1TRUCIU4AL MAteD POsr stt4AiSM 638

s destination, But the reader is an unknorwn entiy, without hstory,

biographY. pychology, he is unply that somean who holds together in a it was the ctfext of hag in the fundamental artangerments of knoal
cdec'Man js an tnvcntiun of recrgLdate And one perhaps nearing t
sungje held all the traces by which the witten teAt is costituted' Sn, the
negiect of the reader and the upholding of the author must be reversed:
end Wih the diappearance rol the cond1rionn of krowledgc eneratet
birth of the readecr must bc at the cost of the death of the Author
by the Enlightenngnt, mån would be ctased. like aface drawn in ant a:
the edge of the sea lhe auchor of the tet. ot the thinofthe sdea wa
ttot ipottant. Foucaua histury
i t uet He am to define
Michel Foucault (l926-84) , method of hustorical analyis. which s purged of all anthrupalogim
Foucault in among the most important post strusturalst thinkers ditectly 4 and intended to question teleolog1s and totaization
concerned with histary He developed and nrssented us ideast THe conceives at hsjory tot an unbroken. cont+nuous nArtave
series of hastorical studics. and has sonetimes becn called phil
hotntianJHe. howevet, criticies convenuana hitory fut igs inotdinate gencalogs is concerned with the powet relanons and the tudy o Eub
emphasis on continuiry He dstinguishes between rwo tpc ofhtijs jected knowledge Archacoiogy tevcals the underlying structure of ruies
a) the old hustory which seeks continuty and stable structures, and that govern out thought and writing Foucauit argue that a pticular
which considern disontinuity as the stiguna of remporal
dislocation that mode of hinking is unique to an ags, phich appearT Tange to the pcr
was the historianssk to temove from history, and (6) the nw history
in which discontinuity has 'becone one of the basic eletents of hitorical
sons from adterent mpde of thinking Dur paicular knwiedge syaiEm
cteate an order of ihing to cagortze
the vast anount of intormatiot
angly1is Whar he prupoes is a certain controlled une of discontinuity into groups, so tha We can comprehend the things around un) Eah
tor the analysis of tenporal serie, Because of hs emphatic preference
'nhile culture cvnivesits cwn way of ordeng thing whxh ma seer g
process, he is regarded athe henc beiongng
nheso f t n n c a l to othets, even while appearing extremeiy nanal to t
oatticular cuityrune t
Foucault argues that the proccss of movement from
Torgso entailed the shifr of crnphasis from Joments
d to new hiv helathoughts of the individual thinkers is irrelcunt; whatn rely matters ia the
Whereas documents ate rather lived tructures, Imonuments are comples conceprual structure of an age or théepisteme hich sct the basic param
zggregate|al of diterent remnanto from a bygone age andthe caming etes g thaughi. he 'cpiteme is a unifving force operating through and
hc teta scto
together of many different tensions into something that always requtes characteriring hera Foucault dcfine the puSTm
further interpretarion Whercas traditional history transtormsthe on relatians that unitc, at a given period, the dixuruve practtcts that grve rise
uments of the past into documents. nchistory transtormi-dLLat Ao epistcmological igures, sciences and posibly formalized tem
into monumenai h brings 'arhacology to the fore 'as disciptne .Cha chan af incrcaing connatins, it begint with the signs then tair
devoted to tent nonuments, inert ttaces, objects without context, and ment, disgpurse, discursive togmarion. and haally th cpateme He ds
things lett by thc past tinguishes thrre epistemes unce the 1500 a) the Reruian pitee
Foucault is also ritical af the idea of the all-krnowing ubjcct. and (1500-1650), ()thc classical episteme (1650-| 800), 4nd le the madetn
