assist the Government of
3
 Madras under point four programme to determine the Engineering
and Economic aspects of Lignite Mining in Neyveli. Upon his
recommendation, the US Government sponsors a study on the
subject under the direction of Mr. V. F. Parry.
1952 The High Power Committee for Lignite Mining recommends the
Pilot Quarry project.
1953 Pilot Quarry being commissioned by Dr. U. KrishnaRao, Minister
for Industries, Madras Government.
1954 Pandit Nehru's Visit to the Pilot Quarry. Government of India's
Committee comprising Mr. C.V. Narasimhan, ICS Mr. A.C. Guha
and Mr. A. Lahiri inspect the Pilot Quarry and submit a report to the
Government Under the Colombo Plan, Services of the UK firm
PDTS (M/s. Powell Duffryn Technical Services Limited) are availed
of for a Project report.
1955 Neyveli Lignite project's affairs, hitherto managed by the State
Government, get passed on to the Central Government with full
Financial responsibility. Mr. T.M.S. Mani, ICS, Secretary,
Department of Industries, Labour and Co-operation, takes over as
the Chief Executive of the project.
1956 Formation of NLC as a Corporate body. NLC is born as a
Government sponsored commercial concern.

Salient Features of Mine

PARTICULARS UNIT MINE-I
Mining area Sq.km. 36.354
Capacity/Annum: MT 10.5
Lignite Reserve MT 466.32
Lignite Thickness: Mts 45 to 110
OB Thickness: Mts 8 to 26
Average Stripping Ratio Tons : M3 1:5.5
Mining Started On Date 20.08.1957
Lignite First Exposed On: Date 24.08.1961
Overburden Excavated for 2014-15 MM3 57,043 MM3
Lignite Mined for 2014-15 MM3 18,00,49
Overburden Excavated up to MT 905 MM3
31.03.2015:
Lignite Mined up to 31.03.2015 MT 324.94
Balance Reserve as on 31.03.2015: MT 141.38
Area Mined out up to 31.03.2015: hectares 2057.83
Area reclaimed up to 31.03.2015 hectares 1537.23
Area afforested up to 31.03.2015: hectares 1426.63
Trees planted during 2014-15: Nos 10,100
Trees planted up to 31.03.2015 Nos 70,60,624
Linked power station: Name TPS-I (600 MW) &
TPS-I expn.
(2x210MW)
Generation capacity: MW 1020 MW

4
Other salient features
 NLC mines are located in Neyveli, Tamil Nadu.
 They are opencast mines.
 They mine lignite, a type of brown coal.
 The lignite is used to generate electricity.
 NLC has taken several measures to minimize the environmental impact of mining.

5
 CHAPTER 2

2.1 Unique Features Of Neyveli Lignite Mines

A. Occurrence of Ground Water Aquifer below lignite Bed:
A huge reservoir of ground water occurs below the entire lignite bed, exerting an
upward pressure of 6 to 8 kg/cm2. Unless this water pressure is reduced before mining,
itwill burst the lignite seam and flood the Mines. This problem was overcome by
continuously pumping out water round the clock through bore wells
located at predetermined points and thereby reducing the water pressure at the lignite
excavation area. Over the years, through continuous study and implementation of new
methods, the quantity of water pumped out has been reduced from 50,000 GPM to 32,000
GPM. (Formining one ton of lignite, about 13 tonnes of water has to be pumped out).

B. Higher Ratio of Overburden to Lignite:

The overburden to lignite ratio at Neyveli Mine-I is 5.5 to 5 M3 1 ton. This

requires huge quantity of overburden to be removed (11 T. of overburden is to be removed
formining 1 ton of lignite). High capacity excavators are used for handling large volume of
overburden, after forward preparation.

C. Hard overburden strata:

The highly consolidated overburden stratum consists mainly of Cuddalore

sandstone and is hard and abrasive in nature. This problem was overcome by carrying out
suitable modifications in the bucket wheel teeth and by instituting a systematic drilling and
blasting programme.

