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 Chapter No:1 Automobile Fundamentals
Define Automobile:
AUTOMOBILE: An "Automobile" is a self-propelled vehicle driven by an
internal combustion engine and is used for transportation of
passengers and goods on ground Examples: BUS,Car,Jeep, Trucktractor,
scooter, motorcycle.
Define Automobile Engineering.
AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING: Automobile engineering is branch of
engineering in which we study all about the automobiles and have
practice to propelthem.
History of Automobile
 Q:Give the classification of Automobile

Purpose
Passenger carriers car, Jeep, Bus.
Good carriers Trucks etc.
Fuel used
Petrolvehicle motor cycles, Scooters,cars
Diesel vehicle Trucks, buses
Gas vehicles coal gas turbine
Electric using storage batteries
Steam using steam engine.
Capacity :
HTV or HMV trucks buses dumpers
LTV pick up ,station wagon
LMV jeep ,car
Medium vehicle station wagon tempo,
minibus & small trucks

Construction

Single unit vehicles

Articulated vehicles and tractors
Drive

Left hand drive steering wheel fitted at left

Right drive steering wheel fitted at right
Fluid drive vehicle with torque,converter and hydraulic
transmission

Wheel and axle

Two wheeler

Three wheeler

Four wheeler

Six wheeler(having two gear axle)

Suspension system:
Conventional leaf spring
Independent coil spring,torsional bar,pneumatic

Body and number of doors

 Sedan two door and four doors types
Convertible jeep
Station wagon
Delivery van/pick ups
Special purpose vehicle Ambulances, milk vans, water
tanks.
Transmission :

Conventional allIndianvehicles
Semi - automatic most of British and Japanese vehicles
Automatic most of American vehicles.
 together
AUtomobiles are complex machinesconsisting of variouscomponents thatofwork
an automobile
to enable the vehicle to0operate. Here are some of the major Components
and their functions:
responsible for converting
Engine: The engine is the heart of the automobile and is
energy through combustion. It
uel (usually gasoline or diesel) into mechanical
provides the power needed to move the vehicle,
torque
Transmission: The transmission, including the gearbox, clutch, and
for controlling the p0wer
Converter (in automatic transmissions). is responsible
wheels. It allows the vehicle to
generated by the engine and transmitting it tothe
change speed and direction smoothly.
and manages fuel to the engine. It
Fuel System: The fuel system stores, delivers, injectors (in fuel-injected
includes the fuel tank, fuel pump, fuel lines, and fuel
engines).
the gases produced during
Exhaust System: The exhaust system directs vehicle. It includes the exhaust
of the
Combustion away from the engine and out
manifold, catalytic converter, muffler, and tailpipe.
consists of springs, shock absorbers,
Suspension System: The suspension system providingacomfortable ride and
responsible for
struts,and control arms. It is
the road.
maintaining traction between the tires and
the driver to slow down or stop the
Brake System: The brake system allows calipers,
pads, brake rotors (discs), brake
vehicle. It includes components like brake
and brake lines. direction of
System: The steering system enables the driver to control the
Steering column,
components like the steering wheel, steering
the vehicle. It includes
steering gear, and tie rods.
System: The electrical system provides power to various components
Electrical battery, alternator, starter motor,
wiring,
the vehicle. It includes the
and systems in
and various sensors. by
prevents the engine from overheating
Cooling System: The cooling system of water and antifreeze) through the engine
circulating coolant (usually a mixture
and radiator. a comfortable
Conditioning and Heating System: This system helps maintain
Air evaporator,
air conditioning compressor,
interior temperature. It includes the
fan.
heater core, and blower vehicle, while wheels
Wheels: Tires provide traction and support for the
Tires and safe driving.
the tires in place. Proper tire maintenance is crucial for occupants and
hold
Frame: The body of the vehicle provides protection to the support and
Body and frame or chassis provides
structural
houses various components. The
rigidity to the vehicle.
 Interior Components:These include seats,dashboard, steering wheel,pedals, and
various controls that make driving more comfortable and convenient.
Safety Systems: Modern automobiles are equipped with various safety systems,
such as airbags, seat belts, anti-lock brakes (ABS), traction control, and stability
control, to protect occupants in theevent of a collision.
Exterior Lighting: Headlights,taillights,turnsignals, and brake lights ensure
visibility for the driver and communicate intentions to other road users.
Emissions ControlSystem: This system reduces harmful emissions from the
vehicle and includes components like the oxygen sensor and EGR (Exhaust Gas
Recirculation) system.
These are the major components of an auto mobile, and each plays a vital role in ensuring
the vehicle's safe and efficient operation. Modern vehicles also incorporate advanced
technologies such as electronic control units (ECUs) and sensors to monitor and optimize
various systems for improved performance, fuel efficiency, and safety

Q:What are the general layout of Automobile? Draw block diagram and explain anyone.
ATypes of Vehicle Layout Depending on Vehicle Drive:
1. Front Wheel Drive.

a) Front wheel drive with engine at front.

