INDIAN HISTORY

Entry of various companies to India:

1. The first Governor of Portuguese in India was Fransisco-de-Almeda.

2. Alfenso-de-Albuquerque was the real founder of Portugese power in India.
3. Printing press,Tobacco And Cigarettes were introduced by Potugese.
4. “Operation Vijay” was introduced by Indian govt to send Portugese out of India.
5. Dutch East India company was started in 1602.
6. Golconda ruler Mohd.Khuli Kutubsha gave Dutch permission to trade in
Andhra Pradesh.
7. English East India company was started on Dec 31st 1600.
8. William Hawkins was the first ambassador sent by British to Jahangir’s court.
9. Globe was the first British ship to enter Machilipatnam.
10. Globe entered Machilipatnam in 1611.
11. Hippon was the captain of Globe.
12. British established their first factory at Surat.
13. British constructed St.George Fort in Madras.
14. They established St.David Fort in Mumbai.
15. Fort William was constructed in Kolkatta.
16. British totally administered 54 countries.
17. Danish East India Company was established in 1664.
18. French East India Company was started in 1664.
19. French established their first factory at Surat in 1665.
20. French purchased Pondicherry from Bijapur ruler “Sherkhan lodi”.

Carnatic Wars / Anglo French Wars :

21.First Carnatic war 1746 – 48.

22.Austrio Pressian war took place in Europe.
Austria was supported by British
Pressia was supported by French.
23. In 1748 this war ended with “Treaty of Axilachappel”.
24.Second Carnatic War 1749-53.
25.British and French interfered in the regional problems of Hyderabad and Arcot.
26.This battle ended with “Treaty of Pondicherry”.
27.Third Carnatic war 1756-63.
28.Also called Battle of 7years.
29.Ended with “Treaty of Paris”.
30.French power was totally suppressed with this war.

Anglo-Mysore wars:

31.The British declared First Anglo Mysore war in 1766-69.

32.Veralts was the Governor of British at that time.
33.Hyder Ali was defeated by the British in 1767.
34.In 1769 Hyder Ali defeated British.
 35.First Anglo Mysore ended with “Treaty of Madras”.
36.Second Anglo Mysore war was declared in 1780 and continued till 1784.
37.Hyder Ali died in between the war with Cancer in 1782.
38.His son Tippu Sultan took the charge and entered Battle field.
39.British came for treaty after seeing Tippu Sultans ferocious battle.
40.Second Anglo mysore war ended with “Treaty of Manglore”.
41.Third Anglo Mysore war was declared by Tippu Sultan in 1790.
42.War continued till 1792.
43.In Travencore, British captured Tippu Sultan.
44.War ended with “Treaty of Sri Rangapatnam”.
45.British declared Fourth Anglo Mysore war in 1799.
46.Stuart who was appointed as Commander of British forces shot dead Tippu
Sultan at Sri Ranga patnam.
47.The war ended with Tippu Sultans death in 1799.
48.Title of Tippu Sultan is “Tiger of Mysore”.
49.Lord Cornwallis was the Governor General of British during Third Anglo
Mysore war.
50.He introduced Indian Civil Services,Permanent settlement and established
Mobile courts.
51.In 1798 Lord Welesley introduced Subsidiary Alliance.
52.Nizam Ali Khan was the first ruler to enter Subsidiary Alliance with British.

1857 Revolt :

53.Termed as “FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDENCE” by V.D.SAVARKAR.

54.The revolt started on 10th May 1857 in Meerut(U.P).

Administrative Cause:
55.Lord Dalhousie introduced “Doctrine of Lapse”(if the king do not have
kids,kingdom belonged to British).
56.Sathara,Sambhalpur,Udaipur,Nagpur,Jhansi etc.lost their kingdoms in this way.

Social Cause:
57.Indians were illtreated – meagre salaries,low posts and racial discrimination.

Religious Cause:
58.British interfered too much in Hindu religion and customs.

Economic Cause:
59.Our cottage industries and small scale industries were closed because of their
Factories.

Military Cause:
60.Indians have to join the army with low salaries and have to work anywhere in India.

Immediate Cause:
61.Britishers introduced Enfield Rifles.
62.Indians were forced to used rifles greased with fat of cows and pigs..
63.Mangal Pandey was the first soldier to refuse to use greased catridges.
64.Mangal Pandey shot Colonel Bagh on March 28th 1857.
65.Mangal Pandey was hanged by the British on April 8th 1857.
66.Colonel Smith was shot dead by Soldiers on 10th May 1857.
67.Soldiers declared “Bahadur Shah 2” as the Emperor of India.
68.Kings who led revolt:
Bahadur shah 2 – Delhi
Kunwar singh, Amar Singh – Bihar
Begum Hazrat Mahal - Lucknow
Nana Saheb , Thantia Thope – Kanpur
Rani Laxmi Bhai - Jhansi
Khan Bahadur Khan - Bareily
Diwan Mani Ram Datta - Assam
Rao Thula Ram - Haryana
69.British imprisoned Bahadur Shah 2 in 1858 and suppressed the revolt.
70.Bahadur shah 2 was sent to Mandaley Jail in Burma and he died there.
71.Jhansi Laxmi Bhai was shot dead by Sir Hue Rose.
72.Nana Saheb fled to Nepal.
73.Thantia Thope was hanged.
74.Lord Cannings was the Governor General during 1857 Revolt.
75.British Prime Minister was Pam Hershton then.

Outcomes of Revolt:

76.English East India company was suspended.

77.Governor General post was abolished.
78.Viceroy posts were created.
79.Entire powers went to British Parliament.
80.Lord Canning was the last Governor General of British.

SOCIO RELIGIOUS RENAISSANCE IN INDIA:-

Raja Ram Mohan Roy :

81.He is called “Father of Socio Renaissance moment in India”.

82.Born in 1772 , West Bengal.
83.He started “Atmeeya Sabha” in 1815.
84.It was changed into “Brahma Sabha” in 1815.
85.Finally it became “Brahma Samaj” in 1828.
86.Akbar 2 gave him the title “Raja”.
87.He started 2 news papers – “Mirat – ul- Akbar”
“Samvadha Kaumudi”.

Books wriiten by him :

88. The Gift to Monotheism
The Percepts of Jesus
The guide to Peace and Happiness
Bengal Harkaru

1. In 1829 , Sati prohibition Act was passed by Lord William Bentick with the
efforts of Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
90.He died in 1833, in Bristol,London.

91.1843 Devendra nath Tagore joined Brahma Samaj.

92.1857 Keshava Chandra Sen joined Brahma Samaj.
93.1866 Brahma Samaj was split into 2 because of disputes between these two.
94.Devendra nath Tagore started “Adi Brahma Samaj”.
95.Keshava Chandra Sen started “Bharath Brahma Samaj”.

 SWAMI VIVEKANANDA:

96.Born in 1863,Jan 12th in Bengal.

97.His original name was Narendra Nath Dutta.
98.He estab;ished RamaKrishna Mission in 1897.
99.Vivekananda was called “Spirit of India”.
100.His birthday is celebrated as “National Youth Day”.
101.He was a discipple of Rama Krishna Paramahamsa.
102.This mission is there in about 124 countries.

YOUNG BENGAL MOVEMENT:

103.Henry Vivian Derozio started this movement.

104.Started in 1829.
105.He believed in Liberty,equality and Fraternity.
106.He died in 1831 and the organisation disappeared with him.

YEARS & SIGNIFICANCE:

107.1848 Gopala Hari Deshmukh started “Punar Vivaaha Mandali

Paramahamsa Mandali”.
108.Widow remarriages were supported by Punar Vivaah Mandali.

109.Superstitions were condemned by Paramahamsa Mandali.

110. 1856 Widow Remarriages Act was passed by Lord Dalhousie with the efforts
of Gopala Hari Deshmukh & Eswar Chandra Vidya Sagar.

111.1867 Prarthana Samaj was introduced by “Athmaram Panduranga”.

112.1873 Sathya Shodak Samaj was started by Jyotiba Phule.

113.1875 Thesophical Society was started by Col.Olcott & Madam H.P.Blavatsky.

114.1897 Ramakrishna Mission was started by Swami Vivekananda.

ARYA SAMAJ :
 115.Started in 1875 by Swami Dayananda Saraswati.
116.His original name was Moolchand.
117.Born in 1824 at Gujarat.
118.“Satyardha Prakashika” a book written by him is called “Bible of Arya Samaj”.
119.His words were “Go back to Vedas” , “India for Indians”.
120.He was called “Indian Martin Luther”.
121.Suddhi movement (back to hinduism) was startes by him.
122.After his death Arya Samaj was split into two – Gurukul System & Patashala
system.
123.Gurkul system promoted Sanskrit education and was supported by Pandit
GuruDatta & Swami Seadhaananda.
124.Patashala system promoted English education and was supported by
Lala Lajapathi Roy & Lala Hamsa Raj.

NATIONAL FREEDOM STRUGGLE:

Moderate Era: (1885-1905)

125. Moderated believd in peaceful ideas and peaceful methods in getting

Independence to India.
126.Leader of Moderates was “Gopala Krishna Gokhlae”.
127.Other leaders were : W.C.Benerjee
Dada Bhai Nauroji
Surendranath Benerjee
Mahadeva Govinda Ranade
Phiroj Sha Mehta etc.,
128.Gopala Krishna Gokhlae was the political guru of Gandhi.
129.In 1885, Indian National Congress was started by A.O.Hume,British retired civil
servant.
130.The term “Indian National Congress” was coined by DadaBhai Nauroji.
131.1st meeting of INC was held on 25th Dec 1885,Bombay at Gokuldas Tejapal
Sanskrit College.
132.1st meeting was headed by W.C.Benerjee.

INC DEMANDS:

133.To reduce Land tax.

134.To provide more jobs to Indians.
135.To reduce military expenditure.
136.To conduct Civil Service Exams in India along with London.

137.In 1905, Lord Kurzen introduced divide and rule policy.

138.So in 1905, split of Bengal took place.
139.East Bengal & West Bengal.
140.East Bengal was given for Muslims & West Bengal was given for Hindus.
141.Against the Bengal division,Vandemataram movement was started in 1905.
142.Finally in 1911, Bengal was reunited.
143.The British Viceroy was Lord Hardinge 2 at that time.

Extremist Era(1905-1920):

144.Extremists believed in Bloodshed methods in bringing Independence to India.

Imp Leaders:
Bala Gangadhar Tilak
Bipin Chandra Paul
Lala Lajapathi Rai
Aravindha Ghosh
145.1906 Muslim League party was started by Aga Khan & Salimullah Khan.
146.1908 Tilak was sent to Mandaley Jail for 6 years.
147.1911 Capital was shifted to Delhi from Calcutta on Dec 31st.
148.First time National Anthem was sung in Calcutta in 1911.
149.In 1913 Rabindranath Tagore was awarded Noble prize for Geetanjali.
150.1914 – 1st World War started.
151.1915 Jan 9th Gandhi came to India from South Africa. This day is celebrated as
NRI’s day.
156.1916 – Extremists & Moderates united to fight against British.
157.1916 – Home rule league was started by Tilak in April in Maharashtra.
158.1916- Home rule league was started by Anni Besant in September in Madras.
159.1916 – Gandhi established Sabarmathi Ashram.
160.1917 - Champaran Sayagraha was started by Gandhi against “Thinkathia
System”(farmers have to plant indigo).
161.1917 – Annie Besant presided over Indian National Congress meet in
Calcutta.She is the first woman to preside over INC.
162.1918 – Gandhi underwent Hunger strike for the first time for “Ahmedabad Mill
workers strike”.
163.1918 – 1st world war ended.
164.1919 – April 6th Rowlatt Act was passed. Accordin to this act any Indian can be
arrested without warrant.
165.1919 – April 13th Jalianwala Bagh meeting was held against Rowlatt Act.
166.General O.Dyer brought olice to the meeting and gave firing orders.
167.In minutes, 379 people were shot dead.
168.Hunter commission was appointed for Jalianwala Bagh Massacre report.
169.Udham singh was a small boy who attended along with his mother to the
meeting.His mother died protecting him.
170.In 1940 Udham Singh went to London & shot dead General O.Dyer.
171.1919 – Women were guaranteed right to vote in India.
172.1920 Aug 1st Non co-operation movement was started by Gandhi.
173.1920 Aug 1st Tilak died on this day.
174.1922 Feb 5th Non cooperation movement became violent in Chauri-Chaura
village.Villagers burnt alive 21 conistables & 1sub inspector.With thid Gandhi
suspended Non Cooperation movement.
175.1921 – INC Special meeting was held in Vijayawada and Gandhi,Vallabhai
Patel, Sarojini Naidu attended this meeting.
176.In this meeting “TRI COLOUR FLAG” was accepted that was designed by
Pingali Venkayya.
177.Tilak Swaraj Fund was established on this day & Maganti Annapurnamma
donated all her Jewellery.
178.Yamini Purna Tilakam , a dancer donated all her property.
179.Gandhi decided to ditribute 1lakh Charakhas(Spinning wheels).
180.1923 – Swaraj Party was established by ChithaRanjan Das & Motilal Nehru.
181.With the death of C.R.Das in 1925,party declined.
182.1924 INC meeting was held in Belguam & Gandhi headed the meeting.
183.1925 INC was held at Kanpur and Headed by Sarojini Naidu.
184.1928 – Simon commission came to India.
185.“Simon Go Back” Flags were shown everywhere the committee went.
186.LalaLajapathi Rai was severely beaten to death by Police officer Sanders.
187.Bhagat Singh,Sukhdev & Raja Guru killed Sanders in 1928.
188.Sindh & Orissa were the only 2states to welcome Simon committee with
garlands as they wanted separate state.
189.1929 – INC meeting was held at Lahore & headed by Nehru.He demanded
Purna Swaraj.
190.1929 Bhagat Singh & Bhatukeshwasr dutt threw bombs on parliament while
session is going on.
191.1931 March 23rd Bhagat Singh was hanged for this.
192.1929 Khudai Kidmutgars was started by Khan Abdul Gafar Khan.
193.He is also known as “Frontier Gandhi”.
194.1930 Salt Satyagraha/Civil disobedience/Dandi March started on Mar 12th –
April 6th.
195.Started from Sabarmathi Ashram to Dandi.
196.DeshaBaktha Konda Venkatappaya was declared as dictator of Salt Satyagraha
from Andhra Pradesh.
197.3 Round table conferences were held in London on 1930,1931,1932.
198.3 Round Table Conferences were headed over by British Prime Minister Ram
Say Mac Donald.
199.Dr.B.R.Ambedkar attended all the three conferences.
200.Gandhi attended only 2nd conference.
201.All the Round Table Conferences were a failure.
202.1931 Gandhi Irwin pact took place
203.1931 Anti untouchability league started by Gandhi.
204.1931 All Dalit Conference was held in Lucknow headed by Hyd Leader Bhagya
Reddy Varma.
205.In this meeting Dr.B.R.Ambedkar was elected as Dalits leader for his lifetime.
206.1932 Communal Award was declared by Ram Say Mac Donald.According to
this India can be divided based on caste.This was rejected by Gandhi and accepted
by Ambedkar.
207.1932 Poona pact between Gandhi & Ambedkhar.Ambedkar demanded separate
stated for Dalits but Gandhi rejected.
208.1935 Government of India Act was passed.This is also called “Magna Carta of
India”.
209.Based on this act Burma was seperated from India.
210.Federal Court of India was established.This is changed into Supreme Court of
India in 1950 Jan 28th.
211.RBI too was started according to this act.
212.1939 Subash Chandra Bose started a political party called “Forward Bloc”.
213.1939 2nd Worls War started and ended in 1945.
214.1940 Udham Singh shot dead General O.Dyer who was the cause of
JalianwalaBagh Massacre.
215.1940 Muslim League party was started by Mohd.Ali Jinnah who demanded
separate state for Pakistan.
216.1942 Cripps mission came to India to estimate India’s condition during 2nd
Worldwar.
217.1943 Azad Hind Fauj( Indian National Army) was started by Mohan Singh and
Niranjan Gill with 40000 people.They handed over this army to Subash Chandra
Bose.
218.Bose established these training centres at Singapore & Rangoon with 4
regiments – Gandhi regiment,Nehru regiment,Bose regiment & Jhansi laxmi bhai
regiment(woman wing).
219.Laxmi Sehgal acted as the captain for Womans regiment.
220.1943 Bose was house arrested by British in Kolkatta.
221.Bose escaped and went to Germany and many places.
222.Bose was believed to cie in 1945.
223.1945 Lord Wavell plan was proposed.
224.In 1945 electons in Britain,Clement Atlee became the prime minister from
Labour arty.
225.Wavell suggested to postpone Independence as religious wars may happen.
226.1945 2nd Worldwar ended.
227.1945 Oct 24th UNO(United Nations Organisation) came into force.
228.The term UNO was coined by Franklin.D.Roosevelt.
229.1946 Cabinet mission plan came to India and it established Constituent
Assembly.
230.Constituent Assembly 1st meeting was held on Dec 9th 1946 with Sacchidhananda
Sinha as temporary Chairperson.
231.Constituent Assembly 2nd meeting was held on Dec 11th 1946 and elected
Dr.Rajendra Prasad as chairperson for Lifetime.
232.1947 March – Lord Mountbatten was appointed as last viceroy of India.
233.He was asked to prepare India Independence Act.
234.1947 Aug 15th India was given Independence.
235.1947 Aug 29th Drafting committee 1st meeting was held headed by Dr.Ambedkar.
236.1949 26th Nov Constituent Assembly accepted constitution.
237.1950 24th Jan last meeting of constituent assembly took place.
238.1950 Jan 26th Indian Constitution came into force.
239.1951 Five year plans started.
240.1952 1st General elections were held.
241.1953 Dec 23rd State Reorganisation Committee(SRC) was established with Fazl
Ali as the chairperson.
242.1955 SRC reoprt was submitted and according to this linguistic states were
formed(stated divided according to language).
243.The 1st linguistic state formed was Andhra Pradesh.
 ANCIENT HISTORY

