Course Description

Bachelor of Engineering Aerospace

Semester 1:
Course Code CBL-101
Course Title Character Building and Leadership – I
Credit Hours 1-0
Course Objectives To comprehensively introduce various
essential attributes for character building
with
emphasis on values, attitudes, moral code,
ethics, and character.
Course Outline Character building is essential for the future
leaders, managers and entrepreneurs.
Course covers values [sources, types,
universal & non-universal, and features];
desirable and healthy attitudes, moral code
of Islam; Ethics [definition,
characteristics, decision making process];
and good character [introduction and
components].

Course Code CH-105

Course Title Engineering Chemistry – I
Credit Hours 2-0
Course Objectives To refresh basic concepts and introduce
chemistry related knowledge pertaining to
corrosion, engineering materials, paints,
polymers, fuels and combustion to prepare
students for subjects in engineering
domain.
Course Outline Electrochemistry [oxidation & reduction,
electrochemical series & cells,
electrolysis, Galvanic / Voltaic cells, lead
storage battery, Zinc-Carbon dry cells,
Alkaline batteries, fuel cells, solar / photo
cells]; Corrosion [types, electrochemical
and high temperature corrosion,
composition cells, concentration cells, and
stress
cells, corrosion prevention, metallic & non-
metallic coating, and cathode protection,
etc]; Engineering Materials [crystal &
structure of materials, silicon crystal growth,
wafer preparation, etc]; Polymers [types,
natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic
polymers, addition & condensation
polymerization, thermoplastic &
thermosetting
behavior, homo-polymers, copolymers,
silicon polymers, electrically conducting
polymers, etc];

Course Code HU-101

Course Title Islamic Studies
Credit Hours 2-0
Course Objectives The subject introduces Islamic thought.

Course Outline • Introduction to Quranic Studies.

• Study of selected text of Holy Quran
• Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) I
• Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) II
• Introduction to Sunnah
• Selected study of from text of Hadith
• Introduction to Islamic Law and
jurisprudence.
• Islamic Culture and Civilization
• Islam & Science
• Islamic Economic System
• Political System of Islam
• Islamic History
• Social System of Islam
Course Code HU-105
Course Title Functional English
Credit Hours 2-0
Course Objectives To enhance language skills and develop
critical thinking.

Course Outline Basics of Grammar

Parts of speech and use of articles
Sentence structure, Active and passive
voice
Practice in unified sentence
Analysis of phrase, clause and sentence
structure
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Punctuation and spelling

Course Code HU-107

Course Title Pakistan Studies
Credit Hours 2-0
Course Objectives The course has been designed as a
compulsory subject for the students
studying
for Bachelor’s degree, general or
professional. The course is of 2 credit hours
with teaching work divided into three
distinct dimensions: Historical Perspective
(20%); Government and Politics (40%); and
Contemporary Pakistan (40%). The course
framework is issue-oriented. It has many
dimensions, the historical and
ideological background of Pakistan the
process of governance and national
development as well as the issues arising in
the modern, age and posing
challenges to Pakistan. The course has
been designed with a vision that Pakistan
Studies should open a window to future.
Course Outline 1. Historical Perspective
a. Ideological rationale with special
reference to Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Allama
Muhammad Iqbal and Quaid-e-Azam
Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
b. Factors leading to Muslim separatism
c. People and Land
i. Indus Civilization
ii. Muslim advent
iii. Location and Geo-Physical features.
2. Government and Politics in Pakistan
Political and constitutional phases:
a. 1947-58
• 24
b. 1958-71
c. 1971-77
d. 1977-88
e. 1988-99
f. 1999 onward
3. Contemporary Pakistan
a. Economic institutions and issues
b. Society and social structure
c. Ethnicity
d. Foreign policy of Pakistan and
challenges
e. Futuristic outlook of Pakistan

Course Code IE-101

Course Title Workshop Technology – I
Credit Hours 0-1
Course Objectives To introduce students with the materials,
machining tools, and techniques used in
mechanical system manufacturing
workshops.
Course Outline Introduction to common lab practices,
importance & observance of safety rules &
regulations, familiarization with common
hand tools and their working, familiarization
with operation of some basic machines,
different operations on lathe machines.
Lab Outline • Introduction to Lathe, its parts &
accessories and basic operations
• Assignment of main project work piece
• Final design and technical drawings
• Development of manufacturing process
sheets
• Introduction milling machine, its parts &
accessories, basic operation
• Basic milling operations, indexing and
gear cutting
• Introduction to shaper machine, its parts &
accessories, basic operation
• Introduction to Electro-Discharge Machine
(EDM), its accessories and basic
operation

Course Code MATH-107

Course Title Applied Algebra and Calculus – I
Credit Hours 3-0
Course Objectives To introduce the basic concepts of applied
Algebra and Calculus that are used in the
Engineering Applications.

Course Outline Complex numbers and De Moiré’s

theorem, determinants, matrices,
product, inversion, rank, system of
equations and Cramer's rule, synthetic
division, remainder and factor theorem,
roots of polynomial equations, graphical
method, and transcendental equations.
Limit, continuity, and differentiation
involving algebraic, trigonometric,
hyperbolic, implicit, and composite
functions; application to rates and small
corrections, simple Cartesian, parametric
and polar curves; tangent, normal,
maxima and minima, Taylor and
Maclaurin series, sequence and series;
curvature. Integration as inverse of
differentiation, by substitution, by parts
and partial fraction; definite integrals
(Wallis formula); integral as limit for a
sum, area and arc length of plane figures,
volumes, and surfaces of solids of
revolution.
Course Code ME-104
Course Title Engineering Drawing
Credit Hours 0-1
Course Objectives To teach students the skill of sketching
engineering drawings of various objects
using orthogonal views and prepare them
 for subsequent use of computer aided
drafting.
Course Outline This course consists of a series of lectures
and classroom exercises designed for
familiarizing the students with the basic
concepts of Engineering Drawing. It
includes a brief account of the various
types of drawings with main emphasis on
Orthographic Drawings which are the most
widely used mode of technical
communication. It includes detailed
exercises on graphical geometry and then
continues with progressive practice in
making and understanding various types of
orthographic drawings. The topics covered
include Principal Views, Auxiliary Views
and Sectional Views.
Lab Outline As instructed by instructor

Course Code PHY-103

Course Title Engineering Physics – I
Credit Hours 2- 1/2
Course Objectives To review the fundamental concepts of
physics to form basis for engineering
subjects taught subsequently.
Course Outline Units, Dimensional analysis; Experimental
errors; Newton’s Laws of Motion and
their applications; Circular motion and
Gravitation; Escape Velocity; work and
Energy; Impulse and Momentum;
Rotational Motion; Equilibrium of a Rigid
Body; Periodic Motion; Elasticity; Fluid
Mechanics; Heat Transfer; Mechanical
waves; Reflection and Normal Modes;
Sound; Nature and Propagation of Light;
Images formed by a Single Surface;
Lenses and Optical Instruments;
Interference and Diffraction; Radioactive
decay, fission and nuclear reactions;
Space Environment
and its effects;
Lab Outline • Determining moment of inertia of
common objects
• Determining velocity of sound in air and
in brass
• Measuring wavelength of sodium light
using spectrometer
• Measuring the rotation of plane of
polarization of light through sugar solution.

