Vocational Education Programme

437

Library Classification

Certificate Course
in
Library Science

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OPEN SCHOOLING

A-24-25, INSTITUTIONAL AREA, SECTOR 62, NOIDA (U.P.)
 LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION

CONTENTS

S.No. Lesson Name Page No.

1. Introduction 1

2. Section A : Colon Classification (CC) 3

3. Section B : Dewey Decimal Classification (DD.C.) 15

4. Part-2 : Library Cataloguing 58

5. Section A : Classified Catalogue Code (CCC) 62

6. Section B : Anglo - American Cataloguing Rules (AACR-2) 112

In the practical, we will cover various aspects of library materials as
resources, their acquisition and processing. Among materials, both the
print and non-print materials will be included. We will learn how to
work in periodical section which is different than books ,because of
their unique features. We will also discuss classification and catalogu-
ing which are important techniques for organizing library resources.
you will learn how to make a catalogue card and how to classify a book
by giving it a class number.
 PART 1

LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION
 Practical Manual

INTRODUCTION
Every thing can be classified by various ways according to its characteristics.
For example, an apple can be classified according to its size, taste, weight or
place of origin. Ever since man started to record knowledge, he has tried to
arrange the recorded knowledge or documents in a manner that is helpful for Notes
those who want to retrieve it. In a modern library, documents (books and other
reading materials) are arranged by subject for an easy location. Arranging
similar things in some order according to some principle unites and controls
information from various sources. This is possible with the help of library
classification. Library classification is thus a system of arrangement adopted
by a library to enable users to find its materials quickly and easily.
The purpose of library classification is to help in the following:
● When a reader asks for a book which is in the library, it must be located
immediately, even though the library may have hundred of books.
● When a book is returned to the library, its correct place on the shelves
must be immediately determined so that it can be put in proper sequence
for the next user.
● When a new book is added to the library, it must find its proper place
among the other books on the same subject.
● When a new book on a new subject arrives, it must find a place among
already existing subjects related to it.
In simple words, library classification aims at arranging the books in a helpful
sequence. It also mechanizes the correct replacing of books returned after use
by the users. Besides, it fixes the most helpful place for a newly procured and
added book among the already existing collection.
A common method of arranging books is by the names of their authors. This
sequence is helpful to users who want books by a particular author. But it has
been experienced in libraries that most readers ask for books on a particular
subject rather than for books by a particular author. Therefore, if the sequence
of the books is to be helpful, it should be determined by the subject of the
book.
Library classification is thus the translation of the name of the subject of a
book into a preferred artificial language of ordinal numbers. The
individualization of books dealing with the same specific subject is possible
by means of a further set of ordinal numbers which represent some features
of the book other than their thought content. The first of these ordinal numbers
is called the Class number of the book. The second ordinal number is called
its Book Number. The Class Number and Book Number are separated by a
space.

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There are many universally known ‘Schemes of Classification’. Some of these

are: Dewey Decimal Classification, Library of Congress Classification,
Notes Universal Decimal Classification and Colon Classification. Here, we will learn
about two classification systems, namely, Colon Classification and Dewey
Decimal Classification system.
For example, in the title “Textbook of Economics”, we translate the name of
the subject of book, “Economics” into a number or symbols, as listed, in the
classification system which we follow. If the system is Colon Classification,
then the Class number will be X. If the system is Dewey Decimal Classification,
then the Class number will be 330. Further it is important to note that we
translate only the name of the subject matter. We do not translate other words
(not indicating any subject) in the title such as ‘textbook’ or ‘the’ or ‘of’ or
‘introduction’, etc. but only the subject economics. We thus translate the
concept ‘economics’ in whatever language it is represented.
In this Classification Practice Manual, you will learn library classification
according to Colon Classification scheme (CC) and Dewey Decimal
Classification (DDC). We will provide an overview of classification schedules,
steps of classification and examples according to both CC and DDC. Lastly,
practical exercises have been provided to enable you to practice and carry
out classification independently.

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Notes

SECTION A
COLON CLASSIFICATION (CC)

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SECTION A
Notes
COLON CLASSIFICATION (CC)

INTRODUCTION
Colon classification (CC) is a classification scheme devised by Dr. S. R.
Ranganathan. The first edition of the scheme was brought out in 1933 and
the seventh edition is the latest edition. The 7th edition is not much in use and
the 6th edition is widely used. For this reason, here we will use the 6th edition
of CC, which was first published in 1960.
The Colon Classification (CC), 6th edition is a one –volumed book of about
430 pages. The book has been divided into 3 parts:
Part 1: Rules
Part 2: Schedules
Part 3: Classics and sacred books
The First part briefly describes the important principles, concepts and canons
of classification on which the classification system is based. It is also used with
the rules and examples for constructing the class numbers.
The second part has all the subject schedules. At the end of Part 2, an index is
given for all the isolates listed in various schedules.
The Part 3 comprises the schedules of classical works and sacred books.

NOTATION
Notation refers to the symbols and numbers which have been used in the
scheme of classification for various classes. CC has used mixed notation as
several kinds of symbols have been used.
The different symbols used are given as under:
Sl.No. Types of digits used No. of digits used
1. Indo Arabic Numerals(1-9) 09
2. Roman Alphabets (A to Z) 26
3. Roman alphabets (a-z, excluding i, l, o) 23
4. Greek letters [Δ (delta) and (sigma)] 02
5. Parenthesis () 02
6. Punctuation marks as indicator digits 06
Inverted comma (‘)
Dot (.)

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Colon (:)
Semi colon (;)
Comma(,)
Hyphen(-)
7. Zero as an indicator digit 01 Notes
8. Arrows 02
Forward arrows→
Backward arrows←

ANALYTICO –SYNTHETIC SCHEME

Colon Classification (CC) is an analytico-synthetic scheme. It does not
enumerate or attempt to enumerate all possible classes in a single schedule as
most schemes do. In an analytico-synthetic classification, subjects are divided
into facets (aspects), and class numbers are synthesized from the classification
schedule. Analytico-synthetic method is much more powerful than enumerated
schemes. The schedule of CC consists of certain standard unit schedules. By
combining the numbers in different unit schedules, class numbers can be
constructed for any subject. The number building in CC involves the following
steps:
1. Analysis of the subjects into facets and transform them into five
fundamental categories, and
2. Synthesis of the facets.

CALL NUMBER
Call Number helps us in locating a required book. One may ascertain the
position of the document in the library and its entry position in the catalogue
with the help of call number.
Call number has three parts:
● Class number
● Book number
● Collection number (this is not essential)
The Class Number specifies the subject of the book. The Book Number
individualizes it. The Class Number of a document is the translation of the
subject dealt in a document from natural language to classificatory language.
In this scheme of classification, the universe of subjects has been divided
broadly into traditional divisions viz. Natural Sciences, the Humanities and

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Social Sciences. The Main Classes of Colon Classification, 6th edition are given
in the table below:
Notes
z Generalia LX Pharmacognosy
1 Universe of Knowledge M Useful Arts
2 Library Science Δ Spiritual Experience and Mysticism
3 Book Science MZ Humanities and Social Sciences
4 Journalism MZA Humanities
A Natural Sciences N Fine Arts
AZ Mathematical Sciences NX Literature and Language
B Mathematics O Literature
BZ Physical Sciences P Linguistics
C Physics Q Religion
D Engineering R Philosophy
E Chemistry S Psychology
F Technology Σ Social Sciences
G Biology T Education
H Geology U Geography
HX Mining V History
I Botany W Political Science
J Agriculture X Economics
K Zoology Y Sociology
KX Animal Husbandry YX Social Work
L Medicine Z Law

FUNDMENTAL CATEGORIES
According to Ranganathan, there are only five fundamental categories viz.
Personality, Matter, Energy, Space and Time, which are popularly known as
PMEST. The fundamental categories are given below:

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S. No Fundamental Indicator Digits Symbol for

Categories the facet
1. Personality ,(Comma) P
2. Matter ;(semi colon) M
3. Energy : (Colon) E Notes

4. Space .(Dot) S
5. Time ‘(Inverted Comma) T
Any aspect related to some property or material comes under the purview of
the fundamental category matter (M). The fundamental category Energy (E)
denotes action. The fundamental category Space(S) represents continents,
countries, or localities and Time (T) represents periods including seasons, day/
night, dry/wet, etc. The category Personality is recognized by elimination. After
separating out the manifestations of Time, Space, Energy and Matter in a
subject, the residue will often turn out to be Personality. For the rest, facet
has to be one of the other five categories only. So it can be said that the category
Personality is identified by Principle of Residue.

LEVELS AND ROUNDS

In compound subjects, some of the fundamental categories occur more than
once. The concept of level denotes recurrence of one and the same fundamental
category within a Round. The concept of Round denotes cyclic recurrence of
categories in analyzing the facet of a subject.

LEVELS
The fundamental category Personality is spread into certain levels which are
known as ‘Levels of Personality’ such as [P], [P2], [P3], [P4], and so on. The
levels of Personality are arranged with the help of the Principle of Helpful
Sequence.
The facet formula for main class O literature is given below:
O [P1], [P2], [P3], [P4]
The formula can be translated as:
O Literature
P Language
P2 Forms
P3 Author
P4 Work

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Example
0111, 2J64, 7 represents English Drama ‘Hamlet’ written by William
Notes
Shakespeare.
The analysis is as under:
0 Literature
0111 English Literature
0111, 2 English Drama
0111, 2J64 English Drama by Shakespeare
0111, 2J64, 7 Hamlet
Here 7 represents the work number of William Shakespeare.
The fundamental category Energy may manifest itself into different rounds of
energy. According to Ranganathan, “A focus in Energy facet may call for a
Second Energy Facet to be set up. There are certain classes where the
application of the Second Round Energy may be necessary after the first
round.”
For example in ‘Medicine’, the Second Round Energy has been a manifested
as ‘treatment’ to various diseases. But this will occur along with the first round
energy only. Because the isolates of Second Round Energy depend upon the
occurrence of the first round energy. The feature of the dependence has become
necessary according to the ‘Wall-Picture Principle’. The following are some
important examples:
L 32 : 4 : 6 Treatment of Diseases of Heart
L 45 : 421 : 6 Treatment of Tuberculosis
L 74 : 4 : 625 Treatment of Nerves through Radio-therapy
In the above example, i.e., Treatment of Nerves through Radio-therapy, no
disease has been mentioned. But according to the ‘Wall-Picture-Principle’,
treatment cannot be done unless there is some disease. Hence the focus
‘disease’ is also included from the energy facet. Such manifestation is called
as 2nd round Energy [2E], 3rd round Energy [3E], etc.
Ranganathan also prescribes that Personality may come immediately after the
first round of Energy facet. In this case, it would be Second Round of
Personality. For example, Diseases as fever, pain, etc. Infection disease such
as tuberculosis, bacteria, etc. Similarly there can be Third round of Personality
which is applicable only after the round of Energy. These manifestations are
called as Second Round Personality [2P], Third Round of Personality [3P]….,
Second Round Matter [2M], Third Round Matter [3M],….etc.
The fundamental categories Space and Time occur in the last round only.

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STEPS FOR CLASSIFICATION

Ranganathan has prescribed eight steps for practical classification based on
postulates and principles. The steps are:
Step 0 Raw Title
Notes
1 Full or Expressive Title
2 Kernel Title
3 Analyzed Title
4 Transformed Title
5 Title in Standard Terms
6 Title in Focal Numbers
7 Class Number

Step 0: Raw Title

Title given on the title page of the book.

Step 1: Full Title

Full title is the one which expresses the subject content of the book. In other
words, the basic subject will be identified and included with the raw title. At
this stage, it becomes expressive by filling a missing terms.

Step 2: Kernel Title

Remove all the auxiliary terms (i.e., prepositions, conjunctions and articles).
In other words, remove all unwanted secondary words and retain only the
substantive terms.

Step 3: Analyzed Title

Find out the fundamental category of the Kernel title including Rounds and
Levels manifestation. Put the symbols along with Kernel title.

Step 4: Transformed Title

Kernel title will be re-arranged by the facet formula for the subject and the
postulates of helpful sequence.

Step 5: Title in Standard Terms

Replace the Kernel terms by Standard terms given in the Schedule.

Step 6: Title in Focal Numbers

Replace each Standard terms by its Basic Class Number or Isolate Number.

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Step 7: Class Number

Replace the symbol, after each Focal Number by indicator digits appropriate
Notes
to each Focal Number.
At this stage, the synthesized Class number is translated into natural language.
Let us now try to understand the Eight step method for practical classification
with the help of an example:
Documentation of Newspaper Clippings in University Libraries in India
during 1995
Step 0: Raw Title – Documentation of Newspaper Clippings in University
Libraries in India during 1995.
Step 1: Full Title – Documentation of Newspaper clippings in University
Libraries (in Library Science) in India during 1995.
Step 2: Kernel Title – Documentation, Newspaper Clippings, University
Libraries, Library Science, India, 1995.
Step 3: Analyzed Title – Documentation [E], Newspaper Clippings [M],
University Libraries [P], Library Science [MC], India [S], 1995 [T]
Step 4: Transformed Title – Library Science [MC], University Libraries [P],
Newspaper Clippings [M], Documentation [E], India [S], 1995 [T].
Step 5: Title in Standard Terms – Library Science [MC], University [P],
Newspaper [M], Documentation [E], India [S], 1995 [T].
Step 6: Title in Focal Numbers -2 [MC], 34 [P], 44 [M], 97 [E], 44 [S],
N95 [T].
Step 7: Class Number 234; 44: 97.44 ‘N95.
Note: While constructing Class Numbers, we have to strictly adhere to the
facet formula given in each Main Class.

INDEX TO SCHEDULES
The index to the schedules of classification is a very important tool that helps
us to identify the main class of a document. In other words, this is a helpful
dictionary of all the terms appearing in the schedule. The index indicates firstly
the main class to which a term is related, and then it points out the facet in
that Main class to which the terms belongs, followed by the isolate number.
For example, if you refer the index under the term, ‘Christianity’ you will find
the following set of numbers.
Christianity Q [P], 6

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This would mean that the word ‘Christianity’ occurs in the Main Class ‘Q’
and therein it belongs to the [P] facet. The isolate number in that facet is ‘6’.
Now you approach the Chapter Q in Part 2, locate the number ‘6’ in the [P]
facet and with the help of the facet formula, construct the Class Number as
follows:
Christianity: Q6 Notes

If you approach the index with the term in First Column of the Table, notation
given in the second column of the table through which you can approach the
index and you will be able to construct the Class Number given in the Third
Column.
One important point you must keep in mind is that it is an alphabetical index
to the fundamental constituent terms in the Schedule and only a key to the
Schedules. You have to approach the Schedules to know the main classes and
the facets of a given isolate term or subject.

