UNIT 4: URBANISATION

VOCABULARY
Vocabulary Meaning
1. urbanisation /ˌɜːbənaɪˈzeɪʃn/ sự đô thị hóa
(n)
2. traffic jam /ˈtræfɪk dʒæm/ tắc đường
3. resident /ˈrezɪdənt/ (n) dân cư
4. high-rise /ˈhaɪ raɪz/ (a) cao tầng
5. go up (phr.v) = increase (v) tăng lên
6. crowded /ˈkraʊdɪd/ (a) đông đúc
 overcrowded
/ˌəʊvərˈkraʊdɪd/(a): quá đông
đúc
7. rush hour /ˈrʌʃ aʊə(r)/ (n) giờ cao điểm
8. facility /fəˈsɪləti/ (n) cơ sở hạ tầng
9. rice field /rais fi:ldz/ (np) cánh đồng lúa
10. unemployment /ˌʌnɪm sự thất nghiệp
ˈplɔɪmənt/ (n)
11. unemployed /ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪd/ thất nghiệp
(a)
12. crime /kraim/ (n) tội phạm
13. afford /əˈfɔːd/ (v) đủ khả năng
14. invest /ɪnˈvest/ (v) đầu tư
 investment /ɪnˈvestmənt/ (n):
sự đầu tư
 investor /ɪnˈvestər/ (n): nhà
đầu tư
15. rural /ˈrʊrəl/ (a) thuộc về nông thôn
16. infrastructrue cơ sở hạ tầng
/ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃər/ (n)
17. authority /əˈθɔːrəti/ (n) chính quyền
18. expand /ɪkˈspænd/ (v) mở rộng
 expansion /ɪkˈspænʃn/ (n): sự
mở rộng
 expansive /ɪkˈspænsɪv/ (a): có
xu hướng mở rộng
19. a shortage of sự thiếu hụt
20. farmland /ˈfɑːrmlænd/ (n) đất nông nghiệp
21. housing /ˈhaʊzɪŋ/ (n) nhà ở
22. traditional (a) = truyền thống
conventional (a) = customary
(a)
23. seek for = look for = tìm kiếm
search for
24. decide to V quyết định
 decision /dɪˈsɪʒn/ (n): quyết
định
 decisive /dɪˈsaɪsɪv/ (a): quyết
đoán
25. exhibition /ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn/ (n) triển lẵm
26. attract /əˈtrækt/ (v) hấp dẫn, thu hút
 attraction /əˈtrækʃn/ (n): sự
hấp dẫn, sự thu hút
 attractive /əˈtræktɪv/ (a): có
sức hấp dẫn, thu hút
27. childhood /ˈtʃaɪldhʊd/ (n) tuổi thơ
28. population /ˌpɑːpjuˈleɪʃn/ dân số
(n)
=> populous /ˈpɑːpjələs/ (a):
đông dân
29. focus on /'feukes n/= tập trung vào
concentrate on (phr.v)
30. trade /treid/ (n) buôn bán
31. craft /kra:ft/ (n) thủ công
32. bring back mang trở lại
33. colonial /kəˈləʊniəl/ (a) thuộc địa
 colony ˈkɑːləni/ (n): thực dân
34. architecture /ˈɑːrkɪtektʃər/ kiến trúc
(n)
 architect /ˈɑːrkɪtekt/ (n): kiến
trúc sư
 architectural /ˌɑːrkɪˈtektʃərəl/
(a): thuộc về kiến trúc
35. modernize /ˈmɑːdərnaɪz/ hiện đại hóa
(v)
 modern (a) = state-of- the-art
(a)
36. low-rise /ˈləʊ raɪz/ (a) thấp
37. reliable /rɪˈlaɪəbl/ (a) đáng tin cậy
38. dweller /ˈdwelər/ (n) người dân
39. emission /ɪˈmɪʃn/ (n) khí thải
 emit /ɪˈmɪt/ (v): tỏa ra, bốc ra
40. smog /smɑːɡ/ (n) khói
41. decrease /dɪˈkriːs/ (v) giảm
42. rapidly /ˈræpɪdli/ (adv) nhanh, liên tục
43. stable /ˈsteɪbl/ (a) ổn định
 stability /stəˈbɪləti/ (n): sự ổn
định
 stabilize /ˈsteɪbəlaɪz/ (v): ổn
 định
44. slightly /ˈslaɪtli/ (adv) nhẹ
45. steadily /ˈstedəli/ (adv) đều đặn
46. immigration /ˌɪmɪˈɡreɪʃn/ sự nhập cư
(n)
47. coastal /ˈkəʊstl/ (a) ven biển
48. agricutural /ˌæɡrɪˈkʌltʃərəl/ thuộc về nông nghiệp
(a)
49. urbanized /ˈɜːrbənaɪzd/ (a) đô thị hóa
50. settle in định cư
51. region /ˈriːdʒən/ (n) khu vực
52. complaint /kəmˈpleɪnt/ (n) sự phàn nàn
 complain /kəmˈpleɪn/ (v):
phàn nàn
53. respond /rɪˈspɑːnd/ (v) phản hồi
54. make mistake phạm lỗi
55. equal /ˈiːkwəl/ (a) công bằng
 equality /iˈkwɑːləti/ (n): sự
công bằng
56. stuck /stʌk/ (v) mắc kẹt