Semester 2:
Course Code AE-201
Course Title Introduction to Aerospace Engineering
Credit Hours 0-1
Course Objectives To provide basic understanding of aircraft
and its systems to the engineering
students.
Course Outline The course covers flight controls, aircraft
construction, principles of jet reaction,
flight instruments, electrical system and
armament. Flight control studies deal with
aerodynamics and aircraft control surfaces.
Aircraft construction includes basic
structure of aircraft, landing gears,
hydraulic, pneumatic and fuel systems. The
topic ‘principle of jet reaction’ includes
thrust and power, factors effecting thrust,
compressors and jet propulsion devices.
The study of aircraft instruments includes
flight, engine auxiliary instruments. The
electrical system deals with power supply,
power generation and electrical
components. Armament systems study
includes aircraft ejection system,
fundamentals of bombs and firearms,
principle and construction of ammunition
and explosives.

Course Code AV-101

Course Title Engineering Circuit Analysis -DC Circuits
Credit Hours 2- 1/2
Course Objectives To provide an introduction to the
fundamentals of circuit analysis with
emphasis on
 fundamental quantities and components of
electricity, basic electricity laws and
network theorems.
Course Outline This is the first course in Electrical
Engineering and forms the basis of all
subsequent courses in Avionics
Engineering. It introduces fundamental
quantities
and components of electricity, nodal and
mesh analysis methods, basic laws and
network theorems (Kirchoff’s laws,
voltage/current division rules, source
transformation, linearity, superposition and
maximum power transfer theorems) for
resistive circuits, theory of inductors and
capacitors along with their response.
Analysis of linear RLC circuits is covered at
the end of the course.
Lab Outline An introduction to Safety, Electrical
Grounding, Electric Shock Hazards and
Controls, and Inadvertent activation of
electrical appliances and machines,
Ignition
of flammable and combustible materials
and explosives, Ohm’s Law, Kirchoff’s
Voltage Law, Kirchoff’s Current Law, Nodal
& Mesh analysis, Superposition
Theorem, Thevenin’s / Norton’s Theorem,
and Series and Parallel RC, RL and RLC
Circuits.

Course Code CH-106

Course Title Engineering Chemistry – II
Credit Hours 2-1/2
Course Objectives To refresh basic concepts and introduce
chemistry related knowledge pertaining to
corrosion, engineering materials, paints,
polymers, fuels and combustion to prepare
students for subjects in engineering
domain.
Course Outline Thermo-chemistry [standard states of
elements, enthalpy, heat of
formation, heat of reaction, physical state
of reactants & products]; Fuels,
Lubricants & Combustion [classification of
 fuels, lubricants, gaseous and liquid
fuels, criteria for fuel selection, enthalpy of
formation & combustion, heating values,
adiabatic flame temperature and chemical
equilibrium]; Solution Chemistry [types
of solutions, ionization constant, weak acid
/ strong acids, pH, buffer solution, and
applications in water treatment].
Lab Outline • Determining amount per liter of NaOH in
the given solution by using standard
0.1N Oxalic acid solution using
pH/Potentiometer for its standardization
purpose
• To determine the max of Manganese
and Iron for further spectrophotometer
analysis
• To determine the amount of Mn and Cr in
KMnO4, CuSO4 or K2Cr2O7 sample
solutions using Spectrophotometer
• To determine the amount of Fe in any
industrial sample solution of Iron Alloy by
spectrophotometer
• Synthesis of a thermosetting polymer
(Lucite) and a thermoplastic polymer
(Orlon, polythene of PVC) at laboratory
scale in required shapes
• To calculate the amount of Copper
deposited on cathode in electrolysis of
CsSO4 in an electrolytic cell
• Determine the enthalpy of combustion of
naphthalene using a bomb calorimeter.
Calculate the enthalpy of formation of
naphthalene from the enthalpy of
combustion using Hess’s law
• To determine the amount per litre of
Mohr’s salt (FeSO4 (NH4)2 SO4 6H2O).
Given is standard 0.1N Oxalic acid solution

