Trishul Defence Academy

Parts of Speech
A part of speech is a term used in traditional grammar for one of the nine main
categories into which words are classified according to their functions in
sentences, such as nouns or verbs. Also known as word classes, these are the
building blocks of grammar.
Every sentence you write or speak in English includes words that fall into some
of the nine parts of speech. These include nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives,
adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, articles/determiners, and interjections.
(Some sources include only eight parts of speech and leave interjections in their
own category.)
Parts of Speech
Word types can be divided into nine parts of speech:
1. nouns
2. pronouns
3. verbs
4. adjectives
5. adverbs
6. prepositions
7. conjunctions
8. articles/determiners
9. interjections
Some words can be considered more than one part of speech, depending on
context and usage.
Interjections can form complete sentences on their own.
Learning the names of the parts of speech probably won't make you witty,
healthy, wealthy, or wise. In fact, learning just the names of the parts of speech
won't even make you a better writer. However, you will gain a basic
understanding of sentence structure and the English language by familiarizing
yourself with these labels.
Open and Closed Word Classes
The parts of speech are commonly divided into open classes (nouns, verbs,
adjectives, and adverbs) and closed classes (pronouns, prepositions,
conjunctions, articles/determiners, and interjections). Open classes can be altered
and added to as language develops, and closed classes are pretty much set in
stone. For example, new nouns are created every day, but conjunctions never
change.
In contemporary linguistics, parts of speech are generally referred to as word
classes or syntactic categories. The main difference is that word classes are
classified according to more strict linguistic criteria. Within word classes, there is
the lexical, or open class, and the function, or closed class.

The 9 Parts of Speech

Read about each part of speech below, and practice identifying each.

Noun
Nouns are a person, place, thing, or idea. They can take on a myriad of roles in a
sentence, from the subject of it all to the object of an action. They are capitalized
when they're the official name of something or someone, and they're called
proper nouns in these cases. Examples: pirate, Caribbean, ship, freedom,
Captain Jack Sparrow.

Pronoun
Pronouns stand in for nouns in a sentence. They are more generic versions of
nouns that refer only to people. Examples: I, you, he, she, it, ours, them, who,
which, anybody, ourselves.

Verb
Verbs are action words that tell what happens in a sentence. They can also show
a sentence subject's state of being (is, was). Verbs change form based on tense
(present, past) and count distinction (singular or plural). Examples: sing, dance,
believes, seemed, finish, eat, drink, be, became.
Adjective
Adjectives describe nouns and pronouns. They specify which one, how much,
what kind, and more. Adjectives allow readers and listeners to use their senses to
imagine something more clearly. Examples: hot, lazy, funny, unique, bright,
beautiful, poor, smooth.

Adverb
Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, and even other adverbs. They specify when,
where, how, and why something happened and to what extent or how often.
Many adjectives can be turned into adjectives by adding the suffix -ly.
Examples: softly, quickly, lazily, often, only, hopefully, sometimes.

Preposition
Prepositions show spatial, temporal, and role relations between a noun or
pronoun and the other words in a sentence. They come at the start of
a prepositional phrase, which contains a preposition and its object. Examples: up,
over, against, by, for, into, close to, out of, apart from.

Conjunction
Conjunctions join words, phrases, and clauses in a sentence. There are
coordinating, subordinating, and correlative conjunctions. Examples: and, but,
or, so, yet.

Articles and Determiners

Articles and determiners function like adjectives by modifying nouns, but they
are different than adjectives in that they are necessary for a sentence to have
proper syntax. Articles and determiners specify and identify nouns, and there are
indefinite and definite articles. Examples of articles: a, an, the; examples of
determiners: these, that, those, enough, much, few, which, what.

Some traditional grammars have treated articles as a distinct part of speech.

Modern grammars, however, more often include articles in the category
of determiners, which identify or quantify a noun. Even though they modify
nouns like adjectives, articles are different in that they are essential to the proper
syntax of a sentence, just as determiners are necessary to convey the meaning of
a sentence, while adjectives are optional.
Interjection
Interjections are expressions that can stand on their own or be contained within
sentences. These words and phrases often carry strong emotions and convey
reactions. Examples: ah, whoops, ouch, yabba dabba do!

How to Determine the Part of Speech

Only interjections (Hooray!) have a habit of standing alone; every other part of
speech must be contained within a sentence and some are even required in
sentences (nouns and verbs). Other parts of speech come in many varieties and
may appear just about anywhere in a sentence.

To know for sure what part of speech a word falls into, look not only at the word
itself but also at its meaning, position, and use in a sentence.

For example, in the first sentence below, work functions as a noun; in the second
sentence, a verb; and in the third sentence, an adjective:
 Bosco showed up for work two hours late.
The noun work is the thing Bosco shows up for.
 He will have to work until midnight.
The verb work is the action he must perform.
 His work permit expires next month.

The attributive noun (or converted adjective)work modifies the noun permit.
Learning the names and uses of the basic parts of speech is just one way to
understand how sentences are constructed.

Dissecting Basic Sentences

To form a basic complete sentence, you only need two elements: a noun (or
pronoun standing in for a noun) and a verb. The noun acts as a subject, and the
verb, by telling what action the subject is taking, acts as the predicate.
Birds fly.

In the short sentence above, birds is the noun and fly is the verb. The sentence
makes sense and gets the point across.

You can have a sentence with just one word without breaking any sentence
formation rules. The short sentence below is complete because it's a verb
command with an understood "you" noun.

Go!
Here, the pronoun, standing in for a noun, is implied and acts as the subject. The
sentence is really saying, "(You) go!"

Constructing More Complex Sentences

Use more parts of speech to add additional information about what's happening
in a sentence to make it more complex. Take the first sentence from above, for
example, and incorporate more information about how and why birds fly.

Birds fly when migrating before winter.

Birds and fly remain the noun and the verb, but now there is more description.
When is an adverb that modifies the verb fly. The word before is a little tricky
because it can be either a conjunction, preposition, or adverb depending on the
context. In this case, it's a preposition because it's followed by a noun. This
preposition begins an adverbial phrase of time (before winter) that answers the
question of when the birds migrate. Before is not a conjunction because it does
not connect two clauses.