TASKS
Mark the letter A, B, c, or D to indicate the correct answer to
each of the following questions.
Question 1: The more crowded the area becomes, the
worse______get, especially during rush hour.
A. traffic jams B. vehicles C. public transports
D. residents
Question 2: But now they have built several _____ buildings in HCM
city because of the lack of land.
A. Expensive B. crowded C. state-of-the-art
D. high-rise
Question 3: The cost of living in the big cities in Vietnam like HCM
and Hanoi is also _____.
A. suffering from B. going down C. going up
D. cleaning up
Question 4: There aren’t any new leisure or shopping _______ in
Nam’s neighbourhood.
A. facilities B. offices C. fields D.
markets
Question 5: Since they started using _________for building houses,
many towns have expanded into cities.
A. mud B. farmland C. material D.
clay
Question 6: Trams, which began service in 1901, were popular
means of ______ until 1991.
A. cost of living B. living standard C. lifestyle D.
public transport
Question 7: Back in 1954, it was a small city with a _____ of about
530,000 residents in an area about 152 sq km
A. ethnic minority B. region C. population D.
area
Question 8: I got lost because your neighbourhood _____ lost.
A. will change B. changes C. changed D.
has changed
Question 9: The public transport is not very ____, so many people
use their private vehicles.
A. reliability B. reliably C. reliable D. rely
Question 10: The concentration of businesses and services attracts
a diverse workforce, _______ a more dynamic job market.
A. going off B. taking off C. concerning about D.
leading to
Question 11: Urban areas typically offer a wide range of _____ in
diverse sectors.
A. job opportunities B. advertisement C. life skills
D. soft skills
Question 12: Excuse me, I want to _____ the bus services in the
neighbourhood.
A. agree with B. object to C. complain about
D. set off
Question 13: The ______ in our city have become unbearable due
to overcrowding.
A. birth rate B. living conditions C. way of living D.
standard of living
Question 14: We are currently working on a comprehensive traffic
management plan to ______ these concerns.
A. boycott B. support C. clean D.
address
Question 15: Traffic jams ______ the mutual space in our area,
especially during rush hours.
A. effectively B. effective C. affects D. effects
Question 16: The urban are has witnessed _______ growth with the
establishment of new businesses, industries, and job opportunities.
A. economical B. economics C. economy D.
economic
Question 17: Many young people go to big cities ____ better job
opportunities and higher salaries.
A. bringing about B. looking for C. looking at D.
seeking for
Question 18: The rapid urbanization has led to an increase in
housing demand, making it challenging for some ____ to afford
suitable accommodation.
A. migrants B. imigrants C. redsidents D.
foreigners
Question 19 : With the rise in population and economic activities,
traffic ______ has become a common issue.
A. officers B. congestion C. laws D.
rules
Question 20: Many people going to big cities _____ jobs for their
future lives.
A. give up B. die of C. seek for D.
come into
Rearrange each of the conversation in the correct order
Conversation 1:
c. I know, but the car arrived very slowly and the driver didn't even
apologize.
d. Excuse me, I want to complain about the bus services in the
neighbourhood. Buses are always running late, especially during
rush hour.
e. I hope next time it won't be like that again.
a. I'm sorry, but there's nothing we can do about it. There are so
many vehicles on the roads now that traffic moves very slowly.
b. Oh, I sincerely apologize to you and I promise to retrain my staff.
A. c-a-b-d-e B. e-d-a-c-b C. d-a-c-b-e
D. e-d-a-b-c
Conversation 2:
d. Do you know why many people want to come to Ho Chi Minh to
find a job?
e. Oh, because HCMC is a dynamic city with many types of jobs that
they can find for themselves a stable job.
a. Well, that's why you also came to this city to work, right?
b. That's right. My hometown is Hanoi but I like living in this city. The
people are friendly, the food is delicious and especially I can make a
lot of money depending on my health and passion.
c. I think so too. I also like living in this city.
A. d-e-a-b-c B. c-a-d-b-e C. e-a-c-d-b
D. e-c-b-a-d
Conversation 3:
c. Which city do you like the most?
e. I like Hanoi, our capital. It is the pride of Vietnamese people.
a. I also like Hanoi, I have traveled here a few times and I really like
it here.
d. How do you feel when you come here?
b. The people are friendly, the scenery is beautiful and delicious food
is everywhere.
A. c-a-d-b-e B. d-e-a-b-c C. e-a-c-d-b
D. c-e-a-d-b
Coversation 4:
c. Fresh air and a walk sound nice. Let's go!
b. Hi, Mark!