Course Code MATH-108

Course Title Differential Equations
Credit Hours 3-0
Course Objectives To provide detailed knowledge of basic
principles, methods, and clear perception
of ordinary differential equations and partial
differential equations used in engineering
 fields especially in Mechanics, Dynamics,
Structures, Communications and
Electronics.
Course Outline First Order Ordinary Differential Equation
[Introduction to differential equation,
Solution by separation of variables,
Differential equations with homogeneous
coefficient, Reducible to homogeneous
form, Exact differential equations, Linear
differential equations of order one, Solution
using exact differentials, Bernoulli’s
differential equations, Applications of Ist
order Ordinary Differential Equations,
Orthogonal trajectories, Introduction to
Mathematical Modelling]; High Order
Differential Equations with Constant
Coefficients [Solution of homogeneous
differential equations, Non homogeneous
ordinary differential equations, Method of
undetermined coefficients, Cases of failure
in method of undetermined coefficients,
Method of variation of parameters, Cauchy
Euler Equation, Solutions of System of
linear ordinary differential equations by
operator method, Power series method,
Solutions about Singular points using the
method of Frobenius, Applications of
higher order ODEs]; Partial Differential
Equations [Basic concept of partial
differential equations, solution of PDE and
Fundamental Theorem, Solution of
homogeneous LPDE by operator method,
Method of separating variables (Product
Method). Solution of first order, 2nd and
higher order LPDE by Product method and
examples Boundary value problems with
boundary initial conditions, Derivation of
one-dimensional wave equation and its
solution, Derivation of one-dimensional
heat equation and its solution, Heat
equation with special cases when initial
velocity = 0 and initial displacement  0
and vice-versa, D’Alembert’s solution of
wave equation].
Course Code MATH -112
Course Title Calculus – II
Credit Hours 3-0
Course Objectives To provide comprehensive knowledge of
basic principles, methods, and clear
perception of advanced calculus used
extensively in nearly all the engineering
fields
especially in Mechanics, Structures,
Communications and Electronics.
Course Outline Analytic Solid Geometry [Equation of a line
in symmetrical form, angle between
two lines; Angle between two planes.
Distance from a point to a plane; Distance
from a point to a line. Coordinates of a
point dividing a given line in a given ratio;
General form reduced to normal, to find the
equation of a plane passing through
three points or by any set of three
independent conditions; Normal form of an
equation of a plane, general form of an
equation of a plane; Parallel, intersecting
and skew lines. The distance between two
parallel planes; Shortest distance
between two lines (Skew or parallel);
Definition of surfaces; Spherical &
Cylindrical Co-ordinates. Direction ratio’s],
Partial Differentiation [Function of several
independent variables; Partial derivatives.
Geometrical interpretation of partial
derivatives; Equation of a tangent plane
and normal line; Total Differentiation. The
derivative of composite function; Partial
derivative of higher order and problems;
Taylors theorem for function of two
variables; Maxima and minima of functions
of two variables], Infinite series
[Introduction to infinite series; Convergence
by comparison test and P-series; Absolute
convergence and conditional convergence;
Integral test and root tests; Ratio test and
power series; domain of convergence],
Multiple Integration [Definition of double
integration. Evaluate the double integral
with the order of integration reversed;
Using double integration find plane area in
 Cartesian, polar coordinates. (a) Centre of
gravity of a plane figure. (b) Moment of
inertia of a plane lamina; Volume and
surface areas in Cartesian, cylindrical and
spherical coordinate systems; Centre of
gravity of volume using Cartesian,
cylindrical and spherical coordinates;
Moment of inertia of volume, surface area;
Ratio test and power series; domain of
convergence], Fourier Series [Introduction
to Fourier Series; To evaluate Fourier
Constants and write down Fourier
expansions; Even and odd functions and
their Fourier expansions; Half range
Fourier Series; Complex Fourier Series;
Fourier Integrals].

Course Code MECH-101

Course Title Engineering Statics
Credit Hours 3-0
Course Objectives To understand general principles of bodies
at rest and at equilibrium under the
action of forces.
Course Outline This course covers properties of forces,
moments, couples and resultants, analysis
of two-dimensional problems, application of
equilibrium principles to simple trusses
and to frames and machines, special topics
of beams and friction as well as
selected applications. Bending and shear
force diagrams for beams and
introduction to three dimensional trusses.

Course Code PHY-104

Course Title Engineering Physics – II
Credit Hours 2- 1/2
Course Objectives To review the fundamental concepts of
physics to form basis for engineering
subjects taught subsequently.
Course Outline Atoms, Molecules, and Solids;
Combination of atoms; bonding
forces in solids, Si and Ge crystals and
other semiconductor materials;
Crystallographic terms, cubic lattices
 examples; Diamond and Zinc Blend
lattices, Energy bands in solids; Direct and
indirect semiconductors, effective mass of
electron and hole; Intrinsic and extrinsic
semiconductors, energy band diagrams,
Fermi Dirac statistics, Dopant diffusion
technique, critical temperature of extrinsic
semi- conductors; Drift of carriers,
conductivity and mobility of electrons and
holes; Diffusion of carriers, Diffusion and
drift of carriers; P-N junction, space charge
at a junction; Avalanche Breakdown; P-N
junction capacitance; Zener breakdown;
Introduction to Quantum Mechanic,
Schrodinger Wave Equation; Fermi-Dirac
statistics, distribution functions; Hall effect;
Photoconductivity;
Lab Outline • Studying absorption of radiation in solid
material
• Studying the photo electric current as a
function of intensity of light
• Determination of the semiconductor type,
doping concentration and mobility of
carriers.
• Transistors and Integrated Circuits
fabrication demonstrations with the help of
videos

Semester 3:

Course Code ME-130

Course Title Thermodynamics-1
Credit Hours 3-0
Course Objectives To understand and develop the essential
background and know how of
thermodynamics.
Course Outline Zeroth law, First law and its applications to
various systems, physical properties of
pure substances, use of property tables,
PVT relations, equations of state for ideal
gases, Second law and its results,
reversible and irreversible processes and
cycles,
and concept of entropy and its uses.
Applications of the concepts are focused
on the Closed Thermodynamics System.
An introduction to the Open Systems and
their applications are also included.
Course Code AV-242
Course Title Electronics analogue and digital circuits
Credit Hours 2- 0
Course Objectives To provide a foundation in analog signal
processing required for further study in
digital signal processing, communications,
control, and electronics.
Course Outline Analysis of linear RLC circuits excited by
time-varying voltage and currents, RLC
circuit representation and solution using
differential equations, classical, Phasor and
Laplace transform techniques. Mutual
inductance, power and resonance are also
discussed, Transformer, Poly-phase circuit
Course Code DWG-202
Course Title Computer Aided Drafting
Credit Hours 0-1
Course Objectives To introduce basic concepts and principles
of Computer Aided Drafting (CAD) and
to prepare student for more advanced uses
of computers in CAD/CAM (computer
aided manufacturing) operations.
Course Outline The course has been designed to provide
students with a secure and sufficient
background for understanding and using
the computers to make 2-D and 3-D
engineering drawings. The course had
been divided into three parts. In the first
part, the students get introduced to the
computers. The second part deals with
enabling the student to make 2-D drawings
with the help of computers. For this
purpose SolidEdge / CATIA software is
utilized. Students are familiarized with
various 2-D drawing commands including
the dimensioning commands and
advanced editing techniques. Part three is
concerned with the drafting of 3-D
drawings on computers and for this
purpose also Solid Edge / CATIA software
is utilized. Students are familiarized with
various basic and advanced 3-D drawing
commands for enabling them to draft any
type of 3-D drawing on the computers in a
perfect, precise and
efficient manner.
Lab Outline Graphical geometry, various types of
orthographic drawings, principal, auxiliary
and sectional views. Drafting principles,
practices; and 2 & 3-D engineering drawing
fundamentals, Electronic PCB Design
using appropriate computer-aided design
tools such as AutoCAD, ORCAD, CATIA,
Pspice, Solid Edge, Electronic
Workbench, Proteus etc.