D. Cyclonic area:

The Mine is located in a predominantly monsoon and cyclonic area. The average
rainfall in a year comes to about 1200 mm and the wind velocity goes upto 160 KM
perhour. Every year, an Action Plan for monsoon is prepared well in advance in detail.

GEOLOGY:
Neyveli is located at 11.533° N- 79.48° E and has Panruti as Taluk headquarters.
The area is gentleter rain having upland in the west and gently sloping in the east towards
Bay of Bengal, which is 40 Kms east of the lignite mining area. The average rainfall per
annum in this area is around 1200mm. Two seasonal rivers are running over this lignite
fields. The maximum ground elevation of +100m exists in the uplands west of mining area
whereas at the mining area (MINE-I) it is between 60m to 45mThe geological exploration
of the region was carried out during 1942-1953. Lignite is spread over an area 487sq.Km.
The Neyveli mine-I area in the tertiary formation of cuddalore comprisingar gillaceous
sandstone, pebble bearing sandstones, ferruginous.

6
 The coal/lignite seams form in two different ways and are perceived by theories
that explain the processes. One is insitue theory and other one is drift theory. The lignite in
mine-1 is of drift theory. The thickness of the lignite at mine-1 varies from 6m to 28m and
the average thickness of lignite is about 15m. The upward thrust on the ground is about 12-
15kg.

The lignite is a mixture of different components.

 Moisture content : 50-55%.
 Volatile matter : 20-25%
 Fixed carbon : 18-22%.
 Ash content : 3-5%.
 The densities of:Over burden : 1.7-2.2kg/cu.m
 Lignite : 1.15kg/cu.m

MINERAL CONTAINS:
Lignite contains 65-70% of carbon, 20-25% of oxygen, about 5% of hydrogen and
small amounts of Nitrogen and Sulphur. The average Calorific value of lignite is 2600
Kcal/Kg. It cannot be compared favourably with the high Calorific value of pure Coal.
Yet lignite has an advantage of being free burning (non- coking), having low ash and
giving rapid and complete combustion. Since the volatile matter is usually high, lignite
burns readily. Air dried lignite is quite suitable for direct burning. For high capacity
boilers, lignite can be burnt in the pulverized form.

7
SURVEY

Location
Neyveli is situated in the cuddalore district of Tamil nadu about 200kmsouth of
Chennai.The mines IA is located in the northern party of neyveli lignite field over on
area 39sq.km (the mine I & IA covered about of 24.69 sq.kms) the mine fall between11 33
and 11 35

Longitude. The mineable reserves of lignite is estimated to be 485MTout of which

the reserves under mines I and IA is reported to be 365MT Mine surveying that focuses on
the exploration of mineral wealth that are of economic importance. Surveying in mining
region commonly involved liner measurement, angular measurement, elevation etc. Mine-
I, at neyveli is equipped with advanced instruments that can measure the above mention
parameters with high accuracy.

8
TOTAL STATION

For many years, the optical transit was the surveyor’s tool of choice to layout
property lines and building sites. By the 1970s, however, the electronic theodolite began to
Replace the transit since it could measure angles more accurately on both the horizontal
and vertical axes. In the early 1980s, “total stations,” which measure distances very
accurately by using electronic distance meters (EDMs), became the instrument of choice.
Then in late 1990, Geodimetric, Dandryd Sweden introduced the first “robotictotal station,
“adding automatic tracking and radio communication to a radio and data collector at the
“target” or pole. Thus, for the first time, no person was required At the instrument only at
the target, reducing the size of a survey crew.