INDUS VALLEY CIVILISATION

244.The period of Indus Valley Civilisation reigns between 2300 BC – 1750 BC.
245.This period is calculated according to Carbon Dating method.
246.This civilisation is also termed as – Harappan civilisation, Bronze Age
civilisation , Ancient Indian Civilisation.
247.This flourished besides River Indus,hence the name.
248.It is Urban civilisation.
249.Area covered under this was 12,99,600 sq.kms.
250.Northern point – Manda ( J & K)
251.Southern point – Daimabad (Maharashtra)
252.Eastern point - Alamgirpur(U.P)
253.Western point – Sukthagendor(Pakistan)
254.Big & wide roads were constructed.
256.Four roads circle was called “Oxford Circus”.
257.2storeyed & 3 storeyed builings were built using burnt brick.
258.Every house has a well.
259.Towns were grid or rectangular in shape.
260.They established Under Ground Drainage system.
261.Lamp posts or street lights were there.
262.Dust bins were there on roads.
263.International trade was carried by them from Lothal Seaport (Gujarat).
264.Script they knew was pictographic script (written from right to left).
265.They knew all metals except Iron.
266.They imported Gold from South India, Silver from Afganistan,Copper from
Belugistan,Wood from Kashmir.
267.Indus valley excavations were done under the guidance of Sir John Marshall in
1921.
268.Charles Mason was the first man to visit Indus valley in 1827.
269.Harappa,Mohenjadaro,Chanhudaro,Lothal,Banwali,Kalibangan are the towns
that came into light.
270.Harappa excavation was done in 1921 by Dayaram Sahani.
271.Harappa was beside Ravi river.
272. 2 lines of granery was found in Harappa.Each line consists of 6 graneries.
273. Seals were made of steatite.
274. Humed Bull was the seal symbol
275. Dancing girl nude statue was found which is made of rock.
276. A bronze mirror & H shaped tombs were found.

277. Mohenjadaro excavations were carried out by R.D.Benerjee in 1922.

278. It was based besided Indus river.
279. Great bath or Swimming pool was found here with 11.88m length,7.01m
Breadth,2.43m depth.
280. They used cotton cloth.
281. Many pillared meting hall was found.
282. Dolls of dog chasing a cat & Dog chasing a deer were found.
283. Dancing girl nude statue was found which is made of bronze.
284. Chanhudaro excavations were done in 1931 – 1933 by Brown &
Mazumdar.
285. This was situated besides Sutlej river.
286. Scale made of Bronze,Beauty kit,Ink Bottle and Idol of Peacock were
found.
287. KaliBangan excavations were done by A.Ghosh in 1953 & by B.B.Lal in
1961.
288. It was besides Gagar river.
289. Bangle industry & Beads industry existed here.
290. For the first time in India, agriculture was done here.
291. Fire Altars were present.
292. House doors opened towards roads.
293. Lothal excavations were done in 1957 by S.R.Rao.
294. It was besides Bhogara river.
295. An artificial seaport was found here built with 233m length,35m width
and 8m depth.
296. Ship dolls made of TerraKotta were found.
297. Elephant tusks were found.
298. Banwali excavations were done in 1973 by R.S.Bith besides Saraswathi
river.
299. Wheat and Barley were used by them.
300. Horse remains were found at Surkatoda.
301. Rice husk was found at Rangapore.

SOCIAL CONDITIONS:

302. Matriarchal system existed – Mother is the head of the family.

303. Property goes to Daughter.
304. No caste system,No varna system.
305. Only 2 categories existed : Rich & Poor.
306. Main professsion was Agriculture.
307. Main crops were Wheat & Barley.
308. They believed in Karma & Punarjanma.
309. They worshipped Mother Goddess Pasupathi Mahadeva.
310. The idol of Pasupathi Mahadeva was carved with 4 animals around & 2
animals down.
311. 4 animals around were Tiger,Elehant,Rhino,Buffalo.
312. 2 animals down were Deers.
313. They worshiped Humped bukks,Doves & Snakes.
314. They knew indoor games lige Chess & Dice.
315. Dance was known to them.
316. To kill enemies they used daggers,Spearheads,Arriw heads & knives.
317. Weights & measures were known to them.
318. Dilman & Makhran were the trade centres between Harappa &
Mesopotomia.
319. Official symbol was “Swasthick”.
320. Races were :ProtoAustroloidrace,Mangoloid race,Mediterranian race,
Neegrito race and Dravidian race.
321. Their colour was Black.
322. They were short in height.
323. Hair was curly.
324. Nose was snubbed.
325. Hands were short.
326. They were the first people to produce cotton.
327. By 1750 BC Indus people declined.
328. Reasons for decline were sited as Aryan invations & Natural calamities.

VEDIC (or) ARYAN CIVILISATION

329.This civilisation existed between 1500 bc-600bc.

330.It has 2 parts of civilisation.
331.Rig Vedic civilisation from 1500 BC– 1000 BC.
332.Later Vedic civilisation from 1000 BC – 600 BC.
333.Max Muller said they were from Central Asia.
334.A.C.Das said they were from Saptha Sindhu region.
335.Tilak said they were from Arctic region.
336.Swami Dayananda Saraswati said they were from Tibet.
337.Vedas , Samhitas and Apaurusheyas were the sources to know about Aryans.
338.Vedas were a combination of Rig veda, Yajur veda, Sama veda & Atharvana
veda.

RIG VEDA:

339.Oldest book in the world.

340.1017/1028 hymns or slokas are there.
341.It is divided into 8 Ashtakas and 10 Mandalas.
342.10th Mandala is Purusha Suktha which speaks about 4 varnas.
343.The 4 varnas are: Brahmana,Kshatriya,Vysyas, Sudras.
344.Aitreya Brahmanas were there in Rig veda.
345.Indra was mentioned 250 times.
346.OM was the most used word in Rig veda for 1028times.

YAJUR VEDA:

347.1549 slokas were present.

348.Poetry & prose can be seen.
349.Sathapatha brahmanas were seen here.

SAMA VEDA:

350.1810 Slokas are there.

351.This deals with Magic & Muse.
 352. Jaimineya Brahmanas were present here.

ATHARVANA VEDA:

353.711/732 slokas are there.

354.Deals with Ayurvedic medical sciences.
356.Gopatha Brahmanas were seen here.
357.Second source to know about Aryans was Upavedas.
358.4 Upavedas were “Ayurveda,Dhanurveda,Gandharva veda,Shilpaveda”.
359.6 Vedangas were “Siksha,Kalpa,Nirukta,Jyothisa,Vyakarna,Chandas”.
360.2 Ithihasas were “Ramayana, Mahabharatha”.
361.Ramayana was written in Sanskrit by Valmiki.
362.Ramayana was transalated into telugu by Molla.
363.Mahabharatha was writted by Veda vyasa.
364.Mahabharatha was transalated into Telugu by Nannayya,Thikkana,
Yella Pragada.

SOCIAL CONDITIONS OF ARYANS:

365.Aryan society was a Patriarchal society with rural civilisation.

366.Father was the head of the family & called Gruhapathi.
367.Few families together were called Village.
368.Few villages together were called Vis.
369.Few Vis together were called Janapadha.
370.Janapadha was administered by King.
371.King was called Rajan.
372.King was administered by:
Priest – Purohita
Commander – Senani
Prince
Chief Queen
Bhagaduga – Tax collector
Duta – Messenger
Suta - Chariot rider
Sathapathi – Head of 100 villages
373.Duties of King were to protect people from enemy countries
To protect lives of people
To protect peoples property.
374.They collected 2 types of tax.
375.Bali was service tax paid by people.
376.Bhaga was agriculture tax.
377.Village assemblies were :
Sabha – Brahmins were members
Samithi – All villagers
Vidhata – Only women
Gana - Traders
378.No social evils existed during Rig vedic period.
379.In Later vedic period, Sati system,Child marriages,Caste system & untouchability
were practised.
380.Kings used to perform Yagnas for welfare of people.
381.Agriculture was the main profession.
382.Paddy was the main crop.
383.They domesticated all animals.
384.Tiger was not known to them.
385.All metals were known except “LEAD”.
386.Indoor games & Outdoor games were their recreation.
387.Defensive & Offensive weaponse were known to them.
388.Battle of 10 kings took place in Rig vedic period besides river Ravi.
389.Battle was between Bharatha tribe with Sudhama as their leader and Puru
tribe(8tribes assisted) with Purukuksha as their leader.
390.Bharatha tribe won the battle.
391.Old name for Ravi river was Parushni.
392.Common crime was cattle lifting.
393.Barter system – exchange of goods for goods &
Coin sysem – exchange of goods for coins existed.
394.Nishka was gold coin.
395.Sathamana was silver coin.
396.Their Goddess was Aditi & Ushas.
397.Later many social evils were started & women lost their respect in the society.
398.Inter caste marriages came into force/
399.Religious unrest entered the society.
400.With this there was a decline in Aryan Civilisation.

JAINISM

1) Jain Gurus are called as Thirthankaras.

2) 24 Thirthankaras existed in Jainism.
3) Rishabanatha was the first & foremost Thirthankara.
4) He was also called as “Adhinatha”.
5) His symbol was BULL.
6) Puranas like Vishnu,Vayu,Matsya & Brahmananda puranas mentioned his
name.
7) He was also mentioned in Rig veda.
8) He was mentioned as the incarnation of Narayana.
9) He has 2sons – Bharatha & Bahubali.
10) Bharatha administered some parts of Andhra & Karnataka regions.
11) Bahubali’s statue was found at Sravanabelagola in Karnataka.
12) It was built by Chamundaraya in 981 A.D.
13) It is a monolithic statue(carved out of single stone).
14) Aristanemi was the 22nd Thirtankara.
15) Conch was his symbol.
16) He was also called Nemenatha.
17) He gave importance to peace.
18) Parshwanatha was 23rd Thirthankara.
19) Historically he was the founder of Jainism.
20) He gave 4 principles – Nonviolence,Not to say lies,No property beyond needs,not
to steal.
21) His symbol was snake.
22) Vardhamana Mahaveera was the 24th Thirthankara.
23) His symbol was lion.
24) He was the real founder of jainism.
25) Born in 540 B.C. at kundagrama in Gujarat.
26) Mahaveera was his title.
27) He belongs to Jnatrika Kshatriya sect.
28) His wife was Yashoda.
29) His daughter was Priyadarshini who was married to Jamali.
30) At 30 years of age,Mahaveera left his palace in search of peace.
31) His guru was Makkali gosala.
32) At age of 42 he got enlightenment at Jumbika grama,besided River Rujupalika
under Sal tree.
33) His only principle was Brahmacharya.
34) He gave much importance to Nonviolence.
35) His son-in-law became his first disciple.
36) Jains mostly did trade & commerce.
37) Dwadashangas (2+10 angas) were the holy books of jainism.
38) In Jainism,other principle was Sallekana vrata(fast unro death).
39) King Chandre gupta Murya was the first person to follow Sallekanavrata.
40) TriRatnas or Three Jewels in Jainism were introduced by Mahaveera.
41) They are: Right to Knowledge
Right to faith
Right to conduct.
42) Kevala,Jina & Nirgandha were the titles of VardhamanaMahaveera.
43) He lived for 72 years and died in 468 BC. At avapuri(Bihar).
44) Parshwanathas followers were Swethambaras(white robes).
45) Vardhamanas followers were Digambaras(nude people).
46) Only 2 Jain Parishads were held.
47) 1st Parishad was held in 300 BC in Pataliputra headed by Sthulabahu.
48) 2nd Parishad was held in 512 AD in Vallabhi headed by Devadri
Kshamasramana.
49) The oldest temple of Jains in AndhraPradesh is at Kolanupaka(Nalgonda),
50) Jainism in Andhra Pradesh was propogated by KondaKundachaarya.
51) Famoues temles of Jains are Dilwara temples.
52) Dilwara temles were constructed by Solanki dynasty king Bheema 1.

BUDDHISM

53) Gautam Buddha was the founder of Buddhism.

54) He was born in 563 BC. At Lumbinivana.
55) His original name was Siddharta.
56) He belonged to Sakya Kshatriya clan.
57) He was also called Sakyamuni,Light of Asia,Light of world.
58) His wife was Yashodhara & son was Rahula.
59) 4 scenes that changed his life – Sickman.,Old man,Dead body,Saint.
60) At the age of 29 he went out of the palace and this is called “Great
Renunciation”.
61) His charioteer Channa helped him out of the house with his horse Kanthaka.
62) Alarakalama & Rudrakaramputta were his 2gurus.
63) Veluvana garden was given to him by Magadha ruler Bimbisara.
64) At the age of 35,he reached Gaya.
65) After his enlightment it is called as Buddha gaya.
66) He got enlightment under Pial tree beside river Niranjana after 49 days of
meditation.
67) A woman by name Sujatha rovided food to himwhen she found him unconcious.
68) He was tormented by a devil named Mara.
69) Tipsu & Malik were his immediate disciples.
70) He gave his first speech in Saranatha Deer Park and this is called as Turning the
wheel of law.
71) He paved way for Ashtanga marghas.
72) Right Speech,Right Knowledge,Right thoughts,Right meditation,Right
faith,Right deeds,Right way of livelihood,Right conduct.
73) Angulimala is a thief who changed his life after hearing Buddha’s preaching.
74) Amrapali is a dancer & prostitute who changed her life after hearing Buddhas
preaching.
75) Holybooks of Buddhism are called as Tripitakas
Vinayapitaka – Upali(author)
Sutthapitaka – Ananda
Abhidammapitaka – Rahul Badre
76) After Buddhas death only books came into light.
77) In 483 BC he died in Kusinagara.
78) 4 Buddhist councils were held.
79) 1st council in 483 BC at Raajagruha headed by Mahakashyapa and the king was
Ajathashatru.
80) 2nd council in 383 BC at Vyshali headed by Sabakami & the king was
KalaAshoka.
81) 3rd council in 250 BC at Pataliputra headed by Mogaliputtatissa & The king was
Ashoka.
82) 4th council in 78 AD at Jalandhar headed by Vasumitra and the king was
Kanishka.
83) Buddhism was split into 2 in 4th buddhist council as Hinayan & Mahayana.
84) Hinayanas believed Buddha was a messenger.
85) Mahayanas believed Buddha was God.
86) Vajrayanas started worshipping Buddha statues.
87) In India the 1st statue to be worshipped was Buddhas.
88) Panchakalyanas of Buddhas life are :
Birth – lotus & bull (symbols)
Great renunciation – Horse
Enlightment –Bodhi tree
First speech – Garlanded wheel
Mahapariniryana(Death)- Sthupa
89) Buddhas idols were carved at Gandhara(Afganistans) by the Greeks.
90) Black stone was used to carve the idols.
91) Amithamba sthupa – Budha appears in dancing style.
92) Manjusri – Buddha appears with a book in hands.
93) Padmapani – flower in hands
94) Avalokiteshwara – in meditation.

