Buavane WT Pall Pof- Dipl. of Bee Semiconductor Diede § Applieabiong a Diode The cembinaion of netype (elechone ave ingen chowge cavwieme) § petype Cheleg are majorly chorge carrieng) posicmductor with ppeciol fobricalion tine forme pon jumetion, Such pon junchon forme elechonie device called diode. pomiendaclor diode hae pps enmnechg pepalor Thie lead oma wnetal comtact® { Pbype | N-type . \ Noe ay) Copper leade Working iple of Diode * In pen gancton thre are lange number {hole om pres amd _velechong on Teles Thig creadeg non umifor duribulin drange carrie charge caniee Hart moving from The ron ifn foward, leo Uumembakon arta. high mesa trahion hip ig call — diffusion The dlechony — Sepguee fmm TG holes digture fm pois bw area im 4 p ondvw In n-vegion « the ds fused holeg Yermbine with i> aoe form phobic wm, the diffused —elechone tong at the jumction. ton at the jumehion. In pong suembine with fru ole ond from tite Ae diffusion prove Gonkinueg » large posthve 5 ragakve accumulates” "ear the junction. thene ione dhorget 5 forter ditfugion Hope ak There are no fH charge corvitxe im tig gion at ig dapleked df the eu carriere hence known Ob dapletion Tagen Librium Umdiken » electbnee © barrier tong vepele the the caplekion region gilt + On 7 holeg Com C7088 widen » fares no the geen Thue it ackp Ob x the immobile ine creat dechic field acréeg the junckeon The quatrakd potemas digperonce Create barri qhig bovtie® ig known 9¢ pototioh barrier , jumekonal poterbal . built i? pokmtiok Known og Va with Hemperasture ie eve TORE eo Vs increas Lorawob 1 Vat —> Ranio folenbal2 The pen junckion forme a popular temivonduclor dlevice, Called po junction diode hap tuo terminal ron acky ag cathode. The pon jumction called clechodeg ap mode § 1-79 im schemalie diagram f dodee current. Peregion cle The arrow head the divecim ff conventional calernal Hrminale f cinanite called ohmic onto indicaleg To comect np gine # a metal ie applied # Me terminal 5 Diseckon of Gmvinkonal current fvode LRP) — Dk + Cathode Neb ward _ Biaving +, Diode cohin external dee pource 1B cenntekd in puch a way that prigion ie comeckd positive nvgiom * Gonnecled fb negabive |.,rCmrrS the “ wt sere called forsere biasing. - bieging ie. oan vale on me a i De The negative feminah battery pace vechong the junclion. The positive of batiry the junction Thip weducee the im hence the barney pokwbal n-lype fowarde pughee hole towerde width q duple kim ng algo redueep.Ay applied voltage ie imereoged., the diplebron yegion becomee Very Narrow § majority charge carries, tam croeg the — jumekion. Thie majoriy charge ¢ form onward current’, Forward Garrnt Ve dus te arriese rmagorily charge coriene Reverge Biasing of Diode when the pe region f diok te comneckd tv terminal 4 external dic gource amd n-region a Hrminad of external dec gource megakue Conneckd te positive Oe ede fe, bad) 2 ee eee biaged. the negative { balry attracts on f botery athracle In myerge biaging , the holes in prregion § potibve electra © inp aA aad) pom ganction Thie widenp te dupletion vegion omd barrie polentia. increagee The increanh barrier pokmlial drage elecd-nony om p Bide Cminorily Barge cayriere) omd hole pom n pide (minority charge carriery) this combtute everge CurveThe magnitude ¢ meverge currant ip very small. For Congtomt temperature » the sneverge crremt te almogt Canglamt. over agplred reverge voltage ove yplo a certain limit. The neverge Aaturalron cwrrmt i¢ dunokd ag To imereoged beyond parbvoutor volue dh clowmag ea the 4 diode. Ig neverge voltage we large greverse. Carvent Com fee whi diode, Thi 1 Cabld — meverge breakdown Reverse Breakdown con take place dus 4o following effete 4. Avalanche — Effect 2. Loner Effect. 