Today three companies manufacture robotic total stations, Trimble (now the owner of
Geodimetric, although it no longer uses that name), Leica, and Topcon. Once a tool for
surveyors only, robotic total stations are currently being purchased and used innumerous
ways by contractors especially concrete contractors. One large contractor/construction
company owns more than 75 Robotic total stations.
The fundamental elements
Each manufacturer of robotic total stations has its own features and benefits, but
the basic elements are all the same. All robotic total stations are servo-motor-driven and
measure angles both in the X-Y (horizontal) plane and the Z (Elevation) axis. These
measurements are very precise and accurate: most instruments measure 3 seconds of
accuracy or Less (5-second instruments are typically required for
construction purposes).Each total station has an electronic Distance meter (EDM).
Through either laser technology or infrared sensors, it can precisely measure the distance
from The instrument to the target within millimeter accuracy.

9
Precision tolerances of 1/1 0 0foot (less than 1/1 6 inch) in 1000 Feet are typical. Every
system uses a target, which has a prism to reflect light back to the instrument for
measurement, and an electronic data collector, which communicates with the instrument
through radio communicational so known as telemetry .By using servomotors, prisms, and
infrared technology, robotic total stations search for, and then lock onto, the target,
automatically following it as the layout person moves it around a jobsite. At the same time,
the data collector built into the target is beingup dated with information radioed from the
instrument .All manufacturers provide computer software to download and upload
coordinate information. This information can come from computer aided drafting (CAD)
files downloaded from office computers, PCMCIA card s (flash cards similar to those used
for digital cameras), ASCII files, or coordinate points manually entered into the
instrument.

10
 CHAPTER 3

3.1 Drilling and blasting

The overburden benches were excavated after drilling and blasting with the help
of bucket wheel excavator. About 70% overburden was blasted using high explosives. For
blasting of overburden benches, blast holes were drilled with the help of drilling machines
(ingersoll rand and revathi engineering limited). For blasting the overburden, mines were
using high explosives supplied by1.

The lignite seam in neyveli is deposited at a depth of 80-120mts from the surface.
In order to extract it, many methods are to be followed, one of them being drilling
and blasting. It is one of the important division of mining. This department holds both
drilling ( using is INGERSOLL RAND machines) and blasting ( using
SME). Five benches have been created in order to reach the seam namely new surface
benche, top bench, middle bench, bottom bench and lignite bench. With the help of
machines, thesoil in all the benches is fragmented. The crushing strenght of these machines
is usually about 50Kgf. Drilling and blasting operations are done only on the top three
benches. (O/B benches). Since the crushing strength required to dis integrated the soil in
these three benches is more than 50kgf.

Drilling
At neyveli mines, for drilling of the blast holes, rotary cum straight circulation
method of drilling with electric current is employed. The equipment utilized for this
purpose is named INGERSOLL RAND, manufactured by RITA machinaries private.Ltd.
Thedrilling is done in an 8*8 pattern, where the spacing of the blast holes is 8mts and
the burden (distance between two rows is 8mts. The depth of the hole depends upon the
height of the bench.

More the height of the bench more is the depth of the hole, with the depth being
kept 3-4mts short of the height of the bench.

SPECIFICATIONS:
Diameter of the blast hole: 200mm
Depth of the blast hole: 21 m
Height of the bench: 25m
Method of drilling: straight circulation (rotary)The flushing in the holes is done by the use
of compressed air. The drill rod consists of flushing holes with diameter 5mm through
which the compressed air of high pressure enters into the hole. When the drilling begins, a
corresponding action of flushing out the material from the hole takes place, thus enabling
perfect clearance.

EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
The equipment is of electrically operated crawler-mounted type.
Capacity of the motor : 400HP
Rod length : 7m
Diameter of the rod : 200mm
Compressor capacity : 34m
3at 75kg/sq.cm pressure
Total number of rods in the tower : 4 rods + 1 sub rod

11
BLASTING
Neyveli area consists of Cuddalore formations. It is argillaceous sandstone. Though
it is of loss strata, for the convenience of excavation by BWE, blasting operations are
practiced. The main purpose of the blasting is to loosen the strata.
SPECIFICATION OF BLASTING:
Diameter of the hole : 200mm
Spacing : 8m
Explosive used : site Mixed Emulsion (SME)
Charging column : 8-9m
Stemming column : 11-12m
Booster : 250gm and length of 56.5mm
Nonel : 25m length
Detonating fuse : PETN coated with red colour plastic.
Cord relay : 50ms
Electrical detonator
Battery condenser exploder.