Reasons for decline:

95) Saivism & Vaishnavism developed.
96) Lost Royal patronage.
97) Eastern Chalukya ruler Vijayaditya 2 was advised to construct 108 siva temples.
98) So he installed an idol of Siva in all the buddhist temples & destructed buddha
idols.
99) Viharas are resting places for buddhists.
100)Ghatikas are their schools.

DYNASTIES

MAGADHA

1. Brihadrada was the founder of this dynasty.

2. This kingdom was administered during Ithihasas.
3. Jarasanda was the greatest ruler.
4. Last ruler was Ripujanga.

HARIYANKA
5. This dynasty was administered by Magadha rulers.
6. Bimbisara was the founder.
7. His son was Ajathashatru.
8. Ajathashatru killed his father Bimbisara and came to power.Hence he is called
Kunika(plotter).
9. Ajathashatru was the greatest ruler of Hariyanka dynasty.
10. He founded Pataliputra town.
11. He introduced “Mahasila Kantaka”(rock throwing machine).
12. He organised 1st Buddhist council.

SISUNAGA
13. Sisunaga was the founder.
14. KalaAshoka was the greatest ruler in this dynasty.
15. He organised 2nd Buddhist council.

NANDA
16. Maha Padma Nanda was the founder.
17. For the 1st time shudras came into power.
18. 3,75,000 army was established by him.
19. His titles were Maharajadiraja & Rajadiraja.
20. Last ruler was Danananda.
21. Kautilya lived in the court of DanaNanda.
22. Kautilya was insulted & banished from his court by Danananda.
23. In the process of revenge,Kautilya came to terms with Chandra Gupta Maurya.
24. Chandra Gupta Maurya defeated DanaNanda.
25. With this Mauryan dynasty came to power.

ALEXANDER THE GREAT:

26. Alexander belonged to Marcedonia(Greek).
27. He was born in 356 BC.
28. His ambitions were To conquer the world,To sread Greek culture & to plunder
the wealth.
29. His invasions started in 336 BC.
30. He was invited to India by Takshasila ruler Ambi against Punjab Ruler Porus or
Purushottam.
31. This battle took place in 326 BC and is called Battle of Jhelum.
32. Alexander won the battle but after seeing the courage of Porus he gave back the
kingdom to him.
33. In 323 BC at Babylonia,Alexander fell sick & died.
34. His last wish was not to burry his hands.

MAURYAN EMPIRE:

Chandra Gupta Maurya:

35. Chandra Gupta Maurya is called the Father of Mauryan dynasty.
36. He continued from 321 BC – 298 BC.
37. He defeated Nandas last ruler DanaNanda and came to power.
38. Pataliputra was his capital.
39. Kautilya was his PrimeMinister.
40. Greeks called ChandraGupta Maurya as Androkottos & Sandrakottas(greatest
ruler),
41. He united almost 16mahajanapadas & established a big empire.
42. He was called the first national king.
43. In 305 BC., Selecus Nicator a commander of Alexander attacked Chandra
Gupta.
44. Selecus Nicator was defeated.
45. After his defeat, Nicator gave his daughter “Helena” in alliace to Chandra
Gupta & they got married.
46. Megasthenese was appointed as Greek Ambassdor in the court of Chandragupta.
47. Chandragupta gave Nicator 500 elephants as gift.
48. He constructed a big tank called “Sudarshana Thatakam” in Gujarat for
agriculture purpose.
49. With the influence of Jain monk Badrabahu ,Chandragupta embrased Jainism.
50. He came to Sravanabelagola In SouthIndia & observed Sallekanavrata & died.

Bindusara (298 BC-273 BC)

51. He is the son of Chandra Gupta & Durdara.
52. He is also called Amitrakatha – eater of enemies ; Amitragatha – killer of
enemies.
53. He followed Ajeevika sect (without God also life continues).
54. Bhallataka was his primeminister.
55. He maintained good relations with Cyria & Egypt.
56. Daimachus – Syria ambassdor; Dainesius – Egypt ambassdor lived In his court.

ASHOKA (273 BC – 232 BC)

57. He is the son of Bindusara & Subhadrangi.
58. He ascended the throne in the year 269 BC.,but came to power in 273 BC.
59. He killed 99 of his cousins to come to power and threw all the bodies into Ghaja
Gnadaman besides Ganges river.
60. Hence he was called Chanda Ashoka & Kama Ashoka.
61. Ashoka wanted to occupy Kalinga & Kalingas ruler was Kalinga Malla.
62. Ashokas army consisted of 6lakh infantry,30000 cavelry,9000 elephantry,8000
chariots.
63. In 261 BC war of Kalinga began ar Dauli near Bhubaneswar.
64. Ashoka won the was & Kalinga was killed.
65. 1lakh army was killed.,1 ½ lakh army was injured.
66. This incident move Ashoka & he took oath never to wage any wars again.
67. With the influence of Upagupta he embraces Budhism.
68. Ashoka visited Lumbini & Buddhagaya.This is called Sambodhi Yatra.
69. He reduced taxes in these 2places.
70. He established 84000 Buddha stupas.
71. After this Ashoka started many welfare actvities.
72. Later he was called “Dharma Ashoka”, “Devanam Priya”, “Priyadarshi Raja”.
73. Ashoka sent his son Mahendra & daughter Sanghamitra to Srilanka to
propogate Buddhism.
74. Ashoka had 5 wives., Asandhimitra,Karuvaki,Charuvaki,Thissarka,Padmavathi.
75. Asandhimitra was the chief queen.
76. He had 4 sons:Kunala,Trivara,Jalanka,Mahendra.
77. He had 2 daughters: Charumathi,Sangamitra.
78. Ashokan inscri[tions were studied by Jhames Prince in 1837.
79. Last ruler of Mauryan empire was Brihadrada.
80. He was stabbed & killed by his military commander “Pushyamitra Sunga” in
187 BC.
81. From them Sunga dynasty came into light.

ADMINISTRATION OF MAURYAS:
82. Kingdom was divided into Ahara,Vishaya & Grama.
83. Ahara was taken care of by Rajuka.
84. Vishaya was taken care of by Vishayapathi.
85. Grama was looked after by Bramani.
86. Mahasandhivigraha looked after War & peace.
87. Bhogapathi was Taxcollector.
88. MantriParishad used to aid the king.
89. Bhandagarika looked after treasury.
90. Lekhaka wrote Royal orders & Royal letters.
91. Nibandhanakara maintained records.
92. Satrins were spies.
93. Judges were Pradvivakas.
94. Both civil court & criminal courts existed.
95. Civil courts were called Dharmastheeya.
96. Criminal courts were called Kantakashodana.
97. 10 villages together had Sangraha courts.
98. 400 villages together had Dhronamuka court.
99. 800 villages had Sthaneya court.
100.For town administration 6 committees existed.
101.Each committee had 5 members.
102.Head of town administration was Nagarika.
103.1st committee – For Industries
104.2nd committee – Foreign affairs
105.3rd committee – Births & deaths
106.4th committee – Trade & commerce
107.5th committee – Against corruption
108.6th committee – Tax collection.
109.All the 30 members assisted Nagarika.
110.Varna system existed.
111.Main profession was agriculture.
112. 1/6th tax was collected.
113.Suvarna is a gold coin.
114.Pana,Karshapana were silver coins.
115.Bali was a service tax.
116.Baga was agriculture tax.
117.Pindaraka – complete village has to ay tax.
118.Visti was a forced tax.
119.Social evils like Child marriages & Sati system existed.
120.Trade was carried out with Greek countries.
121.Exoprts wer Ivorygoods,Spices,Gems & Jewellery.
122.Imports were Wine & luxury goods.
123.West side seaport was Barukaccha.
124.East side seaport was Thambralipthi,
125.Ashoka was the greatest king of this dynasty.

SUNGA DYNASTY

126.Pushyamitra Sunga was the founder.

127.He was a Brahmin.
128.He shifted his capital from Pataliputra to Vidisha.
129.He performed AswaMedha yaga.
130.Indo-Greek ruler Menander stopped his horse while Yaga was going on.
131.Pushyamitra Sunga fought against Menander & won the war.
132.Kalinga ruler Kharavela attacked Vidisha.
133.Pushyamitra was defeated.
134.Kahravela did not occupy Pushyamitras kingdom but took away Jain idols from
Vidisha.
135.Vidarba ruler Yagna Sena started revolt against Pushyamitra.
136.Pushyamitra sent his son Agnimitra to suppress the revolt & Agnimitra
defeated Yagnasena.
137.After the victory Agnimitra married Malavika(daughter of Yagna Sena).
138.This marriage is the story of Kalidas “Malavikagnimitram”.
139.Agnimitra came to power after Pushyamitra.
140.Bhagamitra was an imp ruler of this dynasty.
141.Greek ambassdoe Heliodorus visited his court.
142.Last ruler was Devabhuti.
143.He was killed by Vasudeva Kanwa of Kanwa dynasty.

KANWA DYNASTY:

144.1st ruler was Vasudeva Kanwa.

145.He shifted the capital from Vidisha to Pataliputra.
146.2nd ruler was Bhuminitra.
147.3rd ruler was Narayana.
148.4th ruler was Susharma.
149.Susharma was the last ruler of Kanwas.
150.Susharma was killed in the hands of Satavahana ruler “Vasistiputra Pulomavi”.

INDO GREEK RULERS:

151.Demetrius was the greates ruler among Indo greek rulers.

152.Hindu books called him DattaMitra.
153.His title was Maharajadiraja.
154.His capital was Siyalkota (Punjab).
155.During his time Indo Greek art started.
156.Menander was the first foreigner to embrace Buddhism.
157.He was influenced by Buddhist monk Nagasena.
158.Nagasena composed a book called Milindapanha which consists the discussions
between Menander & Naga sena.
159.Menander was defeated in the hands of Pushyamitra sunga.
160.Hermaj was the last Indo-Greek ruler.

MALWA MAHAKSHATRAPAS

161.They belonged to Kardamaka dynasty.

162.Founder was Yashamatika.
163.Rudradama was the greatest ruler.
164.Rudradama gave Junagadh inscription which is the first ever Sanskrit
inscription.
165.Rudradama went for war against Satavahana ruler “Sivasri Sathakarni”.
166.Rudradama got victory.
167.For the 2nd time too Rudradama got victory against Sivasri Sathakarni.
168.But after seeing the courage of Sivasri.,Rudhradama gave his daughter
“Rudradamanika” to Sivasri in marriage alliance.
169.With this relations started with Satakarnas.
170.Rudradama got Sudarshanathatakam repaired that was built by
ChandraguptaMaurya.
171.Rudrasimha was the last ruler.
172.Rudrasimha attacked Gupta empire.
173.He was killed in the hands of Chandragupta 2.

KUSHANS

174.They belonged to Yuchi tribe of Central Asia.

175.Peshawar was their capital.
176.Founder was Kujulakad Physis.
177.He embraced Budhism.
178.Budhist symbol coins were released by him.
179.After him,Veemakad Physis came to power.
180.He followed Saivism.
181.He constructed many Siva temples.
182.After him Kanishka came to power.
183.Kanishka reign was 78 AD – 102 AD.
184.His titles were :Devaputra,Ceizer & Second Ashoka.
185.Kanishka sent Kashyaamatanga to China & Japan to propogate Budhism.
186.He attacked china & occupied Kashgar,Yarkhand,Khotan.
187.4th Buddhist council was held in Jalandhar/Kundalavana.
188.Saka era started in 78 AD.
189.Gandhara art developed during his period.
190.Acharya Nagarjuna lived in the court of Kanishka.
191.Vasudeva was the last ruler in the dynasty.
192.After him dynasty declined.

GUPTA’S AGE

193.K.M.Munshi called Gupta’s period as Golden age in the history.

194.Prabhavati Gupta (daughter of Chandra Gupta 2) gave a Poona copper plate
inscription.
195.She said Gupta’s belonged to Vysya community.
196.Skanda Gupta gave Indore copper plate inscription.
197.SamudraGupta’s inscriptions were :
Allahabad Prashasti
Eran
Nalanda,Gaya.

198.Chandra gupta 2 gave inscriptions :

Madhura
Sanchi
Udayagiri
Meharauli.
199.Sri Gupta was the founder of Gupta dynasty.
200.Ghatotkacha Gupta was his brother who came to ower after him.
201.After him ChandraGupta 1 came to power.
202.His reign was 320 AD-335 AD.
203.He was the founder of independent kingdom.
204.Gupta era started with him in 320AD.
205.Pataliputra became the capital.
206.He married Lichchavi princess “Kumara devi”.
207.On the coins issued by him,on one side there was his wife’s photo and on the
other side his name.
208.Kamandhaka,a poet lived in his court.
209.Kamandhaka wrote Neethishastra.
210.Samudra Gupta is the son of Chandragupta 1.
211.He came to power in 335AD-380AD.
212.He was called Kacha
 Kavi raju
Aswamedha yogi
Indian Napoleon.
213.During his time,9 kingdoms in NorthIndia,18 kingdoms in Central India
& 12kingdoms in SouthIndia were occupied.
214.He attacked Srilanka.
215.He issued Suvarna(gold) coins & Dinars.
216.Symbols were Fighting with Lion &Tiger and Veena.
217.His sons were RamaGupta & Chandragupta 2.
218.ChandraGupta 2 reign was 380AD-415AD.
219.Pataliputra was his 1st capital.
220.Ujjaini was his 2nd capital.
221.He established Mahankali temple in Ujjaini.
222.Nvaratnas or 9poets lived in his court.
223.They were:
Kalidas
Shanku
Bhetalabhattu
Kshapanaka
Ghatakarpara
Amarasimha
Dhanwantari
Vararuchi
Varahamihira.

224.Astronomer AryaBhatta lived in his court.

225.Brahmagupta was another astronomer who lived in his court.
226.Susrutha was a medical practitioner who lived in his court.
227.KumaraGupta is the son of Chandraguta2.
228.He established Nalanda university in Bihar.
229.This university attracted people from China,Tibet,Srilanka & Jawa etc.
230.10000 students & 1500 teachers were there.
231.He was a devotee of Kumaraswamy.
232.His titles were Mahendraditya & Aswamedha Mahendra.
233.Skanda Gupta came to power after Kumara Gupta.
234.He gave Indore copper plate inscription.
235.Agriculture developed a lot during his perios.
236.Hun invations(robbers) were suppressed.
237.Vishnu gupta was the last ruler.

ADMINISTRATION OF GUPTAS:

238.Kingdom was divided into States.