Examples
1. Public Library
Library Science is the (MC). Public Library is a kind of [P] facet. Its name
given in the Schedule is local.
Library Science Local
(MC) [P]
2 2 i.e., 22
2. Engineering Drawing
Engineering is the (MC). Drawing is an action of Engineering. Hence it
comes under (E) facet.
Engineering Drawing
(MC) (E)
D :4 i.e., D : 4

3. Physical Chemistry
Chemistry is the (MC). Physical Chemistry is a problem of Main Class
Chemistry. Hence [E] facet.
Chemistry Physical Chemistry
(MC) [E]
E :2 i.e., E : 2

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4. Classification of Biology
Biology is (MC). Classification is treated as its problem or [E] [2P] facet.
Notes
Biology Classification
(MC) [E] [2P]
G : 11 i.e., G : 11

5. Human Anatomy
The book deals with human anatomy. Hence, medicine is the (MC).
Anatomy or morphology (the term used in the Schedule) comes under
[E] facet.
Medicine Morphology
(MC) [E]
L :2 i.e., L : 2

6. English Poetry
Here (MC) is Literature. English is a language – [P] facet. Poetry is a
form – [P2] facet.
Literature English Poetry
(MC) (P) [P2]
0 111 ,1 i.e., 0111,1
7. Arya Samaj
The (MC) is Religion. Arya Samaj is a Hindu sect of Post Vedic religion.
Hence it is [P] facet.
Religion Arya Samaj
(MC) [P]
Q 29M8 i.e., Q29M8
8. Value of Examination
Here, (MC) is Education. Examination is an educational measurement.
Educational measurement is a problem [E] facet. Examination is a method
of educational measurement – [2P] facet.
Education Educational Measurement Examination
(MC) [E] [2P]
T :5 5 i.e., T : 55
9. Cartography
The (MC) is geography. Cartography comes under [P] facet.
Geography Cartography
(MC) [P]
U 11 i.e., U11
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10. History of Indian Constitution

History is (MC). India is a community – [P] facet. Constitution is treated
as a problem – [E] facet.
History India Constitution
(MC) [P] [E] Notes
V 44 :2 i.e., V44 : 2

Exercises for Practice

1. Text book of Inorganic chemistry E1
2. Constitution of United Kingdom V56:2
3. Introduction to Floriculture J16
4. Basics of Mathematical Calculation B491
5. Linear transformations of degree binaries B25,7:1
6. Pure geometry of Cubic surfaces B633:6
7. Volcanoes in Japan H411.42
8. Floods in Assam H4223.4461
9. Classification of fish KZ332:915
10. Treatment of Epilepsy L71:453:6
11. Treatment of gynecological diseases in Homeopathy LLF:4:6
12. Jesus Christ Q6:33
13. Hindu marriages Q2:427
14. Teaching Math through play method T:3(B),96
15. Treatment of Tuberculosis according to Ayurveda LB:421:6
16. British Law of Partnership Z56,3
17. English drama O111,2
18. Economic condition of China X.41
19. Treatment of Physical degeneration Y:421:6
20. Simple sentences in Modern English P111,J601
21. Fasting in Hindu religion Q2:433
22. Prevention of alcoholism Y411:5
23. Prevention of fire Y4351:5
24. Oceanic circulation U256
25. Military Geography of Sri Lanka U54.4498

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26. Trade routes in Asia U641.4

27. Land surveys U181
Notes
28. Party in opposition in Democracy W6,45
29. Earthquakes in Indonesia H4132.436
30. Natural History of Life G1:12
31. Lunar year B92:112
32. Lighting in mines HZ:55
33. Classification of oils J5:915
34. Storing of agriculture Produce J:7:8
35. Principles of Metaphysics R3
36. Insect infestation of crops J:438
37. Investment in India X7241.4
38. Treatment of diseases of cows KZ311:4:6
39. State control in democracy W6:35
40. Loyalty in limited monarchy W46:591
41. Natural resources of Europe U571.5
42. Traditions in Hinayana Q41:26
43. Anatomy of flowering plants I5:2
44. Memory in Preadolescents S2:43
45. Effects of Gamma rays C54:38
46. Text book of Mechanical Engineering D6
47. Synthesis of acidic oxide E3 :4
48. Basics of Biochemistry E9G
49. Naval Science MV45
50. Indian Law of contracts Z44,3

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Notes

SECTION – B
DEWEY DECIMAL
CLASSIFICATION
(D.D.C.)

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SECTION – B
Notes
DEWEY DECIMAL
CLASSIFICATION (D.D.C.)

INTRODUCTION
The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) was developed by Melvil Dewey
in the year 1873 to arrange the documents of Amherest College Library. The
first edition entitled, “A Classification and subject index for cataloguing and
arranging the books and pamphlets of a library” was published in 1876. It
appeared in the form of small book of 44 pages. Dewey Decimal Classification
continued to be modified and revised with many alterations and additions. The
DDC is presently being published by OCLC - Online Computer Library Center,
Inc. The DDC is published in full and abridged editions in print and electronic
versions. The latest edition is available in 3 formats, i) Four Volumes Print
Edition, ii) The Electronic version Web Dewey, and iii) Abridged Edition 15
for small libraries.
The 20th Edition of DDC is in four volumes. First Volume contains the
introduction and various tables. Second and Third Volumes are Schedules.
Second Volume covers class numbers from 000 to 599 and Third Volume
covers class numbers from 600 to 999. Fourth Volume provides Relative
Index to the Schedules and a Manual.
DDC is an enumerative scheme of classification. An enumerative classification
system is a system that lists all the specific subject classes, as opposed to, for
example, an analytico-synthetic classification where subjects are divided into
facets (aspects), and class numbers are synthesized from the classification
schedule. It means that the classifier does not have to construct numbers as
the numbers are readymade and can be picked up from the classification
schedules.
Notation is the system of symbols used to represent the classes in a
classification system. Notation gives both the unique meaning of the class and
its relation to the other classes. Following symbols and digits are used in DDC:
Arabic Numerals 0-9
Dot (.) Decimal Point
Roman Alphabets A to Z
Arabic numerals are used to represent each class in DDC. Each base number
in DDC has minimum of three digits and further divisions follow a decimal (.)
or a dot. Thus the name Dewey Decimal Classification scheme. The first digit

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in each three-digit number represents the Main class. The second digit in each
three-digit number indicates the Division and the third digit in each three-digit
number indicates the Section. For example, 500 is used for general works on
the sciences and mathematics. Notation 510 is used for mathematic, 520 for
astronomy, 530 for physics and 540 for chemistry. The third digit in each three-
digit number indicates the section. Thus, 540 is used for general works on Notes
chemistry, 541 for physical chemistry, 543 for analytical chemistry, 546 for
inorganic chemistry and 547 for organic chemistry.
The Roman alphabets are used for expressing concepts which are not
enumerated in the Schedules.

INTRODUCTION AND TABLES (Volume I)

Volume one presents the Editor’s introduction of DDC. It is an important and
useful part of the system in all respects. Introduction provides:
1. History and current use of DDC
2. Overview of DDC including basic plan, and
3. A practical Guide to the use of classification
Besides, there is a Glossary, a valuable feature, explaining all the technical
terms, used in Editor’s Introduction. It also provides rules to further synthesize
(extend) a number either from the Schedule or from any of the Auxiliary Tables.

Tables
The second part of Volume 1 contains seven numbered Tables. Tables provide
notation that can be added to the class numbers in the Schedules to provide
greater subject specificity. Following are the seven Tables:
Table 1: Standard Subdivisions
Table 2: Geographic Areas, Historical Periods, Persons
Table 3: Subdivisions for individual Literatures, for Specific Literary Format
Tables 3-A: Subdivisions for Works by or about Individual Authors.
Table 3-B: Subdivisions for Works by or about More than One
Author
Table 3-C: Notations to be added where Instructed in Table 3-B
and in 808-809
Table 4: Subdivisions of Individual Languages
Table 5: Racial, Ethnic, National Groups
Table 6: Languages

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Table 7: Groups of Persons

In the end of Volume 1 are the Lists which compare Edition 19 and 20:
Notes
Relocations and reductions, Comparative Tables for Music and British
Columbia, and Equivalence Tables for Music and British Columbia.

SCHEDULES (Volume 2 and 3)

In Schedules, Knowledge is organized from 001 to 999. Volume 2 covers class
numbers from 000 to 599 and Volume 3 covers class numbers from 600 to
999.

Summaries
Summaries of the Schedules provide an overview of the intellectual and
notational structure of classes. The summaries of the schedules as a whole
are found at the front of the Volume 2.

First Summary
Dewey divided the whole universe of knowledge into 10 Main classes. This is
first practical step to learn the system for the beginner. The first summary
contains the 10 main classes. The first digit in each three digit number represents
the main class. For example 600 represent technology.

The Ten Main Classes

000 Generalities
100 Philosophy & psychology
200 Religion
300 Social sciences
400 Language
500 Natural sciences and mathematics
600 Technology (Applied sciences)
700 The arts
800 Literature & rhetoric
900 Geography & History

Second Summary
In Second Summary, the 10 Main classes are again subdivided into 10 Divisions
resulting into 100 Divisions on the whole. The second digit in each three-
digit number indicates the division. For example, 600 is used for general works

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on technology, 610 for medicine and health, 620 for engineering, 630 for
agriculture, etc. It is better to remember this Summary also. The entire Second
Summary is reproduced for your reference.

The Hundred Divisions

000 Generalities Notes

010 Bibliography
020 Library & information sciences
030 General encyclopedic works
040 [Unassigned]
050 General serials and their indexes
060 General organizations & museology
070 News media, journalism, publishing
080 General collections
090 Manuscripts & rare books

100 Philosophy & psychology

110 Metaphysics
120 Epistemology, causation, humankind
130 Paranormal phenomena
140 Specific philosophical schools
150 Psychology
160 Logic
170 Ethics (Moral philosophy)
180 Ancient, medieval Oriental philosophy
190 Modern Western philosophy
200 Religion
210 Natural theology
220 Bible
230 Christianity & Christian theology
240 Christian moral & devotional theology
250 Christian orders & local church
260 Christian social theology

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270 Christian church history

280 Christian denominations & sects
Notes
290 Other & comparative religions

300 Social sciences

310 General Statistics
320 Political science
330 Economics
340 Law
350 Public administration
360 Social problems ; association
370 Education
380 Commerce, communications, transport
390 Customs, etiquette, folklore

400 Language
410 Linguistics
420 English & Old English
430 Germanic languages German
440 Romance languages French
450 Italian, Romanian, Rhaeto-Romanic
460 Spanish & Portuguese languages
470 Italic languages Latin
480 Hellenic Languages Classical Greek
490 Other languages

500 Natural Science & mathematics

510 Mathematics
520 Astronomy & allied sciences
530 Physics
540 Chemistry & allied sciences
550 Earth sciences

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560 Paleontology Paleozoology

570 Life sciences
580 Botanical sciences
590 Zoological sciences
Notes
600 Technology (Applied sciences)
610 Medicine sciences Medicine
620 Engineering & allied operations
630 Agriculture
640 Home economics & family living
650 Management & auxiliary services
660 Chemical engineering
670 Manufacturing
680 Manufacture for specific uses
690 Buildings

700 Arts
710 Civic & landscape art
720 Architecture
730 Plastic arts sculpture
740 Drawing & decorative arts
750 Painting & paintings
760 Graphic arts Printmaking & prints
770 Photography & photographs
780 Music
790 Recreational & performing arts
800 Literature & rhetoric
810 American literature in English
820 English & Old English literatures
830 Literatures of Germanic languages
840 Literatures of Romance languages
850 Italian, Romanian,Rhaeto-Romanic

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860 Spanish & Portuguese literatures

870 Italic literatures Latin
Notes
880 Hellenic literatures Classical Greek
890 Literatures of other languages

900 History
910 Geography & travel
920 Biography, genealogy, insignia
930 History of ancient world
940 General History of Europe
950 General History of Asia Far East
960 General History of Africa
970 General History of North America
980 General History of South America
990 General History of other areas

Third Summary
The Third Summary contains 1000 sections. The third digit in each three digit
number indicates the section. For example, 610 is used for general works on
medicine and health, 611 for human anatomy, 612 for human physiology, 613
for personal health and safety, etc. Each of the 100 Divisions is further divided
into 100 Sections resulting into 1000 Sections.

The Thousand Sections

The Third Summary, taken from the Schedules of DDC 22nd ed., is reproduced
in the subsequent pages.

Third Summary*
The Thousand Sections
Generalities
000 Generalities
001 Knowledge
002 The Book
003 Systems
004 Data processing Computer science

*Consult schedules for complete and exact headings

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005 Computer programming, programs, data

006 Special computer methods
007
008
009 Notes

010 Bibliography
011 Bibliographies
012 Of individuals
013 Of works by specific classes of authors
014 Of anonymous and pseudonymous works
015 Of works from specific places
016 Of works on specific subjects
017 General subject catalogs
018 Catalogs arranged by author & date
019 Dictionary catalogs

020 Library & information sciences

021 Library relationships
022 Administration of the physical plant
023 Personnel administration
024
025 Library operations
026 Libraries for specific subjects
027 General libraries
028 Reading, use of other information media
029
030 General encyclopedia works
031 American
032 In English
033 In other Germanic languages
034 In French, Provencal, Catalan
035 In Italian, Romanian, Rhaeto-Romanic
036 In Spanish & Portuguese
037 In Slavic languages
038 In Scandinavian languages
039 In other languages

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040
041
Notes 042
043
045
046
047
048
049·

050 General serials & their indexes

051 American
052 In English
053 In other Germanic languages
054 In French, Provencal, Catalan
055 In Italian, Romanian, Rhaeto-Romanic
056 In Spanish & Portuguese
057 In Slavic languages
058 In Scandinavian languages
059 In other languages

060 General organizations & museology

061 In North America
062 In British Isles In England
063 In Central Europe In Germany
064 In France & Monaco
065 In Italy & adjacent territories
066 In Iberian Peninsula & adjacent islands
067 In eastern Europe In Soviet Union
068 In other areas
069 Museology (Museum science)

070 News media, journalism, publishing

071 In North America
072 In British Isles In England
073 In Central Europe In Germany
074 In France & Monaco
075 In Italy & adjacent territories
076 In Iberian Peninsula & adjacent islands

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077 In eastern Europe In Soviet Union

078 In Scandinavia
079 In other areas

080 General collections

081 American Notes
082 In English
083 In other Germanic languages
084 In French, Provencal, Catalan
085 In Italian, Romanian, Rhaeto-Romanic
086 In Spanish & Portuguese
087 In Slavic languages
088 In Scandinavian languages
089 In other languages