Course Code HU-111

Course Title Communication Skills
Credit Hours 0-1
Course Objectives To enable the students to meet their real
life communication needs
Course Outline Paragraph Writing; Essay writing; CV and
job application; Translation skills; Study
skills; Academic Skills; Presentation Skills

Course Code IE-102

Course Title Workshop Technology – II
Credit Hours 0-1
Course Objectives To familiarize with the working capabilities
and construction of main machine tools.
used in aerospace mechanical system
manufacturing.
Course Outline Use and applications of machine tools in
manufacturing engineering, non-traditional
machine techniques, Shaper machine and
Milling machine, computer-age
machining techniques, CAD/CAM on CNC
milling machine, proper selection of
cutting speeds, feeds and depth of cut,
tool’s signature for various operations,
electronic fabrication skills, soldering & de-
soldering skills & techniques, PCB
fabrication & assembling techniques,
soldering & de-soldering of components &
connectors etc, cable making techniques
using special tools e.g. crimping etc,
wiring, cabling & looming techniques vis-à-
vis aircraft and other systems,
familiarization with Quick disconnects, and
 basic electrical trouble-shooting
techniques
Lab Outline Lab Safety Practices; Classifying Metals;
Measurement; Layout Work; Hand tools;
Hand Tools that Cut; Drills and Drilling
Machines; Fasteners; Sawing and Cutoff
Machines; Hand Threading; Gas Welding;
Shielded Metal Arc Welding; Other
Welding Processes; Soldering and Brazing;
Grinding.

Course Code MATH-204

Course Title Advance Engineering Mathematics
Credit Hours 3-0
Course Objectives To impart knowledge of transformations,
partial differential equation, vector algebra
& calculus, complex numbers and series
for advance level undergraduate
engineering subjects and to develop an
insight and broaden the outlook for tackling
engineering problems arising in daily life.
Course Outline Theory of Laplace Transformation and
solution of initial value problems; Linear
Mapping; line and surface integrals along
with integral theorems; theory of functions
of a complex variable and its application;
Eigen Values; Matrix Factorization; Linear
Equations systems.

Course Code MATH-361

Course Title Probability and Statistics
Credit Hours 3-0
Course Objectives To develop understanding of fundamentals
of probability including various
probability distributions and laws of
statistics and elementary statistical
techniques to effectively analyze scientific
data.
Course Outline Set theory, basic concepts of probability,
conditional probability, independent
events, Baye's formula, discrete and
continuous random variables, distributions
and density functions, probability
distributions (binomial, Poisson, hyper
geometric, normal, uniform and
exponential), mean, variance, standard
 deviations, moments
and moment generating functions, linear
regression and curve fitting, limits
theorems, stochastic processes, first and
second order characteristics, applications.

Course Code MECH-202

Course Title Engineering Dynamics
Credit Hours 3-0
Course Objectives To develop the ability to visualize physical
configurations in terms of real materials,
actual constraints and practical limitations
which govern the behaviour of machines
and structures.
Course Outline The course has been divided into four
parts. The first part (Kinematics of
Particles) deals with a number of ways in
which the motion of a particle is generated.
Part two (Kinetics of Particles) is
concerned with the three basic methods,
force-mass-acceleration, work-energy, and
impact. In the third part (Kinematics of
Rigid Bodies) the equations of relative
velocity and relative acceleration are
encountered; emphasis is placed jointly on
solution by vector geometry and solution by
vector algebra. Part four (Kinetics of Rigid
Bodies) covers the basic equations which
govern all categories of plane motion.

Semester 4;

Course Code MECH-204

Course Title Material Science and Engineering
Credit Hours 2-0
Course Objectives To study the properties and applications of
various materials used in aerospace
industry.

Course Outline The course is designed to develop

fundamentals of both conventional and
advanced materials being used in
engineering applications with special
emphases on Aerospace applications.
Course contents may include internal
atomic structure, crystal structures and
crystal systems in metals, structural
imperfection, phase diagrams and their
analysis, manufacturing processes of
ferrous and non-ferrous materials and their
mechanical properties, heat treatment,
surface treatment and TTT diagrams.
Introduction to polymers, polymer
composites, type of fibers, metal matrix
composites, ceramic matrix composites,
inter metallic composites, powder
metallurgy, conductors, magnetic materials
and failure analysis of materials may also
be included.
Course Code AERO-211
Course Title Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics
Credit Hours 3-0
Course Objectives Introduction of fluid mechanics to introduce
aerodynamics

Course Outline Fluid Statics: Buoyancy, types of flows,

aerodynamic coefficients, review of
vector relation for fluid mechanics, finite
control volume approach, infinitesimal
fluid element approach, molecular
approach, Continuity Equation,
Momentum Equation, Energy equation,
Path lines, Vorticity, Stream function,
Circulation, Velocity Potential,
Substantial derivative, types of flows
(uniform, flow over cylinder, source, sink,
vortex, lifting flow over cylinder), Kutta
Jukowski Theorem, De Alembert
Paradox, Navier Stokes Equation,
Viscous flow energy equation, Viscosity
and thermal conduction
Course Code AV-221
Course Title Electric Circuits and Machines
Credit Hours 2-1/2
Course Objectives The course covers the theory and
applications of electric circuits and
machines for Aerospace majors.
Course Outline Topics included are: The concepts of
impedance, admittance and transient, the
use of phasor notation in the solution of AC
circuits, the use of circuit laws, network
theorems, and the concept of resonance,
power and energy. The student is further
introduced to DC machines (DC generator
and DC motor), transformer etc. The course
also covers a series of lab experiments on
applications of electric circuits and
machines

Lab Outline Function generator and CRO introduction,

Investigate and analyze the under-damp,
critically damp and over-damp circuits,
Implement/ investigate resonance
phenomenon in series RLC circuits and
finding resonance frequency for a given
value of L & C, Investigate DC motor
starting and running at variable speeds,
Determine/ measure magnetization
characteristics of self and separately excited
DC generators, Investigate regulation and
characteristics of self-excited and
separately excited DC generators

Course Code AV-281

Course Title Electronic Warfare
Credit Hours 1-0
Course Objectives Introduction of basic concepts of electronic
Warfare to students.