4. Avalomche Effect Tf revere voltage Fe increaped, the velo ly q minority Due fo kinehic onergy minority cavriera Carriere increanee 4, thie mokey clechrone t break they collide with odome corvalent bende > the releaged —eechrone further hronceminevihy Carriene Imer multi plical on. accelarakd amd hike abr cayee Pie te calla Carrier > Finatly lenge number 4 minority charge Carriere give aye vag high Tere current. ws Thig effect eetoye the pn junction. The voltage at iahich “the breakdoon qf prm jumetion ecaume Kram og neverge breakdown vollage2 Loner effect > Zener diodey are heavily dleped ama hence diplebor agin wil) be Marrow: The elechic fidd intensity id very Figh luz narrow ep fron regi ~The phrong cLachic fild com pu the Valence band of Atable atoms. + Thy creation gf clechora cabled gerer ffct. The minorily choge carritny Coubitule very large current . > The gmur effect will not duboy the diode dechrone out V-3__charackri ahee Diode =_ gen) oie > Norma) optrating, Ragin rd ee eee Breakdown carat vig" 1) in forssard biasing ve ie the voltage copy Pm jumebion dy ie the forward current. The graph 4 ly agained vy ip called forward charackrigkee f pr” femetion.> Thy charackrighea Cam be dlivickad Tinto two regione Region ow P a long a» Vp ie lege thom barriey poknk (Wy) the current sng tb Very ermal. Prackcable thie fs ot u . Region pre: me Yy ie increaged the width dpleton augin mduceg, When Vf exceeds Vy the Gurrmt imcreapes expmentiolly at which cuvront Etarle imereoaing ix cablich — The point P Knee voltage > In severse charackrigtce » dhe neveree current In ip ploted freaked ag crops neverge Voltage Vp. Both Ve om In om negahve > Ag reverse voltage ie increaged, suveree uarrent increaaee current becomeg Congtome equal initally ofke iy fe alt caren ty. Thig point i danokd o2 6 pome time fo saveroe = bpier thy, thigh mverge voltage it nemaing Cngtome kill point A increaged, the everge cmatomt breokdaon of the diode ocare ond A pont A, newest the diode current —imereaeee sharply domaging be A ie Called BevEE breakdounDiode Parormclere Curent + Ue ip the Camptomt neveree }) Reverge Saturahi caren fre through the diode, when it te mere’ biap at cangtont ip denoted 4 Zo Thig arnt 18 Gengtomt Eomperabare pill the breakdown tohem the nevirde voltage 2 2) Reverse Breakdown Voltage = value the breakdown ¢ diode imereaged , at a Certain oceure amd muverte uarrent increases Praxply« Thig voltage it called — Reverse Breakdown vollage damoked by Vs 2) Knee Voltage In forward biaped diode the voltage red at which carvent imercope txpenentially ip cable Knee voltage of the diode The moximunn ferwarch Current b that @ diode com withploma Fem fomperature Gunent 4) Maximum forward re the Maxtmunre curren before burning ouk du fo high ume aanokd by teem): Forward Voltage Drep* drop Apecipiet at certain forward Dunokd Me Ve » Pak _trverye Voltage» The maximum voltage applied fo the diode in the neveree dinechin without breakdown of the diode ip calla PIV nahng dinde Lhig the maximum forware voltage 5 curt § Hemprralure1) Maximum Power Raking The maximum current that a without — increaning jumelion diode cam dusipate Aafely Homperature above ite limiting valu. ip called MPR qavo Diode Current Equation hiwun applied voltage V amd the diode and ip reathemabcally givin by The nelabienship curt I it exponential 1: Ie petty JA To Reverer Saturabion anrrint Vom Applied voltage ee tee Ge amd for 8 at Hmperahure in volle Va Velkage egpavalont where Ke Balsamn'e Gm T= tumperature in “K Vy 26 mV cable for alk the A biaged ome Vas kT vetom Fe B62x10 ev) "K at noorm dumperahire Tea0dK tion ib appli | unbiaged , forear e The diode current ¢ dicde Genditiong geveree biaged- fakin popiive amd we get biaped V mugl be Fos forward curent 2 porihve. For nieveree biaged, V mut be careunt £ token nigatve umd we art nagahveConpicey a cavront equation ¢ diode qe [1] For forward biaged