090 Manuscript & rare books

091 Manuscripts
092 Block Books
093 Incunabula
094 Printed books
095 Books notable for bindings
096 Books notable for illustrations
097 Books notable for ownership or origin
098 Prohibited works, forgeries, hoaxes
099 Books notable for format
100 Philosophy & psychology
101 Theory of philosophy
103 Dictionaries of philosophy
104
105 Serial publications of philosophy
106 Organizations of philosophy
107 Education, research in philosophy
108 Kinds of persons in philosophy
109 Historical treatment of philosophy

110 Metaphysics
111 Ontology
112

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113 Cosmology (Philosophy of nature)

114 Space
Notes 115 Time
116 Change
117 Structure
118 Force & energy
119 Number & quantity

120 Epistemology, causation, humankind

121 Epistemology (Theory of knowledge)
122 Causation
123 Determinism & indeterminism
124 Teleology
125
126 The self
127 The unconscious & the subconscious
128 Humankind
129 Origin &destiny of individual souls

130 Paranormal phenomena

131 Occult methods of achieving well-being
132
133 Parapsychology & occultism
134
135 Dreams &mysteries
136
137 Divinatory graphology
138 Physiognomy
139 Phrenology

140 Specific philosophical schools

141 Idealism & related systems
142 Critical philosophy
143 Intuitionism & Bergsonism
144 Humanism & related systems
145 Sensationalism
146 Naturalism &related systems
147 Pantheism & related systems

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148 Liberalism, eclecticism, traditionalism

149 Other philosophical systems

150 Psychology
151
152 Perception, movement, emotions, drives Notes
153 Mental processes & intelligence
154 Subconscious & altered states
155 Differential &development psychology
156 Comparative psychology
157
158 Applied psychology
159

160 Logic
161 Induction
162 Deduction
163
164
165 Fallacies & sources of error
166 Syllogisms
167 Hypotheses
168 Argument & persuasion
169 Analogy
170 Ethics (Moral philosophy)
171 Systems & doctrines
172 Political ethics
173 Ethics of family relationships
174 Economic & professional ethics
175 Ethics of recreation & leisure
176 Ethics of sex & reproduction
177 Ethics of social relations
178 Ethics of consumption
179 Other ethical norms

180 Ancient, medieval, Oriental philosophy

181 Oriental philosophy
182 Pre-Socratic Greek philosophies

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183 Sophistic &Socratic philosophies

184 Platonic philosophy
Notes 185 Aristotelian philosophy
186 Skeptic and Neoplatonic philosophies
187 Epicurean philosophy
188 Stoic philosophy
189 Medieval Western philosophy

190 Modern Western philosophy

191 United states & Canada
192 British Isles
193 Germany & Austria
194 France
195 Italy
196 Spain & Portugal
197 Soviet Union
198 Scandinavia
199 Other geographical areas

200 Religion
201 Philosophy of Christianity
202 Miscellany of Christianity
203 Dictionaries of Christianity
204 Special topics
205 Serial publications of Christianity
206 Organizations of Christianity
207 Education, research in Christianity
208 Kinds of persons in Christianity
209 History & geography of Christianity

210 Natural Theology

211 Concepts of God
212 Existence attributes of God
213 Creation
214 Theodicy
215 Science& religion
216 Good & evil
217

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218 Humankind
219

220 Bible
221 Old Testament
222 Historical books of Old Testament Notes
223 Poetic books of Old Testament
224 Prophetic books of Old Testament
225 New Testament
226 Gospels & Acts
227 Epistles
228 Revelation (Apocalypse)
229 Apocrypha & pseudepigrapha

230 Christian theology

231 God
232‘ Jesus Christ & his family
233 Humankind
234 Salvation (Soteriology) & grace
235 Spiritual beings
236 Eschatology
237
238 Creeds & catechisms
239 Apologetics & polemics

240 Christian moral & devotional theology

241 Moral theology
242 Devotional literature
243 Evangelistic writings for individuals
244
245 Texts of hymns
246 Use of art in Christianity
247 Church furnishings & articles
248 Christian experience, practice, life
249 Christian observances in family life
250 Christian orders & local church
251 Preaching (Homiletics)
252 Texts of sermons

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253 Pastoral office (Pastoral theology)

254 Parish government & administration
Notes 255 Religious congregations & orders
256
257
258
259 Activities of the local church

260 Christian social theology

261 Social theology
262 Ecclesiology
263 Times, places of religious observance
264 Public worship
265 Sacraments, other rites & acts
266 Missions
267 Associations for religious work
268 Religious education
269 Spiritual renewal

270 Christian church history

271 Religious orders in such history
272 Persecutions in church history
273 Heresies in church history
274 Christian church in Europe
275 Christian church in Asia
276 Christian church in Africa
277 Christian church in North America
278 Christian church in South America
279 Christian church in other areas

280 Christian denominations & sects

281 Early church & Eastern churches
282 Roman Catholic Church
283 Anglican churches
284 Protestants of Continental origin
285 Presbyterian, Reformed, Congregational
286 Baptist, Disciples of Christ, Adventist
287 Methodist & related churches

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288
289 Other denominations & sects

290 Other & comparative religions

291 Comparative religion
292 Classical (Greek & Roman) religion Notes
293 Germanic religion
294 Religions of Indic origin
295 Zoroastrianism (Mazdaism, Parseeism)
296 Judaism
297 Islam & religions originating in it
298
299 Other religions

300 Social sciences

301 Sociology & anthropology
302 Social interaction
303 Social processes
304 Factors affecting social behavior
305 Social groups
306 Culture & institutions
307 Communities
308
309

310 General statistics

311
312
313
314 Of Europe
315 Of Asia
316 Of Africa
317 Of North America
318 Of South America
319 Of other parts of the world

320 Political science

321 Systems of governments & states

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322 Relation of state to organized groups

323 Civil & political rights
Notes 324 The political process
325 International migration & colonization
326 Slavery & emancipation
327 International relations
328 The legislative process
329

330 Economics
331 Labor economics
332 Financial economics
333 Land economics
334 Cooperatives
335 Socialism & related systems
336 Public finance
337 International economics
338 Production
339 Macroeconomics & related topics
340 Law
341 International Law
342 Constitutional & administrative law
343 Military, tax, trade, industrial law
344 Social, labor, welfare, & related law
345 Criminal law
346 Private law
347 Civil procedure & court
348 Law (Statutes), regulations, cases
349 Law of specific jurisdictions & areas

350 Public administration

351 Of central governments
352 Of local governments
353 Of U.S. federal & state governments
354 Of specific central governments
355 Military science
356 Foot forces & warfare
357 Mounted forces & warfare

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358 Other specialized forces & services

359 Sea (Naval) forces & warfare

360 Social services; association

361 General social problems & welfare
362 Social welfare problems & welfare Notes
363 Other social problems & services
364 Criminology
365 Penal & related institutions
366 Association
367 General clubs
368 Insurance
369 Miscellaneous kinds of associations

370 Education
371 School management; special education
372 Elementary education
373 Secondary education
374 Adult education
375 Curriculums
376 Education of women
377 Schools & religion
378 Higher education
379 Government regulation, control, support

380 Commerce, communication, transport

381 Internal commerce (Domestic trade)
382 International commerce
383 Postal communication
384 Communications Telecommunications
385 Railroad transportation
386 Inland waterway & ferry transportation
387 Water, air, space transportation
388 Transportation Ground transportation
389 Metrology & standardization

390 Customs, etiquette, folklore

391 Costume & personal appearance
392 Customs of life cycle & domestic life

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393 Death customs

394 General customs
Notes 395 Etiquette (Manners)
396
397
398 Folklore
399 Customs of war & diplomacy

400 Language
401 Philosophy & theory
402 Miscellany
403 Dictionaries & encyclopedias
404 Special topics
405 Serial publications
406 Organizations & management
407 Education, research, related topics
408 With respect to kinds of persons
409 Geographical & persons treatment

410 Linguistics
412 Writing systems
413 Dictionaries
414 Phonology
415 Structural systems (Grammar)
416
417 Dialectology & historical linguistics
418 Standard usage Applied linguistics
419 Verbal language not spoken or written

420 English & Old English

421 English writing system & phonology
422 English etymology
423 English dictionaries
424
425 English Grammar
426
427 English language variations
428 Standard English usage
429 Old English (Anglo-Saxon)

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430 Germanic languages German

431 German writings systems & phonology
432 German etymology
434
435 German grammar Notes
436
437 German language variations
438 Standard German usage
439 Other Germanic languages

440 Romance languages French

441 French writing system & phonology
442 French etymology
443 French Dictionaries
444
445 French grammar
446
447 French language variations
448 Standard French usage
449 Provencal & Catalan

450 Italian, Romanian, Rhaeto-Romanic

451 Italian writing & phonology
452 Italian etymology
453 Italian dictionaries
454
455 Italian Grammar
456
457 Italian language variations
458 Standard Italian usage
459 Romanian & Rhaeto-Romanic

460 Spanish & Portuguese language

461 Spanish writing system & phonology
462 Spanish etymology
463 Spanish dictionaries
464

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465 Spanish Grammar

466
Notes
467 Spanish language variations
468 Standard Spanish usage
469 Portuguese

470 Italic languages Latin

471 Classical Latin writings & phonology
472 Classical Latin etymology
473 Classical Latin dictionaries
474
475 Classical Latin Grammar
476
477 Old, Postclassical, Vulgar Latin
478 Classical Latin usage
479 Old Classical Latin languages

480 Hellenic languages Classical Greek

481 Classical Greek writings & phonology
482 Classical Greek etymology
483 Classical Greek dictionaries
484
485 Classical Greek Grammar
486
487 Preclassical & Postclassical Greek
488 Classical usage
489 Old Hellenic languages

490 Other languages

491 East Indo-European & Celtic languages
492 Afro-Asiatic languages Semitic
493 Non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic languages
494 Ural-Altaic, Paleosiberian, Dravidian
495 Languages of East & Southeast Asia
496 African languages
497 North American native languages
498 South American native languages

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499 Miscellaneous languages

500 Natural sciences & mathematics

501 Philosophy & theory
502 Miscellany
503 Dictionaries & encyclopedias Notes

504
505 Serial publications
506 Organizations & management
507 Education, research, related topics
508 Natural History
509 Historical, areas, persons treatment
510 Mathematics
511 General principles
512 Algebra & number theory
513 Arithmetic
514 Topology
515 Analysis
516 Geometry
517
518
519 Probabilities & applied mathematics

520 Astronomy & allied sciences

521 Celestial mechanics
522 Techniques, equipment, materials
523 Specific celestial bodies& phenomena
524
525 Earth (Astronomical geography)
526 Mathematical geography
527 Celestial navigation
528 Ephemerides
529 Chronology

530 Physics
531 Classical mechanics Solid mechanics
532 Fluid mechanics Liquid mechanics

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533 Gas mechanics

534 Sound & related vibrations
Notes
535 Light & paraphotic phenomena
536 Heat
537 Electricity & electronics
538 Magnetism
539 Modern physics

540 Chemistry & allied sciences

541 Physical & theoretical chemistry
542 Techniques, equipment, materials
543 Analytical chemistry
544 Qualitative chemistry
545 Quantitative analysis
546 Inorganic chemistry
547 Organic chemistry
548 Crystallography
549 Mineralogy

550 Earth sciences

551 Geology, hydrology, meteorology
552 Petrology
553 Economic geology
554 Earth sciences of Europe
555 Earth sciences of Asia
556 Earth sciences of Africa
557 Earth sciences of North America
558 Earth sciences of South America
559 Earth sciences of other areas

560 Paleontology Paleozoology

561 Paleobotany
562 Fossil invertebrates
563 Fossil primitive phyla
564 Fossil Mollusca & Molluscoidea
565 Other fossil invertebrates
566 Fossil Vertebrata (Fossil Craniata)

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567 Fossil cold-blooded vertebrates

568 Fossils Aves (Fossil birds)
569 Fossil Mammalia

570 Life sciences

571 Notes

572 Human races

573 Physical anthropology
574 Biology
575 Evolution & genetics
576 Microbiology
577 General nature of life
578 Microscopy in biology
579 Collection and preservation

580 Botanical sciences

581 Botany
582 Spermatophyta (Seed-bearing plants)
583 Dicotyledones
584 Monocotyledons
585 Gymnospermae (Pinophyta)
586 Cryptogamia (Seedless plants)
587 Pteridophyta (Vascular cryptogams)
588 Bryophyta
589 Thallobionta & Prokaryotae

590 Zoological sciences

591 Zoology
592 Invertebrates
593 Protozoa, Echinodermata, related phyla
594 Mollusca & Molluscoidea
595 Other invertebrates
596 Vertebrata (Craniata, Vertebrates)
597 Cold-blooded vertebrates Fishes
598 Aves (Birds)
599 Mammalia (Mammals)

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600 Technology (Applied sciences)

601 Philosophy & theory
Notes
602 Miscellany
603 Dictionaries & encyclopedias
604 Special topics
605 Serial publications
606 Organizations
607 Education, research, related topics
608 Inventions & patents
609 Historical, areas, persons treatment

610 Medical sciences Medicines

611 Human anatomy, cytology, histology
612 Human physiology
613 Promotion of health
614 Incidence & prevention of disease
615 Pharmacology & therapeutics
616 Diseases
617 Surgery & related medical specialties
618 Gynecology & other medical specialties
619 Experimental medicine

620 Engineering & allied operations

621 Applied physics
622 Mining & related operations
623 Military & nautical engineering
624 Civil engineering
625 Engineering of railroads, roads
626
627 Hydraulic engineering
628 Sanitary & municipal engineering
629 Other branches of engineering

630 Agriculture
631 Techniques, equipment, materials
632 Plant injuries, diseases, pests
633 Field & plantation crops

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634 Orchards, fruits, forestry

635 Garden crops (Horticulture)
636 Animal husbandry
637‘ Processing dairy & related products
638 Insect culture Notes
639 Hunting, fishing, conservation

640 Home economics & family living

641 Food & drink
642 Meals & table service
643 Housing & household equipment
644 Household utilities
645 Household furnishing
646 Sewing, clothing, personal living
647 Management of public household
648 Housekeeping
649 Child rearing & home care of sick

650 Management & auxiliary services

651 Office services
652 Processes of written communication
653 Shorthand
654
655
656
657 Accounting
658 General management
659 Advertising & public relations

660 Chemical engineering

661 Industrial chemical technology
662 Explosives, fuels technology
663 Beverage technology
664 Food technology
665 Industrial, oils, fats, toxic gases
666 Ceramic & allied technologies
667 Cleaning, color, related technologies

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668 Technology of other organic products