d. Hi, Nam! Sorry I'm late. I got lost because your neighbourhood has
changed a lot.
e. Nam, there used to be a rice field opposite your house, right?
f. Exactly, Mark. But now they have built several high-rise buildings.
The city is getting bigger and bigger.
a. Yeah. It's been three years since your last visit. Anyway, do you
want to go for a walk? I'll show you around.
A. e-f-d-a-b-c B. a-d-c-e-d-f C. e-f-a-c-b-d
D. b-d-a-c-e-f
Conservation 5:
b. Sure, Nam ... Wow! The bus is so quiet and comfortable! It's the
first time I've been on an electric bus. Getting around is probably
becoming more and more convenient for local residents.
f. Is the city getting bigger and bigger.
c. That's true. There are also new public parks and people can enjoy
more leisure activities. In addition to the big shopping centre, there
is a convenience store on every corner. And look at our new electric
buses! Do you want to go for a ride?
d. Not really. The more crowded the area becomes, the worse traffic
jams get, especially during rush hour. The cost of living is also going
up. These are the changes that I don't like.
e. That's true, Nam. I guess urbanisation can also cause problems.
a. Yes, more and more people want to live in urban areas nowadays.
This is part of the process of urbanisation.
A. f-a-c-b-d-e B. b-d-a-e-f-c C. c-a-b-f-d-e
D. c-b-d-a-e-f
Reading the following passage 1 and mark the letter A, B, C
or d to indicate the correct answer to each of the following
questions.
It is estimated that by 2050 more than two-thirds of the
world's population will live in cities, up from about 54 percent today.
While the many benefits of organized and efficient cities are well
understood, we need to recognize that this rapid, often unplanned
urbanization brings risks of profound social instability, risks to critical
infrastructure, potential water crises and the potential for
devastating spread of disease. These risks can only be further
exacerbated as this unprecedented transition from rural to urban
areas continues.
How effectively these risks can be addressed will increasingly
be determined by how well cities are governed. The increased
concentration of people, physical assets, infrastructure and
economic activities mean that the risks materializing at the city level
will have far greater potential to disrupt society than ever before.
Urbanization is by no means bad by itself. It brings important
benefits for economic, cultural and societal development. Well
managed cities are both efficient and effective, enabling economies
of scale and network effects while reducing the impact on the
climate of transportation. As such, an urban model can make
economic activity more environmentally-friendly. Further, the
proximity and diversity of people can spark innovation and create
employment as exchanging ideas breeds new ideas.
But these utopian concepts are threatened by some of the
factors driving rapid urbanization. For example, one of the main
factors is rural-urban migration, driven by the prospect of greater
employment opportunities and the hope of a better life in cities. But
rapidly increasing population density can create severe problems,
especially if planning efforts are not sufficient to cope with the influx
of new inhabitants. The result may, in extreme cases, be widespread
poverty. Estimates suggest that 40% of the world's urban expansion
is taking place in slums, exacerbating socio-economic disparities and
creating unsanitary conditions that facilitate the spread of disease.
 The Global Risks 2015 Report looks at four areas that face
particularly daunting challenges in the face of rapid and unplanned
urbanization: infrastructure, health, climate change, and social
instability. In each of these areas we find new risks that can best be
managed or, in some cases, transferred through the mechanism of
insurance.
Question 1: Which is the most suitable title for the passage?
A. The Risks of Rapid Urbanization in Developing Countries
B. Infrastructure and Economic Activities in Cities
C. The Global Risks 2015 Report on Developing Urban Areas
D. Rapid Urbanization Put Cities in Jeopardy
Question 2: According to paragraph 3, what is one of the
advantages of urbanization?
A. It minimizes risks for economic, cultural and societal development.
B. It makes water supply system both efficient and effective.
C. Weather and climate in the city will be much improved.
D. People may come up with new ideas for innovation.
