Q1. The diagram shows two thermometers.

The bulb of each thermometer is covered with a

piece of wet cotton wool. One of the thermometers is placed in the draught from a fan.

The graph shows how the temperature of each thermometer changes with time.

Page 1 of 23
(a) Which of the graph lines, A or B, shows the temperature of the thermometer placed in the
draught?

Write the correct answer in the box.

Explain, in terms of evaporation, the reason for your answer.

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(3)

(b) A wet towel spread out and hung outside on a day without wind dries faster than an
identical wet towel left rolled up in a plastic bag.

Explain why.

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(2)
(Total 5 marks)

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Q2. The diagram shows the label from a new freezer.

(a) An old freezer has an energy consumption per year of 350 kWh.

Use the equation in the box to calculate the extra cost of using the old freezer for one year
compared with using a new ‘A’ rated freezer.

total cost = number of kilowatt-hours × cost per kilowatt-hour

Assume 1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) of energy costs 12 p.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

.....................................................................................................................................

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Extra cost per year = £ ..............................

(2)

(b) The price of the new freezer was reduced in a sale.

Reducing the price reduces the payback time for replacing the old freezer from 12 years
to 9 years.

Calculate, in pounds, how much the new freezer was reduced in the sale.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

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Price reduced by = £ ........................................

(2)

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 (c) An advertisement in a shop claims that:

‘Replacing an old freezer with a new ‘A’ rated freezer will benefit the environment.’

Do you agree that replacing the freezer will benefit the environment?

Answer yes or no. ..............................

Explain the reasons for your answer.

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(2)
(Total 6 marks

Q3. (a) The diagram shows a ski jacket that has been designed to keep a skier warm.
The jacket is made from layers of different materials.

(i) The inner layer is shiny to reduce heat transfer.

Which process of heat transfer will it reduce?

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(1)

(ii) Why is the layer of fleece good at reducing the transfer of heat from a skier’s body?

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...............................................................................................................
(1)

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(b) A student tested four different types of fleece, J, K, L and M, to find which would make the
warmest jacket. Each type of fleece was wrapped around a can which was then filled with
hot water.
The temperature of the water was taken every two minutes for 20 minutes.

The graph shows the student’s results.

(i) In each test, the water cooled faster during the first five minutes than during the last
five minutes. Why?

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...............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) To be able to compare the results, it was important to use the same volume of water
in each test.

Give one other quantity that was the same in each test.

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(1)

Page 5 of 23
 (iii) Look at the graph line for fleece K.

Estimate what the temperature of the water in the can wrapped in fleece K would be
after 40 minutes.

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(1)

(iv) Which type of fleece, J, K, L or M, should the student recommend to be used in the
ski jacket?

.........................................................

Give a reason for your answer.

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(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Q4. Electricity can be generated using various energy sources.

(a) Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using nuclear power stations rather than
gas-fired power stations to generate electricity.

Advantage ......................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Disadvantage .................................................................................................

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(2)

(b) (i) A single wind turbine has a maximum power output of 2 000 000 W.

The wind turbine operated continuously at maximum power for 6 hours.

Calculate the energy output in kilowatt-hours of the wind turbine.

Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

Energy output = ........................................ kWh

(2)

Page 6 of 23
 (ii) Why, on average, do wind turbines operate at maximum power output for only 30% of
the time?

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...............................................................................................................
(1)

(c) An on-shore wind farm is made up of many individual wind turbines.

They are connected to the National Grid using underground power cables.

Give one advantage of using underground power cables rather than overhead power
cables.

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........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Q5. The table gives information about some methods of conserving energy in a house.

Conservation method Installation cost Annual saving on

in £ energy bills in £

Cavity wall insulation 500 60

Hot water tank jacket 10 15

Loft insulation 110 60

Thermostatic radiator valves 75 20

(a) Explain which of the methods in the table is the most cost effective way of saving energy
over a 10 year period. To obtain full marks you must support your answer with
calculations.

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(3)

Page 7 of 23
 (b) Describe what happens to the energy which is 'wasted' in a house.

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(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Q6. An electric immersion heater is used to heat the water in a domestic hot water tank.
When the immersion heater is switched on the water at the bottom of the tank gets hot.

(a) Energy is transferred by the process of convection from the hot water at the bottom of the
tank to the cooler water at the top.

Explain how.

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(4)

(b) Complete the following sentence.

The main way the energy is transferred through the copper wall of the water tank is by

the process of ................................................................................ .

(1)

Page 8 of 23
(c) The immersion heater has a thermostat to control the water temperature.

When the temperature of the water inside the tank reaches 58°C the thermostat switches
the heater off. The thermostat switches the heater back on when the temperature of the
water falls to 50°C.

Graph A shows how the temperature of the water inside a hot water tank changes with
time. The tank is not insulated.

Time in hours

(i) The temperature of the water falls at the fastest rate just after the heater switches
off.

Explain why.

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(2)

(ii) To heat the water in the tank from 50°C to 58°C the immersion heater transfers
4032 kJ of energy to the water.