669 Metallurgy
Notes
670 Manufacturing
671 Metalworking & metal products
672 Iron, steel, other iron alloys
673 Nonferrous metals
674 Lumber processing, wood products, cork
675 Leather & fur processing
676 Pulp & paper technology
677 Textiles
678 Elastomers & elastomer products
679 Other products of specific materials
680 Manufacture for specific uses
681 Precision instruments & other devices
682 Small forge work (Blacksmithing)
683 Hardware & household appliances
684 Furnishings & home workshops
685 Leather, fur, related products
686 Printing & related activities
687 Clothing
688 Other final products & packaging
689

690 Buildings
691 Building material
692 Auxiliary construction practices
693 Specific materials & purposes
694 Wood construction Carpentry
695 Roof covering
696 Utilities
697 Heating, ventilating, air-conditioning
698 Detail finishing
699

700 The arts

701 Philosophy & theory

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702 Miscellany
703 Dictionaries & encyclopedias
704 Special topics
705 Serial publications
706 Organizations & management Notes
707 Education, research, related topics
708 Galleries, museums, private collections
709 Historical, areas, persons treatment

710 Civic & landscape art

711 Area planning (Civic art)
712 Landscape architecture
713 Landscape architecture of traffic ways
714 Water features
715 Woody plants
716 Herbaceous plants
717 Structures
718 Landscape design of cemeteries
719 Natural landscapes

720 Architecture
721 Architectural structure
722 Architecture to ca. 300
723 Architecture from ca. 300 to 1399
724 Architecture from 1400
725 Public structures
726 Buildings for religious purposes
727 Buildings for education & research
728 Residential & related buildings
729 Design & decoration

730 Plastic arts Sculpture

731 Processes, forms, subjects of sculpture
732 Sculpture to ca. 500
733 Greek, Etruscan, Roman sculpture
734 Sculpture from ca. 500 to 1399
735 Sculpture from 1400

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736 Carving & carvings

737 Numismatics & sigillography
Notes
738 Ceramic arts
739 Art metal work

740 Drawing & decorative arts

741 Drawing & drawings
742 Perspective
743 Drawing & drawings by subject
744
745 Decorative arts
746 Textile arts
747 Interior decoration
748 Glass
749 Furniture & accessories

750 Painting & paintings

751 Techniques, equipment, forms
752 Color
753 Symbolism, allegory, mythology, legend
754 Genre paintings
755 Religion & religious symbolism
756
757 Human figures & their parts
758 Other subjects
759 Historical, areas, persons treatment

760 Graphic arts Printmaking & prints

761 Relief processes (Block printing)
762
763 Lithographic (Planographic) processes
764 Chromolithography & serigraphy
765 Metal engraving
766 Mezzotinting & related processes
767 Etching & drypoint
768
769 Prints

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770 Photography & photographs

771 Techniques, equipment, materials
772 Metallic salt processes
773 Pigment processes of printing
774 Holography Notes
775
776
777
778 Fields & kinds of photography
779 Photographs

780 Music
781 General principles & musical forms
782 Vocal music
783 Music for single voices The voice
784 Instruments & instrumental ensembles
785 Chamber music
786 Keyboard & other instruments
787 Stringed instruments (Chordophones)
788 Wind instruments (Aerophones)
789

790 Recreational & performing arts

791 Public performances
792 Stage presentations
793 Indoor games & amusements
794 Indoor games of skill
795 Games of chance
796 Athletic & outdoor sports & games
797 Aquatic & air sports
798 Equestrian sports & animal racing
799 Fishing, hunting, shooting

800 Literature & rhetoric

801 Philosophy & theory
802 Miscellany
803 Dictionaries & encyclopedias

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804
805 Serial publications
Notes
806 Organizations
807 Education, research, related topics
808 Rhetoric & collections of literature
809 Literary history & criticism

810 American literature in English

811 Poetry
812 ‘Drama
813 Fiction
814 Essays
815 Speeches
816 Letters
817 Satire & humor
818 Miscellaneous writings
819

820 English & Old English literatures

821 English poetry
822 English drama
823 English fiction
824 English essays
825 English speeches
826 English letters
827 English satire & humor
828 English miscellaneous writings
829 Old English (Anglo-Saxon)

830 Literatures of Germanic languages

831 German poetry
832 German drama
833 German fiction
834 German essays
835 German speeches
836 German letters
837 German satire & humor

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838 German miscellaneous writings

839 Other Germanic literature

840 Literatures of Romance languages

841 French poetry
842 French drama Notes

843 French fiction

844 French essays
845 French speeches
846 French letters
847 French satire & humor
848 French miscellaneous writings
849 Provencal & Catalan
850 Italian, Romanian, Rhaeto-Romanic
851 Italian poetry
852 Italian drama
853 Italian fiction
854 Italian essays
855 Italian speeches
856 Italian letters
857 Italian satire & humor
858 Italian miscellaneous writings
859 Romanian & Rhaeto-Romanic

860 Spanish & Portuguese literature

861 Spanish poetry
862 Spanish drama
863 Spanish fiction
864 Spanish essays
865 Spanish speeches
866 Spanish letters
867 Spanish satire & humor
868 Spanish miscellaneous writings
869 Portuguese

870 Italic literatures Latin

871 Latin poetry

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872 Latin dramatic poetry & drama

873 Latin epic poetry & fiction
Notes
874 Latin lyric poetry
875 Latin speeches
876 Latin letters
877 Latin satire & humor
878 Latin miscellaneous writings
879 Literatures of other Italic languages

880 Hellenic literatures Classical Greek

881 Classical Greek poetry
882 Classical Greek drama
883 Classical Greek epic poetry & fiction
884 Classical Greek lyric poetry
885 Classical Greek speeches
886 Classical Greek letters
887 Classical Greek satire & humor
888 Classical Greek miscellaneous
889 Modern Greek

890 Literatures of other languages

891 East Indo-European & Celtic
892 Afro-Asiatic literatures Semitic
893 Non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic literatures
894 Ural-Altaic, Paleosiberian, Dravidian
895 Literature of East & Southeast Asia
896 African literatures
897 North American native literatures
898 South American native literatures
899 Other literatures

900 Geography & history

901 Philosophy & theory
902 Miscellany
903 Dictionaries & encyclopedias
904 Collected accounts of events
905 Serial publications

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906 Organizations & management

907 Education, research, related topics
908 With respect to kinds of persons
909 World history

910 Geography & travel Notes

911 Historical geography

912 Graphic representation of earth
913 Ancient world
914 Europe
915 Asia
916 Africa
917 North America
918 South America
919 Other areas

920 Biography, genealogy, insignia

921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929 Genealogy, names, insignia

930 History of ancient world

931 China
932 Egypt
933 Palestine
934 India
935 Mesopotamia & Iranian Plateau
936 Europe north & west of Italy
937 Italy & adjacent territories
938 Greece
939 Other parts of ancient world

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940 General history of Europe

941 British Isles
Notes
942 England & Wales
943 Central Europe Germany
944 France & Monaco
945 Italian Peninsula & adjacent islands
946 Iberian Peninsula & adjacent islands
947 Eastern Europe Soviet Union
948 Northern Europe Scandinavia
949 Other parts of Europe

950 General history of Asia Far East

951 China & adjacent areas
952 Japan
953 Arabian Peninsula & adjacent areas
954 South Asia India
955 Iran
956 Middle East (Near East)
957 Siberia (Asiatic Russia)
958 Central Asia
959 Southeast Asia

960 General history of Africa

961 Tunisia & Libya
962 Egypt & Sudan
963 Ethiopia
964 Morocco & Canary Islands
965 Algeria
966 West Africa & offshore islands
967 Central Africa & offshore islands
968 Southern Africa
969 South Indian Ocean islands

970 General history of North America

971 Canada
972 Middle America Mexico
973 United States

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974 Northeastern United States

975 Southeastern United States
976 South central United States
977 North central United States
978 Western United States Notes
979 Great Basin & Pacific Slope

980 General history of South America

981 Brazil
982 Argentina
983 Chile
984 Bolivia
985 Peru
986 Columbia & Ecuador
987 Venezuela
988 Guiana
989 Paraguay & Uruguay

990 General history of other areas

991
992
993 New Zealand
994 Australia
995 Melanesia New Guinea
996 Other parts of Pacific Polynesia
997 Atlantic Ocean islands
998 Arctic islands & Antarctica
999 Extraterrestrial worlds
These three summaries give you an overall view of the Schedules. You are
now advised to go through these summaries representing an outline of the
universe of subjects in the scheme of classification.

LEARNING TO CLASSIFY USING DDC

Schedules comprising Volume 2 and Volume 3 are for practical classification.
Volume 2 covers Class Numbers in numerical order from 000 to 599, and
Volume 3 covers Class Numbers from 600 to 999. To follow the correct use

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of these Schedules, it is necessary to understand various notes and instructions

given under various entries.
Notes
For this purpose, let us study the first three pages of the Schedule. If you turn
the first page you will see that entries start with the notation ’000’ at the top
of the page. The first entry is 001 which stands for Knowledge. One step down
there is a note stating ‘Class epistemology in 121’; ‘a compilation of
knowledge in specific form with the form, e.g., encyclopedias 030’. This means
that epistemology will be classed in 121 and encyclopedias in 030 and not in
001.
User is also directed to See Manual at 500 vs. 001.
Then there is a short summary of the Class 001 knowledge that is further
subdivided as follows:

SUMMARY
001.01-09 Standard subdivisions
.1 Intellectual life
.2 Scholarships and learning
.3 Humanities
.4 Research
.9 Controversial knowledge
.01 Theory of Knowledge
Class philosophy of knowledge, philosophical works on theory of
knowledge in 121
.1 Intellectual life
Nature and value
For scholarship and learning see 001.2
See also 900 for broad description of intellectual situation and
condition.
[.14] Intellectual cooperation
Number discontinued; class in 001.1
The number .14 enclosed in square brackets indicates that the number
has been discontinued.
.2 Scholarship and learning
Intellectual activity directed toward increase of knowledge

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Class methods of study and teaching 371.3; scholarship and learning in

specific discipline or subject, for example, in the humanities 001.3, in
history 900
For research, see 001.4
See manual at 500 vs 001 Notes
.3 Humanities
Including relative value of science versus the humanities
.4 Research
.42 Research methods
.422 Statistical methods
.422 2 Collection of data
All the above numbers from .1 to .4 are subdivision of class number 001. So
the class number for Intellectual life will be 001.1, for Scholarship and
learning 001.2, for Humanities 001.3 and for Research 001.4.
Class number of Research is 001.4 and class numbers under Research are
.42, .422, and .422 2 which stand for Research methods, Statistical methods,
and Collection of data respectively. You will observe that the notational
hierarchy is expressed by the length of the notation. Notation at any given
level are usually subordinate to a class whose notation is one digit shorter;
coordinate with a class whose notation has the same number of significant
digits;. and super ordinate to a class with numbers one or more digits longer.
For example, Class number for research is 001.4 and class numbers for sub
divisions of research are as follows:
001.4 Research
001.42 Research methods
001.422 Statistical methods
001.422 2 Collection of data
Let us see another example demonstrating this notational hierarchy:
600 Technology
630 Agriculture and related technology
636 Animal husbandry
636.2 Cow
636.3 Sheep
“Cow” and “Sheep” are more specific than “Animal husbandry” and are

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subordinate to Animal husbandry. They are equally specific (i.e., are

coordinate) with each other “Animal husbandry” is less specific than “cow”
Notes and “sheep” and is super ordinate to “cow” and “sheep”.

RELATIVE INDEX AND MANUAL (VOLUME 4)

Volume 4 consists of Relative Index and a Manual. Manual is a guide to the
use of DDC. The Manual discusses problem areas in the application of DDC.
Information in the Manual is arranged by the numbers in the Tables and
Schedules.
Relative Index is alphabetical list of all the subjects given in Schedules and
Tables in The Volume I, 2, and 3. This index not only arranges the concepts
and their terms in an alphabetical sequence, but also shows relation between
the terms and contexts in which the subject appears in the schedule. It is a key
to the schedules as well as an independent approach to classification. The index
is relative, as it brings together a subject and various aspects of the subject
under the same heading which are scattered in the schedules according to the
disciplines.
For example, under the term eggs you will see many aspects and sub aspects
of eggs as shown below:-
Eggs 591.166
Animal feed 636.087 6
Cooking 641.674
Food 641.375
Processing 637.5
Zoology 591.166
The Index, has tried to include all possible subjects under main divisions, so
that the classifier feels easy to search out the possible subjects under the
alphabetical list of relative index. Thus, the Relative Index is helpful tool in
the process of classifying. The number given in the index is a readymade
number.
For example, if you see the term ‘Diseases’ in the index, you will find the
following entries:
Diseases (Biology) 574.2
agriculture 632.3
animal husbandry 636.089 6
animals 591.2
plant husbandry 632.3

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plants 581.2
veterinary medicine 636.089 6
Diseases (Human) 362.1
geriatrics 618.97
gynecology 618.1
incidence 614.42 Notes
medicine 616
pediatrics 618.92
In the above example, readymade numbers are available for diseases of old
people (geriatrics) and diseases of children (pediatrics). Similarly, readymade
numbers are available for diseases of plants and animals under biological
sciences as well as under agricultural sciences (plant husbandry and animal
husbandry).
For learning to classify from DDC, we will classify some general books,
wherein we do not require the use of tables. For classifying such books, all
the three summaries given in Volume 2 and ‘Relative Index’ in Volume 4 will
be sufficient.
We will classify some books practically. For example:
Title 1: Algebra 512
Here the title of the book is expressive and simple to determine the subject.
Algebra is the branch of Mathematics. In Second Summary, we get the number
510 for Mathematics. In Third Summary, subject Mathematics is further sub
divided from 510 - 519. Class number for algebra is 512. The class number
of the book will be 512. This book can also be classified with the help of
Relative Index.
Title 2: Cultivation of Fruit Crops 634
Crops cultivation comes under ‘Agricultural Sciences’. We get class number
630 for agriculture and related technologies in Second Summary. Agriculture
is further sub divided into 630-639 and we get number 634 for fruit crops. So
the class number for the above title will be 634.
Title 3: Social Change 303.4
Social change is a branch of sociology. In Second Summary, we get the number
300 for Social Science and on checking the Third Summary we get the number
301-309 for Sociology. Therefore, we get the number 303.4 for Social Change
in the Schedule as subdivision of number 303. The class number for the above
title is 303.4.
Now classify the following books with the help of the Three Summaries,
Relative Index and the Schedules and tally with the classified numbers given
against each title.
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A book on Vocational Education 370.113 Public Libraries 027.4