Question 3: Which statement is TRUE, according to the passage?
A. Urbanization brings important benefits for development as well.
B. 54% of the world's population will live in cities by 2050.
C. Risks cannot be addressed effectively no matter how well cities
are governed.
D. Rapidly increasing population density can help solve poverty.
Question 4: The word "addressed" in paragraph 2 is closest in
meaning to ______.
A. aimed at B. dealt with C. addded to D.
agreed on
Question 5: What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Poverty may be a foregone conclusion of unplanned urbanization.
B. Diseases are caused by people migrating to cities.
C. Urbanization can solve the problem of environmental pollution in
cities.
D. The increasing number of people in cities can create more
employment.
Question 6: The word "devastating" in paragraph 3 is opposite in
meaning to _____.
A. devastating B. protecting C. demolishing D.
destroying
Question 7: The word "that" in paragraph 4 refers to
A. urban expansion B. socio-economic
disparities
C. disease D. unsanitary conditions
Reading the following passage 2 and mark the letter A, B, C
or d to indicate the correct answer to each of the following
questions.
For many people who live in cities, parks are an important
part of the landscape. They provide a place for people to relax and
play sports, as well as a refuge from the often harsh environment of
a city. What people often overlook is that parks also provide
considerable environmental benefits.
One benefit of parks is that plants absorb carbon dioxide - a
key pollutant - and emit oxygen, which humans need to breathe.
According to one study, an acre of trees can absorb the same
amount of carbon dioxide that a typical car emits in 11,000 miles of
driving. Parks also make cities cooler. Scientists have long noted
what is called the Urban Heat Island Effect: building materials such
as metal, concrete, and asphalt absorb much more of the sun's heat
and release it much more quickly than organic surfaces like trees
and grass. Because city landscapes contain so much of these
building materials, cities are usually warmer than surrounding rural
areas. Parks and other green spaces help to mitigate the Urban
Heat Island Effect.
Unfortunately, many cities cannot easily create more parks
because most land is already being used for buildings, roads, parking
lots, and other essential parts of the urban environment. However,
cities could benefit from many of the positive effects of parks by
encouraging citizens to create another type of green space: rooftop
gardens. While most people would not think of starting a garden on
their roof, human beings have been planting gardens on rooftops for
thousands of years. Some rooftop gardens are very complex and
require complicated engineering, but others are simple container
gardens that anyone can create with the investment of a few
hundred dollars and a few hours of work.
Rooftop gardens provide many of the same benefits as other
urban park and garden spaces, but without taking up the much-
needed land. Like parks, rooftop gardens help to replace carbon
dioxide in the air with nourishing oxygen. They also help to lessen
the Urban Heat Island Effect, which can save people money.
In the summer, rooftop gardens prevent buildings from
absorbing heat from the sun, which can significantly reduce cooling
bills. In the winter, gardens help hold in the heat that materials like
brick and concrete radiate so quickly, leading to savings on heating
bills. Rooftop vegetable and herb gardens can also provide fresh food
for city dwellers, saving them money and making their diets
healthier. Rooftop gardens are not only something everyone can
enjoy, they are also a smart environmental investment.
Question 1: The word "mitigate" in paragraph 2 is closest in
meaning to ______.
A. intensify B. destroy C. alleviate
D. absorb
Question 2: Using the information in paragraph 2 as a guide, it can
be inferred that__.
A. cities with rooftop gardens are cooler than those without rooftop
gardens.
B. some plants are not suitable for growth in rooftop gardens.
C. most people prefer parks to rooftop gardens.
D. most people prefer life in the country over life in the city.
Question 3: Based on the information in paragraph 3, which of the
following best describes the main difference between parks and
rooftop gardens?
A. Parks are expensive to create while rooftop gardens are not.