Calculate the mass of water in the tank.

Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J/kg°C

Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet.

...............................................................................................................

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Mass = .............................................................. kg
(3)

Page 9 of 23
(iii) An insulating jacket is fitted to the hot water tank.

Graph B shows how the temperature of the water inside the insulated hot water tank
changes with time.

Time in hours

An insulating jacket only costs £12.

By comparing Graph A with Graph B, explain why fitting an insulating jacket to a hot
water tank saves money.

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(3)
(Total 13 marks)

Page 10 of 23
Q7. (a) The figure below shows a fridge with a freezer compartment.

The temperature of the air inside the freezer compartment is –5 °C.

The air inside the fridge forms a convection current when the fridge door is closed.

Explain why.

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(4)

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(b) The table below shows information about four fridges.

Energy used in
Fridge Volume in litres
one year in kWh

A 250 300

B 375 480

C 500 630

D 750 750

A householder concludes that the energy used in one year is directly proportional to the
volume of the fridge.

Explain why her conclusion is not correct.

Use data from the table in your answer.

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(2)

(c) New fridges are more efficient than fridges made twenty years ago.

Give one advantage and one disadvantage of replacing an old fridge with a new fridge.

Ignore the cost of buying a new fridge.

Advantage ......................................................................................................

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Disadvantage .................................................................................................

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(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Page 12 of 23
Q8. The diagram shows how electricity is distributed from power stations to consumers.

(a) (i) What name is given to the network of cables and transformers that links power
stations to consumers?

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(1)

(ii) What does a step-up transformer do?

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii) Explain why step-up transformers are used in the electricity distribution system.

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...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) Most of the world’s electricity is generated in power stations that burn fossil fuels.

State one environmental problem that burning fossil fuels produces.

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.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 13 of 23
(c) Electricity can be generated using energy from the wind. A company wants to build a new
wind farm. Not everyone thinks that this is a good idea.

(i) What arguments could the company give to persuade people that a wind farm is a
good idea?

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(2)

(ii) What reasons may be given by the people who think that wind farms are not a good
idea?

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(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Page 14 of 23
M1. (a) B
no mark for B - marks are for the explanation
first two mark points can score even if A is chosen

draught increases (the rate of) evaporation

accept more evaporation happens
accept draught removes (evaporated) particles faster
do not accept answers in terms of particles gaining energy from
the fan / draught
1

evaporation has a cooling effect

accept (average) kinetic energy of (remaining) particles decreases
1

so temperature will fall faster / further

1

(b) larger surface area

1

increasing the (rate of) evaporation

accept more / faster evaporation
accept easier for particles to evaporate

or

for water to evaporate from

accept more particles can evaporate
accept water / particles which have evaporated are trapped
(in the bag)
answers in terms of exposure to the Sun are insufficient
1
[5]

M2. (a) £15

allow 1 mark for use of 125 (kWh)
allow 1 mark for an answer 1500
allow both marks for 1500 pence / p
allow 1 mark for correct calculation of annual cost for either freezer
(£27 and £42)
2

(b) £45

or their (a) × 3
allow 1 mark for correct use of 3
allow 1 mark for 12 – 9 = 3
2

Page 15 of 23
 (c) any two from:
the marks are for the explanation

yes plus explanation

• less electricity / energy needed / used

accept less energy wasted

• less (fossil) fuels burned

accept a named fossil fuel
do not accept conserving (fossil) fuels

• less polluting gases emitted

accept a named polluting gas / greenhouse gases / carbon
emissions / reduce global warming
accept an answer in terms of nuclear fuel
eg less nuclear fuel required (1)
less nuclear waste (1)
2

or no plus explanation

• old freezer must be disposed of

• hazardous chemicals inside freezer

accept CFC gases

• (lot of) energy used in producing new freezer

[6]

M3. (a) (i) radiation

1

(ii) traps (small pockets of) air

do not accept it’s an insulator
do not accept reduces conduction and / or convection
do not allow it doesn’t allow heat to escape
1

(b) (i) bigger temperature difference (between the water and surroundings)
at the start (than at the end)
do not accept water is hotter
1

(ii) starting temperature (of the water)

accept thickness of fleece
do not accept same amount of fleece
do not accept thermometer / can
do not accept time is the same
1

Page 16 of 23
 (iii) 18 (°C)
correct answer only
1

(iv) M
1

smallest temperature drop (after 20 mins)

cannot score if M is not chosen
accept it’s the best insulator
accept smallest loss in heat
accept keeps heat / warmth in for longer
1
[7]

M4. (a) advantage

any one from:

• produce no / little greenhouse gases / carbon dioxide

allow produces no / little polluting gases
allow doesn’t contribute to global warming / climate change
allow produce no acid rain / sulphur dioxide
reference to atmospheric pollution is insufficient
produce no harmful gases is insufficient
• high(er) energy density in fuel
accept one nuclear power station produces as much power as
several gas power stations
nuclear power stations can supply a lot of or more energy is
insufficient
• long(er) operating life
allow saves using reserves of fossil fuels or gas
1

disadvantage

any one from:

• produce (long term) radioactive waste

accept waste is toxic
accept nuclear for radioactive
• accidents at nuclear power stations may have far reaching or long term
consequences
• high(er) decommissioning costs
accept high(er) building costs
• long(er) start up time
1

Page 17 of 23
 (b) (i) 12 000 (kWh)
allow 1 mark for correct substitution eg
2000 × 6
or
2 000 000 × 6
or

an answer of 12 000 000 scores 1 mark

2

(ii) any idea of unreliability, eg

• wind is unreliable
reference to weather alone is insufficient
• shut down if wind too strong / weak
• wind is variable
1

(c) any one from:

• cannot be seen
• no hazard to (low flying) aircraft / helicopters
• unlikely to be or not damaged / affected by (severe) weather
unlikely to be damaged is insufficient
• (normally) no / reduced shock hazard
safer is insufficient
less maintenance is insufficient
installed in urban areas is insufficient
1
[6]

M5. (a) loft insulation

1

energy saved in 10 years £600

1

net saving (600 – 110) £490

1

OR

hot water jacket

1

energy saved in 10 years £140

1

This is the highest percentage saving on cost

1

Page 18 of 23
 (b) transferred to environment / surroundings
1

as heat / thermal energy

1
[5]

M6. (a) (water) particles / molecules gain energy / move faster

accept atoms for molecules
ignore move more
do not accept move with a bigger amplitude / vibrate more
1

and (the particles / molecules) move apart

1

this causes the water to become less dense

accept water expands
ignore particles become less dense
1

and the warm / hot water rises (through the tank)

accept (more energetic water) particles rise to the top
ignore heat rises
1

(b) conduction
1

(c) (i) there is a bigger temperature difference between the water and the
surrounding air
accept the water is hottest / hotter
1

so the transfer of energy (from hot water) is faster

accept heat for energy
ignore temperature falls the fastest
1

Page 19 of 23
 (ii) 120
allow 1 mark for converting kJ to J correctly, ie 4 032 000

or

correctly calculating temperature fall as 8°C

or

allow 2 marks for correct substitution, ie 4 032 000 = m × 4200 × 8

answers of 0.12, 19.2 or 16.6 gain 2 marks

answers of 0.019 or 0.017 gain 1 mark

3

(iii) water stays hot for longer

1

so heater is on for less time

accept so less energy needed to heat water
1

so cost of the jacket is soon recovered from) lower energy costs / bills
accept short payback time
1
[13]

M7. (a) air near freezer compartment is cooled or loses energy

accept air at the top is cold
1

cool air is (more) dense or particles close(r) together (than warmer air)
do not allow the particles get smaller / condense
1

so (cooler) air falls

1

air (at bottom) is displaced / moves upwards / rises

do not allow heat rises
accept warm air (at the bottom) rises
1

(b) if volume is doubled, energy use is not doubled

or
volume ÷ energy not a constant ratio
1

correct reference to data, eg 500 is 2×250 but 630 not 2×300

1

Page 20 of 23
 (c) accept suitable examples, eg

advantage:

• reduces emissions into atmosphere

• lower input power or uses less energy or wastes less energy
• costs less to run
cost of buying or installing new fridge is insufficient
ignore reference to size of fridge
1

disadvantage:

• land fill
• energy waste in production
• cost or difficulty of disposal
• transport costs
1
[8]

M8. (a) (i) national grid

1

(ii) increases voltage / potential difference

accept decrease current
accept step-up / boosts the voltage
do not accept increases energy / power / current
ignore reference to voltage going through
1

(iii) any two from:

• reduce current
ignore increased voltage / pd

• reduces energy loss / power loss (from cables)

accept reduces heat loss
do not accept stops energy loss

• increases efficiency (of distribution)

2

(b) any one from:

• produces pollutant gases

accept produces carbon dioxide / sulfur dioxide / nitrogen oxides
accept global warming / greenhouse effect / carbon emissions / air
pollution / acid rain
ignore ozone layer
do not accept carbon monoxide

• produces solid waste / ash / smoke

accept global dimming
ignore produces pollution
1

Page 21 of 23
(c) (i) any two from:
any two valid points gains the marks

• using renewable energy

accept don’t use up non-renewable / fossil fuels
accept named fuels

• non-renewable fuels can be used for other processes

• no pollutant gases produced

accept the opposite of (b)
ignore no pollution

• land can still be used for farming

ignore economic issues
2

(ii) any two from:

• cause noise pollution

• cause visual pollution

accept spoils the landscape
accept sunlight flicker

• may interfere with TV / radio / mobile phone signals

• need to put in new infrastructure

accept new roads needed

• not reliable owtte

• dangerous to birds

• lots of concrete needed for the bases

or
producing cement is environmentally damaging
accept reduces house prices
ignore any references to cost / jobs / number required
ignore takes up a lot of land
accept reference to obstruction of shipping etc. if clear reference
tooffshore wind farm
2
[9]

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Page 23 of 23