Course Outline electro-optical, infrared and radio

frequency countermeasures; EM
compatibility and deception; radio
jamming, radar jamming and
deception and electronic counter-
countermeasures(or anti-jamming);
electronic masking, probing,
reconnaissance, and intelligence;
electronic security; EW reprogramming;
emission control; spectrum management;
and wartime reserve modes.
Course Code STR-201
Course Title Mechanics of Materials
Credit Hours 3-1/2
Course Objectives The students should be able to understand
stress, strain stress-strain relation &
behavior of structures under different types
of loading.
Course Outline Stress, strain, Hook’s law , statically
determinate and indeterminate problems in
axial and shear modes, shear force and
bending moment diagrams, flexural and
shear formula for beams, theory of torsion;
thin walled pressure vessel.

Lab Outline Introduction to all equipment related to

mechanics of materials. Lab was performed
as instructed.

Course Code CBL-202

Course Title Character Building and Leadership – II
Credit Hours 1-0
Course Objectives To comprehensively introduce the subject
of leadership with emphasis on various
theories, indicators, functions,
responsibilities, qualities and principles of
effective leadership.
Course Outline Leadership training is essential for the
future leaders, managers, and
entrepreneurs. Leadership, being a task of
great responsibility, demands
courageous, selfless and devoted
behaviour. Topics included are definition,
theories, concept, and indicators of
effective leadership; various individual,
leader-task, and team maintenance
functions; traits, responsibilities, qualities,
principles and approaches of leadership.

Course Code CS-201

Course Title Introduction to Computer Programming
Credit Hours 1-1
Course Objectives To teach computer programming (C / C++ /
Fortran / VB / or any other high-level
language).
Course Outline Introduction to digital computers, main
components, and functions Programming

languages, Algorithms and flowcharts,

Conventions used in writing algorithms and
flow charts. Problem specification, basic
programming techniques, Pseudo code,
Structured programming, compilers, linker,
operating systems. Standard input and
output devices, variables & expressions,
operators, loops, nested loops, functions,
macros, arrays and strings, Structures and
unions, pointers. File structure, file handling
functions, 2-D and 3-D Graphics, data
representation, animation, three
dimensional projection. Use of subroutine
packages. Numerical computation and
accuracy considerations. Searching and
sorting, Abstraction and its relation to
programming; Hardware interfacing
Lab Outline Compiling and Linking. Files Used in C
Programming Development the Basic
Structure of C Program; C Variable
declaration, Input/Output, Operators,
Comments; Programs for mathematical
calculations; Loops; Nested Loops;
Decisions; Functions; Arrays; Structure;
Unions; Graphics; Hardware interfacing;
Projects
Course Code ME-212
Course Title Thermodynamics II
Credit Hours 3-0
Course Objectives To understand and develop the essential
background and know-how of
thermodynamics.
Course Outline Carnot Cycle, Air Standard Assumptions,
Reciprocating Engines, Otto Cycle, Diesel
Cycle, Stirling Cycle, Ericson Cycle, Brayton
cycle, Brayton cycle with regeneration,
Brayton cycle with regeneration reheating
and intercooling, Vapor and Combined
Power Cycles, Refrigeration Cycles,
Thermodynamic property relations, Gas
Mixtures, Gas Vapor Mixture and Air-
Conditioning.
 Semester 5:
Course Code AERO-311
Course Title Basic and Applied Aerodynamics
Credit Hours 2-1/2
Course Objectives This is the second course in aerodynamics
covering the fundamentals of
Aerodynamics. It deals mainly with air foil
characteristics, thin air foil theory, high lift
devices, wing characteristics; Prandtl’s
lifting line theory and general lift distribution.
Some experiments related to Aerodynamics
are also included in this course

Course Outline Fundamentals of Aerodynamics,

Aerodynamic forces and moments,
Center of Pressure, Buckingham pi
Theorem, Flow Similarity, Flow Types,
Airfoil Nomenclature, Airfoil
Characteristics, Vortex Sheet, Kutta
Conditions, Kelvin Circulation Theory,
Classic Thin airfoil theory, Prandtl Lifting
line theory, Cambered airfoils, Downwash
and Induced drag, Vortex Filament, Biot
Savarts law, Helmholtz theorem

Lab Outline Open Circuit Wind Tunnel, Closed Circuit

Wind Tunnel. Lab was performed as
instructed by the course instructor.

Course Code Aero-312

Course Title High Speed Aerodynamics

Credit Hours 3-0

Course Objectives To understand the behavior of flows at
high speed in the supersonic, transonic
regime and velocities higher than Mach
0.3.
Course Outline Introduction to compressible flows,
Conservation Laws, Steady state 1D
Compressible flow equations, Fundamental
Aspects of Compressible flows, 1-D
Isentropic flows, Normal Shock Waves,
Oblique Shock Waves, Expansion waves
(Prandtl Meyer flows), Variable Area Flow,
Adiabatic flow in a duct with friction, Flow
with heat addition or removal, Hypersonic
flow.
Course Code AV-352
Course Title Feedback and Control Systems
Credit Hours 2-1/2
Course Objectives To provide an introduction to the
classical control systems for
developing mathematical models
to design electromechanical
systems using transfer function,
root locus and frequency response
design techniques
Course Outline This course is aimed at building a
comprehensive foundation for the analysis
and design of continuous -time as well as
discrete -time systems using classical
techniques. The course covers system
modelling, system responses, control
system characteristics, stability analysis,
root locus analysis and design, and
frequency response analysis and design.

Lab Outline DC Motor Modeling, Time Response

Specifications, Disturbance Rejection,
Steady State Error, Controller Design (Time
Domain), Controller Design (Freq Domain),
Effects of sampling, Discrete - Time
Controller Design, and Demonstration of
Control Algorithms for Inverted Pendulum.
Course Code ME-303
Course Title Heat Transfer

Credit Hours 3-1/2

Course Objectives This graduate level course in heat transfer
is designed to cover material related to the
heat transfer mechanisms for the students
of undergraduate level.

Course Outline Different modes of heat transfer, i.e.

Conduction, Convection and Radiation are
broadly discussed. The main focus of this
course is on Conduction and Convection
with some introductory material on radiation
towards the end of the course. In
Conduction 2-D steady and 1-D unsteady
problems are introduced, and their solution
methods discussed. In Convection the
equations of motion, energy and mass
conservation are reviewed and problems
involving forced and free convection are
discussed with reference to various flow
regimes
Lab Outline Lab Work related to heat transfer
experiments..