Text Book of Biochemistry 574.192 Plant Breeding 631.53
Notes
Introduction to Library Operations 027.7 Animal Physiology 591.1
Text Book of Bacteriology 589.9 Biophysics 574.191
Physiology of Lungs 612.2 Buddhism 294.3
Book Selection in Public Libraries 025.21 Organic Chemistry 547
Vegetable Garden Crops 635 Vegetable Oils 665.3
Historical Geology 551.7 Paleontology 560
Text Book of Genetics 575.1 Income Tax Law 343
Handbook of Industrial Relations 331 Whole Sale Trade 381.2
Types of Book Binding 686.3 Industrial Law 343
Human Physiology 612.11 Agricultural Libraries 026.3
Hand Book of Horticulture 635 Geomagnetism 538.7
Keyboard Instruments-Pianos 786.2 Geometric Shapes 516.4
Philosophy of Science 501 Pre-School Education 370
School Safety Programs 371.77 Politics and Religion 322.1
A Book on Italian Poetry 851 Fossil Invertebrates 562
History of Egypt & Sudan 962 World History 909
Political Science 320 Political Parties 324.5
Political Rights 323.5 History of Asia 958

EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE

1. System Analysis
2. General Subject Encyclopaedia
3. A Book on Critical Philosophy
4. Text Book of Applied Psychology
5. A Book of Western Philosophy
6. Hand Book of International Relations
7. A Book on Industrial Relations
8. Income Tax Law
9. Public Administration
10. Adult Education
11. Text Book of Physics
12. Applied Linguistics
13. Natural Sciences
14. Cartography

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15. Text Book of Chemical Physics

16. Encyclopaedia Americana
17. Horticultural Sciences
18. Hand Book of Sericulture
19. Introduction to Epistemology Notes
20. School Libraries
21. Text Book of Engineering
22. Plant Physiology
23. Educational Institutions
24. University Education
25. A Book on Computer Programming
26. Role of Public Libraries
27. A Book on Vocal Music
28. Text Book of Geology
29. Handbook of Applied Mathematics
30. Earth Sciences of Asia
31. Modern Physics
32. A book on Analytical Chemistry
33. Text Book of Geophysics
34. A Manual on Vegetable Gardening
35. Cold Blooded Vertebrates
36. Paleozoology
37. English Literature
38. Indian Architecture
39. Historical Geography
40. Ancient Philosophers
41. Dictionaries
42. Paleobotany
43. School Systems
44. A Compilation of Spanish Essays
45. General Principles of Music Forms
46. Pulp & Paper Technology
47. Crystallography
48. Fossil Birds
49. Food Technology
50. History of India

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Notes

PART 2
LIBRARY CATALOGUING

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Notes

PART- II
CATALOGUING

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INTRODUCTION

Notes Library
The term “Library” is used for a collection of books and other non-book
materials which have been kept for reading, study and consultation.
Library Catalogue
The collection which is kept in a room or rooms or in a building for use can
be used with the help of a Library catalogue. Library catalogue is a list of
reading materials available in the holdings of a library or group of libraries.
In order to provide access to the holdings of a library, an index or list of the
materials is always prepared and maintained systematically for the readers.
This list or index or tool is basically called a library catalogue.
Library catalogue is not merely listing of various documents owned by a library
but it contains many such details which are useful for the users of the catalogue.
Among these details are author, title, edition, place of publication, publisher
and year of publication. Also information regarding physical details like pages,
size, illustrations, etc. is also given if need be.
Besides the above mentioned information, the catalogue also bears some
location mark, usually in numerical form, by which documents can be located
on the shelves of the library.
Need for a Library Catalogue
A library acquires many documents. These include books and non-book
materials. The purpose behind the procurement of these documents is to make
these available to their users.
We can very well imagine as to what will happen if these documents are not
organised properly. Even if they are organised on shelves properly, no reader
or staff member will be able to know as to what books are available in a library.
It is, therefore, essential that each document is enlisted in such a manner that
user’s approach is met with. The library catalogue thus created serves as a
key to the holdings of a library.
According to Prof. Girja Kumar and Prof. Krishan Kumar, “A library without
a catalogue is like a town which has been developed without a plan. Without
it, it would not be possible to know what is available and where. It is a key to
the resources of a library.”
Functions and Objectives of a Library Catalogue
According to Dr. S.R. Ranganathan the functions of library catalogue should
be to:

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1. Disclose to every reader his or her documents.

2. Secure for every document its reader.
3. Save the time of the reader for this purpose.
4. Save the time of the staff.
Charles Ammi Cutter described the under mentioned functions of a library Notes
catalogue in 1876 when he published the first edition of his ‘Rules for a
Dictionary Catalogue’. According to him, a catalogue should:
1. Enable a person to find a book of which either
A. Author, or
B. Title, or
C. Subject is known
2. Show what the library has
D. By a given author
E. On a given subject
F. In a given kind of literature or form of material
3. Assist in the choice of a book as to its
G. Edition and
H. Character

Catalogue Codes
A catalogue code is a set of rules for guidance of cataloguers in preparing
entries for catalogues so as to ensure uniformity in treatment. These codes
may also include rules for subject headings, filing and arranging of entries.
Classified Catalogue Code by SR Ranganathan and Anglo-American
Cataloguing Rules (Edition 2) are examples of such catalogue codes.

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Notes

SECTION – A
CLASSIFIED CATALOGUE CODE
(CCC)

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SECTION – A
CLASSIFIED CATALOGUE CODE
(CCC)
Notes

The classified catalogue code (CCC) is one such code of cataloguing. This
code (CCC) is probably the only code of cataloguing which is having classified
approach to document. This code which is Indian in nature was formulated
by Dr. S.R. Ranganathan, the father of Library Science in India in 1934.
Dr. S.R. Ranganathan was of the firm belief that a subject approach through
a classified catalogue is more helpful in satisfying the users need. This led to
the formulation of “Classified Catalogue Code.”
The first Part of this aspect of practical manual consists of cataloguing practice
according to Classified Catalogue Code.

Library Cataloguing
Cataloguing can be defined as the process of making entries of documents. It
is an art by which we record each and every document in the library.

Entry
‘An entry is a single record of a document. For every single document many
entries may be prepared. The number of entries usually depend upon the
different possible approaches by which users look for it in the library catalogue’.
The entries are of two kinds, namely, main entry and the added entries.

Main Entry
The entry which gives full information about a particular document is called
the Main Entry. Dr. S.R. Ranganathan says that ‘as its name implies, the main
entry is the basic entry for the document and all the other entries are derived
from it. It gives us more information about the document than any other entry.’

Added Entry
An added entry is the secondary record of a document other than the Main
Entry. The AACR-II Glossary defines it as ‘an entry additional to the main
entry, by which an item is represented in the catalogue’. Added entries may
be prepared under joint author(s), the collaborator(s), (i.e., translator, editor,
illustrators, reviser, adapter, etc.), the title, the series or under any other
specification. These entries assist the users, who may look under these

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headings to know whether the designed document is available in the library

and if available what is its relative location alongwith other documents on the
Notes library shelves.
Kind of Added Entries
Class Index Entries
Book Index Entries
Cross Reference Index Entries
Cross Reference Entries
Let us now know about the details to be provided in each type of entry.

Main Entry
The Main Entry (ME) is a basic record for a given document. It is usually
prepared under the name of the author. But in classified catalogue it starts
with the Call Number of the document. The Main Entry provides maximum
information about the document. Each document gets one main entry.
The necessary information which should be available in the Main Entry should
consist of:
Subject
Author
Title
Edition
Collaborators, if any, (i.e., Editor, Translator, Illustrators, Assistant, etc.)
Series
Other Notes
Accession Number
Tracing
Based upon the above mentioned information, the main entry is to consist of
the following sections:
Leading Section
Heading Section
Title Section
Note Section
Accession Number Section, and
Tracing Section

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Tracing, to be provided on the back of Main Entry card, indicates what

additional added entries have been prepared.

Leading Section (ME) (Chapter MC)

- Consists of the Call Number of the book (Class Number + Book Number
+ Collection Number, if any) Notes

- There are to be two spaces between Call Number & Book Number
- Should be written from first vertical on the leading line
- All continuation lines are to be made from the first vertical or first indention
- Call Number should always be recorded with pencil

Heading Section (ME) (Chapter MD)

- The heading section is to consist of the name(s) of author(s).
- Surname is to be recorded first with block letters followed by forename
and is to be enclosed within circular brackets.
- Date of birth and date of death of an author is to be recorded in another
circular bracket. In between the dates there is to be a dash.
- Heading Section starts from second indention and continues from first
indention.
- Descriptive element is to be underlined and preceded by a comma. First
letter of each word is to be in capital letters
- All words and numbers in an entry are to be in library hand, with letters
and digits detached from one another
- Heading Section is to consist of the
- name of personal author
- name of joint personal author(s)
- name of corporate author
- name of Joint Corporate author(s)
- name of the Collaborator
- name of Joint collaborator(s), etc.
- title of the document

Title Section (ME) (Chapter MD)

- Title Section consists of title, sub-title, and information regarding
“Edition” and collaborator(s)

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- Sub-title is to be written after title main. First letter of the sub title is to
be in capital letters. In between the title and sub title there is to be a colon
Notes (:)
- Any initials articles (i.e., a, an, the) from the title main are to be removed
- Edition’s information is to be given only in case of the Second and later
editions and having specific information
- Information about second and later editions is to be rendered by
putting appropriate edition number after the word ‘Ed 3.”
- Third edition is to be rendered as “Ed 3.”
- Revised third edition is to be rendered as “Rev ed 3.”
- In case of translation, the specification of the original, if any, is to be given
- Title section starts from second indention and continuation is to be made
from first indention.

Note Section (ME) (Chapter MF)

Note section is the fourth section in the Main Entry and rendered after title
Section. Note Section starts from Second indention and continues from first
indention. The note section is to consist of the following types of notes:
- Series note
- Multiple series note
- Extract note
- Change of title note
- Extraction note, and
- Associated book notes
- If there are two or more kinds of notes, these are to be mentioned in the
Main Entry in the sequence indicated above in separate sections. However,
in some books no note may be used.
- Note section starts from the second indention and continues from the first
indention of the catalogue card.

Accession Number Section (ME) (Chapter MG)

- Accession Number Section is the fifth Section for the main Entry.
- Accession Number which is an individual and exclusive number of a
document is recorded at the verso or back of the title page of a document.
It should be taken from back of the title page and should be given on the
last horizontal line, starting from the first indention of the Main Entry Card.

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- In case of multiple copies of the same document and Multi-volumed

documents, there are to be many accession numbers. The consecutive with
a dash and broken numbers should be separated by a comma.
- Accession Number is a permanent record number, hence should be
recorded with ink
Notes
Tracing Section (ME) (Chapter MH)
Tracing Section is given on the back of the Main Entry Card. It indicates details
of other entries in addition to Main Entry that have been prepared for the given
document, viz.
1) Class Index Entries
2) Book Index Entries
3) Cross Reference Index Entries
4) Cross Reference Entries
The back of the Main Entry Card is to be imagined to be divided into two
halves. The Left half and the right half. On the left half the information of Cross
Reference Entry is to be given. The right half is imagined to be divided
horizontally into three parts. The space in each part may be adjusted
considering the number of headings to be accommodated in each part. “
The Class Index Entries are placed in the upper part. The Book Index Entries
and Cross Reference Index Entries are placed in middle and lower parts
respectively. The continuation of information is to be started on the next line
leaving two spaces.
A sample illustration of Tracing Section of a book is given below:
CRE CIE
(Cross Reference Entry) (Cross Reference Entry)
BIE
(Book Index Entry)
CRIE
(Cross Reference Index Entry)

Added Entries
To meet its varied purposes, a library catalogue has to provide more than one
entry for a book. The different entries of a book are usually distinguished and
named after what they begin with. For example, an entry of a book beginning
with the name of its author is called its author entry. The one beginning with
the title of the book is called title entry. Similarly, we can have Translator Entry,

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Editor entry, Reviser Entry and so on. Any such entry, beginning with the name
of a person other than the author and yet associated with the author in
Notes presentation of the work, is denoted by the generic term Collaborator Entry.
Finally an entry of a book, beginning with the name of its specific subject, is
called its specific Subject Entry.
As the Main Entry of a document cannot satisfy all the approaches, the above
mentioned additional entries are prepared. These are known as Added Entries.
According to Classified Catalogue Code there are following added entries in
addition to the Main Entry:
Cross Reference Entry (Chapter MJ)
Class Index Entry (Chapter K)
Book Index Entry (Chapter M K)
Cross Reference Index Entry (Chapter I)

Cross Reference Entry (Chapter MJ)

It is a kind of specific added entry. It refers to a (or is to reveal) portion of a
document as particular information/subject laying hidden in a document, may
be missed by the readers.
The important function of CROSS REFERENCE ENTRY is to bring to the
notice of the users that information which may not occur as an independent
document.
It is quite possible, this may be the only information on the subject available
in the library. If it is not provided through the cross reference entry, the users
may fail to get it.
Cross Reference Entry of a simple book consists of the following sections
(Chapter MJ):
1) Leading Section
2) Second Section
3) Locus Section
Leading Section (CRE)
Leading Section consists of the class number of the subject from which the
document is referred (i.e., guest document). The class number of the part of
document has already been assigned by the classifier on the verso of the title
page in addition to the class number assigned to the Host document.

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Note: Class Number is to be written from 1st indention and with pencil.
Second Section (CRE)

This Section of Cross Reference Entry is to consist of the directing element

‘See also’ and it will be underlined.
Notes
Locus Section (CRE)

Locus section is to consist of the Call Numbers of the Main Entry (Host
document); the heading of the Main Entry (In case of personal author only
entry element) and the short title followed by a full stop, and the specifications
of the place of occurrence of the host document in terms of ‘Sec’, ‘Chap’,
‘Part’ and ‘P’ etc. Each of these, i.e. Call Number, Heading, and short title are
provided in separate sections.
A few illustrative cross reference entries are shown below:
B9: 6
AGARWAL
A strophysics.
See
B Ma
JOSHI, Ed. Horizons of Physics. P 25:54.

2:9 (X: 9) Y7
KAULA
Documentation in Social Science
See
2: 97 N63
Ranganathan, Ed.
Documentation and its facets.
ChapF6.

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X:2 GHOSH
Notes India at the cross road of economic policy
See X:2 N3
THAKER,Ed.
Glimpses of the world economy.
Pll9-125

Class Index Entry (Chapter K)

A class index entry is that subject entry which refers a reader from the name
of a class to its class Number. ‘The object of class Index entries is to inform
the reader about the Class Number under which he can find reading-material
on the specific subject in which he is interested’. It acts as an alphabetical index
to its classified part of the catalogue in a classified catalogue. A majority of
library users do not understand the meaning of class number, therefore, they
need an aid to make effective use of the classified part in the form of an index.
A Class Index Entry consists of the following sections:
1) Leading Section
2) Second Section
3) Index Number
Leading Section (CIE)
Leading Section of a Class Index Entry consists of Class Index heading (i.e.,
Subject heading). These entries are derived through ‘Chain Procedure’.
Second Section (CIE)
Second Section of a Class Index Entry consists of the following Directing
Words:
For documents in this Class and its Sub-divisions, see the Classified Part of
the catalogue under the Class Number —
Index Number (CIE)
The Index Number of a Class Index Entry consists of the Class Number
representing the term in the Heading Section.