239.State was called Bhukti and administeres by Uparika.
240.State was divided into District.
241.District was called Vishaya and administered by Vishayapathi.
242.Districts were divided into Gramas.
243.Gramas were administered by Gramani.
Council of Ministers:
244.Mahasandhi vigraha looked after war & peace.
245.Bhataswapathi looked after cavelry.
246.Mahapeelupathi looked after Elephantry.
247.Mahadandanayaka looked after Law & order,
248.Bhandagarika looked after treasury.
249.Lands were divided into 5 categories.
Kshetra – fertile land
Khila - Barren land
Aprahatha – forest land
Gapathasara – Grass land
Vasti - house construction
250.Taxes were :
Bhaga – agriculture
Bali - service
Udiyanga – first crop to the king.
251.Suvarna is the goldcoin.
252.Rupika is the silver coin.
253.Trade was carried out with Cental Asian countries like Jawa,Malaya,China &
Tibet.
254.Exports were Spices,Ivorygoods,Gems & Jewellery.
255.Imports were Gold,silver & Horses.
256.Seaports were Barukaccha & Thamralipthi.
257.Buddhism developed during his period.
258.Buddhist statues were erected at Madhura,Sanchi & Sultanganj.
259.Parvati temple was constructed at Nachanakutara.
260.In Dewagadh,they built Dashawatara temple.
261.In Bhumra ,they built Siva temple.
262.Bagh caves,Ajanta caves & Udayagiri hills developed during their period.
263.Brahma Gupta wrote Brahmasputa siddhanta.
264.Susruta wrote Susrutha Samhita.
265.Vaghbata wrote Astanga Sangraha.

HARSHA VARDHANA

266.He belonged to Vardhana dynasty or Pushyabhuti dynasty.

267.Pushyabhuti was the forefahter of this dynasty,.
268.His son Aditya vardhana came to power.
269.Aditya’s son Prabhakara vardhana came to power after him.
270.Prabhakara vardhana’s wife was Yashomati devi.
271.Rajya sri was his daughter.
272.Rajyavardhana & Harshavardhana were his sons.
273.Rajya sri was married to Gruhavarma ,a ruler of Kanauj.
274.In 605 AD.,Prabhakaravardhana fell sick & died.
275.His wife Yashomati devi observed Sati and died.
276.Rajya vardhana came to power.
277.He was an inefficient ruler.
278.Prabhakaravardhana’s kingdom was Sthaneswar.
279.At that time , Malwa ruler Deva gupta & Gowda ruler Shashanka attacked
Sthanewar & killed Gruhavarma and Rajyavardhana.
280.At this critical juncture, Harshavardhana came to power.
 281.His period was 606 SD-647AD.
282.He tok the help of Kamarupa ruler Bhaskara varma.
283.He defeated Devagupta & Shashanka.
289.With this victory entire NorthIndia came under his control.
290.His titles were : Sakala Uttara Pateesha
Seeladitya.
291.In 619AD.,Harsha was defeated by Badami Chalukyan ruler Pulakesi 2 besides
river Narmada.
292.Narmada became frontier between Harsha & Pulakesi 2.
293.Harsha took care of SouthIndia.
294.His inscriptions were :
MadhuBan
Bansikera , Sonepat

295.Harsha wrote books called:

Naganandam
Ratnavali
Priyadarshika.
296.Harsha was a good poet & administrator.
297.Bhanubatta is a poet who lived in Harsha’s court.
298.Bhanubatta wrote HarshaCharita & Kadambari.
299.Hieun Tsang,a chinese traveller visited his court.
300.Once every 5 years Harsha performed “Sarva Dhana Karyakramam”/
“Mahamokshaparishad”.
301.Amount left after giving salaries & welfare activities was taken to Prayaga.
302.There the entire leftover money was distributed to poor,monks.
303.1st day of Mahamokshaparishad – Establish & worship Budha statue.
304.2nd day – Worshiped sun god
305.3rd day – worshiped Lord Shiva
306.4th day onwards distributing money.
307.Harsha conducted Mahamokshaparishad 6 times.
308.Hieuntsang attended the 6th Mahamokshaparishad.
309.Harsha gave 100 villages to Nalanda University.
310.The income came from these 100 villages was used by Nalanda university.
311.Hiranya – tax paid in cash.
312.Bhaga - tax paid in kind.
313.In 647 AD Harsha died.
314.After him Rajputs came into force.
315.Last greatest Hindu ruler was “Harsha Vardhana”.

PALLAVAS

316. Pallavas capital was Kanchi/Kanchipuram.

317.SimhaVishnu was the founder of this dynasty.
318.Simha vishnu period was 575AD-600AD.
319.His title was Avani Simha.
320.His son was MahendraVarma 1.
321.Mahendra Varma 1 period was 600AD-630AD.
322.He followed Jainism in the beginning,
323.With the blessings of Saivite saint “Appar” he became a Saivite.
324.Rockcut architecture started during his period.
325.His titles were :
Vichitrachitta
ChitrakaraPuli
Gunabhara
326.He authored the book Mathavilasaprahasanam.
327.In 630AD.,Badhami Chalukyan ruler Pulakesi 2 attacked empire of Pallavas.
328.Battle of Pullaluru took place.
329.MahendraVarma 1 was defeated & died.
330.Pulakesi 2 gave Aihole inscription & all these incidents were mentioned in it.
331.Narasimha Varma 1, sonof Mahendravarma 1 came to power.
332.His period was 630AD-668AD.
333.His title was Mahamalla.
334.He constructed Mamallapuram(Mahabalipuram).
335.NarasimhaVarma 1 was greatest ruler among Pallavas.
336.In Mahabalipuram,he constructed 7 pagodas / Panchapandavarathas / Monolithic
rathas.
337.Hieuntsang,a chinese traveller visited his court.
338.Village assemblies came into force. & divided into Ur,Sabha,Nagaram.
339.Ur – Landlords were the members.
340.Sabha – Brahmin community people were members.
341.Nagaram – Traders were members.
342.He strengthened his army to take revenge agaisnt Pulakesi 2.
343.In 642 AD., Pulakesi 2 attacked Kanchi again.
344.Battle of Manimangala took place.
345.Pulakesi2 was defeated and chased by Narasimha Varma 1 till Badami/Vathapi.
346.There Pulakesi 2 was killed.
347.NarasimhaVarma 1 got the title Vatapikonda.
348.He gave Badami inscription.
349.His son was Mahendravarma 2.
350.Mahendravarma 2 was an inefficient ruler.
351.His period was 668AD – 670AD.
352.After the death of Narasimha Varma 1, Pulakesi 2’s son Vikramaditya attacked
Kanchi & defeated MahendraVarma 2.
353.Mahendravarma 2’s son was Parameshwaravarma 1.
354.Parameshwara varma 1 asked his father to come down of throne & he came to
power.
355.Prameshwaravarma 1 waged a war against Vikramaditya & reoccupied Kanchi.
356.Later NarasimhaVarma 2 came to power.
357.He was called RjaSimha & Shanjarabhakta.
358.He constructed Shore tmeple in Mahabalipuram.
359.He also constructed :
Vaikuntaperumal temple
Kailasanatha temple
Gangavatharanam
360.After him ParameshwaraVarma 2 came to power.
361.He died without any successors.
362.His relative Nandi Varma 2 was appointed as ruler.
363.Rashtrakuta ruler “Dantidurga” attacked this empire & defeated Nandivarma 2.
364.Dantidurga gave his daughter Revadevi in marriage alliance to Nandivarma 2.
365.Last ruler was Aparajita Varma.
366.He fought againstPandyas with the help pf Adityachola.
367.Later Aditya chola defeated Aparajitavarma & occupied Kanchi.
368.From then Kanchi became part of chola empire.
ADMINISTRATION:

369.Decentralisation was started.

370.Country was divided into Mandalams,
Mandalams into Nadu
Nadu into Gramas.
371.Agriculture was the main source of income.
372.Ashtadashaparihara (18 taxes) existed.
373.Sanskrit was their language.
374.Official symbol was Bull.
375.Schools were called Ghatikas.
376.Saivism & Vaishnavism existed.
377.Saivite saints were called Nyanars.
378.Vaishnavite saints were called Alwars.
379.Saivite literature is called Thevaram.
380.Vaishnavite literature is called Nalaira Prabhandam.
381.Kanchi became important centre of Saivites.
382.SriRangam & Tirupathi were main centres of Vaishnavites.

BADAMI CHALUKYAS

383.Badami was their capital.

384.They are also called as Western Chalukyas.
385.Jayasimha was the founder of Chalukyan dynasty.
386.After him,his brother Ranaranga came into force.
387.Ranaranga’s son was Pulakesi 1.
388.Pulakesi 1 strengthened & spread the empire.
389.His titles were :
Chalukya vallabha
Sri Pruthvi vallabha
390.His son Keerthivarma 1 was inefficient ruler.
391.He fell sick after he came to power.
392.Keertivarma 1 ‘s son Pulakesi 2 was very young to look after kingdom.
393.So Mangalesha(brother of Keerthi varma) was given power over kingdom.
394.Mangalesha extended empire upto Revathidweepa(Goa).
395.He plotted against Pulakesi 2.
396.Pulakesi 2 killed Mangalesha & came to power in 609AD.
397.He was the greatest ruler of Chalukyas.
398.In 609AD he went against Harshavardhana & defeated him.
399.He got the title Maheshwara.
400.In 624AD he went against Vengi (ELURU).
401.He occupied Vengi & gave it to his brother Kubja Vishnu Vardhana & asked him
to establish “Vengi Chalukyan empire” or Eastern chalukyan empire.
402.HieunTsang visited Pulakesi 2 court.
403.Pulakesi 2 maintained good relations with Persia & Iran.
404.In 630 AD he went against Pallavas ,their ruler was Mahendravarma 1.
405.Battle of Pullaluru took place.
406.Pattadakal & Aihole towns were developed by him.
407.Kannada & Sanskrit literatures developed.
408.In 642AD he went against Narasimhavarma 1.
409.This is Battle of Manimangala.
410.Pulakesi 2 was defeated & killed.
411.Vikramaditya, son of Pulakesi 2 came to power.
412.He attacked Kanchi.
413.He was later defeated by Parameshwara Varma 1.
414.Vikramaditya’s sons were Vinayaditya & Vijayaditya.
415.They lead peaceful administration.
416.Last ruler was Keerthivarma 2.
417.He was defeated by Dantidurga,a Rashtrakuta ruler.
418.Dantidurga occupied Badami & with this Badami Chalukya empire ended.
419.70 temples were constructed by Badami Chalukyas.
420.Pulakesi 2 gave Aihole inscription.

CHOLAS

421.Cholas introduced local self government for the first time.

422.Villages were self sufficient.
423.Their capital was Thanjaur or Tanjore.
424.They were the contemporaries of Pandyas & Cheras.
425.Pandyas capital was Madurai.
426.Cheras capital was Vanji/Karur.
427.Founder of Modern Chola empire was Vijayalaya chola.
428.Vijayalaya Chola defeated Muttarayar & occupied Thanjaur.
429.He constructed Vishamba Sudhini temple in Thanjaur.
430.His son was Aditya Chola.
431.Paranthaka chola 1 was the son of Aditya chola.
432.He extended the empire upto Madurai.
433.He got the title MaduraiKonda.
434.He gave the inscription called Uttara Merur.
435.After him Paranthaka 2 came to power.
436.He was inefficient ruler.
437.RajarajaChola came to power.
438.He was the greatest ruler iof Chola dynasty.

439.His titles were :

Jayamgonda
Cholamarthanda
Mummadi chola
Keralanthaka
Sivapada Shekara
440.Popular assemblies were :
Ur
 Sabha
Nagaram
441.Local self government developed a lot.
442.Kingdoms were divided into Mandalams,
Mandalams into Valanadus,
Valanadus into Nadus
Nadu into Grama.
Grama into wards.
443.He strengthened army & established Naval force.
444.Then he went for war against Srilanka.
445.Mahendra 5 was the ruler of Srilanka then.
446.Mahendra 5 was defeated & Northern Srilanka was occupied.
447.He constructed Polannaruva in Northern Srilanka & made it as capital for his
kingdom in Northern Srilanka.
448.In Polannaruva he constructed Siva temple.
449.In Thanjaur,he built Bruhadeeshwara temple / Rajarajeswara temple.
450.Height of idol is 28 feet
Height of temple is 216 feet.
451.Elections were conducted through Lottery system.
452.Criteria to contest in elections:
Age : 35 – 70 years
Should possess 1 ½ acre land
Atleast 1 own house.
453.KAIKNOLAR – Rajaraja cholas personal army
454.KADAGAM – Rajaraja cholas army regiment.
455.Highest tax was collected (1/3 rd).
456.Uppayam – Salt tax
Tharai Irani – Weavers tax
Thattarpattam – Goldsmiths tax
Padikavalkuli – Law & order tax
Angadi Sunkam – Market tax.
457.Shakti Varma & Vimaladitya were Brothers & Eastern Chalukyan rulers.
458.After they were defeated by Jatachoda Bheema they took shelter in the court of
Rajaraja Chola.
459.Rajaraja Chola gave army to Shakti Varma.
460.With the help of this army , Shakti Varma defeated Jata choda bheema.
461.Rajaraja chola gave his daughter Kundavva in marriage alliance to Vimaladitya.
462.Rajaraja Narendra was their Son.
463.Rajaraja Narendra was the grandson of Rajaraja Chola.
464.Rajendra chola was the son of Rajaraja chola.
465.He came to power after Rajaraja chola.
466.Beside River Ganges he started occupying all regions & went to Bengal.
467.Bengal ruler Mahipala was defeated & Rajendra chola got the title Gangaikonda.
468.He wanted to occupy Sri vijaya kingdom which comprised of
Java,MalwamSumatra kingdoms together.
469.Sri vijaya kingdom was administered by “Srimara Vijayothunga varma”.
470.His capital was Kadaram.
471.Rajendra chola defeated Srimara & occupied Kadaram.
472.He went against Srilamka & occupied Srilanka too.
473.He captured & imprisoned Srilanka ruler Mahendra 5.
474.Bay of Bengal was called Chola Samudram during his time.
475.Nagapatnam was the main seaport.
476.He constructed a town called Gangaikonda cholapuram in Tamilnadu.
477.He established Siva temple there.
478.Rajendra chola’s daughter Ammangadevi married Rajaraja Narendra.
479.Their son was Rajendra 2.
480.Rajendra 2 came to power with the title Kulothunga chola.
481.With his death,Chola empire declined.
482.Kambhan translated Ramayan into Tamil during Cholas period.
483.Vaishnavism was not accepted in that time.
484.Ramanujacharya was banished from the kingdom by Kulothunga chola for
propogating Vaishnavism.
485.Ramanujacharya founded Visishtaswaitha.

RAJPUTS

486.Chand Baradai who lived in the court of Pruthvi Raj Chauhan wrote PruthviRaj
Raso.
487.He said Pruthviraj Belonged to Solar or Lunar kshatriya dynasty.
488.33 dynasties were there in Rajputs.

Pratihara Dynasty:
489.Historians opined that they belonged to Laxmana or Ikshwaku dynasty.
490.Capital was Jodhpur/Binmal.
491.Founder was Nagabhatta 1.
492.The kings following him were :
Devaraju
Vatsaraju
NagaBhatta2
Mihirabhoja
Mahendra Pala
493.Mihirabhoja was the greatest ruler of this dynasty.
494.His title was Adivaraha.
495.Varaha symbol coins were given by him.
496.Arab traveller Suleiman visited his court & he said Mihirabhoja was
Maharajadiraja.
497.After Mhirabhoja,Mahendrapala came to power.
498.Rajashekara , a poet lived in Mahendrapalas court.
499.Rajashekara wrote :
Kurpura Manjari
Kavya Meemasa
500.With the invasions of Mohammad Ghajini,this dynasty declined.
(1000 bits till here).

CHAUHAN DYNASTY:
1. 1st capital was Sakambari.
2. Later it was changed to Delhi.
3. Founder was Simharaja Chauhan.
4. Real founder of the empire was Vigraharaja 2.
5. The order of kings was:
Vigraharaja 2
Ajaya raja
Vigraharaja 3 or Vishala deva
Pruthvi Raj chauhan.
6. Pruthvi raj Chauhan was the greatest ruler of this dynasty.
7. Ajayaraja constructed Ajmer town.
8. Vigraharaja 3 wrote Harshakeli.
9. He attacked Delhi & defeated Anangapal Thomar.
10. Pruthviraj married Rani Samyukta after abducting her from the swayamvara
arranged by her father “Jaya chandra” of Ganadwala dynasty,
11. Jayachandra invited Mohd.Ghori against Pruthvi.
12. Jayachandra is called 2nd treacherer.(Desadhrohi).
13. 1191 – 1st Battle of Tarain took place.
14. Pruthviraj defeated Ghori.
15. 1192 – 2nd Battle of Tarain.
16. Ghori won & killed Pruthviraj.
17. 1193 Battle of Chanda war.
18. Ghori defeated Jayachandra.
19. In all these 3 battles Qutubuddin Aibak (slave of Ghori ) assisted him.
20. Ghori wanted to start Muslim kingdom in India.
21. He appointed Aibak as his representative & went back to Ghori.
22. In 1206 on his return,Ghori fought with Kokkar tribes.
23. Ghori was killed in their hands.
24. After knowing this,Aibak started SLAVE DYNASTY.
25. Colonel Todd wrote “Rajasthan Kathavali “ or Annals of Rajasthan.