Condition , the biog velkoge V ig porihve hee aye. This tndicatea once biog volkage exceedg cut in voltage » the forward curt increagee Oxpenembially bioped Condition . the boinged voltage V Fe In neverge “Maw ovhye tneakd negahve duc to thie ed hence I, % tol-'] # -F0 tence im vwrerge biaged condition, , the current ig mweyee Aaturation cavrent - Thie ie megahve which indicates it ty opposite fe direction 4 pf 4X Haig tome Reger Trig cincatt com be ped 1 convert ac pupply b uging ome ore mere pom fonction diedsp. canigty { neiebve load , neck f ying cbment diode , and the pousce q a-c voltage pled be reckpying dec: pupply Thig cinouit ie, pen gunchon The tronpformer Oe output ie 24f element The input voltage fo the Hue ig Nnupeidak arc voltageé The cinuit current, whith ig alee the load current will be there in form of half pinugoidoh pubes. thy product ¢ lead current amd The load voltage will be pad sesame will be im form half binagoi dat pulece ve * 5 un Voltage > x Ee Le he oda em? PV (emer The prok volur 4 the load current ie que by Tn: Rear aut Rs R. > Load Repigtamce geo Forward susigtomee diods Re > Repiptamce of Atcondary winding tromforme The d-c- output wareform ie eapeckd to be Bhoight line, but Hue iva: poeitive pinugotdat pulace- Hace oukpu ig called puleating ‘dic. Hace it ip necenary fo Cabeulak, 9ve7r9g® valu ¢ lead currentThe output f fraraformer it Ye * Vam Ain OE The trangformey decide the peak valu the secondary vollage Tf Ni are the primary number f fvme ‘amd. No ave the peeondary number + furng amd Vpm ib the peak volus of the primary voltage then © During the povifive alg cycle tmpuk oe voltage terminal @ _— becumep poeitve with respect fo terminal © The diode becomes forward pinged, the Cormnt flowe in the cinasit in the Clodewige divechion Aemninal @) ie negabve with During Negahve half cycle reverse biageds Hemee mo nerpect tb @ diods becomes current five in the cincuit 2 Diode fonond bigped Died ade neverge braped) The average ov de volus of load wrt [Zo] The current wangform Cam be degeribech ae due ene fon oswt Peak valu load current x an Leet dy f te ae) © de Jim vee) ae) ° 7. x toc aa Sim tiny) deb * am -totus)]* 2) The average or dec valu f load voltage [Vac] Lt ig the produc of aver the load snepighomee Ri «De: [oad Gurrent amd Noe Toe Ru am (Rstey) G————— * Gartrey 9 ’ 2 ey +8+4)Reger eypeney (OD aye emipat at 2s — Be fre pat ASH) a ee rtarts But Rpt Rs) << RL fo hee eee ac. v tig be 7) Bipple Fackr (A) The ripple faces ® gon Y : (Zens a cee) pee AI Tes? NE For Bridge guckpier Gisy BY -| + Obs oe 8 Pay rabng f FIR ib VemFilter Cincuite —> The output 4 bridge nechifier Grtaive umdsgi sed. nipple TO seduce the arpple Gantt im The oubpol jley cincuilg re uped. Thepe cimeuily or canmeckal betwen the reclipien amd. load. © Coil waite Half Powe Rectifier m+ bogkong fame themaiedlfin) stds fret elanaat in tae filo copaciler > Tn order be minimise te nipple im the outpud the Capacilor C wed ™ tne pithy cinait ie qpate large vs + During the positive qpavtr agele of the input Nigra Uy the diode it foraars biaged . This charg He Capacitor ch peek value $ input ee, Vem > Thy inikal charging Aropepuns erly once , irmmedialely tahun the powcr fe termed ™Ie + thin the input stanky chereaping below ite pok value, the capaciboy yomaing charged at Vim. So cluring the ombre Migatve holf cycle and Bome par! if the next poeikve half agele the capaciloy dis chax ges throug Re The dlaacharging § capacitor i dkeicdd by RC hme Cantont which & Very large and hence capaci tor daadharg very Little from Vem - The capacitor Atarte charging at point 8 where Ve trceeda the Capacitor voltage which ie blightly lesa than Vem . So from B emwards the Capacitor charger again. and gul charged Yom The discharging 4 the copaciby e fro A&B. amd the diods remains