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Note: 1) The Directing element is not to be underlined

2) Class Number in Class Index Entries is to be written in pencil
3) If there is space after the directing element, the class number may
be written on the same line otherwise it may be written on the next
lower line and on the right. Notes
CIE

ECONOMICS

For documents in this Class and its Sub divisions,

see Classified Part of the catalogue under the Class
Number X

CIE

LIBRARY SCIENCE

For documents in this Class and its Sub-divisions,

see the Classified Part of the catalogue under the
Class Number 2

Methods to Derive Class Index Entries

There are various methods of deriving subject heading such as Subject Heading
Lists, Chain Procedure, etc.

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Chain Procedure
The chain procedure is one of the important methods of deriving subject
Notes
headings. It is based on the class number of the document. Dr. S. R.
Ranganathan has devised this procedure which is also known as Chain
Indexing. It is more or less mechanical way to derive class index entries from
a chain which can also be used to prepare subject headings for a dictionary
catalogue.
For example, the class Number taken from Colon Classification of Dr. S. R.
Ranganathan from which subject headings are to be derived may be represented
in the form of a chain in the following manner:
Class Number 0111, J64, 6 = Macbeth
0 = Literature (Sought-Link)
01 = Indo-European Literature (Un-sought-link)
011 = Teutonic literature (Un-Sought -Link)
0111 = English Literatures (Sought Link)
0111 = False link (False Link)
0111,2 = English Drama (Sought -Link)
0111,2J64 = William Shakespeare (Sought Link)
0111,2J64, = False link (False Link)
0111, 2J64, 6 = Macbeth (Sought Link)

Types of Links in Chain Procedure

You can see from the above mentioned example that there are various types
of links. These are given in Chapter KB of Classified Catalogue Code.
Only Sought Links are used for deriving Class Index Entries. False links are
those which are mainly connecting symbols, or a class which does not represent
a subject. Unsought Links are those on which reading materials not likely to
be sought by the readers.

Book Index Entry (Chapter MK)

It is a specific added entry. The purpose of this entry is to satisfy different
specific approaches for a document (such as title, collaborator(s), editor,
translator, illustrator, compiler, assistant etc., besides series of the document).
A Book index Entry consists of the following sections:
(l) Heading Section

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(2) Second Section

(3) Index Number Section
Heading Section (BIE)
Leading Section of a Book Index Entry is occupied by the Heading derived
Notes
from the various Sections of the Main Entry.
Second Section (BIE)
The Second Section of a Book index entry may have title and other such
information. This will depend upon the nature of heading occupying the leading
section.
Index Number Section (BIE)
This section consists of Call Number of the document as in Main Entry.
The Book index Entry according to CCC is of following types, viz.
- Author entry
- Joint author entry
- Collaborator entry
- Joint-Collaborator entry
- Series entry
- Title entry
BIE (Author)

ARUN KUMAR and SHARMA (Rachna)

Financial management.
X56: 8 M98 34

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BIE (Joint Author)

Notes SHARMA (Rachna) and ARUN KUMAR

Financial management
X56: 8 M98

BIE (More than two Author)

KULIK (James A) and others.

Undergraduate education in Psychology.

S M98

BIE (Collaborator)

SHOENBERG (D), Tr.

Landau and Lifshits: Statistical
Physics. C L2

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BIE (Joint Collaborator)

NELSON (WA) and WEBSlER (KT), Ed.
Arora : Physics.
C L2
Notes

BIE (More then two Collaborator)

SHOENBERG (D), Tr. and others
Landau and Lifshits: Statistical
Physics. C L2

BIE (Series)
WORDSWORTH BIOLOGY SERIES
10 Salisbury: Plant Physiology.
J : 3 N2

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BIE (Title)
ANIMAL FARM.
Notes
By Orwell.
0111, 3 N03 H6

Cross Reference Index Entry (Chapter L)

Cross Reference Index entries are prepared generally under the headings which
are not covered by Main Entry or a Book Index entry. The purpose of CRIE
is to direct the approaches of the readers which have not been chosen as the
heading of ME or BIE to the heading under which these entries have been
provided.
Cross Reference Index Entries, according to classified Catalogue Code, are
as under:
- Alternative Name Entry
- Variant form of word entry
- Pseudonym -Real-Name entry
- Editor of the Series entry
- Generic name entry.
A Cross Reference Index Entry is to consist of the following Sections.
1) Leading Section
2) Directing Section
3) Referred to Heading Section
Leading Section (CRI E)
It consists of the name of a person or corporate body or a title or a subject
heading
Directing Section (CRIE)
Directing Section of CRIE may consist of the directing word ‘See’ or ‘See
also’.

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Referred-to-Heading Section (CRIE)

Referred to heading is usually the name of a person, a series, a document or
a geographical entity.
Let us now know about various kinds of CRIEs.
Alternative Name Entry (CRIE) Notes

It is prepared for all the possible Alternative Names by which a person or

corporate body, a geographical entity, any series, etc. is known. Example.

PRASAD (Rajendra) (1884-1963)

See
Rajendra Prasad (1884-1963).

SAADAT HASAN MANTO.

See
MANTO (Saadat Hasan).

Variant Form of Word Entry (CRIE)

The name of a person, or corporate body, etc. if written in variant forms should
be provided an entry by using the different variant as heading. Example:

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AGARALWAL.
Notes
See also
AGRAWALA,
AGGARWAL.
AGGARWALA.
AGRAWAL.

RANGANATHAN.

See also
RANGANADHAN.
RANGANADHAN.
RUNGANATHAN.

Pseudonym-Real Name Entry (CRIE)

This type of entry is prepared in case of the author assuming a false or fictitious
name different from the real name.
- It Pseudonym appear first in the heading of Main Entry, the Heading of
Cross Reference Index Entry is to be prepared under Real Name.
- If the Real Name appear first in the heading of the Main Entry, the heading
of Cross Reference Index Entry is to be prepared under pseudonym.
Example:

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EVANS (Mary Ann).

See
ELIOT (George), Pseud.
Notes

GAMES(Marry).

See
BROWN (George), Pseud.

Editor of Series Entry (CRlE)

If there is to an Editor of the series, Entry using the name(s) of the editor(s)
is to be prepared occurring in the series note in Main Entry of a document.
- In case of the joint editors, an editor of series entry is to be prepared for
each of permuted sequences of the names of the editor(s) of series(s).
- Reference to Heading of an editor(s) of the series is to be the name of the
series found in the series note of the Main Entry.

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Example:

Notes LAKIN (Martin), Ed.

See
MEDICAL ETHICS SERIES.

STAIN (Myrry), Ed.

See
TORONTO STUDIES IN RELIGION.

VAN (NA),Ed.

See
SERIES IN LIBRARY AND INFORMATION
SCIENCE.

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Generic Name Entry (CRIE)

Sometimes library users are facing problems in locating a material which may
have been indexed under different form. Often the official form of names of
many institutions and conferences are not the same as the names in popular
usage. Therefore, a cross reference index entry under a generic name would
be appropriate to correlate all such approaches and would help the readers to Notes
save their time.
The Heading of Cross reference Index entry would consist of the generic term
such as University, College, Library, Museum, Conference, etc.
Example:

UNIVERSITY.

See also
UNIVERSITY OF DELHI.

CONFERENCE.

See
PLANT PATHOLOGIST CONFERENCE
(Udaipur) (1969).

Single personal Author

Classified Catalogue Code (CCC) of Dr. S.R. Ranganathan defines a personal
author as “a Person, as author, the responsible for the thought and expression
constituting the work resting solely on his private capacity and not on the

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capacity of any office being held by him within a corporate body, nor on the
capacity of that body”.
Notes
According to the above definition, if the single person is an author, then the
name of a personal author is to become the heading of a main entry. In rendering
the name, the elements in the name shall be given in the following order:
Entry element, secondary element and individualizing element.
Example:
FARUQI (Khalid Kamal)
RANGANATHAN (S R) (1962-1972)
SHAKESPEARE (William) (1564)
ANSARI (M M A)
In rendering the name of the person, honorific wards (i.e. Sir, Raisaheb, Padma
Bhushan, Padma Shri and degrees i.e. Or, Ph.D, MA, etc. are not considered
and are ordinarily omitted.
The choice of Heading would depend upon the nature of information available
on the Title page of the document. If the name of single personal author appears
on the title page of the document and if He/She is responsible for the thought
content of the document in his personal capacity, his/her name is to be chosen
as heading of the Main Entry of the document.

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EXAMPLES

Title 1 (CCC)
Rendering of Single Personal Author (Hindu Name)
Notes

The Changing Concept

of Reference Service

By
Suseela Kumar

Vlkas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.

Delhi
2004

Other Informations
Call No. : 2:7
P04
Ace. No. : 27422
Series : Sarada Ranganathan Lectures 7

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Main Entry

Notes 2:7 P04

27422 SUSEELA KUMAR.

Changing concept of reference service
(Sarada Ranganathan Lecture. 7)

BIE (Author)

SUSIEELA KUMAR.
Changing concept of reference service
2:7 P04

CIE
LIBRARY SCIENCE

For documents in this Class and its sub-divisions

see the classified part of the catalogue under the
Class Number
2

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CIE
REFERENCE SERVICE
For documents in this Class and its Sub-
divisions see the Classified Part of the catalogue
under the Class Number 2.7 Notes

BIE (series)
SARADA RANGANATHAN LECTURE 7

7 Suseela Kumar : Changing concept of

reference service. 2:7 P04

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Title 2 (CCC)
Notes Rendering of Single Personal Author (Muslim Name)

Library and
Information Science
(A Question Bank
Approach)

By

Khalid K. Faruqi
Deptt. of Lib. & lnf. Science
Jamia Millia Islamia
New Delhi - 110025

CBS Publishers & Distributors

4596/1 A, 11 Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002 (India)

Other Information
Call No. : 2
N6
Acc no. : 164808
Pages : XII, 377 P.
ISBN : 81-239-0459-Z

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Main Entry

2N6

FARUQI (Khalid Kamal).

Library and information Science: A question bank Notes
approach.

164808

Class Index Entry

LIBRARY SCIENCE

For documents in this Class and its Sub-divions

see the classified Part of the catalogue under the Class
Number 2

Book Index Entry

FARUQl (Khalid Kamal).

Library and information science.

2 N6

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Title 3 (CCC)
Notes Rendering of Single Personal Author
(Christian Name)

Astronomy
(A Physical Perspective)

By
Marc L Kutner

Harper & Row Publishers

New York
2017

Other Information
Call No. : B9
P17
Ace No. : 12222

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Main Entry

B9 P17
KUTNER (March L).
Astronomy: A practical perspective. Notes

12222

CIE

MATHEMATICS
For documents in this Class and its Sub-
divisions see the Classified Part of the catalogue
under the Class Number. B

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CIE

Notes ASTRONOMY
For documents in this class and its Sub-
divisions see the Classified Part of the catalogue
under the Class Number. B9

BIE (Author)

KUTNER (Marc L).

Astronomy. B9M7

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Title 4 (CCC)
Rendering of Personal Author (s) with Collaborator

Notes

Elements of Algebra

Second Edition

By

Leonhard Euler
Translated by
John Hewlett

Springer Verlag
New York 2012

Other Information:
Call No. : B2
P12
Ace No. : 2222

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Main Entry

Notes B2 P12
EULER (Leonard).
Elements of Algebra Ed 2. Tr by John Hewlett.

2222

Class Index Entry

MATHEMATICS.
For documents in this Class and its Sub-divisions
see the Classified Part of the catalogue under the Class
Number B

ALGEBRA
For documents in this Class and its Sub-divisions
see the Classified Part of the catalogue under the class
Number B2

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EULER (Leohard)

Elements of algebra,
B2 L2
Notes

BIE for (Translator)

HEWLETT(John), Tr.
Euler: Elements of Algebra.
B2 L2

Two Personal Author

In case the names of two personal authors appear on the title page of the
document and both of them are equally responsible for the thought content of
the document, both of them are to be chosen for heading of the Main Entry.
According to Classified Catalogue Code (CCC) of Dr. Ranganathan ‘In case
of Main Entry, if the title page contains names of two and only two Joint
authors, both the names are to be used [written] in the sequence in which they
[appear] occur in the title page with the conjunction ‘and’ connecting them’.

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Title 5 (CCC)
Notes Rendering of Two Personal Author

Research Methods in
Librarianship
Techniques and
interpretations

By
Charles H Busha
Stephen P Harter

Academic Press, Inc.

New York
2010

Other Information
Call No. : 2 P10
Ace No. : 21212
Note : It has a series named Library and information Science No. 5

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Main Entry

2 P10
BUSHA (Charles H) and HARTER (Stephen P).
Research methods in librarianship techniques and Notes
inter pretations.
(Library and information Science 5).

212 12

Class Index Entry

LIBRARY SCIENCE
For documents in this Class and its Sub divisions
see the Classified Part of the catalogue under the Class
Number 2

BIE (Author)

BUSHA (Charles H) and HARTER (Stephen P).

Research methods in librarianship techniques and
interpretations.
2 P10

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BIE (Author)

Notes HARTER (Stepen P) and BUSHA (Charles H).

Research methods in librarianship techniques and
interpretations.
2 P10

BIE (Title)
RESEARCH METHODS in librarianship techniques and
interpretations.
By Busha and Harter.
2 P10

Series
LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE 5
5 Busha and Harter: Research methods in
librarianship techniques and interpretations
2 P10

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Title 6 (CCC)
(Two Personal Authors)

Notes

Financial Management
Theory and Practical

By
Arun Kumar
Rachana Sharma

Atlantic Publishers and Distributors

New Delhi
2015
Other Information
Call No. : X56: 8
P15
Ace No. : 5678
Pages : V,629P
Size : 24 Cm
ISBN : 81-7156-729-0

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Main Entry

Notes
X 56 :8 P15
ARUN KUMAR and SHARMA (Rachna).
Financial management: Theory and practice.