2. Rear Wheel Drive
a) Rear wheel drive with engine at front
b) Rear wheel drive with engine at rear
3. All Wheel drive
(a) Front Wheel Drive Vehicle with Engine at Front:
 Final drive
Clutch

Gear box

Engine
Universal joint

Fig. 1.3: Front Wheel Drive Vehicle with Engine at front

" In this arrangement the engine is fitted in the front of vehicle and
drive is given to the front wheel.

The propeller shaft length is reduced or neglects the propeller

shaft.

" The drive is transferred front engine, situated at front end, to the
gear box to thedifferential with the help of gear drive. The
differential unit is placed in the front axle.

" This arrangement provides good grip with road surface due to
engine weight at the front.

Absence of propeller shaft can decrease the chassis height.

. Note that for front engine,front wheel drive vehicle there is

generally nopropeller shaft in modern vehicles. But there is a
 State Necessity, Functions and locations of following automobile
systems.
a. Transmission system, steering system.
b. Suspension system.
c. Cooling and lubrication system
d. Fuel injection and Ignition system.
e. Starting and charging system.

Transmission System and Steering System:

Necessity:
Transmission System: The transmission system is necessary to transfer power
from the engine to the wheels efficiently while allowing the vehicle to change speed
and direction smoothly.
Steering System: The steering system is essential for the driver to control the
direction of the vehicle.
Functions:
Transmission System:
tfacilitates the selection of different gear ratios to match the vehicle's speed and
load.
It transfers power from the engineto the wheels through a system of gears, allowing
the vehicle to move forward or backward.
Itcan enhance fuel efficiency and optimize engine performance.
Steering System:
The steering system allows the driver to turn the front wheels, changing the
vehicle's direction.
It provides feedback to the driver, allowing them to maintain control and keep the
vehicle on the desired path.
Various types of steeringsystems exist, including hydraulic, electric power, and rack
and pinion, each with its specific functions.
Locations:
Transmission System: The transmission system is typically located between the
engine and the drive wheels. In front-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicles, it is often
located in the middle of the vehicle, while in front-wheel-drive vehicles, it's often
integrated with the engine.
Steering System: The steering system is located in the front of the vehicle,
connecting to the front wheels. It includes components such as the steering wheel,
steering column, steering gear, and tie rods.
b. Suspension System:
Necessity: The suspension system is necessary to ensure a comfortable ride, maintain
vehicle stability, and provide traction by keeping the wheels in contact with the road
surface.
Functions:

Comfort: It absorbs shocks and vibrations from uneven road surfaces, enhancing
passenger comfort.
Stability: The suspension system helps maintain the vehicle's stability during
cornering and sudden maneuvers.
Traction: It ensures that all wheels remain in contact with the road, împroving
traction and handling,
Locations: The suspension system is distributed throughout the vehicle, with components
like springs,shock absorbers, control arms, and anti-roll bars located at various points,
such as the front and rear axles.

c.Cooling and Lubrication System:

 essential toprevent the engine from
Necessity: The cooling and lubrication systemsare components.
overheating and reduce friction and wear on engine
Functions:

Cooling System:
and antifreeze) through the engine and
It circulates coolant (a mixture of water
radiator to dissipate heat.
within a safe range.
Helpsmaintain the engine's operating temperature
Lubrication System:
reducing friction and heat
Itprovides oil to lubricate moving engine parts,
generation.
Ensures proper engine longevity and performance.
Locations:
pump, hoses, and thermostat,
The cooling system includes the radiator, water
lo cated near the front of the engine.
oilfilter, and various oil
The lubrication system comprises the oil pan, oil pump,
passages throughout the engine.
d. Fuel Inje ction and Ignition System:
the engine, which
Necessity: These systems are essential for the combustion process in
powers the vehicle.

Functions:

Fuel Injection System:

It delivers the right amount of fuel to the engine cylinders at the correct time.
Optimizes fuel efficiency and reduces emissions.
Ignition System:
It generates the spark needed to ignite theair-fuel mixture in the engine cylinders.
Controls the timing of combustion for efficient engine operation.
Locations:

The fuel injection system includes components such as fuel injectors and the fuel
rail,often located on or near theengine.
The ignition system typically consists of spark plugs, ignition coils, and related
wiring, distributed throughout the engine bay.
e.Starting and Charging System:
Necessity: The starting and charging systems are necessary for starting the engine and
providing electrical power to the vehicle's various components.
Functions:

Starting System:
 ltcranks the engine when the driver turns the key, initiating the combustion
process.
Uses the starter motor andstarter solenoid to engage the engine's flywheel.
Charging System:
" It recharges the vehicle's battery and provides power to the electrical components
while the engine is running.
" Includes the alternator, voltage regulator, and battery.
Locations:
The starting system components are typically located near the engine, often
attached to the transmission or engine block.
The alternator,part of the charging system, is typically connected to the engine and
driven by a belt, while the battery is usually lo cated in the engine bay or trunk
 CHAPTER NO:2

XLIST VARIABLE SENSED IN ENGINE CONTROL SYSTEM parameters to

sensors to monitor and sense various
Engine control systems use a variety of Here is a list of some common
performance, fuel efficiency, and emissions control.
opimize engine
variables sensed by engine control systems:
rotational speed of the
Crankshaft Position (CKP) Sensor: Monitors the position and
1.
crankshaft. speed of the camshaft.
Position (CMP) Sensor: Tracks the position and engine's
2. Camshaft
Measures the mass of incoming air to determíne the
(MAF):
3. Mass Airflow Sensor manifold
air intake. the intake
Absolute Pressure (MAP) Sensor: Measures the pressure in
4. Manifold
pressure (in turbocharged engines). valve or accelerator
to assess engine load and boost position of the throttle
(TPS): Monitors the
5. Throttle Position Sensor
pedalto determine driver input. the engine
Coolant Temperature (ECT) Sensor: Measures the temperature of
6. Engine and optimize fuel delivery.
coolant to manage engine temperature Measures the temperature of incoming air to
Sensor:
7. Intake Air Temperature (IAT) optimal combustion.
adjust the air-fuel mixture for gases to control the
Sensors (02 Sensors): Measure oxygen levels in the exhaust
8. Oxygen two sensors:
converter efficiency. There are typically
air-fuel mixture and assess catalytic
converter.
one before and one after the catalytic control system to
knock or detonation, allowing the
9 Knock Sensor (KS): Detects engine
damage.
adjust ignition timing and prevent engine
pressure in the fuel system to ensure
consistent and
Fuel Pressure Sensor: Monitors fuel
10.
correct fuel delivery. of the EGR valve to
(EGR) Position Sensor: Tracks the position
11. Exhaust Gas Recirculation
gases for emissions reduction.
control the recirculation of exhaust position of the variable valve timing
Sensor: Monitors the
12. Variable Valve Timing (VVT) engine performance and emissions.
system, enabling adjustments to optimizeMeasures the boost pressure in turbocharged
13. Turbocharger Boost Pressure Sensor:
engines tooptimize engine performance. temperature of the fuel to adjust fuel delivery and
14. Fuel Temperature Sensor: Monitors the
prevent fuel system issues.
pressure to ensure proper lubrication and
15. OilPressure Sensor: Measures engine oil
identify potential engine problems.transmissions, sensors monitor transmission fluid
16. Transmission Sensors: In automatic
shift points.
temperature, pressure, and gear position to optimize (ABS) and traction control
systems
17. Wheel Speed Sensors: Used in anti-lock braking
systems (TCS)to monitor the speed of individual wheels for improved vehicle stability and
safety. assist with stability
18 Steering Angle Sensor: Measures the angle of the steering wheel to
control and other safety systems.
 19. Battery Voltage Sensor: Monitors the voltage level of the vehicle's electrical system to
manage charging and electrical component operation.
20. Exhaust Temperature Sensor: Measures the temperature of exhaust gases in diesel
engines tomanage emissions and engine performance.
These sensors work in concert to provide real-time data to the engine control unit (BCU) or engine
control module (ECM), allowing the control system to make adjustments to optimize engine
operation for factors such aspower output, fuel efficiency, emissionscontrol,and overallvehicle
performance.

2.1 Automotive controlsystem applications of sensors and actuators.

2.2 Variables to be sensed.

2a. List variables sensed engine control.

2b. Describe functions of automobile sensors and actuators.

Automobile sensors and actuators play crucial roles in modern vehicles, enabling various systems
to operate efficiently and respond to changing conditions. Here's adescription of the functions of
these components:
Functions of Automobile Sensors:

1. Data Collection: Sensors collect data from various parts of the vehicle, including the engine,
transmission, exhaust, suspension,and more. They measure physical, chemical, and
electrical parameters to monitor the vehicle's condition.
2. Monitoring Engine Parameters: Sensors like the crankshaft position sensor (CKP),
camshaft position sensor (CMP), mass airflow sensor (MAF), and oxygen sensors (02
sensors) monitor critical engine parameters such as RPM, ignition timing, air intake, and
exhaust gas composition.
3. Environmental Sensing: Sensors like the manifold absolute
pressure (MAP) sensor and
ambient temperature sensor monitor external environmental conditions to adjust engine
performance and emissions control.
4. Safety: Sensors like wheel speed sensors and steering angle
sensors contribute to
safety by enabling anti-lock braking systems (ABS), traction control systems (TCS),vehicle
and
stability control systems (ESP) to function effectively.
S. Emissions Control: Oxygen sensors (02 sensors) and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)
position sensors play arole in emissions control by monitoring exhaust gas composition
and managing recirculation rates.
fuel pressure sensor
O. Fuel Management: Sensors like the throttle position sensor (TPS) and
help regulate fuel delivery, optimizing combustion efficiency and fuel economy.
7. Temperature Control: Sensors monitor engine coolant temperature (ECT sensor) and
temperature and optimize
Intake air temperature (1AT sensor) to control the engine's
performance.
8. Transmission Control: Transmission sensors, including speed sen sors, monitor gear
smooth gear shifts and
position, transmission fluid temperature, and more toenable
efficient transmission operation. triggering airbag
9. Airbag Deployment: Crash sensors detect rapid deceleration or impact,
deployment to protect vehicle occupants during a collision.
ambient temperature sensors, control heating
10. Interior Comfort: Cabin sensors, such as passenger comfort.
ventilation, and air condition ing (HVAC) systems to maintain
Functions of Automobile Actuators:
1. Response to Sensor Data: Actuators receive
unit (ECU) based on sensor data and carry outsignals from the vehicle's electronic control
specific actions to adjust various systems
accordingly.
2. Fuel Injection: Fuel injectors, controlled by the ECU,
the release precise amounts of
combustion chamber in response to sensor input to maintain the fuel into
mixture. correct air-fuel
3. Ignition Timing: The ignition system
actuator adjusts ignition timing to optimize engine
perfornmance and reduce emissions, responding to inputs from sensors like the crankshaft
and camshaft position sensors.
4. Throttle Control: The electronic
throttle control
throttle valve's position based on driver input andactuator
sensor
(drive-by-wire) adjusts the
data,
and engine control. enhancing throttle response
5. Brake Control: Actuators in the
anti-lock braking system (ABS) modulate brake pressure in
individual wheels based on wheel speed sensor data to prevent wheel lockup during
braking.
6. Transmission Shifting: Transmission actuators control gear shifting and clutch
engagement in automatic and automated manual transmissions, responding to inputs from
transmission sensors.
7. EGR Control: EGR actuators regulate the flow of exhaust gas
recirculation in
EGR position sensor data, aiding in emissions control and engine performance.response
to
8. Exhaust Control: Actuators control the operation of
exhaust components, such as variable
valve timing (VVT) systems and wastegates in turbocharged engines, optimizing engine
performance.
9. Air Conditioning and HVAC: HVAC actuators adjust air
distribution, temperature, and
airflow based on cabin sensor data and climate control settings to maintain
comfort. passenger
10. Fuel Pump Control: Actuators manage the operation of the fuel
pump,
fuel pressure in the system in response to fuel pressure sensor data. ensuring the correct
 CONSTRUCTION

BODY CONNECTOR

DUST TEMP, TUNGSTEN

SENSOR
FILTER WIRE

Construction: The MAF sensor typically consists of a heated wire or thin-film element
placed in the airflow path. As airflows over the element, it cools down, and the sensor
measures the electrical current needed to maintain a constant temperature.
Working: The MAF sensor measures the mass of air entering the engine. As air flows over
the heated element, it cools the element down, causing an increase in electrical current. The
sensor then converts this current change into a voltage signal.
Output Signal: The MAF sensor outputs a voltage signal that is directly proportionalto the
mass of incoming air. Higher airflow results in a higher voltage output.
2. Engine Speed Sensor (Crankshaft Position Sensor -CKP):

[HINDI]| Crankshaft Position Sensor |CKP |Animation | Types | Necessity

 CRANKSHAFT
POSITION
SENSOR

Construction:CKP sensors often use magnetic or Hall-effect technology. They consist of a

reluctor ring or toothed wheel attached to the crankshaft and a sensor that detects changes
in the magnetic field as the teeth pass by.
Working: The CKP sensor monitors the rotational speed and position of the crankshaft. As
the crankshaft rotates, the teeth on the reluctor ring or wheel pass byy the sensor,
generating electrical pulses.
Output Signal: The CKP sensor produces a digital signal in the form of square wave pulses.
The frequency of these pulses corresponds to the engine's speed, and their timing provides
information about the crankshaft's position.
 CAMSHAFT
SENSOR
Working
Wiring
Function
Testing
Explained in o

Construction: CMP sensors also use magnetic or Hall-effect technology and a toothed
wheel or reluctor ring attached to the camshaft.
Working: The CMP sensor monitors the position and speed of the camshaft. It operates
similarly to the CKP sensor, detecting changes in the magnetic field as the teeth on the
camshaft's reluctor ring pass by.
Output Signal: Like the CKP sensor, the CMP sensor produces a digital signal in the form of
square wave pulses. The timing of these pulses provides information about the camshaft's
position and speed.