on Cenduchng . am The ripple voltage { Hor = Vn= ts. ob fC i actor = —L___ Ripple ff [ea © Fitter with Full wave Reckgien (Bridge Reckgier) The Capacitor fe Gomeckeh acroee Ri. Tmmediok When the power ie turned on, the Copaciby ge charged fo Vem, during the iret qarh aycle af the mech preat outputram Ma ® . the capaciby During peried from dan Atope In the went qarkr ayele Atarty, — dachorging thraggh Re diode Dgpbecomer neveree biage ae the load Gureent sev C bupplieg the load cure Gonduchng hence capacity © eupi Nee ad ar AB Capacitor Charge 8c + Copacibo Deockargy AA 5 | x ov 3 i eae a fo il mys MTS AE pont 8 the ecg oulpul Voltage lee tm wb 8y, The Input voltage exceeds the Gapacihy voltage trie charge Capacitor back by Vam ot point C- by co chorge f Vem ip very mall ‘The time vequired dee DS amd D4 Will’ Conduct and only, {or tie pried al Thon again Capacitor duppleed up pant D. load amd pfarh dahargin % Loe {FUR = Vicm) = Wa fc ‘The ripple voltage Ripple factey = —L___ 4s fokZener Diode a4 Shunt Regulater The gowy phunt vegulaby cinauit regulals the load voltage. The gewr diods has a chavockriehe ig behoeen Tymin that ae long ae + through it amd Ty man the Utrre’ A i the voltage crepe ib tp Gonatomt ond Vy oma that will be the oulpuk voltage capa be gency Voltage / wow wi l/ Ey es eS The vols { R com be cabeulotd a6 Re Yn ie, Ds Vin-Vy R amd I+ Iy+ Requlakon with Varying input velkage . ' The cht phooe @ gine regulaby [ey celal under varying Inpul voltage Le fi Candi hin 6? oes, _The output voltage —Va= Vy ig cametomt Now if Vin increase , LT increases BHF Te ie Comtomt ao Vy Grelomt - Hence the aavent Te increaaes to keep 1, Centomt: Ty Vin decreas , thor arent (i ducveaua = Cota ita Ip Comtant + Ty decreases , Oa long on Lie bouhoron amd ymin the culpa voltoge Yemnaima cenptant Ty max R Regulakon with Varying load pa 13 The cinuit phase the Zor = q ae regulator amd verging load worditeon = | “id amd ometamt input voltage Ap Vin ie contort amd VorVss 16 wrstant , thon for Comtomt the curt Lig Gato 2 hat Ty Now if Re decnanr Tu increases, to beep I cmlomt Ty dacreases. Me long an Sy it behoun = Tymin ome Ty rom Vo will be Gmakomt Output voltag Similarly Ff Re imereases, £0 Ty dcranes , to kup T comton Ty ineveaat, 0 long aa Tymin < AyK Tyme» Vo will be ConatomRegulaked —Pawer Supply Dic vegelakd pron Apply comet of Verio plage be Fey dary Ps muy Recher it Filter 1+ t-t ac Tm eb nat rn camit P| cineurt >} Cine =a Bou soy aa / wo. Pre Far Rete Paw fs teeta athe ae voltage (2s0v, SoH) ie Umnecled to primary ef homaforn Thes omaformey #tepe daon the are volloge ty the level required for the derived we oukpuk. csThe suckgien cincuit converte Hnle ac voltage into pba dc voltage "8 > The filles cht ip used opty ruckpied cineuil, Hhia juducn the nipple Omit in the —pubalng dic amd fries fo make if Armee ther. Stil thon the filly oulpuk Gantaim ome ripple This voltage (e Called unregulated dec voltage The lost stage ie sugulator cinuit, thie makes the dic: volhag Amooth aad abmoyt ripple fre: This Cimon kupa output dic voltage Gngtomt undir variakew in input voltage dank aloo Undsy vaviable load Umdibions « tthe ouput of a vegulabr ie pane de supply, fo cahih the load can be Grneckedepg ee tg Bins og ow Ste ‘phan * re cant eae re, i= ae wold | - ; : : : oe Pre bE feped ? gree wt hivlasaior sy ene vee opotio a0 ad teal ad WF opetios 1G atl anf agsla” cmcolomma aah tgig BR Bacar eH oh Us pre \e~ my 2 ges ne ae - 2 :4 vor Meagan) we bo tens keg he | ot =e Rep ok gedey Al drebee alae dt sabeg ” Faniee Yahi salen jy edneee tal P keiet piney hbo 33 pete iar Myf amg seriehomy 4 : : 7 3h he ah st taant sie Sines te 2 OREN Gel dP RL . _ Tweet om sags Mable kta cihoamt Byst nf medeno. ii” tol pes apsiley sb shove shay du ews of ter ibnas, ph eb Ble ap Mtv” Aas pe) de