56898

CIE
ECONOMICS.
For documents in this Class and its Sub-divisions
see the Classified Part of the catalogue under the Class
Number. X

CIE
COMMERCE.
For documents in this Class and its Sub-divisions
see the Classified Part of the catalogue under the Class
Number X5

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CIE
MANAGEMENT
For documents in this Class and its Sub-divisions
see the Classififed Part of the catalgue under the Class
Number X56 Notes

BIE (Author)
ARUN KUMAR and SHARMA (Rachana).
Financial Management.
X56:8 P15

BIE (Author)
SHARMA (Rachana) and ARUN KUMAR.
Financial Management.
X56: 8 P15

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BIE (Author)
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
Notes
By Arun Kumar and Sharma
X56: 8 P15

Three or More Personal Authors

In case of abook written by three or more personal authors, the reader
generally does not remember all the names and often refers the book by the
author whose name is mentioned first on the title page of a documents.
Dr. S. R. Ranganathan prescribes that if the title page contains the names of
three or more joint authors, the name of first mentioned author, alone is to be
used as heading and the word ‘etc.’ is to be added thereafter. However
according to the amendment brought out by Ranganathan in CCC the word
etc. was replaced by the word ‘and others’.
A Book Index Entry is to be prepared for the author mentioned first on the
title page of the document alongwith the word ‘and others’.

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Title 7 (CCC)
Rendering of Three or More Authors

Notes

Introduction to Political
Science

By
John King Gamble
Zachary T Irwin
Charles. M Redenius
James W Weber

Prentic-Hall, Inc.
New Jersey - 07632
2017

Other Information
Call No.: W
P17
Ace No. : 71717

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Main Entry

Notes W M71

GAMBLE (John King) and others.

Introduction to political science.

71717

CIE
POLITICAL SCIENCE.

For documents in this Class and its Sub-divisions

see the Classified Part of the catalogue under the Class
Number W

BIE
GAMBLE (John King) and others.
Introduction to political science.
W P17

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Exercises For Practice

(Prepare all possible entries according to
CCC for the following publications)
Notes
Title 1 (CCC)

Classified Catalogue
Code
With Additional Rules for Dictionary Catalogue Code

By
S. R. Ranganathan
Assisted by
A Neelameghan

Asia Publishing House

Bombay, Calcutta, New Delhi

Other information
Call No : 2: 55 N3
N64
Acc No : 2552
Pages : 644 P
Series : Rangathan Series in Library Science
No 2.

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Title 2 (CCC)
Notes

A guide to Earth History

Richard Carrington

2016
Chatto & Windus
London

Other Information
Call No. : H2
P16
Ace No : 26262

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Title 3 (CCC)

Instrumentation, Notes

Measurement
And Feedback
By

Barry E Jones
Deptt of Electrical Engineering

University of Manchester
Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Ltd.
New Delhi
2008

Other Information
Call No. : D66
P08
Ace No : 66866
Pages : V.283P.
Size : 23.5cm

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Title 4 (CCC)
Notes

AGRICULTURE
The Science and
Practice of British
Farming

By

Hanes A.S. Wantson

and
Lames A More

Third Edition

Oliver and Boyd

Edinburgh
2013

Other Information
Cell No. : J
P13
Ace No. : 333311
Page : VI,215

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Title 5 (CCC)

Springer Series in Statistics

Notes

Theory of Attribute

By

R S Gavin
J S Ross

Second Edition

Springer- Verlag
New York -1990

Other Information
Call No. : B2818
N0
Ace No. : 28180

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Title 6 (CCC)
Notes

Women Power in India

Prem Lata Pujari

Vijay Kumari Kaushik

Kanishka Publishers
New Delhi
1994

Other Information
Call No. : Y15.44
N94
Ace No. : 44415

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Title 7 (CCC)

Principles of Physics Notes

By
Jerry B Marion
and
William F Hornyak

Third Edition

Saunders College Publishing House

New York - 2004

Other Information
Call No. : C
: P04
Ace No. : 44144
Series : Saunders Golden Sunburst Series NO.5

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Title 8 (CCC)
Notes

CORPORATE
FINANCING
Energy Options

Edited by

N C Gupta
M N Kaura
G LSharma

Revised Edition

Anmol Publication
New Delhi – 1991

Other Information
Call No. : X: 6.44
N1
Ace No. : 64411

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Title 9-(CCC)

THEORY AND Notes

PROBLEMS
OF ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY

Second Edition

By
Hurbert Meislich
Howard Nechamkin
Jacob Sharefkin

McGraw - Hill International Book Company

Singapore - 2003

Other Information
Call No : E5
P03
Acc No. : 53535
Series : Schaum’s Outline Series, No.7.
Edited by A V Heuve

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Notes

SECTION - B
ANGLO – AMERICAN
CATALOGUING RULES (AACR-2)

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SECTION - B
ANGLO – AMERICAN CATALOGUING
RULES (AACR-2)
Notes
The AACR-2 was first published in 1978 and has been subsequently revised.
The AACR-2 is in two parts and four appendices. Part I provides descriptive
rules for preparing catalogue entries and Part II covers details concerning
choice of Heading, etc. for the entries. The Appendices contain instructions
for Capitalization and list of Standard Abbreviations. An Index is provided at
the end of the code for easy reference.
AACR-2 enables construction of a Dictionary Catalogue, where all the entries
related to subject, author, joint author(s), title, series, etc. are filed in one
alphabetic sequence as per the heading of the entry.
In this Cataloguing Practice Manual, we will cover cataloguing according
to AACR-2 for simple books only. Main and Added entries are to be prepared
for simple books written by single personal author, two personal authors
and three personal authors.
Entry Format
Library catalogue in the card form is the most popular physical form of
catalogue. In card form, the entries are prepared on cards. Experience shows
that the card form is also the most flexible physical form. It can easily be kept
up to date. Hence this form is very popular with libraries throughout the world
including India.
Style of writing
In the card form, the entry is made on standard size card of 12.5 cm x 7.5 cm
or 5” x 3”. The ruled as well as unruled cards can be used for the preparation
of catalogue entries. The card also has certain vertical and horizontal lines.
The vertical lines are called as indentions.
Horizontal Line
12.5 cm (5")

– First
indention or
first Vertical
– Second 7.5
idention or cm
Second (3")
Vertical
– Third
idention
(Imaginary
Line)
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The specimen card is given below:

In the above illustration, there are three lines, two vertical lines and one
Notes
horizontal line in colour.
The first vertical line is known as first indention. The second vertical line is
known as second indention. The third dotted line is imaginary line and known
as third indention. The top most horizontal line is known as heading line in
AACR-2.
Levels of description
AACR-2 prescribes three levels of detail in the description depending upon
the nature and the size of an individual library.
FIRST LEVEL is brief cataloguing description. It includes only that
information which is sufficient to identify a particular document. It is
recommended for small libraries.
SECOND LEVEL of description is recommended for medium size libraries.
THIRD LEVEL of description includes all elements prescribed in AACR-2
and is followed by highly specialized libraries. The third level of description is
intended for national libraries, research libraries and for those who need detailed
cataloguing information.
Here, we will concentrate only on the second level of description.
Type of Entries
AACR-2 recommends the following types of entries.
- Main Entry
- Added Entries
- References

Main Entry
According to AACR-2, the Main Entry is ‘the complete catalogue record of
an item. The Main Entry is an author entry in AACR-2. In cases where the
authorship is diffuse or not known, the Main Entry is prepared under the title.
It also includes the tracings of all other headings under which the record is to
be presented in the catalogue’.

Added Entry
The AACR-2 defines an added entry as ‘An entry, additional to the Main Entry
by which an item is represented in a catalogue, i.e., a secondary entry’.
There are different types of added entries, i.e.,

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- Joint author (s)

- Editor(s)
- Translator(s)
- Compiler(s)
- Subject Notes

- Title
- Series, etc.
The number and kind of added entries required by a document depend upon
the nature of a particular document and also on the nature of catalogue used
in a library.

Reference
Reference is ‘a direction from one heading or entry to another’. There are
different types of References in AACR-2.
- See Reference
- See also Reference
- Explanatory Reference
Out of all the references, ‘See’ and ‘See also’ type references are frequently
used.
Format of the Catalogue Card & Rules For Description – Books
Elements to be included in the catalogue entry are divided into the following
areas:
Class No.
Book No. Author's surname, Fore name, d of b — d of d.
Title = paralel title: sub title/First statement of
responsibility; each subsequent statement of responsiblity. —
Edition statement/First statement of responsibility relating to
edition. — First place of publication : First Publisher; Date of
publication.
Pages : i ll. ; size. — (Name of the series)/statement of
responsibility relating to series; number of the series).
ACC No.
Notes
ISBN
Tracing

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Call Number
Call number is the combination of class number and book number. Sometimes,
Notes
a call number may also include a collection number. It is the first item which
should be recorded in the upper left hand corner of the catalogue card with
pencil. The collection number, if any, is put above the class number.

Accession Number
It should be recorded on the seventh line from the top of the card or fourth
line from the bottom.

Author
Author in the entry is indicated by writing the surname first which is followed
by a comma (,) and remaining parts of the name (i.e., fore names) are given
after leaving one space which is followed by the date of birth and/or death of
an author in full, if any, and a full stop. This is written from the first indention
and continued from the third indention on the next line.

Title and Statement of Responsibility

The title proper should be recorded exactly as to wording, order and spelling
as it is found in the chief source of information, i.e. ‘Title Page’, but the
punctuation and the capitalization found there need not be followed.

Other title information

Record other title information (sub-title, etc.) appearing in the chief source
of information. Use space, colon, space between the title proper and other
title information. Example:
Cataloguing: theory and practice/ by S R Ranganathan

Statement of Responsibility
Record statement of responsibility in the form in which they appear in the chief
source of information. If taken from outside, enclose it in square brackets.
Statement of responsibility, which are preceded by a diagonal slash, are
recorded in the form in which they appear in or on the item. Example:
Cataloguing practice / by S. R. Ranganthan
If there is more than one statement of responsibility, record them in the order
indicated by their sequence on or by the layout of the chief source of
information. Example:
Computers for everyday life/Roger Hunt and John Shelley

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Edition
Edition area consists of Edition Statement, i.e., Statement of responsibility
relating to edition, Subsequent edition statement of responsibility relating to
subsequent edition statement, etc.
Rule in AACR-2 says that precede this area by a full stop, space, dash and Notes
space. Precede a statement of responsibility by a diagonal slash. Precede each
subsequent statement of responsibility by a semi-colon.
Transcribe the edition statement as found on the item. Use standard
abbreviations and numerals in place of words. Example:
2nd ed., 3rd ed., 4th ed.
New ed.
Rev ed.
Illustrated ed.
2nd rev ed.
Rev and enl ed.
Example:
Economic geography of India / By R. N. Dubey and B. S. Negi. - 14th ed. –
A dictionary of modern English usage H. W. Fowler. – 2nd ed./revised by Ernest
Gowers.

Publication Distribution, etc. Area

This area is used to record information relating to place of publisher or
publication, distribution, etc., the name of the publisher or distributor and the
date of publication, distribution, etc.

Place
If a publisher has offices in more than one place, always give the name of the
first place and omit all other places.
If the place of publication, distribution, etc. is uncertain, give the probable
place with a question mark in square brackets. Example:
[ Delhi?]
If no probable place can be given, give the name of the country, state, province,
etc. If it is not certain, give it with a question mark and in square brackets.
Example:
[India ]
[Delhi?]

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If no place or probable place can be given, give the abbreviation s.l. (Sine loco)
in square brackets. ‘Sine loco’ means ‘no place’ in Latin. Example:
Notes
[s.l.] : Vikas, 2012.

Publisher/Distributor, etc., Name

Give the name of the publisher, distributor, etc. following the place(s) to which
it relates. Use shortest form in which it can be understood and identified
internationally. Example:
Penguin not Penguin Books
John Wiley not Wiley
If a book has two or more places of publication, distribution, etc. and or two
or more publishers, record the first named place and publisher.
If the name of the publisher, etc. is not known, the abbreviation s.n. (sine
nomine) is given in square brackets. Example:
Delhi : [s.n.]

Date of Publication
Give the year of publication of the edition named in the edition area. If there
is no edition statement, give the date of the first edition. If the book is published
in subsequent editions, give the year of subsequent editions. Give the year in
Arabic numerals proceeded by a comma. Example
, 1998
If there is no date, the copyright date or date of printing is given. Example
c 1999
, 1999 printing
If there is no date of publication, distribution, etc., copyright date or date of
manufacture can be assigned to an item, give an approximate date of
publication. Example
, 1998 or 1999 one year or the other
, [1999?] probable date
, [between 1980 and 1999] use only for the dates less than
20 years apart
, [ca.1999] approximate date
, [199_ __] Probable decade
, [19_____] Century certain
, [19_____] Probable century

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Physical Description Area

Physical Description Area consists of physical description and series statement
of the document.
This paragraph starts from the second indention and continues from the first
indention. This area consists of: Notes
1. Pagination
2. Illustrative matter, and
3. Size of the document expressed in cm.

Pagination
If the book is in a single volume, record the number of pages. Example:
786p.
Xiii, 786p.
If the book is published in more than one physical volume, record the number
of volumes as under:
Three volumes as 3v.
Four volumes as 4v.
If a set of volumes is continuously paged, give the pagination in parentheses
after the number of volumes. Ignore separate pagination of Roman numbers
in volumes other than the first.
Example:
3 v. (viii 2660p.)
If the volumes in a multivolume set are individually paged, record the
pagination of each volume in parentheses after the number of volumes.
Example:
2 v. (xx, 328; xii, 415 p.)

Illustrative Matter
The second item of physical description area is illustrative matter. The
connecting symbol between pagination and illustrative matter is a colon (:).
Indicate the illustrated printed books as “ill”. Illustrations can be Charts, Maps,
Music, Plans, Portraits, Samples, etc. Example:
786 p.: ill.
786 p.: ill., maps

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Size
The third item in this area is the size of the document. The connecting symbol
Notes
between the illustrative matter and height of the document is semi colon (;).
Give the height of the volume in (cm) centimeters, to the next whole centimeter
up (i.e., if a volume measures 17.2 cm, record it as 18 cm). Put a semi colon
before size. Example:
786 p.: ill. ;18 cm

Series Area
Precede this area by a full stop, space, dash and space. Series statement is
recorded in circular brackets. The series statement may consist of name of
the series, statement of responsibility relating to series and number of series.
Example:
. - (Ranganathan Series in Library Science)
. – (Ranganathan Series in Library Science; 4)

Note Area
Notes are given to explain nature, scope, or artistic form of the item. Language
of the item, source of the title proper, variation in title, accompanying material,
contents, ‘with’ notes, etc. are also recorded in Note area.

Standard Number
Record the International Standard Book Number (ISBN) or International
Standard Serial Number (ISSN) for the item being described. Example:
ISBN : 81-239-0459-2
ISBN : 81-239-0447-9
ISSN : 0002-9769

Tracing
Tracing is ‘the record of the heading under which an item is represented in
the catalogue’. The information about added entries should be recorded in a
paragraph starting from the second indention.

WORKS OF PERSONAL AUTHORSHIP

A Personal author is ‘the person chiefly responsible for the creation of the
intellectual or artistic content of a work’. The work may be prepared by single
person, two persons or more persons. In case of more than one author,
additional entries are to be prepared for joint authors.