SOLANKI DYNASTY:
26. Capitl was Anhilwada.
27. Founder was MulaRaju.
28. Greatest ruler was Bheema 1.
29. Mohd.Ghajini attacked in 1026 AD.
30. Bheema 1 fled away after hiding all the treasure.
31. Ghajini attacked & looted Somanatha temple in 1026 AD & took away 11.5 tonnes
of Gold.
32. Bheema 1 constructed Dilwara temples( Mount Abu,Rajasthan).

PARAMARA DYNASTY:
33. Capital was Dharanagar.
34. Founder was Upendra.
35. After Upendra,Munjaraju came to power.
36. He established Munja Sagaram tank & agriculture developed during his period.
37. Dhanunjaya lived in Munjaraju’s court.
38. Dhanunjaya wrote “Dhanila nalayadha”.
39. Bhojaraju came to power after Munjaraju.
40. Bhoja Raju constructed Bhojpuri town.
41. He also constructed Saraswati temple at Bhojpuri.
42. He was a good admin & a poet.
43. He also wrote Sarawathi Khantabaranam & Champu ramayana.
44. After him unworthy rulers came.
45. With this the dynasty declined.

CHANDELA DYNASTY:
46. Capital was Khajuraho.
47. Founder was Jayashakti.
48. After him DangaRaju ruled.
49. Vidhyadhara came to power after him.
50. Vidhyadhara was the greatest ruler of this dynasty.
51. He was the only ruler to defeat Mohd.Ghajini twice in 1018 AD.,1022 AD.

GAHADWALA DYNASTY:
52. Capital was Kanauj,
53. Founder was Chandradeva.
54. He imposed a tax called Thurakadhandu.
55. 1193 – Battle of Chandawar took place.
56. In this battle Jayachandra was defeated by Ghori.

PALA DYNASTY:
57. Founder was Gopala.
58. Dharmapala was the greatest ruler.
59. Capital was Pataliputra.
60. Dharmapala started Vikramshila University.

ARAB INVASIONS
61. Alhajaj was the first Arab who came to Afghanistan.
62. He wanted to attcked Srilanka,but prior to that Srilankas sent 2 ships full of gifts to
him via Sindh.
63. Ruler of Sindh was Dahir.
64. But in Debra seaport,pirates looted the ships.
65. Mohd.Bin kasim was sent by Alhajaj against Dahir in 712 AD.
66. Battle of Rewar took place.
67. Khasim got victory & occupied Sindh,
Punjab
Multan.
68. Alhajaj got Khasim killed.
69. After that Mohd.Ghajini came for invasions.
70. He attacked India 17 times between 1000 AD – 1027 AD.
71. His aims: To plunder India’s wealth
To spread Islam in India
To destroy Hindu temples in India.
72. He entered India through Kyber pass.
73. His titles were: Yamin – ud- daulah
Amin-ul-millath
74. His court poet was Firadausi.
75. Firadausi wrote Shahnama.
76. Alberuni was his court historian.
77. He wrote : Kithab-ul.hind
Tharik-i-hind
GHORI INVASIONS:
78. Mohd. Administered Ghori region.
79. He was invited to India by Jayachandra against PruthviRaj.
80. Delhi was administered by :

SLAVE DYNASTY : 1206 – 1290 AD

KHILJI DYNASTY : 1290-1320 AD
TUGLAQ DYNASTY :1320-1414 AD
SAYYAD DYNASY : 1414 – 1451 AD
LODI DYNASTY : 1451 – 1526 AD

SLAVE DYNASTY : 1206 – 1290 AD:

81. It was started by Qutubuddin Aibak (1206 – 1210).
82. Capital was Lahore.
83. His title was Lakh Baksha.
84. His guru was Qutubuddin Bhaktiyar Kaki.
85. In his memory Qutubminar was built.
86. Qutubminar was completed by Aibak’s son-in-law Iltutmish.
87. Aibak constructed : Masjids
Adaydinka Jhompra(Delhi)
Quwad-ul-Islam(Lahore)
88. In 1210 AD Aibak fell down while playing polo & died.
89. His son Aramsha was defeated by Iltutmish & he came to power.
90. Iltutmish shifted capital from Lahore to Delhi.
91. He was the real founder of Delhi Sultanate.
92. Revenue department was started by name Diwan-i-Musthakraj.
93. Jijiya tax was regularly collected from Hindus.
94. He introduced 2 coins.
95. Tanka was the silver coin.
96. Zintal was the gold coin.
97. He destroyed Mahankali temple at Ujjaini.
98. He started Chihalgani – 40 Turkush noble sardars organisation to advice him.
99. His title was : Sultan-i-Azam.
100. His daugther Sulthana Razia came to power 1236 – 1240 AD.
101. In 1240 AD Sultana Razia went against Bhatinda ruler Althumia.
102. Razia got defeated & married him.
103. While returning to Delhi,both of them were killed by Miyos- robbers.
104. In 1266 Balban came to power.
105. Balban was the greatest ruler of Slave dynasty.
106. His original name was Bahauddin.
107. He introduced :
Sijida – prostration
Poibose – Kiss the feet of king or throne
Nauroj - New years day
108. In 1275, Bengal Nawab Tugril khan started to revolt.
109. Balban suppressed the revolt & appointed his 2nd son BugraKhan as Bengal
Nawab.
110. Balban abolished Chihalgani.
111. To suppress Mangols attack, he sent his 1st son Mohammad.
112. But Mangols killed Mohammad.
113. In 1286 Balban died.
114. Last ruler was Kaikubad.
115. Jalaluddin Feroz Khili killed Kaikubad.

KHILJI DYNASTY:
116. Founder was Jalaluddhin Feroz Khilji.
117. Religious head of Delhi was Sidhi Maula.
118. He did not accept Feroz as Sultan.
119. So he was killed by Feroz.
120. Allaudin khilji was Feroz’s son-in-law.
121. Allaudin was appointed for Khara state (UP).
122. Feroz asked Allaudin to go on South India expeditions.
123. Allaudin plotted against Feroz & killed him
124. Greatest ruler among Delhi Sultanate was Allaudin Khilji.
125. His ambitions were:
To conquer the world like Alexander.
To start a new religion like Prophet Mohammad.
126. His title was 2nd Alexander.
127. Amir Khusru , a poet lived in his court.
128. Amir khusru introduced Sitar,Tabla music instruments.
129. Allaudin has 4 imp generals in North India.
130. They are : Ulgu khan
Nasrath khan
Jafar khan
Alap khan
131. In South India ,his general was Malik Kafar.
132. He started giving salaried to soldiers instead of Jagirs.
133. Highest salary was 234 Tankas.
134. Lowest salary was 58 Tankas.
135. He introduced Market reforms.
136. Revenue dept was called Diwan-i-Mustakraj.
137. Traders need to enter their names in Dasthak & do business.
138. To see market reforms, 2 depts were established.
Shahani Mandi
Diwan-i-Wajirath
139. Dept of army was called Diwan-i-Arz
140. Spy dept was called Diwan-i-Barid.
141. He introduced Dagh system – Branding of horses.
142. Chahara was attendance register for soldiers.
143. Alai darwaj – doors to Qutubminar were constructed by him.
144. He started expeditions in 1297 AD.
145. His 1st attack was on Gujarat (1297 – 1298).
146. Ruler of Gujarat was Waghela Karnadeva & his wife was Kamaladevi.
147. He captured Gujarat & married Kamala devi.
148. Karnadeva with his daughter Devaladevi fled to Devagiri & tool shelter at
Yadala Rama chandra deva, ruler of Devaagiri.
149. 1298-1299 he attacked Ranathambore.
150. Ruler was Hamveeradeva.
151. He was defeated in hands of Allaudin & he agreed to pay tax as tribute.
152. 1300-1301 Chittod attack. Ruler was Raja Ratan Singh & his wife was Rani
Padmini.
153. Raja Ratan singh was killed by Allaudin.
154. Rani Padmini committed suicide.

SOUTH INDIA EXPEDITIONS:

155. His commander was Malik Khafar.
156. In 1306 they attacked Devagiri along with Allaudin Khilji.
157. Ruler Yadava Ramachandra deva was defeated & he agreed to pay tribute.
158. Devaladevi was maaried to Khijir khan(son of Khiji).
159. In 1308, Warangal expedition was carried out by Malik Khafar.
160. Ruler of Warangal was PrathapaRudra 2.
161. He was the last ruler of Kakatiyas & also the grandson of Rudramadevi.
162. Prataparudra 2 was defeated & he agreed to pay 2 ½ lakh rupeed every 2years.
163. Next they went against Pandyas.
164. Their rulers were Veera Pandya & Sundara Pandya.
165. They were defeated & agreed to pay tribute.
166. They attacked Hoyasala dynasty of Dwarakasamudhra(Karnataka) in 1311.
167. Ruler was VeeraBhallala 3.
168. He too was defeated & agreed to pay tribute.
169. In 1316 AD , Allaudin Khilji was poisoned by Malik Kafar & Khili died.
170. With his death,Khilji dynasty declined.

TUGLAQ DYNASTY: (1320 AD – 1414 AD)

171. Founder was Ghaji Malik or Ghiyajuddin Malik.
172. He constructed a town called “Tuglaqabad” near Delhi.
173. His son was Juna Khan (Mohd.Bin Tuglaq).
174. Juna khan 1st expedition was on Warangam in 1323 AD.
175. Ruler of Warangal was Pratapa Rudra 2.He was captured.
176. Pratapa Rudra 2 dived into Narmada & committed Suicide.
177. Tuglaq named Warangal as Sultanpur.
178. Juna khan plotted against his father & his father died in 1325 AD.
179. JunaKhan came to power in the name of Mohd.Bin Tuglaq.
180. His period was 1325 – 1351.
181. In 1327 hw shifted capital from Delhi to Devagiri.
182. Devagiri was renamed as Daulatabad.
183. In 1337 again he shifted capital to Delhi,
184. 1328 he attacked Kampili (Karnataka).
185. Kampili rulers were : Harihara Rayalu & Bukka rayalu.
186. They were captured & forcefully converted to Islam & taken to Devagiri.
187. 1331 revolt against Tuglaq started in Kampili.
188. Both Rayalu’s were sent to Kampili with army.
189. They suppressed the revolt & embraced Hinduism with the blessings of
Vidyaranya Swamy.
 190. 1336 Harihara Rayalu & Bukka Rayalu established Vijayanagara empire
besides Tungabhadra river.
191. 1329 Tuglaq introduces copper coins.
192. Token currency existed.
193. Tuglaq is the 1st Sultan to attend Holi.
194. He abolished Sati system.
195. He performed marriages of poor girls of muslim community.
196. He gave Takkavi (short term) loans.
197. 1351 he went on expedition to Gujarat.
198. Thagi,a slave of Tuglaq started revolt against him.
199. Tuglaq went to Gujarat to suppress the revolt.
200. He fell sick & died in 1351 AD at Thatta.
201. After him,his relative Feroz Shah Tuglaq (1351-1378 )came to power.
202. He established 1200 gardens around Delhi,
203. He was called Prince of Gardeners.
204. He collected 4 taxes.
205. Jijiya tax – paid by Hindus
206. Jakath – paid by muslims
207. Kharaj – agriculture tax
208. Khalms – 1/5 th tax from expeditions.
209. New silver coins were introduced – Adha,Bik, Shashagani.
210. He established a free hospital called Darul Safa in Delhi.
211. He built many canals.
212. Dept. of Charity is called Diwan-i-Khairat.
213. Dept. of Slavery is called Diwan-i-Bandagan.
214. 1398 AD.,Taimur inbasions took place by ruler Mohammad.
215. He ransacked Delhi.
216. With this Tuqlaq Dynasty came to an end.

LODI DYNASTY:
217. Founder was Bahalal Lodi.
218. He issued a silver coin called Bahaloli.
219. After him Sikander Lodi came to power.
220. He was the founder of Agra town besides Yamuna river.
221. Kabir was a poet in his time who wanted to bring unity between Hindu –
Muslims.
222. Kabir was hanged by Sikander Lodi.
223. Last ruler of this dynasty was Ibrahim Lodi.
224. Ibrahim’s cousin was Daulath Khan lodi.
225. Daulath Khan invited Babur to attack against Ibrahim.
226. Daulath Khan is 3rd treacherer.
227. Babur in 1526 AD attacked Ibrahim Lodi.
228. First Battle of Panipat took place.
229. Babur got victory.
230. With this Delhi sultanate came to an end, and Mughals came to power.

MUGHALS (1526 – 1857)