PROCEDURE:
Cartridges are tied with one or two (if needed) down lines of 10gm/m detonating
fuse to ensure suspension along the axis of holes without the risk of breakage of cord. First
the boosters are dropped down the blast holes and then the holes are charged with
explosives, above which stemming is done. The blasting fuses (NONEL) connected to the
boosters at each hole, are extended and linked to the exploder with the help of intermediate
lines such as trunk line and main line. Finally, shot firing of the holes takes place. The
machinery used for the preparation of site Mixed Emulsion is named 1356C/F that has two
separate containers, each filled with Ammonium Nitrate and Gas Agent respectively, the
gas agent usually being sodium nitrate. The capacity of the truck is about 7.5 tons

Methodology:
The lignite deposit in the Neyveli lignite field forms a part of Cauvery basin. A
thick formation of upper cretaceous, tertiary and sub-recent sedimentary rocks, both
marine and fresh water are overlying the Archean basement. A huge reservoir of artesian
aquifer water occurs below the entire lignite bed, exerting an upward pressure of 5 to
8Kg/cm

Unless the water pressure is reduced before mining, it will burst the lignite seam
and flood the mines. This problem is solved by selective formation of bore wellsand
pumping to depressurize the water pressure to safe mining condition. The water pumped
out is being used in thermal power station.

Details of mine operation

Production of different units of NLC are

Unit production target lignite MT/AMines-I 10.5Mines-IA 3.0Mines-II 10.5Mine-
II(Exp) 4.5Barsingsagar mines 2.1(rajasthan)

The lignite is supplied to thermal power station to

Produce target power generation(6X50)+(3X.100)MW-TPS-I 600Mw(2X210)Mw-
TPS-IIExp 420MwTPS-II.(7X210)MwTPS-II
1470Mw(2X250)MwTPS-IIEXP 500Mw

12
Number of benches in the mines.
Mine IA New surface bench Surface bench Top bench Middle bench Lignite bench
Bottom bench

LIGNITE MINING:
NLC Mines constitute a notable pillar of foundation for building the edifice of an
economically strong India with the installed capacity of lignite to meet the requirement of
its thermal power stations. Neyveli Lignite field (Tamil Nadu& Puducherry) is endowed
with a geological reserve of 8249.32 million tons of lignite (as on
01.04.2014report).Lignite is mined by open cast mining by the method of benching. Each
bench is of about20m height contains soft rocks which are excavated by Bucket wheel
excavator (BWE).This overburden soft rock is excavated and taken to the dump yard
through conveyor belts. The dump yard is always present on the opposite side of the
advancing mine. ignite bench is exposed, using the BWE’s lignite is also mined out and
taken to the stock yard using the conveyor belts. From the stock yard, lignite is being used
for power production.

BENCHES:

NEW SURFACE BENCH

In Neyveli for the extraction of lignite five benches has been created namely new
surface bench, Top bench, Middle bench, Bottom bench and Lignite bench. New
surface bench, it is the top most bench with the height of 25meters and width of 80 meters.
At the sight two bucket wheel excavator has been employed for cutting the ore burden
(soil) and one spreader is used to spread the loose soil at dumping site.

The machines are ordinary bucket wheel excavator (namely 1440) and bridge
type bucket wheel excavator 1447 respectively. Each bucket wheel excavator has a dozer
and a mobile crane. The dozer been used for levelling the surface of the bench and to pull
the equipment's that can't be handled manually and the mobile crane for lifting heavy
equipment's. Each machine is operated by 10 members and 2 drivers including mines

incharge officer and mechanical in charge officer. The mines at Neyveli are fully
mechanized mines hence manually work force demand is less. The soil present required
crushing strength of 100kgf.The soil is hence loosened by drilling and blasting operation
and the strength is brought down to 50kgf, and then the machinery whose crushing
strength is above 50kgf performs the crushing operation. It consists of soil and as well as
sand stone, whose percentage is less in quantity and is roughly above 20%.