B. Parks are public while rooftop gardens are private.

C. Parks absorb heat while rooftop gardens do not.
D. Parks require much space while rooftop gardens do not.
Question 4: The author claims all of the following to be the benefits
of rooftop gardens except _____.
A. increased space for private relaxation.
B. savings on heating and cooling costs.
C. better food for city dwellers.
D. improved air quality.
Question 5: According to the author, one advantage that rooftop
gardens have over parks is that they _____.
A. decrease the Urban Heat Island Effect.
B. replenish the air with nourishing oxygen.
C. do not require the use of valuable urban land.
D. are less expensive than traditional park spaces.
Question 6: The word "complicated " in paragraph 3 is opposite in
meaning to ____.
A. plentiful B. simple C. diverse D.
abundant
Question 7: The word "they" in paragraph 4 refers to _____.
A. buildings B. many cities C. herb gardens D.
rooftop gardens
Reading the following passage 3 and mark the letter A, B, C
or d to indicate the correct answer to each of the following
questions.
Vietnam's urban population has been growing rapidly over the
past few decades. As of 2020, approximately 37% of the country's
population resided in urban areas, a significant increase from around
19% in 1986. This growth rate has been consistent with the country's
overall economic development and modernization efforts. Projections
indicate that the urban population could reach 50% by 2030, further
transforming the country's demographic landscape.
Moreover, major cities like Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, Da Nang,
and Hai Phong have been at the forefront of Vietnam's urbanization.
These cities are not only the largest in terms of population but also
the most economically dynamic, attracting investments and job
seekers. For example, Ha Noi, the largest city in the country, has
seen its population grow significantly due to internal migration and
natural population growth. Similarly, Ho Chi Minh city, the central
city, has experienced rapid expansion, becoming a hub for politics,
culture, and education.
In addition to the growth in major cities, there has also been
notable development in secondary cities. Cities like Can Tho, Nha
Trang, and Vung Tau have seen increasing urbanization, driven by
regional economic development and improvements in infrastructure.
These secondary cities often serve as regional economic centers
and offer opportunities for development outside the primary urban
hubs.
(Adapted from https://vietnam.opendevelopmentmekong.net)
Question 1: What is the best title for the passage?
A. Rapid Urban Growth in Vietnam. B. Vietnam Infrastructure
Development
C. Unemployment rate in Vietnam. D. Notable Urgent
Proportion in Vietnam
Question 2: According to the passage, Vietnam’s urban population
is expected to rise about_____.
A. 37% B. 50% C. 19% D.
25%
Question 3: The word "seekers" in the 2nd paragraph is closest in
meaning to_____.
A. employers B. employees C. searchers D.
residents
Question 4: The word “its” in the 2nd paragraph refers to_____.
A. city’s B. growth’s C. population’s D.
job’s
Question 5: The word "expansion" in the 2nd paragraph is
opposite in meaning to_____.
A. growth B. extension C. spread D.
decreas
Question 6: According to the second paragraph, which of the
following is NOT true?
A. Ha Noi city is the largest city in Vietnam.
B. Hanoi has experienced rapid expansion.
C. Can Tho is considered a primary urban hub.
D. The economy has grown notably in Da Nang.
Question 7: It can be inferred from the last paragraph that______.
A. Can Tho city is the most developed city in secondary cities.
B. Viet Nam has improved the regional infrastructure.
C. Urbanisation is not limited to only major cities in Vietnam.
D. Secondary cities often serve as regional economic centers.
Reading the following passage 4 and mark the letter A, B, C
or d to indicate the correct answer to each of the following
questions.
In big cities, parks are essential. They provide open spaces
where people can relax and enjoy some nature. With all the tall
buildings, busy streets, and crowds, city life can be overwhelming.
Parks offer a much-needed escape. Therefore, people visit parks for
all sorts of activities. They can walk, run, or ride bikes. Kids love
playing on swings and slides, while families enjoy picnics on the
grass. Some people go to parks to read or simply take in the fresh
air. Parks are also popular spots for doing exercise, with many doing
yoga or playing sports.
Beyond recreation, parks help clean the air and offer a place to
breathe fresh air. Filled with trees and plants, they benefit the
environment and provide habitats for birds and small animals.
Having parks near residential areas is crucial since they enhance
city living by providing a break from the noise and crowds. In a
nutshell, parks are like little slices of nature in the midst of the urban
hustle.
(Adapted from https://www.bbc.com/news)
Question 1: What passage mainly discusses_______.
A. The problems that parks are having. B. The ways people enjoy
their local parks.
C. The drawbacks of some local parks D. The reasons why parks
are important
Question 2: According to the passage, which activity is NOT
mentioned as something people do at the parks?
A. eat outdoor B. go jogging C. workout
D. play sports
Question 3: The word “they” in 2nd paragraph refers to_____.
A. Plants B. parks C. habitats
D. trees
Question 4: The phrase “residental areas” in 2nd paragraph
means______.
A. locations where people can earn money
B. parts of a city or town where people live
C. areas which people plant their vegetables
D. places to hang out with friends
Question 5: According to passage, having parks in our communities
is important because______.
A. they improve life in the city. B. parks break down noise
and crowds.
C. people live in the urban hustle. D. they are slices of nature
within cities.
Read the following passage 1 and mark the letter A, B, C or D
to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions
Human populations have tended to increase over time. As
more people were born, small groups of individuals found reasons (1)
_______ and, with the advent of agriculture, small sedentary
communities. (2) ________ grew into what we now call cities. This kind