231. The name Mughals came from Mangoles.

232. 6 great Mughal emperors were there.
233. Founder was Babur in 1526 AD.
234. His original name was Jahiruddin Mohammad Babur.
235. Babur fought 4 important battles.
236. 1526 – 1st Battle of Paniput – Babur * Ibrahim lodi.
237. 1527 – Battle of Kanwa - Babur * Ranasangha.
238. 1528 – Battle of Chanderi – Babur * Medini Rai.
239. 1529 – Battle of Gogra – Babur * Mohd.Lodi.
240. In all these 4 battles, Babur got victory.
241. Babur died in 1530 AD.
242. He was a good administrator.
243. He was good at Turkish language.
244. He wrote “Baburnama” or “Tujuki Barbari” his autobiography.
245. He was called Prince of Autobiographers.
246. He established Babur gardens/ Arambagh in Kabul.
247. He wanted to be buried in Babur gardens.
248. He died in Agra & was buried here.
249. Babur’s son was Humayun (1530 AD – 1540 AD) – (1555 AD- 1556 AD).
250. After 1540 AD., he lost empire for 15 years.
251. 1532 AD – Battle of Chunar – Humayun * Shershah.
252. Humayun won the battle.
253. 1539 AD – Battle of Chausa – Humayun*Shershah.
254. Shershah got victory.
255. 1540 AD – Battle of Kanauj – Humayun*Shershah.
256. Shershah got victory.
257. After this defeat,Humayun fled to Persia & took shelter of ruler “Shah Thamaspa”
for 15 years.
258. Shershah died in 1545AD.
259. 1555 AD.,Sikander Sur came to power.
260. Humayun attacked Sikander in 1555 AD & got victory.
261. It was Battle of Sirhind.
262. Humayun was lover of Books.
263. His library name was Shermandal ( Delhi).
264. In 1556 AD., he fell down from staird of library & died.
265. When Humayun died,Akbar was in Kalanaur(Punjab).
266. Akbar was under guardianship of BairamKhan.
267. With suggestion of Bairam Khan ,Akbar ascended throne in 1556 AD at Kalaunar.
268. By the time they reached Delhi,Hemachandra occupied Delhi.
269. 1556 AD 2nd Battle of Paniput took place between Akbar*Hemachandra.
270. Akbar got victory.
271. Akbar was born in Amarkota in 1542 AD in Rajasthan.
272. He came to power at the age of 13 ½ years.
273. From 1556 – 1560, Bairam khan played an imp role in Akbar’s administration.
274. In 1560,Bairam khan went to Punjab & started revolt against Akbar as he was
removed from guardianship.
275. Akbar suppressed the revolt.
276. In 1562 Akbar took complete charge over the Kingdom.
277. 1562 – he abolished forcible conversion to Islam.
278. 1563 – pilgrim tax on Hindu community was abolished.
279. 1564 – jijiya tax was abolished.
280. 1575 – he established a prayer hall Ibadath khana.
281. 1579 – he passed a royal order declaring he was the religious head & also the state
head.
282. 1582 – started a new religion Din-i-illahi.
283. Main motto of his religion was Universal peace.
284. After Akbar’s death this religion disappeared.
285. Kingdom was divided into Subhas.
286. Subhas into Paraganas.
287. Paraganas into Gramas.
288. Agriculture developed a lot during his period.
289. Land was divided based on fertility into 4 categories
290. Polaj – very fertile land
291. Parauti – less fertile land
292. Chachar – low fertile land
293. Banjar – waste land
294. Tax was imposed based on fertility of land.
295. In tax system, he introduced BandhoBasth system.
296. Akbar introduced Mansabdhari system in military,
297. He was very secular.
298. He married Rajput woman “Marian us jamana”.
299. She was the daughter of Raj Bihari Mal.
300. Akbar built Fatehpursikri town at Buland dharwaja.
301. Panchamahal, Diwan-i-Khas, Diwan –i-Am were also built by him.
302. Tulasi das lived during Akbar’s period & he wrote Ram charitha Manas.
303. Akbar developed paintings & miniatures.
304. Bishandas & Dashawanth were painters in the court of Akbar.
305. Tansen was Akbar’s court musician.
306. “Akbar – The great” was an important & greatest ruler of MUGHALS.
307. Akbar had 2 gurus.
308. They were Abdul Latiff & Sheik Salim chisti.
309. With the blessings of his guru Sheil Salim,he named his son as Salim.
310. Salim is Jahangir.
311. Akbar died in 1605 AD.
312. Salim came to power with the name Jahangir in 1605 AD & ruled till 1627 AD.
313. He passed 12 royal orders after coming to power.
314. In Agrafort,justice bell was hung with a golden chain worth 3 lakh rupees.
315. In 1608 AD.,William Hawkind,a Britisher visited his court for permission to
trade ,but Jahangir denied permission.
316. 1613 AD.,Sir Thomas Roe came & he was granted permission to trade.
317. 1613 AD., 1st factory was established at Surat by Britishers.
318. Jahangir loved Meherunissa.,but Akbar denied their relation.
319. Meherunnissa was married to Ali Khuli Khan.
320. 1611,Jahangir married Meherunnissa after killing her husband.
321. Meherunnissa titler were – Noorjahan, Noormahal.
322. Meherunnissa took all the powers into her hands.
323. Jahangir had 4 wives.
324. Kurru was 1st wife’s son.
325. Khurru sought 5th sikh guru Arjun Singh blessings & started revolt against
Jahangir.
326. Jahangir suppressed the revlt,imprisoned Khurru & hanged Arjun Singh.
327. Jahangir established Mughal gardens.
328. Paintings reached Hallmark during his period.
329. Khurra is 2nd sons wife.
330. He is Shahjahan.
331. Jahangir’s commander “MahaBatt khan” administered for 100 days.
332. Asaf khan is the brother of Noorjahan.
333. His daughter Mumtaj begum married Khurram(Shahjahan).
334. Jahangir died in 1627 AD.
335. He said “for the sake of wine & woman I lost my empire”.
336. Shahjahan ascended the throne in 1628 AD.

SHAHJAHAN (1628-1657) :
337. He constructed Shahjahanabad (old delhi).
338. He also constructed Redfort, Tajmahal,Moti masjid,Jama Masjid.
339. Peacock throne was establisjed worth 19 crores.
340. Kohinoor diamond belonged to his period which was worth 75 crores.
341. Kohinoor diamond was found in Guntur district in Kollur mines.
342. Shahjahan had 4 sons.
343. They were : DarahShikov,Shahshiya,Aurangazeb,Murad.
344. He had 2 daughters : Roshanara, Shahnara.
345. In 1657,Aurangazeb imprisoned Shahjahan In Agrafort & in 1658 he came to
power.
346. With this incident,Shahjahan died in Agrafort.
347. 1658 Aurangazeb came to power.

AURANGAZEB:
348. Aurangazeb period was 1658 – 1707.
349. His titles were Alamgir & Zindapir.
350. He abolished Singing,dancing & liquor.
351. He introduced Jijiya tax again.
352. Also introduced Piligrim tax.
353. He wanted to change India from Darul harb(Idol worship) to Darul Islam (Muslim
country).
354. He destroyed many temples.
355. Puri Jagannath temple, Madhura Keshava temple,Somanath temple were few of the
temples he destroyed.
356. No religious freedom was given to Hindus.
357. 9th Sikh Guru – Guru Tej Bahadur was forced into Islam by Aurangazeb.
358. Chatrapthi Shivaji’s sond Shambuji & Rajaram were hanged by Aurangazeb.
359. In 1687,he went against Golconda’s last ruler Abul Hasan Tanisha.
360. Tanisha was captured byAurangazeb & imprisoned for 13 years in Aurangabad.
361. In memory of his wife “Dilras Banu Begum”,Aurangazeb constructed “Bibika
Maqdaba” also called Mini Tajmahal.
362. Unworthy rulers came after him.
363. 1857 revolt started & Bahadur shah 2 was impriosoned & sent to Mandalay jail.
364. He died there in 1862.
365. Bahadur shah 2 was the last Mughal ruler.

SHIVAJI
366. He was born in 1627 AD at Shivaner.
367. His father was Shaji Bhonsle & mother was Jijiya bhai.
368. Shaji Bhonsle joined Bijapur service.
369. Shivaji was brought up by Jijiya bhai & his guardian Dhadaji Kondadev.
370. Shivaji’s guru was Samartha Ram Das.
371. Shivaji’s titles were : Haindava Dharmodharaka , Chatrapathi , Raja.
372. In 1646, Shivaji started attacks.
373. He attacked Thorana,Chakan,Kondana which are Karnatic regions Of Bijapur.
374. Bijapur Sultan sent his commander Afzal Khan to Rayagadh region to suppress
Shivaji.
375. Kaloji Bhaskar, a mediator was sent by Afzal khan to bring Shivaji.
376. Shivaji came to know the plot & killed Afzal khan with Iron nails.
377. 1649 – 1650 he looted Aurangazebs regions.
378. Aurangazeb sent Shahistha khan (uncle & commander) to punish Shivaji.
379. Shivaji established Gorilla warfare.
380. In this fight ,Shahistha khan’s son was killed & Shahistha khan lost his fingers.
381. 1665 Aurangazeb asked his Mansabdar “Raja jaya singh” to attack Shivaji.
382. He attcked with 10000 army.
383. Shivaji concluded treaty with Raja Jaya Singh.
384. Treaty of Purander in 1665.
385. According to this treaty,Shivaji gave 23 forts to Aurangazeb & accepted to visit
Agrafort to darshan Aurangazeb.
386. 1666 Shivaji visited Agrafort.
387. Shivaji abused Aurangazeb & soldiers imprisoned Shivaji.
388. Aurangazab gave Shivaji the title “Raja”.
389. Shivaji ascended throne in Rayagadh with title Chatrapathi (1674-1680).
390. He collected only 2 taxes – Chauth & Sardeshmuki.
391. These 2 taxes were collected in 6 regions outside Shivajis kingdom.
392. Ashtapradhans lived in his court.
393. Peeshwas played a very imp role.
394. Shivaji son Shamboji came to power (1680 – 89).
395. In 1689 Aurangazeb executed Sambhoji.
396. Raja Ram came to power after him (1689 – 1700).
397. He was executed by Aurangazeb.
398. Raja ram’s wife Tarabhai came to power (1700-1713).
399. Shambuji’s son Sahu went against Tarabhai & she was defeated.
400. Sahu came to power.
401. Sahu was inefficient so Peeshwas administered.
402. 1st Peeshwa – Balaji Vishwanath (1713 – 1720)
403. 2nd Peeshwa – Baji Rao (1720 – 1748) son of Balaji Vishwanath.
404. 3rd Peeshwa – Balaji Baji Rao (1748 – 1761) son of Baji rao.
405. Diring Balaji Baji Rao period 3rd Battle of Paniput took place in 1761.
406. War was between Ahmad shah Abdali(Afghan ruler)*Peshwas.
407. Peeshwas were defeated in this war & suppressed.
408. Last Peeshwa was Baji Rao 2.
409. In 1818 British Gov.General Lord Hastings abolished Peeshwa post.
410. SATHARA – in memory of Shivaji , this small kingdom was given to Peeshwas.
411. In 1848,Lord Dalhousie occupied this kingdom after introducing Doctrine of Lapse.
412. Shivaji’s Kingdom was called SWARAJ.
 HISTORY OF ANDHRA PRADESH

ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH RULE IN ANDHRA

413. Dutch were the 1st to come to Andhra.

414. In 1605 they came to Machilipatnam.
415. Mohd.QuliQutubsha gave permission for them to trade.
416. British came to Andhra in 1611.
417. In 1611 they came to Machilipatnam through a ship called GLOBE.
418. The captain of GLOBE was Hippon & British officer was Francis Day.
419. In 1625 Britishers moved to Pulicot.
420. French were the 3rd people to come to Andhra.
421. They came in 1970.
422. They settled in Machilipatnam,Pulicot,Yanam.
423. Northern Sarkars were given to French by Salabath jung.
424. Northern Sarkars comprised of : Srikakulam,Vijayanagaram,Vishakapatnam,East
Godavari,West Godavari,Krishna(xcept Guntur).
425. After gaining power over Northern Sarkars,the French started to collect taxes.
426. Vijayanagaram Jamindar was VijayaRamaRaju.
427. British commander Bussee maintained good relations with VijayaRamaRaju.
428. Bussee inspired Raju to attack Bobbili ruler Peda RangaRao.
429. In 1757 Battle of Bobbili took place.
430. Peda Ranga Rao was killed.
431. His brother in law Thandra PaapaRayadu killed VijayaRamaRaju.
432. Thandra PaapaRayadu got the title “Bobbili Bebbuli”.
433. French occupied Bobbili fort & Bussee escaped.
434. VijayaRamaRaju’s son AnandaGajapathiraju came to power in Vijayanagaram.
435. Bussee forced AnandaGajapathy Raju to pay all the taxes.
436. Anandagajapathy Raju sent his people to Robert Clive who stayed at Bengal.
437. Robert Clive sent some army under Col.Ford to assist Raju against Bussee.
438. An agreement took place between Raju & Col.Ford i.e., Kasimkota agreement.
439. According to the agreement,Raju agreed to pay all the military expenditure &
seaport area taxes to Col.Ford.Remaining area taces can be collected by Raju.
440. Bussee left to Madras for 3rd Carnatic war leaving Northern Sarkars.
441. He appointed Conplans on his behalf.
442. 1758 Dec 7th – Battle of Chadurthi took place.
443. In this battle,French were completely defeated.
444. 1759 British & AnandaGajapathy Raju occupied Machilipatnam.
445. 1759 Battle of Kondur took place between AnandaGajapathyRaju and
Jagapathiraju(Pedhapuram Jamindar).
446. Anandagajapathy raju got victory.
447. Pedhapuram,Pitapuram & Samalkota came under his control.
448. Salabath jung went to Machilipatnam & concluded an agreement with the British –
Machilipatnam Agreement 1761.
449. Nizam Ali Khan (brother of Salabath jung) occupied Hyd in the mean time &
Salabath jung was imprisoned.
450. British & French aid some amount of tax to Nizam and this is called Peshkush.
451. British officer “John Fijbus” sent Kandregula Jogi Panthulu to the court of
NizamAliKhan.
452. British said they will ay 15lakhs as Peshkush every year if Northern Sarkars were
given to them.
453. First Nizam rejected the proposal but later he agreed to the proposal and gave
Northern Sarkars to the British.
454. British extended their power till Nellore.
455. 1798 Lord Wellesley introduced Subsidiary alliance.
456. Nizam Ali khan was the first to join Subsidiary alliance.
457. Nizam Ali Khan gave 4 districts as ceeded to the British as gratitude –
Kurnool,Cuddapah,Anantapuram,Bellary.
458. In 1800, Thomas Monroe was appointed as the 1st collector of ceeded districts.
459. Only Telangana was under the control of Nizam.Andhra and Rayalaseema were in
Madras province.
460. In 1928 ceeded districts were named Rayalaseema by Gadi charla Hari Sarvottama
Rao.

1857 REVOLT IN ANDHRA

461. Governor general – Lord Canning.

462. 1857 Nizam – Afjaluddaulah.
463. Prime minister of Nizam – Salar jung 1.
464. Nizam supported the British in 1857 revolt because Nizams ook 60 lakhs from
British & repayed only 10 lakhs & entered subsidiary alliance.
465. British agreed to waveof the debt if Nizam supported them in the revolt.
466. Afjaluddualah was called “Star of India” by British.
467. In Hyd, Jamedar – Chiddakhan revolted against British.
468. He was imprisoned in Recidency.
469. Thurrebaj khan & Maulvi Allaudin were Chiddakhans assistants.
470. Along with 500 army they attacked Recidency.
471. In this attack,25 army lost their lives and the 2 leaders were captured by British.
472. Thurrebaj khan tried to escape but was shot dead at Thufram.
473. In Andhra, Ganjam region..Dandasena started revolt with all tribes against British.
474. Captain Wilson Note was appointed to suppress the revolt & he shot deat
Dandasena.
475. In Parlakimidi – Korukonda Subbaredy started revolt.
476. He was arrested by Buttaigudem munsab – Shankaraswamy.
477. British hanged Subbareddy.
478. In Kurnool- Koyalakuntla Narasimha reddy looted British treasury & distributed to
ppl.
479. He was captured & hanged.
480. In Kadapa-Shaik Pir Mohd was imprisoned.
481. In Aurangabad – Fida Ali wanted to kill British officer Abbat.
482. 2 tims Abbat escaped & 3rd time Fida Ali was shot dead.

SOCIO RELIGIOUS RENAISSANCE IN ANDHRA:

SOCIAL REFORMERS IN AP:

Enugula Veera Swamy:

483. He condemned untouchability,child marriages & sati.
484. He was the 1st social reformer.
485. His book was Kasi Yatra.
486. He was a Dubashi ( translator in Madras court).

Samineni Muddu Narasimha Naidu:

487. He condemned untouchability & forced labour.
488. His book was Hita Suchani.

Anantha Rama Sastry:

489. He wanted to uplift the downtrodden ppl.
490. He condmned caste system & untouchability.

Kandukuri Veeresalingam Panthulu:

491. He is Father of Socio religious renaissance in Andhra.
492. He condemned child labour.
493. He performed widow remarriages.
494. 1st widow remarriage was done on 1881, Dec 11th in Rajahmundry.
495. His newspapers were – Viveka vardhini, Nasya sanjeevani, Sathihita bodini, Satya
samvardhini, Chintamani, Telugu janaana.
496. He wrote “Rajashekara charitra” based on Vikar of the wakefield.
497. He translated Gullivers travels into Telugu by name “Satya raja purva desha
yatra”.
498. He wrote a drama called Brahmana vivaaham.
499. He opened Hitakarni samaj in Rajahmundry & established oldage houses,girls
schools & colleges, orphanages etc.
500. British gave him the title Rao Bahadur in 1893.
501. He was also called Andhra Vythalika,Gadya thikkana, South indian Ram mohan
roy,South indian Eswar chandra vidyasagar.

Raghupathi Venkata Ratnam Naidu:

502. condemned Devadasi system,untouchability etc.
503. He was called Modern Socrates,Brahmarshi,Kulapathi.
504. He worked as principal for Mahaboobia college,Secunderabad.
505. He was appointed as vice chancellor of Madras University.
506. His newspapers were Brahma Prakashika,Fellow worker, Peoples friend.

Gurajada Apparao:
507. condemned caste system.
508. He wrote – Kanya sulkam, Putadi Bomma purnamma,Muthyala Saralu.

Bhoi Bheemanna:
509. condemned caste system.
510. His books were Paleru, Kuli raju, Gudiselu kaalipothunnayi.

Gurram Joshua:
511. condemned caste system.
512. He wrote – Firadausi , Gabbilam.