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 The cutting of the soil is carried out by bucket wheel excavator and transported through the
belt conveyor to the spreader. The spreader is spread the ore burden (soil) at the dumping
site. The distance from bucket wheel excavator to the spreader is 7km.There are about
seven conveyors at mine-1 from NSB-1 to NSB-7. At each convey or station there is a
drive head with motor capacity of 750kva and rpm of 1400 and the speed of conveyor is
2.4m/min. The length of the conveyor between two consecutive stations is about 1000m,
there are 4labors for maintenance at each conveyor station per shift, the tensioning
arrangement is provided at conveyor station.

TOP BENCH
Top bench is next to the new surface bench, with a height of 25m and width of 80
to100mOn the top bench there will be bucket wheel excavator to excavate the soil. The
bucket

wheel excavator is 1355. For levelling the surface bench there will be dozer and mobile
crane. Mobile crane is used for lifting the heavy equipment's. Each machine is operated by
a working force of 10 member's and 2 drivers including the incharge officer. The
composition of the bench comprises of soil and sandstone, which requires acrushing
strength of 100kgf. The soil is hence blasted by drilling and blasting operation and brought
down to 50kgf and then the machinery whose crushing strength is about50kgfperfomls the
crushing operation The cutting of the soil is done by the bucket wheel excavator and
transport through the belt conveyor and through the spreaders. The distance from the
bucket wheel excavator to the spreader is about 7 to 8 kms. There are about 6 conveyor
stations at mine-I from TB-I to TB-6. At each conveyor station there will be a driver head
with a motor capacity of 750KVA and speed of 2.4km/min. The length of the conveyor
between two consecutive stations is about 1000mts.and brought down to 50kgf and then
the machinery whose crushing strength is about50kgfperfomls the crushing operation The
cutting of the soil is done by the bucket wheel excavator and transport through the belt
conveyor and through the spreaders. The distance from the bucket wheel excavator to the
spreader is about 7 to 8 kms. There are about 6 conveyor stations at mine-I from TB-I to
TB-6. At each conveyor station there will be a driver head with a motor capacity of
750KVA and speed of 2.4km/min. The length of the conveyor between two consecutive
stations is about 1000mts.

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 MIDDLE BENCH
The middle bench is all most same as the top bench except that the material of the
soil is different and length of the conveyor belt is less. There are total of 5 numbers of
stations from MB1 to MB5 with distance between each of the station being 900m. The
height of the bench is about2Om and the width is about80m, the hardness of the soil is
about 75kgf.

BOTTOM BENCH
Bottom bench is the top most bench of the lignite bench. The height of the bench is
about 20m and the width is about 60m. Composition of the soil comprises chiefly of white
clay. The hardness of the soil is less than50. Only about one bucket wheel excavator is
used for braking of soil and three conveyor stations are provided. For transportation a
dozer and a mobile crane (particularly used for lifting of heavy machinery equipment's) is
used. There is no drilling operation carried out in the bottom bench, which differentiates it
from other benches. The ground stability is less due to the ground water pressure and
hence the soil has clay like quality. The capacity of the motor (conveyor) is about 750Icva.
The speed of the conveyor is 2.41unimin. The width of the conveyor is 2m.

3.3 Machinery
 The following Specialized Mining Equipment’s
 Bucket Whwwl Excavator

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 Originally designed for relatively easy digging materials (gravel, sand, loam, marl,
clays, and lignites), BWEs can now dig in relatively hard material. The machine digs out
the material using a large wheel with buckets that revolve as the wheel turns. The teeth on
the individual buckets break out the material from the ground. BWEs are most often
attached to a conveyor network where waste material is sent to as preader or to an ore
stockpile. BWE can mine both thin OB and deeper OB conditions where single bucket
(dragline) is suitable.