of growth often corresponds with a shift from one way of organizing
labor to another.
The world population (3)________ and our economies have
become more industrialized over the past few hundred years. As a
result, many more people have moved into cities. This process is
(4)______. Even after cities emerged, however, a large majority of
people lived and worked in rural areas. It was not until large-scale
industrialization began in the eighteenth century that cities really
began to boom. (5)_______ now live in urban areas. They are
attracted by jobs in manufacturing and the professions, as well as by
increased opportunities for education and entertainment.
Urbanization is often discussed in reference to countries (6)
______, but all industrailized nations have experienced urbanization
at some point in their history. Moreover, urbanization is on the rise
all over the globe.
(https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/urbanization/)
Question 1:
A. to come together to forming groups
B. to come together to form groups
C. to come together to be formed groups
D. not to come together to form groups
Question 2:
A. A number small of these settlements
B. A small number of these settlement
C. A small numbers of these settlements
D. A small number of these settlements
Question 3:
A. has grown significantly C. will grow
significantly
B. is grown significantly D. grows significantly
Quesstion 4:
A. known as urbanization C. named as
urbanization
B. called urbanization D. recognized as
urbanization
Question 5:
A. all people nearly half of C. nearly half of all
people
B. half of nearly people D. near half of all
people
Question 6:
A. who are currently in the process of industrializing and urbanizing
B. where are currently in the process of industrializing and urbanizing
C. when are currently in the process of industrializing and urbanizing
D. that are currently in the process of industrializing and urbanizing
Read the following passage 2 and mark the letter A, B, C or D
to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions
For many people, cities represent a world of new opportunities,
including jobs. There is a powerful link (1)_______. Around the world,
towns and cities are responsible for over 80 per cent of gross
national product. While urban poverty is growing around the world,
this is largely because many people - including the poor - (2)_______.
The opportunities there extend beyond just jobs. Cities also offer
greater opportunities for social mobilization and women's
empowerment. Many young people, especially young women, regard
the move to cities as (3)_____ traditional patriarchy and experience
new freedoms.
Urban areas also offer greater access to education and health
services, including sexual and reproductive health care, further
promoting women's empowerment and the realization of their
reproductive rights. This (4)_______ in urban areas, changing the
trajectory of overall population growth.
The urbanization process (5)______ in Africa and Asia, where much of
the world's population growth is taking place - is also an enormous
opportunity for sustainability, if the right policies are put in place.
Urban living has the potential to use resources more efficiently, to
create more sustainable land use and (6)______ of natural ecoystems.
 (https://www.unfpa.org/urbanization#readmore-expand)
Question 1:
A. between urbanization and economic growth
B. neither urbanization nor economic growth
C. not only urbanization but also economic growth
D. either urbanization or economic growth
Question 2:
A. have oved to urban areas B. will move to
urban areas
C. were moving to urban areas D. are moving
to urban areas
Question 3:
A. an opportunity to a escape B. an
opportunity to escape
C.an opportunity for escape D. an
opportunity to be escaped
Question 4:
A. contributes at significantly reduced fertility
B. contributes to significant reduced fertility
C. contributes to significantly reduced fertility
D. contributed to significantly reduced fertility
Question 5:
A. which is particularly pronounced B. that is
particularly pronounced
C.which is particularly pronouncing D. which is
particular pronounced
Question 6:
A. protecting the biodiversity
B. to protecting the biodiversity
C. to be protected the biodiversity
D. to protect the biodiversity
Read the following passage 3 and mark the letter A, B, C or D
on your answer sheet to indicate the correct option that best
fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 5.
What is Urbanisation?
Cities are facing unprecedented demographic, environmental,
economic, social and spatial challenges. There has been a
phenomenal shift towards urbanization, with 6 out of every 10
people in the world expected to (1)_____ in urban areas by 2030.
Over 90 per cent of this growth will take place in Africa, Asia, Latin
America, and the Caribbean.
In the absence of effective urban planning, the (2)_____ of this rapid
urbanization will be dramatic. In many places around the world, the
effects can already be felt:lack of proper housing and growth of
slums, inadequate and outdated infrastructure - be it roads, public
transport, water, sanitation, or electricity - escalating poverty and
unemployment, safety and crime problems, pollution and health
issues, as well as poorly managed natural or man-made disasters
and (3)____ catastrophes due to the effects of climate changes.
Mindsets, policies, (4)_____ approaches towards urbanization need to
change in order for the growth of cities and urban areas to be turned
into opportunities (5)____ will leave nobody behind.
UN-Habitat, the United Nations programme for human settlements,
is at the helm of that change, assuming a natural leadership and
catalytic role in urban matters.
(https://fukuoka.unhabitat.org/en/urbanisation/)
Question 1: A. bring B. reside C. take
D. give
Question 2: A. consequences B. achivements C. results
D. deals
Question 3: A. Another B. Others C. One
D. Other
Question 4: A. if B. but C. and
D. or
Question 5: A. that B. where C. who
D. when
Read the following passage 4 and mark the letter A, B, C or D
on your answer sheet to indicate the correct option that best
fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 5.