Komar Raju Venkata Laxmana Rao:

513. Father of Library movement.
514. 1st library in Hyd in 1901.
515. Library name was Sri Krishna Deva raya Andhra bhasha nilaya.
516. 1904-Library in Hanumakonda.
517. Name was Raja raja Narendra Andhra Basha nilayam.
518. 1905- Library in Secunderabad.
519. Name was Andhra Samvardhini library.
520. 1906 – Vignana chandrika mandali was established in Hyd.
521. Other language books were translated to Telugu here.
522. Andhrula charithra was written by Chilukuri Veera Bhadra Rao.
523. Andhrula Sangika Charithra was written by Suravaram Pratapa Reddy.
524. Andhrula Samskruthi & charithra was written by Kandavalli Laxmi Ranjana.

FREEDOM STRUGGLE IN ANDHRA

525. In 1885, Indian National Congress (INC) was started by A.O.Hume.

526. P.Anandacharyulu was the representative from Andhra.
527. 1891 INC meeting was held in Nagpur.
528. It was presided by P.Anandacharyulu.
529. He was the 1st Andhrite to head a INC session.
530. 1905 Lord Curzon introduced divide & rule policy.
531. Bengal was split into two.
532. Vandemataram movement was started against this.
533. Bipin Chandra Paul was invited to Andhra to promote principles of Vandemataram
movement by Krishna Patrika editor Mutnuri Krishna Rao.
534. Bipin gave speeches in Hindi & they were translated to telugu by Chilakamarthy
Laxmi Narasimham.
535. Deshabhakta Konda Venkatappaiah was the founder of Krishna Patrika.
536. 1907 Rajahmundry college principal was Mark william Hunter.
537. Agitation started in Rajahmundry under the leadership of Gadicherla Hari
Sarvothama Rao.
538. 1907 Kakinada false case.
539. Medical officer of Kakinada was Cap.Kemp.
540. Kem beat student Kompalle krishna rao.
541. 1909 Kotappakonda incident. – Chinnappa reddy went with his family to kotappa
konda on bullock cart.
542. Chinnappa reddy was shot dead by police.
543. 1909 Tenali bomb case.
544. 3 leaders : Chukkapalli rammayya,lakkaraju basavaiah & katamraju manufactured
bombs.
545. Chennugadu died in bomb explosion.
546. In 1911 during the period of Lord Hardinge 2, Bengal was reunited.
547. 1913 Gadr party was started by Lala Hardayal.
548. 1913 – 1917 5 important meetings took place in accordance to separate state.
549. 1913 – Bapatla – B.N.Sharma(head).
550. 1914 – Vijayawada – Nyapati Subba rao
551. 1915 – Vizag – Panugati Raja Rama Raya Ningar
552. 1916 – Kakinada – Macherla Ramachandra Rao
553. 1917 – Nellore – Deshabakta Kondavenkatapaiah.
554. 1921 – INC meeting was held in Vijayawada.
555. Gandhi presided the meeting on March 31st.
556. Vallabhai patel headed the meeting on Apr 1st.
557. 1920-21 chirala perala movement took place under the leadership of
D.G.Ramakrishnaiah.
558. As too much tax was imposed on Chirala & erala,people under the guidance of
D.G.Krishnaiah & his organisation Ramadandu vacated these 2 places & established
a new village called Ram Nagar.
559. 1921 – alnadu Pullari Satyagraha took place.
560. It was lead by Kanneganti Hanumanthu.
561. Hanumanthu was shot dead in the police firing.
562. 1922 – Pedanandi padu no tax campaign.
563. It was started by Parvathaneni veerayya chowdary.
564. He was called Andhra Shivaji.
565. Shanti sena was his organisation.
566. 1922-24 Rampa rebellion was started by Alluri Sitaramaraju.
567. His imp associates were Gam Mallu Dora,Gam Gontham Dora & Aggi raju.
568. 1922 August they attacked Chintapalli policestation,RajaOmMangi
station,Annavaram Police station,Krishnadevieta policestation.
569. He introduced Mirapatapa system.
570. 3 British officers : Rutherford,Major Goodall & Jamedat Leachueman were sent to
suppress Alluri Sitaramaraju.
571. 1924 May 7th Kanchumenon captured Alluri.
572. At Koyyuru, Alluri was shot dead by Major Goodall.
573. He was buried on May 8th at Krishna devieta.
574. 1923 Swaraj party was started by C.R.Das & Motilal nehru.
575. 1923 In Andhra its branch was started by V.V.Ramadas & Vunnava
Laxminarayana.
576. In Andhra & Rayalaseema agitaion against Simon commission was organised by
Tanguturi Prakasam Panthulu & Vunnava Laxmi Narayana.
577. In Guntur leader was Nadimpalli Marasimha rao.
578. Vijayawada, agitaion was carried out by Ayya devara Kaleswara Rao.
579. Orissa & Sind welcomed Simon commission as they wanted separate states.
580. 1930 Simon commission gave report to Govt. and went back.

SALT SATYAGRAHA IN ANDHRA PRADESH

581. Started on March 12th 1930.

582. Ended on April 6th 1930.
583. Started from Sabarmathi Ashram to Dandi (Gujarat).
584. March started with 78 people.
585. From Andhra : Erneni Subrahmanyam, Sarojini Naidu & Durgabhai Deshmukh
attended the march.
586. Gandhi was arrested and sent to Erwada jail(Pune).
587. In Andhra, Deshabhakta Konda Venkatappayya was appointed as dictator by
Gandhi.
588. Salt satyagraha was held in Machilipatnam,Andhra.
589. Women who attended this march in Andhra were : Khammapati Manikyamba,
Rukhmini Laxmipathi, LaxmiBhaiamma.
590. Khammapati manikyamba had 6months old baby.They were arrested & sent to jail.
591. Brahmajosula Subrahmanyam was beaten to death by Police officer Mustafa Ali.
592. Danda Narayana raju from nellore was beaten & sent to Nellore jail.
593. He died in Nellore jail.
594. Gutti Keshavapillai started Salt Satyagraha in Rayalaseema.
595. Govt.of India Act 1935 was welcomed by Andhrites.
596. CPI in Andhra was started un 1934.
597. Puchapalli Sundarayya, Chandra RajeswaraRao,Raavi Narayana Reddy took care
of CPI in Andhra secretly.
598. In 1935, Congress Socialist Party came into force in Andhra.
599. It was started by N.G.Ranga.
600. 1938, they conducted RythuYatra from Srikakulam to Madras.
601. It was later merged into CPI.
602. 1937 – Sri Bagh pact took place.
603. Sir Bagh pact took place in the house of Kasinathuni NageswaraRao panthulu.
604. His title was Deshodaraka.
605. Andhra & Rayalaseema leaders met at that house.
606. Rayalaseema demanded Capital or highcourt if separate state comes.
607. 1926 – Andhra University started.
608. 1st Vice chancelor was Khattamanchi Ramalingareddy.
609. 1919 – Osmania university was established by Mir Usman Ali khan.
610. 1938 – Hyderabad state congress was established in Andhra.
611. It was started by Swami Ramananda Thirta.
612. 50000 Hindus joined.
613. Mir Usman Ali khan banned this organisation.
614. On Aug 15th 1947, Swami Ramananda Thirta unfold the National flag for the first
time in Andhra at Koti region.
615. Jawaharlal handed over the flag to Thirta.
616. Against Nizams rule, Hyderabad State congress participated in Telangana Armed
struggle.
617. 1938 Vandemataram movement started in Andhra.
618. It was first started inOsmania Hostel in November.
619. 1942 Quit India movement started.
620. Andhra leaders were : Tanguturi Prakasam Panthulu,Neelam Sanjeeva reddy etc.
621. This was the last movement started by Gandhi.
622. After independence in 1947, Jammu& Kashmir,JunagadhmHyderabad did not join
India.
623. Jammu & Kashmir joined with a letter written to Vallabhai Patel by Raja
HariVamshaRai.
624. Junagadh joined after referrendum.
625. 1948 Sep 13th Operation Polo was started by Vallabhai patel.
626. It ended on Sep 17th.
627. General J.N.Choudary,Commander Rudra & Pandit Shivadatt Singh carried out
this operation.
628. Air wise Marshall was Mukherjee.
629. By Sep 17th Nizams army was totally supressed.
630. Commander of Nizams army: L.Adurs.
631. On Sep 17th Nizam accepted to join Indian Govt.
632. Mir Usman Ali khan was considered Raja Pramukh.
633. Officially Hyderabad was joined in India on Jan 26th 1950.
634. Till 1949 Dec, military rule continued under General J.M.Choudary.
635. 1st Chiefminister of Hyd – M.K.Vellodi ( till 1952 April).
636. In 1952 elections were conducted.
637. Burugula Ramakrishnarao got majority & he was appointed as Chiefminister till
1956.
638. 1951 Hunger strike was started by Gollapudi SitaramaShastri in Madras.
639. It continued for 35 days from Aug 15th – Sep 20th.
640. Vinobhabhave came to mediate & Shastri stopped the strike.
641. 1952 Oct 19th – Dec 15th 58 days Potti Sreeramulu underwent hungerstrike for
separate Andhra.
642. He died on Dec 15th.
643. 19th Dec,Nehru announced in parliament that Andhra will be established very soon.
644. 1953 Feb 7th Justice Kailasanatha Vanchu commission was set for Andhra &
Madras border demarcation.
645. Upto Nellore Line was demarcated.
646. 1953 1st October separate Andhra state was formed.
647. Capital was Kurnool & Highcourt was in Guntur.
648. 1st ChiefMinister of Andhra was Tanguturi Prakasam Panthulu.
649. 1st Governor was C.M.Trivedi.
650. 1st Chief justice of Highcourt was Koka Subbarao.
651. 1953 State reorganisation committee (SRC) was established on Dec 22nd .
652. Chairperson was FazlAli.
653. Members were : H.M.Khunjru & K.M.Phanikar.
654. 1955 they submitted report in October.
655. They suggested that best method to divide state was on linguistic basis.
656. Puchalapalli Sundaraiah was the 1st person who wanted to unite
Andhra,Telangana,Rayalaseema.
657. Feb 20th 1950 Gentlemans agreement took place in Delhi in Hyderabad Guest House.
658. Telangana leaders were : Burugula Ramakrishna rao,Konda
VenkataRangareddy,Alluri Satyanarayana.
659. Andhra leaders were: Neelam Sanjeeva reddy, Bejawada Gopala reddy & Gowthu
lachchanna.
660. 1st Nov 1956 AndhraPradesh came into force.
661. AndhraPradesh was the 1st state to be formed on linguistic basis.
662. 1st Chief minister of AndhraPradesh was Neelam Sanjeevareddy.
663. 1st Governor of AndhraPradesh was C.M.Trivedi.
664. 1st speaker of AndhraPradesh was AyyaaDevaraKaleswaraRao.
665. 1958 – Legeslative council came into force.
666. 1969 – Jai Telangana movement.
667. 1972 – Jai Andhra movement.
668. Jan 1973 – State emergency was imposed om AndhraPradesh (Article 356).
669. Chiefminister was P.V.NarasimhaRao(resigned).
670. Governor was Khandubhai Desai.

VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE

671. This was administered by 4 dynasties.

672. Sangama dynasty 1336-1485.
673. Saluva dynasty 1485 – 1505.
674. Thuluva dynasty 1505 -1570.
675. Araveeti dynasty 1570 – 1680.

676. Sangama dynasty was formed by Harihara Rayalu & Bukka Rayalu.
677. They were the fore founders of Vijayanagara empire.
678. They lived in the courts of PratapaRudra 2 (last kakatiya ruler).
679. When Tuglaq attacked both Rayalus fled to Kampili & took shelter of Kampili
Raja.
680. Tuglaq attacked Kampili and captured them.
681. They were taken to Aurangabad & converted to Islam.
682. Later to suppress a revolt,both Rayalus were sent to Kampili.
683. They suppressed the revolt & with the blessings of Vidyaranya swamy they
established Vijayanagara empire.
684. Vijayanagara empire was established besides Tungabhadra river.
685. 1st capital was Anigudi.
686. Later Hampi was made their capital.
687. 1st ruler was HariharaRayalu.
688. HariharaRayalu started construction of Vidyanagar in 1336 & completed in 1344.
689. It was named Vijayanagara.
690. Bukkarayalu extended empire upto Srisailam.
691. Bukkarayalu son was KumaraKampaRayalu.
692. Kamparayalu wife was Gangadevi & she wrote Madhuravijayam.
693. Kamparayalu extended empire upto Madhura.
694. Greatest ruler of Sangama dynasty was Devaraya 2.
695. DevaRaya 2 period was 1422-1446.
696. He was called GajaBetakara/Elephant hunter.
697. He wrote Mahanataka Sudhandhi.
698. His court poet was Gouda Dindima Bhattu.
699. Srinatha , a court poet of Pedhakomati vema reddy visited his court.
700. In poetical competition Srinataha won.
701. He was honoured by Devaraya 2.
702. He maintained secularism.
703. His royalcourt was called Muthyalasala.
704. He constructed many temples in Hampi region.
705. Arab traveller AbdulRazzaq visited his court.

706. Saluva dynasty 1485-1505.

707. Founder was Saluva Narsanayaka.
708. He was succeeded by Saluva Thimmanayaka & Immadi Narasimha.
709. Dynasty continued only for 20 years.

710. Thuluva dynasty founder was Veera Narasimha or Thuluva Narasanayaka

(1505-1509).
711. He was succeeded by Sri Krishna Devaraya. (1509-1529).
712. Srikrishnadevarayas minister was Thimmarusu.
713. His guru was Vyasa Rayalu.
714. His mother was Nagamba.
715. His father was Narasanayaka.
716. Nagalapuram was established in memory of Nagamba.
717. His period is called Golden age for art & architecture & literature.
718. He was a good administrator & oet.
719. His telugu book was Amuktamalyada.
720. In Sanskrit he wrote : Madalasa charithra,Jambavathi parinayam,Ushaparinayam,
Sathyavadhu parinayam.
721. His titles were: Andhra Bhojs,Muru Rayara Ganda,Yavvana rajya
sthaapanacharya.
722. His last poem was Deshabaashalandhu telugu lessa.
723. Ashtadiggajas lived in his court.
724. His court was called Bhuvana Vijayam.
725. Portugese travellers like Domingopaes,Nuniz & Barbosa visited his court.
726. He gave gold coins with the symbols of Lord Venkateswara.
727. SrikalaHasti,Tirupathi,Srisailam gopurams were established by him.
728. Portugese gave training to the army.
729. Portugese engineers built canals.
730. 1565 – Battle of Thallikota / Battle of Rakhshasa Thangadi took place.
731. It was a war between Vijayanagara rulers & Bahamani rulers.
732. Sadasivaraya was the vijayanagara ruler at that time.
733. But powers were excercised by AliyaRamaRayalu(son-in-law of Rayalu).
734. War took place as Bahamani rulers wanted to occupy Raichur Doab.
735. Rayalus were defeated.
736. Ahmadnagar ruler Hussain Nizamshah killed Aliya Rama Rayalu.
737. From Hampi,Vijayanagara rulers moved to Penugonda(2nd capital).
738. Thuluva dynasty came to an end by 1570 AD.

739. Araveeti Dynasty (1570 AD – 1680 AD)

740. Founder & first ruler of this dynasty was ThirumalaRayalu Araveeti.
741. From Penugonda they moved to Chandragiri.
742. Their criminal court was called Himsodbhava.
743. Civil court was called Dhanodbhava.
744. Wet land tax was called Neerambharam.
745. Dry land tax was called Kadambharam.
746. He built temples at Hampi.
747. They were Vitalaswamy temple, Ramaswamy temple.
748. Other temples they built were Lepakshi temple.
749. Veerabhadra swamy temple was also built.
750. By 1680 AD this dynasty declined.