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 Limitations of BWE technology
 Hard consolidated materials, large boulders or blocky material cannot be handled.
 Sticky material build up in buckets and can gum up the conveyor (although, with modern
systems, sticky material can be handled);
 Abrasive material produces excessive wear on the teeth.
 Very limited flexibility (can be flexible in certain geological and equipment situations).
 High capital costs but may be the most economical method of mining weak flatt abular
deposits.

Must be a matched system linking BWE, conveyor, belt system and spreaders

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Photos During Internship Training Period

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 Training Schedule
We completed our internship at NLC, Neyveli from 15th June, 2024 to 29th
June, 2024. Each day we worked from 9 AM to 5 PM. Table 1 represents the training
schedule of RBPL.

Week 1: Orientation and Data Collection

 Day 1-2:
 Introduction to NLC India Limited and its business operations
 Understanding the company's financial reporting structure and key
financial statements
 Familiarization with the financial analysis tools and techniques
 Gathering necessary financial data from annual reports, financial
statements, and other relevant sources

 Day 3-5:
 In-depth analysis of the company's balance sheet

 Understanding the composition of assets and liabilities

 Analyzing the capital structure and debt-equity ratio
 Assessing the company's liquidity position

 Analyzing the company's income statement

 Understanding the revenue and expense structure

 Calculating profitability ratios (gross profit margin, net profit margin,
operating profit margin)

Week 2: Ratio Analysis and Financial Performance Evaluation

 Day 6-8:
 Calculation of key financial ratios
 Liquidity ratios (current ratio, quick ratio)
 Solvency ratios (debt-equity ratio, debt ratio)
 Profitability ratios (return on equity, return on assets)
 Efficiency ratios (inventory turnover ratio, asset turnover ratio)
 Interpretation and analysis of the calculated ratios
 Comparison of NLC India's financial performance with industry benchmarks
and competitors

 Day 9-10:
 Trend analysis of financial ratios over multiple periods
 Identifying trends in the company's financial performance
 Analyzing the impact of external factors (economic conditions, industry
trends) on the company's financial performance

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Week 3: Report Writing and Presentation

 Day 11-13:
 Organizing and structuring the internship report
 Drafting the introduction, literature review, methodology, data analysis, and
findings sections
 Preparing the final draft of the report, incorporating feedback from supervisors

 Day 14-15:
 Creating presentation slides to summarize key findings and recommendations
 Rehearsing the presentation and addressing any questions or concerns
 Delivering the final presentation to the supervisor and other relevant
stakeholder

CONCLUSION
Focused on Learning and Experience

My internship at NLC has been an invaluable experience. I was exposed to

various aspects of lignite mining, power generation, and environmental sustainability.
I gained hands-on experience in [specific tasks or projects], which enhanced my
technical skills and problem-solving abilities. The supportive work environment and
guidance from experienced professionals helped me grow both personally and
professionally. Through this internship, I have developed a deeper understanding of
the challenges and opportunities in the energy sector. I am grateful for the opportunity
to contribute to NLC's mission of providing sustainable energy solutions.

Focused on Contribution and Future Implications

During my internship at NLC, I was able to contribute to [specific projects or

tasks]. My work involved [specific contributions, e.g., data analysis, process
optimization, or field work]. These contributions have the potential to [positive
impact, e.g., improve efficiency, reduce costs, or enhance environmental
sustainability]. I believe that the skills and knowledge I gained during this internship
will be valuable assets in my future career. I am excited to see how NLC continues to
innovate and drive the energy sector forward.

Focused on Personal and Professional Growth

My internship at NLC has been a transformative experience. I have not only

gained technical skills but also developed important soft skills such as teamwork,
communication, and time management. The exposure to a diverse range of
professionals and the opportunity to work on real-world projects have broadened my
perspective. I am confident that the skills and knowledge I have acquired will be
invaluable as I embark on my professional journey. I am grateful to NLC for
providing me with this enriching experience.

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