Although already mentioned, it bears repeating that undertaking

research on urbanization in the world and in particular in less
developed countries presents major challenges. The most
fundamental problem is that there is no global standard for the
classification of urban environments. Virtually, all countries
distinguish between urban and rural population, but the (1)_____ of
what constitutes an urban area varies among countries and in some
cases it even varies over time within a single country.
Urban communities can be (2)______ in any number of ways including
by population size, population density, administrative or political
boundaries, or economic function. Some countries define their urban
population as those people living within certain administrative
boundaries. (3)______ countries prefer to classify their urban
population using either population size or population density as the
primary consideration.
The United Nations' report world urbanization prospects, upon which
much of this paper is built, merely presents urban data that reflect
national definitions, (4)______ are far from consistent. Places that are
classified as urban in one country may be classified as rural in
another. In Angola, Argentina, and Ethiopia, for example, all localities
with 2000 inhabitants (5)_______ more are considered urban, while in
Benin only localities with 10,000 inhabitants or more are classified as
urban.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S0160791X05000588)
Question 1: A. theory B. way C. method
D. definition
Question 2: A. clarified B. defined C. classified
D. devided
Question 3: A. Another B. Others C. One
D. Other
Question 4: A. who B. where C. when
D. which
Question 5: A. or B. and C. but
D. if
Read the following passage 5 and mark the letter A, B, C or D
on your answer sheet to indicate the correct option that best
fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 5.
THE EMERGENCE OF MEGACITIES
The urban shift over time has led to the emergence of the megacity -
a city with a population of 10 million or more. New York City and
Tokyo were the first known megacities, both reaching an urban
conglomeration of over 10 million by the 1950s. But today they are
far from alone in their size. In 2018, there were 33 megacities across
the planet and (1)_______ major global regions except Oceania are
marked with megacities.
Most of the cities (2)_____ have reached the 10 million marker in
recent years are located in Asia and Africa. In fact, it's where six of
the eight newest megacities can be (3)_____ and where nine of the
10 projected 2030 megacities will be located. These regions are also
home to the fastest growing megacities. The population of Kinshasa,
capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, has doubled roughly
every 5 years since 1950. From 2010 to 2015, Kinshasa's (4)_____
grew by over 23 percent, and today over half of the more than 13
million residents are under 22 years old. A combination of factors
has led to this growth including migration from rural areas, high
fertility rates, and widening of the city's boundaries. The population
is outpacing almost all support structures in the city where the threat
of food shortages, traffic congestion, (5)_____ insufficient education
facilities have become a stark reality.
(https://worldpopulationhistory.org/urbanization-and-the-megacity/)
Question 1: A. another B. others C. one
D. all
Question 2: A. who B. where C. that
D. whom
Question 3: A. seen B. found C. heard
D. taken
Question 4: A. tribes B. citizens C. residents
D. population
Question 5: A. or B. and C. but
D. if
Read the following passage 6 and mark the letter A, B, C or D
on your answer sheet to indicate the correct option that best
fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 5.
RUSH HOUR
Rush hour is the time when many people go to and come back from
work, particularly in big cities where this phenomenon occurs every
morning and evening. During these (1)______ hours, the roads and
buses are incredibly busy due to the high volume of vehicles. Many
people choose to live in cities (2)____ the abundance of job
opportunities and educational institutions, a trend known as (3)_____.
This results in an increasing number of people moving to urban
areas, leading to overcrowding in certain places. During (4)____ , the
congestion caused by the numerous cars and buses can make the
journey to work or school lengthy and stressful for many.
Furthermore, the poor air quality resulting from vehicle emissions
can negatively impact people's health. To address these issues, city
planners strive to improve living conditions by constructing more
roads and enhancing public transportation systems. They also create
bike lanes and pedestrian-friendly sidewalks, which allow people to
safely walk or cycle. (5)_____ efforts contribute to making cities more
livable and enjoyable.
(Adapted from https://fvcgeography.wordpress.com)
Question 1: A. high B. top C. peak
D. point
Question 2: A. although B. due to C. because
D. despite
Question 3: A. concern B. residence C. expansion
D. urbanisation
Question 4: A. rush hour B. housing problem C. traffic jam
D. residental area
Question 5: A. Other B. This C. Another
D. These

Read the following advertisement/announcement and mark

the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks.
ADVERTISEMENT 1
Are you starting a small company? Concerned (1)______ how
much it will cost to hire the suitable staff and rent an office? You
can get aid from Rebus Virtual Office World. We can (2)_____ set up
a virtual office for you overnight with our Basic Office Deal.
Our kind, helpful team will answer your calls with a
professional demeanour and showcase your company in the best
possible light. We will take care of your mail, provide you a local
phone number, and a professional company address. Please don't
hesitate to inquire about our Premier Office Deals if you would
want (3) _____ more personalized experience with the option to
have mail and messages forwarded to your home address.

Question 1: A. for B. on C. about

D. in
Question 2: A. essentiality B. essence C. essential
D. essentially
Question 3: A. a B. an C. 0
D. t
ADVERTISEMENT 2
Leasing Opportunities
La Gardina Mall offers a unique shopping experience in a beautiful
setting of landscaped gardens, courtyards, and fountains. The mall
features retail shops that range from well-known chain stores to
one-of-a-kind boutiques, as well as a large variety (1)_____
restaurants and cafes. With 300,000 square meters of pedestrian-
only retail space, La Gardina Mall (2)______more than four million
visitors per year. It is a shopping and dining destination for local
Bay Shore residents and tourists alike. If you would like more
information about leasing retail or restaurant space at La Gardina,
please contact Cecilia Goncalves, our Leasing Administrator, at
egoncalves@lagardina.com. While most of our space is occupied
by long-term lessees, (3)_____ limited number of seasonal
contracts (four months minimum) are available.