Course Code AV-351

Course Title Aircraft Loading and Structural Analysis
Credit Hours 3-1/2
Course Objectives To study the basic concepts that are related
to aircraft structures.
Course Outline Stress, Stress Notations, Equations of
Equilibrium, Plane Stress, Principal
Stresses, Mohr’s Circle, Strain
Compatibility Equations, Strain on
inclined planes, Plane Strain, Stress
Strain Relationship, Temperature effects
on strains and stresses, Stress Function,
Torsion of solid section, St. Venants
warping function, Membrane analogy,
Torsion of a narrow rect. Strip, Thin
plates bending, Columns, Bending of
open and closed wall thin beam, beams.
Lab Outline Lab Work Related to the course as advised
by the instructor.
Course Code MATH-352
Course Title Numerical Methods
Credit Hours 2-1
Course Objectives To teach the use of computer for the
numerical solution of engineering
problems.
Course Outline Different numerical techniques including
Linear iteration Method to find roots of
transcendental equations, Newton-
Raphson and Regula-Falsi Method to find
real
roots of transcendental equations, Secant
method to find real roots of
transcendental equations, solution of
simultaneous non-linear equations by
Newton-
Raphson method, Modified Newton method
to solve non-linear simultaneous
equations , Lin’s Method on roots of
polynomial equations, Baristow Technique
to
find roots of polynomial equations , least
square method of fit a polynomial, Least
Square method to fit algebraic and
transcendental forms, fundamentals of
calculus
of finite differences, forward backward and
central differences. Average and
differential operator and relations between
them, linear and polynomial interpolation.
Gregory-Newton Forward and Backward
Difference methods , Stirling and Lagrange
Interpolation techniques , divided
differences and their application to
interpolation
,numerical differentiation using series
relations, numerical differentiation using all
interpolation, numerical Integration:
Trapezoidal Rule, Simpson’s Rule and
error
analysis for both these methods, Gauss
Quadrature, numerical solutions of
 differential equations by Taylor’s method,
Euler’s Method and Modified Euler’s
Method , Predictor-corrector methods to
solve differential equations numerically,
Rugne-kutta method , system of differential
equations and their numerical solution
Lab Outline This course provides sufficient description
of appropriate computer language /
software package to solve engineering
problems using numerical methods. For the
selected computer tool, the labs introduce
basic structure of Constants and
variables and basic data type, Operators;
Arithmetic and relational and math library
functions, the for-loop and nested for-lop
,while and do-while loops if-else and
nested if statements, Switch and break
statement. Nested switch statement, logical
operators, Arrays and strings. Sum and
product of two matrices, Function sub-
programs; their advantages. Emphasis is
made on programming applications
pertaining to engineering problem like
solution of differential equations,
interpolation, optimization, roots
determination, evaluation of Laplace and Z-
transforms etc.

Semester 6:
Course Code AERO-321
Course Title Aircraft Performance
Credit Hours 3-0
Course Objectives The course introduces basic
performance characteristics that are
related to the aircrafts
Course Outline It begins with an introduction to
standard atmosphere and
aircraft/static system of an aircraft.
The course then covers a steady-
state analysis of performance
parameters such as endurance,
aircraft ceiling, range, climb,
descent and glide, take-off and
landing performance. Accelerated
performance parameters are then
evaluated using Energy State
Approximation and results are
compared with exact solutions. The
last part of the course deals with
turning performance both
instantaneous and sustained
Course Code AERO-322
Course Title Aircraft Stability and Control
Credit Hours 3-0
Course Objectives To study the stability and control of
aerospace vehicle under a variety of
external and internal inputs.

Course Outline This course gives a systematic

account of stability and control of
aerospace vehicle. In first part of
the course, the static longitudinal,
directional, and lateral stability with
respect to vehicle axis system are
studied. Effects of various major
components on static stability,
critical flight conditions and controls
requirement are also included in
this part. In second part, dynamic
stability, the axes system inertial
and rotating axes and their
transformations is studied. This part
also gives treatment to 29
linearization of vehicle equations of
motion, Laplace transform, stability
derivatives, transfer functions,
vehicle dynamic response to
external disturbances and controls.

Course Code AERO-332

Course Title Wind Tunnel Testing
Credit Hours 0-1
Course Objectives Introduction to the processes that are being
followed for carrying out wind tunnel testing
of different aerodynamics models.
Introduction to different types of subsonic
and supersonic wind tunnels.

Lab Outline Experimental work on subsonic wind tunnel;

wind tunnel calibration; model testing, data
resolution; measurement of pressure
distribution to calculate lift and drag.
Course Code IE-303
Course Title Manufacturing Processes and CNC
Machines
Credit Hours 0-1
Course Objectives To introduce students to different
manufacturing processes and working of
CNC machines.
Course Outline This course introduces the students to
manufacturing processes like sand & metal
casting, forging, cold forming, extrusion,
spinning, sheet metal processes, broaching,
heat treatment and powder metallurgy.
Finally manufacturing process sheets are
discussed. The Lab portion of the course
introduces the students to general purpose
ISO codes for programming CNC machines
with specific emphasis on CNC Lathe and
CNC milling machines. Students are
familiarized with interface of available
milling and lathe simulation software. Basic
turning and milling operations are practiced
in class assignments for which students are
required to generate code to be run using
simulation software. Students are also
provided opportunity to run codes on
machines available in CNC Lab.

Course Code ME-321

Course Title Aerospace Propulsion and Turbomachinery
Credit Hours 3-1
Course Objectives To teach details of propulsion units
including breathing engines and rocket
propulsion.

Course Outline The course mainly deals with air breathing

engines which include ramjet, turbojet,
turbofan, and turboprop. The course starts
with the review of basic topics in
thermodynamics, which predict the
performance of propulsion devices. Next,
the details of turbo engine components,
especially compressor and turbine, and their
matching are discussed. In the latter part of
the course rocket propulsion and rocket
propellants, liquid & Solid Rocket Propulsion
Systems, nozzle design, rocket
performance.
Lab Outline Relevant experiments at appropriate levels
are also conducted during the semester.

Course Code STR-303

Course Title Structural Vibrations and Aeroelasticity
Credit Hours 3-0
Course Objectives Objective of this course is to teach
different types of vibrations and their
effects in aerospace vehicles.