KAKATIYA DYNASTY

751. Kakatiyas capital was Warangal/Orugallu.

752. Their 1st capital was Hanumakonda.
753. They served goddess Kakati/Kakatamma.
754. Hence they were called Kakatiyas.
755. They started administration from Kakatipuram.
756. Bayyaram Tank inscription was given by Mylamba.
757. Maagallu inscription given by Danarnava.
758. Kazipeta inscription by Durgaraju.
759. Hanumakonda inscription by Rudradeva.
760. Motupalli AbhayaSaasanam by Ganapathy Deva.
761. All these inscriptions describe about Kakatiyas.
762. Dandi wrote a book by name Dasha Kumara Charitra.
763. Vidyanada wrote Prathaparudra Yashobhushanam.
764. Vinukonda Vallabharaya wrote Kreedabhi raamam.
765. Baddena wrote Sumathi sathakam.
766. Maaranna wrote Markandeya puranam.
767. Gona Budhareddy wrote Ranganatha Ramayanam.
768. Kakatiyas worked under Eastern Chalukyas & Western Chalukyas.
769. Founder of Kakatiya dynasty was Kakartya Gundyana.
770. His symbol was Eagle.
771. His son was Betha Raju 1.
772. BethaRaju 1’s aunt was Kamasani.
773. Onbehalf of Betharaju 1 ,kamasani looked after the administration.
774. BethaRaju 1 period was 1000 AD – 1030 AD.
775. His titles were : Kakati Puradinatha & Kakati Puravallabha.
776. His minister was Maranayya.
777. BethaRaju 1 son was ProlaRaju 1.
778. His period was 1030 AD-1075AD.
779. His titles were : Arighaja Kesari.
780. He constructed Kesari thatakam / Kesari tanks at
Gunasagaram,Vemulavada,Warangal,Karpakthi.
781. His official symbol was Varaha.
782. BethaRaju 2 came to power after him.
783. BethaRaju 2 period was 1075 AD-1110AD.
784. His titles were : Mahamandaleswara , Chalamarthy Ganda, Vikrama chakri,
Tribhuvana Malla.
785. He constructed Sivapuram near Hanumakonda.
786. He constructed a Siva temple called Betheswara temple.
787. Durga Raju (1110AD-1116AD) came to power next.
788. He gave Kazipeta inscription.
789. He was the beother of BethaRau 2.
790. His titles were: Chalamarthy Ganda & Thribhuvana Malla.
791. ProlaRaju2 was the son of BethaRaju2.
792. His period was from 1116AD-1157AD.
793. He was a devotee of Shiva.
794. His title was Mahamandaleswara.
795. RudraDeva was the son of Prolaraju2.
796. He was also called PrathapaRudra 1.
797. His period was 1158 AD- 1195AD.
798. He extended the empire in North to Orissa.
799. South to Srisailam
800. East to BayofBengal
801. West to Karnataka.
802. He constructed 1000 pillar temple at Hanumakonda.
803. He established Rudrasagaram tank at Panagallu.
804. He went against Yadavas.
805. Yadava rulers were : Jaitrapala & Jaithungi.
806. Rudradeva was killed by Jaitrapala.
807. Mahadeva brother of Rudradeva attacked Yadavas.
808. He ruled from 1195 AD-1199AD.
809. He too was killed by Yadava ruler Jaitrapala.
810. Ganapathy deva was the son of Mahadeva.
811. His period was 1199AD-1262AD.
812. He was the greatest ruler of Kakatiyas.
813. During his period Warangal was called AndhraNagari.
814. He constructed forts of Kondapalli,Kondaveedu & Orugallu.
815. His military commander was Jayapa Senani.
816. Jayapa senani wrote Nrutta Ratnavali,Geeta Ratnavali.
817. All round development was seen.
818. They were devotees of Shiva.
819. Swayambu devalayam at Orugallu ; Ramappa temple & Sahasra lingalayam temple
at Palampeta were constructed by them.
820. He constructed Lakkavaram tank & Pakala tank.
821. Orugallu tank was reconstructed during his period.
822. Rudramadevi ascended the throne in 1269 AD.
823. Her Period was 1262 AD – 1289 AD.
824. She married Nidadavolu Veerabhadra.
825. They had 3 daughters.
826. Mummadamma,Rudramma & Ruyyamma were her daugters.
827. Mummadamma married Mahadeva.
828. Mummadamma’s son was PratapaRudra 2.
829. Rudramadevi adopted PratapaRudra 2.
830. Motupalli seaport developed a lot.
831. MarcoPolo a venice traveller visited her kingdom.
832. 1289AD.,she went against Kayasta dynasty in Nellore.
833. Ruler of Kayastha was Kayastha Ambadeva.
834. Kayastha Ambadeva killed Rudramadevi.
835. That was the Battle of Chanupatla in 1289AD.
836. After Rudramadevi, her adopted son PratapaRudra 2 came to throne with na,e
Rudradeva Maharaja.
837. In 1308 AD., when Allaudin khilji attacked his kingdom,PratapaRudra 2 agreed to
pay tribute of 2 ½ lakh rupees every year.
838. Khilji’s commander was Malik Khafar.
839. HariharaRayalu & Bukkarayalu lived in the court of Prataparudra 2.
840. He introduced Nayankara (military) system.
841. In 1323,Tuglaq attacked & captured rataparudra 2.
842. Tuglaq renamed Warangal as Sultanpur.
843. PratapaRudra 2 after being captured by Tuglaq dived into Narmada river &
committed suicide.
844. He was the last ruler of Kakatiyas.
845. With him the Kakatiya dynasty came to an end.
846. Main languages were Telugu & Sanskrit.
847. Varna system existed.
848. Body guards existed.
849. Body guards were called Lenkalu & Venkeelu.
850. Tax collectors were called Sunkadhi kari.
851. Pullari was a grazing tax.
852. Their seaports were Machilipatnam,Ghantasala & Motupalli.
853. Exports & Imports were carried out to Central Asian countries.
854. Gold coins were Nishka & Mada.
855. Town courts were Prathishtitha courts.
856. Village courts were Aprathishtita courts.
857. Main crop was agriculture.
858. House tax was Illadira.
859. Army tax was Padiyeri tax.
860. Gutti konda & Palnati seema had iron industries.
861. Nirmal was famous for Handicrafts.
862. Paintings of Kakatiyas were found at Pillalamarri,Ghanapur & Palampeta.
863. Perneni Sivathandavam was the dancing style.
864. Ashtadiggajas lived In Rayalus court.
865. Alasani pedhanna wrote Manucharitra.
866. Nandi thimmanna wrote Parijatapaharana
867. Madayagari mallanna wrote Rajashekara Charithra.
868. Durjati wrote Sri KalahastheeswaraMahatyam.
869. Ayyalaraju Rama Bhadra wrote Ramabhyudayam.
870. Tenali Ramakrishna wrote PandurangaMahatyam.
871. Bhattu Murthy wrote Vasu charithra.
872. Pingali Suranna wrote Ragavi Pandaveeyam.
873. Tikkanna wrote Nirvachanothara Ramayanam.
874. Manchana wrote Keyurabahu charitra.
875. Annamayya wrote Sarveshwara satakam.
876. Sivadevayya wrote Purushardasaram.
877. Madiki Singanna wrote Sakalaneethisammatam.
878. All round development was seen during Kakatiyas period.
879. Ganapathy deva was the greatest ruler of Kakatiyas.
880. RaniRudrama Devi was given the title Raya Gaja kesari.

REDDY KINGDOM

881. Reddy kingdom period was 1325 AD – 1424 AD.

882. Their capital was Addanki.
883. They administered from Simhachalam to Nellore.
884. They belonged to agriculture family.
885. According to Errapragada they belonged to Desati Dynasty.
886. Founder of Reddy kingdom was Komati Vema Reddy.
887. His son was Komati ProlaReddy.
888. The real founder of the Reddy empire was Prolaya Vema Reddy.
889. Prolaya Vema Reddy period was 1325AD-1353 AD.
890. His titles were : Nisseema Bhudana Parashurama, Gujjari Thatti Vibhala,Aneya
Mandali Karagandu, Mlechabdi Kumodhbava.
891. His empire was extended : North – River Krishna; South – Kandukuru ;
East – Bay of Bengal ; West – Ahobilam.
892. Forts constructed by him were :
Dharanikota,Chandavolu,Vinukonda,Kondaveedu,Bellamkonda.
893. He also constructed steps to Srisailam temple,Ahobilam temple.
894. His court poet was Errapragada.
895. Errapragada wrote Uttaraharivamsham & Narasimhapuranam.
896. AnapothaReddy was son of Prolaya Vema Reddy.
897. His period was 1353AD-1364AD.
898. He was defeated by Kshatriya ruler MaadaNayaka.
899. BukkaRayalu occupied Markapuram & Srisailam.
900. AnavemaReddy was the brother of AnaPothaReddy.
901. His period was 1346AD-1386AD.
902. His title was Rajasri Ramani Swayam Varapathi Dividurga Vibhala.
903. He introduced Spring festival(vasanthotsavam).
904. Hence he was given the title “Karpura Vasantha Rayalu”.
905. KumaraGiriReddy was the son of Anapothareddy.
906. His period was 1386AD-1402AD.
907. He wrote a book calledVasantha Rajeeyam.
908. His court dancer was Lakuma.
909. His title was KaruraVasantha Rayalu.
910. Rivalry started with Peda komati vema reddy.
911. He was defeated and Peda komati vema reddy came to power.
912. Peda Komati Vema Reddy period was 1402 AD-1420AD.
913. His title was Sarvagna Chakravarthi.
914. His court poets were Vamana Bhatta Bhaana & Srinatha.
915. Raacha Vema Reddy was the last ruler.
916. His period was 1420 AD-1424 AD.
917. He collected Puruti Sunkam tax.
918. Savaram Yellayya killed him by stabbing.
919. 1/6th tax was collected.
920. They followed Saivism.
921. Their goddess was Mulaguramma.
922. Srinatha was given the title KaviSarva Bhouma.
923. Srinatha wrote Palnati Veera Charithra,Kaasi Kandam.
924. Vaamana Bhatta bhaana wrote Parvathi Parinayam.
925. Champudu gullu & Brugupatham were the punishments given to culprits.

SATAVAHANAS

926. They were called Andhra Brutyas.

927. They were the 1st people to administer Andhra.
928. They had 3 capitals “ Srikakulam,Dharanikota,Paitan.
929. Krishna Satavahana gave Nasik Inscription.
930. Naganika gave Nanaghad inscription.
931. Gouthami Balasree gave Nasik inscription.
932. Yagnasri satakarni gave Chinaganjam & Guntupalli inscription.
933. Pulomavi 3 gave Mykadowni inscription.
934. Srimukha Satavahana was the founder & 1st ruler of Satavahana dynasty.
935. He was a follower of Jainism in the start.
936. Later he followed Saivism.
937. His coins were found at Karminagar-Kotilingala,Medak-Kondapur.
938. Mint was established in Kondapur.
939. Gold coin was Suvarna.
940. Silver coin was Karshapana.
941. Krishna Satavahana was the 2nd ruler.
942. He was the brother of Srimukha.
943. He developed Kanheri caves.
944. He gave Nasik inscription.
945. Satakarni 1 preceeded him.
946. He was the greatest ruler of Satavahana dynasty.
947. Naganika was his wife & she gave Nanagadh inscription.
948. He performed AswamedhaYagam,Rajasuya,Agneya yaagam.
949. His titles were Mallakarni & Dakshinapatha pathi.
950. He was defeated in the hands of Karavela.
951. Satakarni 2 came to power after him.
952. He administered for 56 years.
953. His title was Dakshinapathapathi.
954. He occupied Kalinga.
955. Kunthala Satakarni was the 13th ruler.
956. He imposed restriction that Sanskrit should be the court language.
957. Vasistiputra Pulomavi/Pulomavi 1 was the 16th ruler.
958. He defeated Kanwas last ruler Susharma & extended empire upto Pataliputra.
959. Hala Satavahana was the 17th ruler.
960. He wrote Gadha Sapthasathi.
961. He married SriLankan princess Leelavathi.
962. His title was KaviVatsala.
963. Gouthami PutraSatakarni was the 23rd ruler.
964. He extended the empire upto Narmada.
965. He was the greatest ruler of the dynasty.
966. His titles were :Eka Brahmana,Agamanilaya,Ekashura.
967. He defeated Nahapana of Shatarata dynasty.
968. He took away coins of Nahapana & reprinted them.
969. These coins were found at Jogalthampi.
970. He maintained good relations with Rome,Malwa,Jawa,Sumitra.
971. YagnaSri Satakarni was the 27th ruler.
972. Acharya Nagarjuna lived in his court.
973. Parvath Ashram,at Nagarjunakonda was established byYagnaSri to Acharya.
974. Shipmarked coins were given by him.
975. Pulomavi 3 was the last ruler.
976. He extended empire upto Bellary.
977. His inscription was Mykadowni.
978. Satavahanas belonged to Brahmin community.
979. Varna system existed.
980. 3 languages were introduced : Sanskrit,Prakrit & Telugu.
981. Jainism & Buddhism existed
982. They propogated Buddhism.
983. Trade and commerce was good.
984. Agriculture developed a lot.
985. Podura became famous for textile industry.
986. Palnadu became famous for diamond industry.
987. Machilipatnam had Ship building industry.
988. Karukara was the profession tax.
989. Their exports were: Gems,Jewellery,Blankets,Cotton cloths.
990. Their imports were : Glassware,Gold,Silver.
991. Oldest Shiva temple in Andhra Pradesh was there in Gudimallam Chittoor district.
992. 9th and 10th caves of Ajantha belonged to Satavahanas.
993. Roman coins were called Dinaramashakas.
994. Western seaports were Barukacha,Sopara,Kalyani.
995. Eastern ports were Podura,Mysolia,Ghantasala.
996. Vinukonda was famous for Metallargy.
997. Roman coins were called Dinaramashakas.
998. Western seaports were Barukacha,Sopara,Kalyani.
999. Eastern ports were Podura,Mysolia,Ghantasala.
1000. Vinukonda was famous for Metallargy.
 JAINISM IN ANDHRA PRADESH

1001. 1st ruler of Satavahana’s Srimukha satavahana followed jainism.

1002. Jain monk during his period was Kondakundacharya.
1003. Kondakundacharya wrote Samayasara,Niyamasara,Ayanasara,Pravachanasara.
1004. Eastern Chalukyas 1st ruler was KubjaVishnuvardhana.
1005. His wife “Ayyana Mahadevi” constructed “Nadumbi Vasadi” a jain temple at
Vijayawada.
1006. Danarnava & Vimaladitya were other eastern chalukyas to follow jainism.
1007. Yuddhamalla constructed jain temple at Samigaram in Karimnagar.
1008. King Ashoka’s grandson Samprati constructed Jain temple at Vaddamanukonda
at Guntur.
1009. Kolanupaka in Nalgonda,Veerapuram in Cuddapah were important places to
jains.
1010. Penugonda,Rayadurgam and Amarapuram in Anantapur were most visited jain
places.

BUDDHISM IN ANDHRA

1011. Buddhism developed a lot during Satavahanas period.

1012. Bhavari & Kaushika were the saivite monks.
1013. They both got influenced by Buddhism & went to Gautam Buddha.
1014. After Buddhas death,they returned to Andhra & spread Buddhism.
1015. 1st Buddhist council was presided over by Mahakashyapa 480 BC.
1016. Mahadeva bhikshu a buddhist monk came to Amaravathi.
1017. He attracted Naga dynasty & Yaksha dynasty .
1018. Eripatra & Mulichinda were the best rulers of Naga dynasty & they spread
Buddhism.
1019. Acharya Nagarjuna propogated Mahayana Buddhism.
1020. Satavahana queens contributed money for Chaityas.
1021. King Ashokas son & daughter spread Buddhism in Andhra while going to
Srilanka.
1022. Buddha was the 1st statue to be worshipped in India.
1023. Easter Chalukyas king Vimaladitya 2 fought 108 battles.
1024. Priests asked him to construct 108 siva temples.
1025. So he kept Siva idol in every Buddha temple.
1026. Later Buddhism lost its Royal patronage.
1027. Overall 4 Buddhist councils were conducted.
1028. Mahakashyapa belonged to Asmaka place in Nizamabad.
1029. Ashoka’s son and daughter spread Buddhism a lot in Andhra.
1030. Buddhism in Andhra Pradesh was not much accepted.