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Entry for Single Personal Author

Enter a work by ONE PERSONAL AUTHOR under the heading for that
person named in the work. The main entry for the work ascertained to be by
a single personal author has to be under the author’s name.
The rule states that the heading will be the name by which the author is Notes
commonly known. Thus, the entry for a single work by one author may appear
under the person’s real name. Examples:
a) Computer Science /by Roger Hunt
Main Entry under the heading ‘Hunt, Roger’
b) Theory of Religion/by R. W. Rush
Main Entry under the heading ‘Rush, R.W.’

Entry for Two Personal Authors

Enter a work by TWO PERSONAL AUTHORS under the heading for the
first personal author. For the second author, make an added entry. Example:
Foundations of Set Theory/by K. R. Bhal and Y. P. Dhal
Main Entry under the heading ‘Bhal, K. R.’ to be prepared.
One Added Entry for shared authorship to be prepared for ‘Dhal, Y. P.’.

Entry for Three Personal Authors

Enter a work by THREE PERSONAL AUTHORS under the heading for the
first personal author. Make added entries for the second and third joint authors.
Example:
Analytical Geometry/by Percey F. Alexy, Arthur Sullivan Gale and John Havan
Neelley
Main Entry under the heading ‘Alexy, Percey F.’
Two Added Entries for shared authorship to be prepared for ‘Gale, Arthur
Sullivan’ and ‘Neelley, John Havan’

Principal Responsibility not Indicated

In many cases, responsibility for a work is shared by two or more persons and
principal responsibility is not attributed to any of them on the work or layout.
According to AACR-2, for such works, enter under the heading for the name
first given on the chief source of information (i.e., title page of a book). Make
added entries for the second and third joint authors. Example:

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Political System, 2nd ed

Stephen White
Notes
John Gardner
George Schopflin
As principal responsibility is not attributed to any of the above, the Main Entry
is to be made under the first mentioned name, i.e., ‘White, Stephen’.
Two Added Entries for shared authorship to be prepared for ‘Gardner, John’
and ‘Schopflin, George’.

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Examples
Title 1 (AACR-2)
(Single Personal Author)
Notes

AACR-2
An introduction to the Second edition of
Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules

Eric Hunter

Clive Bingley
London
2012

Other Information
Call No.: 025.32 HUN
Ace No. : 12345
Pages : 148 p.
Size : 22 cm.

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Main Entry
025.32 Hunter, Eric.
Notes
HUN
AACR-2 : an introduction to the second edition
of Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules / Eric Hunter. -
London: Clive Bingley, 2012.
148 p; 22 cm,
1. Cataloguing. I. Title
12345

Added Entry (Subject)

025.32 CATALOGUING
HUN Hunter, Eric
AACR-2
(Rest as in main entry)

Added Entry (Title)

025.32 AACR-2 Hunter, Eric
HUN

AAC R-2
(Rest as in main entry)

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Title 2 (AACR-2)
(Single Personal Author)

Notes

DOCUMENTATION
GENESIS AND DEVELOPMENT

By

SR Ranganathan
National Research Professor in Library Science
Documentation Research and Training Centre,
Bangalore

Vikas Publishing House

Delhi - London

Other Information
Call No.: 2:97’P03 L3
Ace No. : 23451
Pages : 310 p
Size : 23 cm
Series : Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science Series
First edition Published in 2003

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Main Entry
2:97’P03 Ranganathan, S.R
Notes
L3

Documentation: genesis and development/ by

S.R. Ranganathan - Delhi: Vikas Publishing House,
1973.
23451 310 p.: 23 cm. - (Sarada Ranganathan
Endowment for Library Science Series).
1. Information storage and retrieval system.
I.Title II. Series

Added Entry (Subject)

2:97P03 INFORMATION STORAGE AND
L3 RETRIEVAL SYSTEM
Ranganathan, S.R
Documentation
(Rest as in main entry)

Added Entry (Title)

2:97’P03 Documentation
L3 Ranganathan, S.R
Documentation.
(Rest as in main entry)

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Added Entry (Title)

2:97’P03 Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library
L3 Science Series
Ranganathan, S.R.
Documentation. Notes
(Rest as in main entry)

Works of Shared Responsibility

Shared responsibility is defined by AACR-II as collaboration between two or
more persons performing the same kind of activity in the creation of the content
of an item. The contribution of each may form a separate and distinct part of
the item, or the contribution of each may not be separate from that of the other.
According to AACR-II, works for which two or more persons or corporate
bodies are responsible can further be divided as under:
(1) Principal responsibility indicated
(2) Principal responsibility not indicated

Principal Responsibility Indicated

AACR-II says “If, in a work by two or more persons or bodies, principal
responsibility is attributed by the wording or by the layout of the chief source
of information (to one person or corporate body) make main entry under the
name for that person or body”.
Make added entries under the headings for other persons or bodies if there
are not more than two of them.
In cases where the book is written by two or more authors and if the name of
one of the authors is printed in bold letters, the main entry is to be made under
that author.
Example 1: Chritopher Dean
Quentin Whi1Lock

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Note : The author at serial no. two is indicated as principal author, the main
entry is to be made under Whitlock, Quentin
Notes
Example 2:
P.V.Sehgal
Homal Pridhan
S.G. Kalra
Note: As the author at Sr. No.2 is indicated as Principal author, the main entry
is to be made under Pridhan, Homal.

Principal Responsibility not Indicated

According to AACR-II, if responsibility is shared between two or three persons
or bodies and principal responsibility is not attributed to any of them by working
or layout, enter under the heading for the one name first on the chief source
of Information (i.e. title). Make added entries under the headings for the others.
Example
Richard D Price
David K Horton
Roddel Kelley
Note: As pricipal responsibility is not attributed to any of them, the main entry
is to be made under first mentioned author, i.e. Price, Richard D.

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Title 3 (AACR-2)
(Two Personal Author)
(Principal Responsibility not indicated)
Notes

COMPUTER AND
COMMONSENSE
By
Roger Hunt and John Shelley

Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited

New Delhi-110001
2009

Other information
Ca11No. : 001.642
HUN
Acc No. : 79764
Pages : ix, 149 p.
Size : 18 cm.
ISBN : 0-87692-061-10.

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Main Entry
001.642 Hunt, Roger
Notes
HUN

Computers and Commonsence/ Roger Hunt and

John Shelley. - New Delhi: Prentice-Hall India, 2009. .ix,
149 p.; 18 cm.
79764 ISBN: 0-87692-061-10 1. Computers. I. Shelley,
John. II. Title.

Added Entry (Subject)

001,642 COMPUTERS
HUN Hurt, Roger

Computers and Commonsence

(Rest as in Main Entry)

79764

Added Entry (Joint Author)

001.642 Shelley, John
HUN Hunt , Roger
Computers and Commonsence
(Rest as in Main Entry)

79764

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Added Entry (Title)

001.642 Computers and Commonsence
Hunt, Roger
Computers and Commonsence
(Rest as in Main Entry) Notes

79764

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Title 4 (AACR-2)
Notes
(Two Personal Authors)
(Principal Responsibility is Indicated)

FOUNDATIONS OF
SET THEORY

V.P. Dhal
and
K.R.BHAL

Horth Holland Publishing Company

Amsterdam
Holland
2008

Other information
Call No. : B3M7
P08
Ace No. : 37831
Pages : x, 500 p.
Size : 25 cm
Series : Studies in logic and foundations of mathematics.

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Main Entry
B3M72
P08 Bhal, K.R.
Foundations of set theory/ Y.P. Dhal and K.P.
Bhal, -Amsterdam : North Holland Publishing Notes
Company, 2008.
37831 X, 500 p.; 25 cm. - (Studies in logic and
foundations of mathematics).
1. Mathematics. 2. Aggregates (Mathematics).
I. Dhal, Y.P. II. Title III Series. Y.P.

Added Entry (Subject)

B3M72 MATHEMATICS
P08 Bhal, K.R.
Foundations of set theory.
(Rest as in main entry)

37831

Added Entry (Subject)

B3M72 AGGREGATES (MATHEMATICS)

P08 Bhal, K.R.
Foundations of set theory
(Rest as in main entry)

37831

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Added Entry (Joint Author)

B3M72 Dhal, YP.
Notes
P08 Bhal , K.R

Foundation of set theory

(Rest as in main entry)

37831

Added Entry (Title)

B3M72 Foundations of set theory
P08 Bhal, K.R.

Foundations of set theory,

(Rest as in main entry)

37831

Added Entry (Series)

B3M72 Studies in logic and foundations or mathematics
P08 Bhal, K.R.
Foundational of set theory
(Rest as in main entry)

37831

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Title 5 (AACR-2)
(Three Personal Authors)
(Principal Responsibility not indicated)
Notes

READINGS IN
GUIDANCE

John. E. Barkey
James A. Hans
James L. Maltha

Second Edition

Holt, Rinehart and Winston

New York, Chicago, London

Other information:
Call No. : T9 (Y4) P15
Acc No. : 5994
Pages : xvii,800p
Size : 20 cm
Series : Foundation of Education Series. No.75
Copyright date : 2015

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Main Entry
T9 (Y4) Barkey, John E.
Notes
P15
Readings in guidance / John. E. Barkey, James
A. Hans James L. Maltha. - 2nd Ed.- Ne” York: Holt,
Rineharet and Winston, c 1959.
xvii, 800 p.; 20 cm. - (Foundation of
Education Series; no.75) .
5994 1. Counselling. I. Hans, James A. II. Maltha,
James L. III - Title IV. Series

Added Entry (Subject)

T9 (Y4) COUNSELLING
P15 Barkey, John E.
Readings in guidance.
(Rest as in main entry)
5994

Added Entry (Joint Author)

T9 (Y4) Hans, James A
P15 Barkey, John E.
Readings in guidance
(Rest as in main entry)

5994

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Added Entry (Joint Author)

T9 (Y4) Maltha, James L.
P15 Barkey, John E.
Readings in guidance
(Rest as in main entry) Notes

5994

Added Entry (Title)

T9 (Y4) Readings in guidance
P15 Barkey, John E.
Readings in guidance
(Rest as in main entry)

5994

Added Entry (Series)

T9 (Y4) Foundation of Education Series
P15 Barkey, John E.
Readings in guidance
(Rest as in main entry)
5994

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Title 6 (AACR-2)
Notes
(Three Personal Authors)
(Principal Responsibility is indicated)

Library Practice
A Manual and Text
book

J Ritchie
A Standley
J BURKETT

ELM Publications
Cambridge
2017

Other information:
Call No. : 025 P17
Ace No. : 2577
Pages : ix, 285 p.
Size : 18 cm.

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Main Entry

025
P17 Burkett, J.
Library practice: a manual and text book / J.
Ritchie A. Standley and J. Burkett. - Cambridge: EUM Notes
Pub, 2017.
ix, 285 p.; 18 cm.
2577 1. Library Science. I. Ritchie, J. II. Standley, A.
III Title.

Added Entry (Subject)

025 LIBRARY SCIENCE
P17 Burkett, J.
Library practice
(Rest as in main entry)

2577

Added Entry (Joint Author)

025 Ritchie, J.
P17 Burkett, J.

Library practice
(Rest as in main entry).

2577

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Added Entry (Joint Author)

025 Standley, A.
Notes
P17 Burkett, J.
Library practice
(Rest as in main entry)

2577

Added Entry (Title)

025 Library practice
P17 Burkett, J.

Library practice
(Rest as in main entry)

2577

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(Prepare all possible entries according to AACR-2

for the following publications)

Title 1 (AACR-2) Notes

POLITICS IN INDIA
SINCE
INDEPENDENCE:
1947-1995

BY
P.K. BANARJEE
D.P. CHATTOPADHYA

THIRD EDITION

ORIENT LONGMAN
NEW DELHI-l 995

Other information
Call No : W.44 ‘N95-N97
N95
Ace No. : 4459
Pages : x,412p.
Size : 24 cm.
Series : Contemporary political science series. The book is second in
series.

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Notes Title 2 (AACR-2)

NATURE OF
PIEZO-ELECTRICITY

By
J.H. WEAVER
L.C. MOTZ

THIRD EDITION

SIMON AND SCHUSTER

NEW YORK-2014

Other information
Call No. : C642:8
P14
Ace No : 5521
Pages : xxi, 510
Size : p. 24 cm.
Series : Studies in Electricity. This is sixth in the series.

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Title 3 (AACR-2)

Notes
HISTORY OF
ELECTION
SYSTEM IN INDIA

By
PAUL R BRASS

Second Edition

Cambridge University Press

NewDelhi-2016

Other information
Call No. : W:91v44’N9
P16
Ace No : 31113
Pages : 320p.
Size : 23 cm.
Series : The New Cambridge Series on Indian Politics No.3

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Notes Title 4 (AACR-2)

(Popular Science Series, No.XIV)

ENERGY FOR
DEVELOPMENT

RAMESH CHANDRA
SURESH KUMAR GOYAL

(5th Edition)

Popular Prakashan
Bombay 2017

Other information
Call No. : 333.79
CHA -E
Ace No. : 33791
Pages : 279 p.
Size : 23 cm. 107

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Title 5 (AACR-2)

Notes
STATISTICAL PHYSICS
By
L LANDAU
and
E LIFSHITZ

Translated from the Russian

By
D SHOENBERG

Clarendon Press
Oxford
2015

Other information
Call No. : 530
LAN-S
Ace No. : 33030
Pages : viii, 280 p.
Size : 23 cm.

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Notes Title 6 (AACR-2)

CAGE AND AVIARY

BIRDS

By
D. H. S. RISDON

Faber and Faber

London - Boston
2010

Other information
Call No.: 598.2
RIS-C
Ace No. : 59821
Pages : 188 p.
Size 18 cm.

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Title 7 (AACR-2)

Notes

THEORY OF RELIGION

By

Robert Stark
W S Bainbridge
Gregory Tropea

Second Edition

P Lang
New York
2007

Other information
Call No. : P07
Ace No. : 31121
Pages : 210 p
Size : 23 cm
Series. : Toronto Studies in Religion

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Notes Title 8 (A.ACR-2)

The Electric Lines of

the Lancashire and
Yorkshire Railway
By

N N Forbes
B J Felton
RWRush

Electric Railway Society

Sutton Coldfield
1976

Other information
Call No. : 3853
FOR-E
Ace No. : 35831
Pages : xv, 461 p
Size : 30 cm.

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Title 9 (A.ACR-2)

Notes

Communist Political
System
An Introduction

By

Stephen White
John Gardner
George Schopflin

St. Martin’s Press

New York
2017

Other information
Call No. : 321.92
WHI-C
Ace No. : 22113
Pages : 2442p.
Size : 22 cm.

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