Course Outline The course covers Fundamentals of

vibration, discrete and continuous
systems, free and forced vibratory
SDOF systems, harmonic vibration,
rotating unbalance, base excitation,
vibration isolation, transient vibration,
systems with two degrees of
freedom. The last part of the course
introduces the subject of aero-
elasticity

Course Code HU-211

Course Title Technical Report Writing
Credit Hours 0-1
Course Objectives To enhance language skills and develop
critical thinking
Course Outline Essay Writing; Academic Writing;
Technical Report Writing; Progress
Report Writing
Course Code STR-304
Course Title Computational Structural Analysis
Credit Hours 3-0
Course Objectives To introduce the concepts of Finite Element
methods and their applications on different
real world problems
Course Outline The course covers Finite Element Method
as applied to one & two-dimensional
problems of structures, heat transfer & fluid
flow. One-dimensional and two-dimensional,
static & dynamic problems are solved by
using FEM.
 Semester 7:
Course Code AE-431
Course Title Applied Computational Engineering
Credit Hours 0-1
Course Objectives This is the first course in Computational
Fluid Dynamics (CFD).

Lab Outline This includes introduction to finite difference

and finite volume methods used in modern
engineering. Basic concepts of
discretization, consistency and stability are
also introduced. Applications of numerical
methods to selected model partial differential
equations are carried out.

Course Code ST-441

Course Title Structure and Machine Design
Credit Hours 3-0
Course Objectives To understand some basic concepts that
are related to machine designing.

Course Outline Introduction to mechanical engineering

design, Loads and Stress Analysis,
Failure Prevention, Failure from static
loads, Fatigue Failure, Material Strength
and Stiffness, Hardness, Strength and
Cold Work, Fatigue life Methods, Stress
life Methods, Strain Life Methods, Linear
Elastic Fracture Mechanics, Endurance
Limits, Stress Concentration and Notch
Sensitivity, Fluctuating Stress and fatigue
failure due to fluctuating stress, Torsional
Fatigue Strength under fluctuating stress,
Cumulative Fatigue Damage, Shaft
Designs and Layouts, Critical speed for
shafts, Shaft Components, Limit and fits,
Screws Fasteners and design of non-
permanent joints, Reliability and
probability of failure
Course Code AER0-441
Course Title Aerospace Vehicle Design
Credit Hours 2-2
Course Objectives To understand some basic concepts that
are related to aerospace vehicle design
and carry our preliminary design of an
aerospace vehicle

Course Outline This deals with the conceptual design of

various types and categories of
aerospace vehicle. It consists of two
major activities: design layout and design
analysis. These two phases broadly
cover aspects involving configuration
layout, pay-load considerations,
aerodynamics, propulsion, structures and
loads, weights, stability and control,
performance and finally trade studies. As
a part of this course, the student is
required to prepare and present a
conceptual design of a complete
aerospace vehicle based on certain given
specifications. Extensive use of
computers would be made to refine the
designed vehicle.

Course Code IE-441

Course Title Engineering Management
Credit Hours 2-0
Course Objectives To present the basic principles of
production and various functions of
operations management and its
application in different types of
manufacturing systems. To acquaint the
students with the various management
systems for quality management and
configuration management. To give the
students an overview of multi -attribute
decision making
Course Outline Zeroing on Operations, Strategic Guidance
for Operations, Product development &
design, Facility Location, Layout of
Facilities, Application of Technology for
Competitive Advantage, Planning for
Operations & Capacity, Materials
Management, Managing Independent
Demand Inventory, Scheduling &
Controlling Manufacturing, Project
Management. Introduction to Enterprise
Resource Planning (ERP) Introductory
overview of multi -attribute decision making
tools e.g. TOPSIS, AHP. PROMETHEE,
VIKOR Introduction to contemporary
quality management system standards like
ISO9000 (or equivalents) and its
Aerospace version i.e. AS9100
Introduction to concepts of Configuration
Management and Document and Data
Control. Compilation of Technical Data
Pack (TDP), types of documents
comprising TDP and concept of
Engineering Change Control Emerging
Technologies such as JIT, Lean
manufacturing, 5S, Six Sigma, Concurrent
Engineering, Rapid Prototyping, and CNC
machines, their programming and
operation
Course Code AV-491
Course Title Project – I
Credit Hours 0-1
Course Objectives Final Year Project
Course Outline Final Year Project
Course Code IE-421
Course Title Computer Aided Instrumentation
Credit Hours 1-1
Course Objectives This course is meant to prepare student
engineers to deal with various types of test
and measurement equipment at various
stages of their professional life. Students
gain an insight into the concepts of
measurement methods, direct or indirect
and essential to appreciate the problems
associated with instrumentations, learn
basic characteristics, sources of errors,
constructions, behaviour as well as
transduction principles of sensors &
transducers employed in measurement of
various non-electrical parameters
commonly encountered in almost every
branch of engineering, and become
proficient in use, capabilities and limitations
of electronic instruments for various
measurement applications and to connect
them together for proper operation.
Course Outline Units & dimensions, dimensional analysis,
DC bridge methods, AC bridge methods,
sensors & transducers [classification,
resistance, reactance change transducers,
potentiometric transducers, RTDs,
thermistors, hot-wire anemometer, strain-
gauge, inductive-type transducers,
thermoelectric transducers, semiconductor
sensors, piezoelectric sensors, ultrasonic
sensors, photo-sensors]; PC based data
acquisition, analog instruments,
electrodynamometer type instruments,
induction type instruments, digital
instruments, interference signals,
instrumentation
transformers. Advanced Instrumentation
techniques. Microprocessor based
instrumentation systems; interfacing
techniques. Data acquisition software and
 virtual instruments. Intelligent
instrumentation systems. It also includes
topics related to process of measurement
and standards measurement, counters,
fluid flow and motion measurement
Lab Outline Experimental portion includes use of
measuring instruments like profile
projector, screw pitch measuring
equipment, interferometer, comparators,
non contact RPM sensor and vibration
measurement equipment. PC based data
acquisition and analysis experiments
include automated dimensional
measurement quality control
equipment, thermocouples, strain gauge
load cell, accelerometer, pressure
transducer flow meters and coordinate
measurement machine. .Lab outlines may
be developed by institutions keeping in
view their laboratory facilities must be
aimed at integrating theory of
measurements with engineering practices
to demonstrate common mechanical
measurements. A typical instrumentation
can be built using LabView software and
common variables like temperature,
pressure, displacement etc can be
measured by interfacing sensor to
computer using data acquisition card.

