Chemistry:

Matter: Any material that has mass and volume

Lattice: A regular 3D arrangement of solid particles.

Volatile Liquid: A liquid that evaporates easily at room temperature and has a low boiling point.

Crystallisation Point: The temperature at which the solution is saturated. (can’t dissolve any more solute)

Paper Chromatography: It is a way for separating one or more solids from their solution based on the
difference in their solubility in a certain solvent.

Rf Value: It is a value used to identify the substances on the chromatogram.

An atom: The simplest building unit of matter that can exist individually.

An element: a pure substance that is made only from one type of atom.

A Molecule: A group of atoms held together by covalent bonds.

Diatomic Molecules: Elements that exist as molecules containing 2 atoms of the same type.

Compound: Two or more different elements chemically bonded together.

Mixture: Two or more different substances that exist together but are not chemically joined together and can
be separated by physical methods.

Valence Shell: It’s the outermost electron shell that contains the valence electrons.

Valence electrons: The electrons present in the outermost shell and are responsible for the chemical
properties of the atom.

Ion: Is a charged particle made when an atom loses or gains electrons.

Atomic number: It is the number of protons present in the nucleus of the atom.

Mass number: It is the total number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom.

Electronic Configuration: The arrangement of electrons in their shells.

Ionic Bonding: A type of bonding that occurs between metals and nonmetals.

Ionic Lattice: Is a regular 3D arrangement of alternating positive and negative ions.

Covalent Bonding: It’s a type of bonding that occurs between nonmetal atoms only to achieve a complete
outermost shell of electrons; it involves the sharing of electrons, where each atom contributes one electron
to each bond, and results in the formation of a molecule.

Ionic Equations: It is a type of equation that shows us in detail what has happened in a chemical reaction
that contains ions.

Periodic Table: Is a table that arranges the elements in order of increasing proton number.
Period: A row of elements arranged in increasing atomic number from left to right.

Group: a column that contains elements that their atomic number increases down the group.

Battery: Source of electrons or “electron pump”.

Electrolyte: The liquid or solution that conducts the electricity.

Electrodes: Solid rods that conduct electricity.

Electrolysis: The breaking down of a molten or aqueous ionic compound by the passage of electricity.

Alloys: Is a mixture of elements of a metal and another metal or nonmetal.

Ore: A naturally occurring mineral from which a metal can be extracted.

Indicator: A dye or a mixture of dyes which can change colour with acids and bases.

Exothermic: It is a chemical reaction in which heat energy is released from the chemical reaction to the
surrounding.

Endothermic: It is a chemical reaction in which heat energy is absorbed from the surrounding.

Oxidation: The gain of oxygen.

Reduction: The loss of oxygen.

Redox: Is a reaction where oxidation and reduction both occur together.

Oxidant: Is the substance that oxidises another substance but it is reduced itself.

Reductant: Is the substance that reduces another substance but it is oxidised itself.

Concentration: Is the amount of particles present per unit volume.

Catalyst: A substance that speeds up a reaction but remains chemically unchanged and unused up at the
end.

Activation energy: It is the least amount of energy needed to break enough bonds to start a chemical
reaction.

Water: A colourless, tasteless and odourless liquid.

Organic compounds: They are carbon compounds existing in living organisms as animals and plants.

Hydrocarbons: Compounds containing carbon and hydrogen only.

Homologous series: A family of organic compounds that have the same general formula and similar
chemical properties.

Saturated hydrocarbon: Contains the maximum number of hydrogen atoms and so it has no double bonds.
Cracking: Is the breaking down of long chain hydrocarbons into smaller and more useful short chain
hydrocarbons, by high temperature and catalyst.

Fraction: A group of molecules that have the same properties such as boiling point and density.

Unsaturated: They contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms and so do not contain the
maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms.

Addition reaction: It is a reaction where the double bond breaks and new atoms or groups of atoms are
linked to the carbons of the alkene.

Polymers: They are large molecules made up of many small molecules called monomers.

Chemical Feedstock: Raw material in making chemicals. (ex. naphtha)

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Biology

Movement: An action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place.

Respiration: Chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for
metabolism.

Sensitivity: It is the ability to detect or sense stimuli in the external or internal environment and to make
appropriate responses.

Growth: Permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both.

Reproduction: The process that makes more of the same kind of organism either asexually involving one
parent or sexually involving two parents male and female.

Excretion: Removal from organisms of the waste products of metabolism, toxic materials and substances in
excess of requirements.

Nutrition: Taking in materials for energy, growth and development.

Metabolism: Chemical reactions in cells including respiration.

Specialisation: Modification in structure, shaper of content cytoplasm to perform certain functions.

Diffusion: Net movement of molecules and ions from a region of their higher concentration to a region of
their lower concentration down a concentration gradient as a result of their random movement.

Osmosis: Net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower
water potential down a water potential gradient through a partially permeable membrane.

Enzymes: proteins in nature that function as biological catalysts.

Substrate: Substance that an enzyme acts upon to produce a product.

Malnutrition: Condition caused by eating an unbalanced diet.

Ingestion: Taking food and drink into the body through the mouth.
Chemical Digestion: Breaking down large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules.

Mechanical Digestion: Break down of food into smaller pieces without chemical change of food molecules.

Absorption: Movement of digested food through the walls of the small intestine into the blood.

Assimilation: Movement of digested food molecules into the cell of the body where they are used and
becoming part of the cells.

Egestion: Passing out of food that has not been digested as faeces through anus.

Transpiration: Is the evaporation of water at the surface of the mesophyll cells followed by loss of water
vapour from plant leaves by diffusion through the stomata.

Co-ordinates: Ability to link the different organs of the body to work together in harmony.

Glands: Organs that secrete useful substances to the body.

Hormone: Chemical substance produced by endocrine glands, carried by the blood which alters activity of
one or more specific target organs and is then destroyed by the liver.

Tropism: The growth movement of plants towards or away from a stimulus.

Asexual reproduction: Process resulting in the production of genetically identical offsprings from one parent.

Sexual reproduction: Process involving the fusion of haploid nuclei to form a diploid zygote and the
production of genetically different offsprings.

Pollination: Is the transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma.

Fertilisation: Is the fusion of the male gamete and the female gamete producing a cell called zygote.

Germination: It is when an embryo begins to grow.

Menstrual cycle: Cycle changes that occur in the ovary and uterus every 28 days.

Ecology: It is the study of the interaction between living organisms and their environment.

Food chain: The sequence by which energy in the form of chemical energy passes from an organism to
another.

Producer: Living organisms that can make their organic food usually using energy from sunlight through
photosynthesis.

Consumers: Organisms which obtain their energy by feeding on other organisms.

Decomposers: Organisms that get their energy from dead or waste organic material.

Parasite: Living organisms which obtain their energy from other organisms causing harm to them.

Herbivores: Organisms obtain energy by feeding on plants.

Carnivores: Organisms obtain energy by feeding on other animals.

Omnivores: Organisms obtain energy by feeding on plants and animals.

Food web: A network of interconnected food chains, to show the flow of energy in an ecosystem and the
feeding relationships.

Ecosystem: Interaction between the organisms in a community and their environment.

Trophic level: The position of an organism in a food chain.

Deforestation: The removal of large numbers of trees results in habitat destruction on a massive scale.

Fertilisers: Are added to increase soil fertility and provide minerals for plants.