Question 1: A. to B. on C. of
D. in
Question 2: A. attracts B. attractive C. attraction
D. attractively
Question 3: A. 0 B. an C. the
D. a
ADVERTISEMENT 3
Mazullo's Deep-Dish Pizza
Get a taste of the best pizza in Chicago!
We have been serving authentic deep-dish Chicago-style pizza
since Tonia Mazullo opened the original restaurant in (1)_______
humble shop in Bridgeport. Thirty-five years later, her children and
grandchildren continue to craft delectable pizzas using (2)_____
Mazullo-family dough and tomato sauce recipes.
We offer dine-in, carryout, and delivery service within three miles
of our locations.
Click on a location to get directions, phone numbers, and
restaurant hours.
Or contact us (3)_____ more information through this number:
0912321487 (Mr. David)

Question 1: A. 0 B. a C. an
D. the
Question 2: A. traditional B. traditionally C. tradition
D. traditions
Question 3: A. to B. on C. for
D. up
ANNOUNCEMENT 1
Sparky Paints, Inc.
Sparky Paints, Inc., makes it easy to select the right colors for your
home. Browse through hundreds of colors on our Web site,
www.sparkypaints.com. Select your top colors, and we (1)_____
free samples right to your door. Our color samples are three times
larger than typical samples found in home-improvement stores
and come with self-adhesive backing, allowing you to adhere them
to your walls so you can easily see how colors will coordinate in
your home. (2)_____ you're ready to begin painting, simply select
your chosen colors online, and we'll ship the paint of your choice to
arrive at your home within 3-5 business days, or within 2 business
days for an additional expedited shipping fee.
*Actual colors may (3)______ slightly from what appears on your
monitor. For this reason, we recommend ordering several samples
in similar shades.

Question 1: A. will send B. send C. is sending

D. sent
Question 2: A. If B. When C. Though
D. Therefore
Question 3: A. remake B. control C. differ
D. suffer
ANNOUNCEMENT 2
Making Your Profile at RealJobs.com Work for You
Congratulations! By creating a profile at RealJobs.com, you've
taken the first step toward finding the job of your dreams. Now
you'll be able to search through over one million job listings in fifty
major cities around the world. Here are some tips for getting the
maximum benefits from the website, which (1)____ to help you
find a job you love.
 Upload a current résume. It's the only way that recruiters can
see what skills you have to offer and contact you (2)____ they
have a position that's right for you.
 Complete the preference page. Just log into your account and
click on the "preference" tab at the top right side of the page.
On this page, you'll be able to (3)______ the industries you're
interested in and the cities you'd prefer to work in.
 Sign up for RealJobs.com's monthly newsletter. Our
newsletter will give you updates about the site and offer
great tips for finding jobs.

Question 1: A. has been specially designed B. is

specially designed
 C.was specially designed D. wil
specially designed
Question 2: A. but B. if C. when
D. though
Question 3: A. avert B. deter C. inform
D. enter
ANNOUNCEMENT 3
Attention Conference Centre Staff

The Geylang Conference Centre is hosting the Singapore

Banking Conference on 20 April. The welcome desk will be open
from 8:00 A.M. to 10:00 A.M. When checking in, conference
attendees (1)_____ to present a valid form of identification.
Acceptable forms of identification include a passport, a driver's
license, or a company-issued photo ID. After checking in,
attendees will be handed a welcome packet, which includes a
conference schedule, a map of the facility, and their ticket
to the evening banquet. If attendees (2)______ after 10:00 A.M.,
they should be directed to the security desk, where someone will
check them in.
Please note that some attendees will be staying at the
conference centre's hotel. They should be directed to the hotel
lobby, where they can leave their luggage. Hotel personnel will
bring the luggage to the appropriate guest rooms when the rooms
are ready. (3)_____ you have any questions about your duties for
the day, please contact Jia-Wei Te at extension 231.

Question 1: A. will need B. need C. is needing

D. is needed
Question 2: A. conduct B. complete C. finish
D. arrive
Question 3: A. But B. Because C. Though
D. If
ANNOUNCEMENT 4
UPCOMING BUS ROUTE
Enjoy easy and quick travel across (1)_____ city!
Route Highlights:
 Covers key urban locations.
  Stops at major residental and commercial areas.
 Connects (11)_____ train stations and shopping centers.
Join us in celebrating the (12)____ o our city and make your daily
commute easier with our new bus route!
Book your ticket now: Phone: +02 0122 03 123 Web:
www.ukmodernbusroute.com

Question 1: A. a B. an C. the D. 0
Question 2: A. on B. to C. at D.
of
Question 3: A. grow B. growing C. growthy D.
growth
ANNOUNCEMENT 5
CHANGES IN OUR LIVING AREA
Due to urbanization, there are some important changes coming to
our (1)_____
Here is what you need to know:
 The more people come, (2)____ new apartment buildings are
being built.
 More shops and restaurants (3)____ recently.
 A new park is planned for the community.
Stay and be a part of the exciting changes in our living area as we
grow together with urbanization.

Question 1: A. concern B. proportion C. employment D.

neighbourhood
Question 2: A. more faster B. the faster C. more fast
D. faster
Question 3: A. have been opnened B. will be opened
C.are being opened D. were opened