Course Code IE-431

Course Title Statistical Quality Control
Credit Hours 2-0
Course Objectives To introduce SQC as an important tool of
quality control of industry
Course Outline Introduction, Importance of Quality Control
and SQC. Introduction to Quality
Control, Quality Assurance, Quality System
and Statistical Quality Control; Basic
concepts of Total Quality Management,
Quality Management Systems,
Benchmarking, Quality Awards etc;
Continuous and Discrete Probability
Distributions, Normal Distribution and its
importance in sampling, Exponential
Distribution, Central Limit Theorem,
Bernoulli Trial, Binomial Distribution,
Poisson
Distribution, Approximations; Analytical
Techniques: Moments & their relationships
with Mean, Variance, Skew ness and
Kurtosis, Expected Value, Properties of
mean
and variance. Computation of Population
and Sample Statistics. Relationships
between sample and population statistics;
Sources of Variation, Chance /
36
Assignable Cause variation
Variable/Attribute data; Basic Tools of QC
[Check
sheet, Histogram, Control Chart, Pareto
Chart, Cause & Effect Diagram, Scatter
Diagram, and Defect Concentration
Diagram]; Introduction to Variable control
charts (𝑋̅ R, S Charts) Control chart
technique; Steps for 𝑋̅ & R Charts,
Establishing the trial control limits; Analysis
of pattern of control chart, basic &
supplementary criteria, revised control
limits; Type I & type II errors; Control limits
and specification/tolerances, concept of
process capability indexes, Cp & Cpk etc;
Control Charts for fraction rejected [types
of Attributes, Limitations of variable
control charts, Limitations of attribute
control charts, and Attribute control chart
technique]; Steps for p chart [Determine
the uses of p and np charts, Determine
the sample size, Collect data, and
Establish trial control chart: Constant
sample
size]; Control charts for non-conformities.
Determine the uses of c and u charts,
finding limits [Preliminary conclusion from
control charts, and Establish revised
control chart]; Acceptance sampling:
Introduction. Where used? Why used?
How used? Limitations of the traditional
method, Ideal sampling plan; Single
sampling plans, calculation of pa , The OC
 Curve; Double sampling plans;
Reliability: why emphasis on reliability?
reliability of Parallel, Series and Combined
systems. Factors on which product
reliability depends; and Failure Rate Curve,
MTBF, MTTR.

Course Code IE-451

Course Title Product Design and Development
Credit Hours 1-1
Course Objectives The focus of product design and
development is the integration of planning,
design and manufacturing functions in
creating a new product. The specific topics
include development process in
organizations, product planning, identifying
customer needs, developing product
specifications, concept generation, concept
selection, concept testing, product
architecture, industrial design, design for
manufacturing, prototyping and product
development economics. The lab portion
would include introduction to project
management software and a product
design and development project.
Course Outline ntroduction; Development process and
organizations; Product planning; Identifying
customer needs; Developing product
specifications; Concept generation;
Concept selection; Concept testing;
Product architecture; Industrial design;
Design for manufacturing; Prototyping; and
Product development economics.
Lab Outline Students would be required to handle a
comprehensive product development
project during the semester consisting of
four assignments

Semester 8:
Course Code AE-413
Course Title Astrodynamics
Credit Hours 1-0
Course Objectives Deals with the fundamentals of
astrodynamics, focusing on the two-body
 orbital initial-value and boundary-value
problems with applications to space vehicle
navigation and guidance for lunar and
planetary missions, including both powered
flight and midcourse maneuvers.

Course Code AV-499

Course Title Final Year Project
Credit Hours 0-5
Course Objectives To give oral, and written demonstrations
which the student has been working on for
the entire year.

Course Code HU-224

Course Title Professional Ethics
Credit Hours 1-1
Course Objectives To expose students to ethical issues that
engineers often face in professional
practice, to help students think more clearly
and deeply about such issues, and to
explore resources and strategies, options
to handle such situations. To make
students acquainted with the legal aspects
particularly pertaining to operational
 health and safety and environmental
issues.
Course Outline To prepare students for working on large
projects with multidisciplinary teams where
decisions made by other groups will affect
choices made by their groups and to
reinforce the reality that in most
engineering projects engineers present
their work
to organizational, governmental and legal
authorities for approval. During this entire
discourse, this course emphasises that
engineers must adhere to and demonstrate
ethical, responsible and professional
behaviour towards organization, profession
and society through professional and
ethical practices. Therefore, the course has
designed around the topics that include
ethical and moral obligations and rights
and responsibilities of engineers in relation
to society, employers, colleagues, and
clients; cost-benefit-risk-analysis, safety,
and informed consent; the ethics of whistle
blowing; ethical conflicts of engineers as
experts, managers and supervisors; ethical
issues in engineering design,
manufacturing, and operations; ethical
issues arising from engineering work;
ethical implications of the social and
environmental contexts
of contemporary engineering; and
professional code of ethics.
The students will be given introduction and
overview of the generic standards
applicable to operational health and safety.
OHSAS18001 and OHSAS18002 (or
equivalent standards) might be referred as
guideline. Students will be also made
aware of their social responsibility towards
environmental protection. An
overview/introduction to Environmental
Management
Standard (EMS) 14001 (or equivalent) may
be included
Course Code IE-411
Course Title Engineering Economy
Credit Hours 2-0
Course Objectives To familiarize students with the nature and
purpose of engineering economy studies
and relationship between the engineering
and management functions with an
emphasis on their increasing
interdependence in today’s world.
Course Outline Selected cost terms and other cost
concepts like break-even analysis; the
average unit cost function and present
economy studies; concept of money-time
relationships specifically the development
of proper techniques to consider the time
value of money in manipulating the future
revenues; and costs associated with
various alternatives.

Course Code IR-401

Course Title International Relations
Credit Hours 1-0
Course Objectives To introduce the complex and ever-
changing geo-political environment through
a study and analysis of the behaviour of
nation states in the contemporary
international states system
Course Outline The new realities after the 9/11
emphasized new geopolitical dimensions of
the international relations. The old
concepts have been replaced by the new
ones to cater for the complex and ever-
changing global geo-political environment.
Apart from the basic concepts of the
subject, some current issues such as new
world order, terrorism, Iraq crisis,
Afghanistan problem and Indo-Pak
dialogue have also been included in the
syllabus which makes it more relevant &
updated for the students.