attaukonhe sdeologis and inerirurions nar
d . bs ic modes of thinih
t afrack To him. the discoute of the nfome be
ganrinuous, ad making human consciounesy the otigjnal subject of all ot power While a Ketned wth the concnes
historical deveiopment and all action are the [wo sidcsofthe same stem underlying varsous practices in an cta ad s largely whnns gecah
f thoughr Conventional history is 'entirey related to the synthetic deals with thc cifoin of thoc pratico and offers a dahron v
activTty afihe subect " He argues that the idcaul man emergcd mote Cplores the increaingly morc cithcher methaL tr ma
speifically with the EnbghtcumcuL And thin prucga) ot mansappearance possible by axIS of relatet innovatiin
cdge tom Suh development os uk on he ptttet of prat
om,the cente srage wan not alibctatun fron rhe sgcold darkness; rathet
 snd reruithe rvaluiot arrar whoir: dependtLgnrenained
4ndarutuund whru turw
It anyufgeCalogS 23.Bo1x) 9 cal bodics
eireTrrTIN deas), tenrify tteyetahiuturialinngptuations eriFalogcaltmuous According
Fuucaulr
it to " tal,docile
diferences
irrarshcal a Genealog indefinite Gencaa,
progession,shools,
id volume the that be noc
on monotonurus
nutE tend
d loctu of she gue oppoed
the eterogeneous,
arseg to gray cxposed
in nat trleologies
don contrary, cnhiüEHity, of ras metbd fouN hd and
onder a perpetual of
ertors, thspsiCs
he he ta frrl Bos through
actrlk accunulaton meticul, diSsocjates
accidenr and their fnalt is t other
f the disocated the not nhçoNubhct unicalired 2I KLNCS
harory the
faine prena it wjthout pmen,
emanipate pwrt sa It recurrence, non-causal,
o thoueh alistic
s duntrgataf
does rustsapposcanlfejects
t on structured
negative modetn
sHd a Tequrs and
frce Galogy
the not intoE hitonnctimenua mut In 4 the
pterts sclf th e mirht 1ource of torMations,
marginalized
thr patienily
n historial
Fouaut's past
lntk ninute map Imetahistorical nit wek institutionGcnealogy
adupting paticse fraemeued. artributes
tIpuccnL.
E comhate in
docunenta as
thhh to matrtial hem
frumdiscupline
tcalop. atder the
al devanonotdzitiny the documenary
kiowledyes
wurds,
kreletgrs ieice. um the srarch and Method enphasizcd the
io eo perons
duon Geaeadoey
af deployment ohe ttace har andaerdenrsl ofoperating
& bÊ knowiedge
In e
grneakgy a for kune. have of modernirysptaan
laurugskularso penple molelkr thon. the from
an cunerscly. 'urigin,
fmm se of consIrtse. hee It Histury and
analyu da of gradual apetatrs discontinuitics tcjcLtd
knowledga Oi sdeal gEntaiogy
neeaive scrstchr thet knowledges in
thatshald atantal and tha a jects
the DOt The prions,
hosp
nt details, cutve
ubjri dxlved gave the Tremle igniicaions onauubyection rationaltstic
e deket. ontar ttIINt the
complete demands teleologi
srern birth of overheld
in unityl. uf and scafch
hes
the ry the and ot
a t (scr and
e

Pe
sMatHOn
wnme
philoophal
dienc. diffetentiv
an fatais
not menogolze he it but and asinduces of reward
in sErts
changinPME tCAVO tCsistancE,
d
artthapes andpoweract. once
Fnlightenment L s megLac
the ciiittatd
lhu whicant Foucault'
fotn
a s liberating
power nothing tituals Knowlcde
generued sIFoucauit 19N0methodulogy nn
not sexuality, and 85 hierauhiMEUn
ate were
logal and of tha knowlcdges,
and afu
prisors, for to
and ta something of which
produ See truth truth.
which of i..keeders chatacterise
telts, cetan themselves is produces; it all al
conceptien powet,theorywhach
and kolcdecof
hoolsothcr as by produce spirits beyons truth However, Foucaul to
iAt dca snt is af
of
dulodging divere in
iistrunncnt that b)and extend The values, also describe knureledes
that kinds of outude th it
that itstirutiony t hiunderstanding Through
scarchpowet,
implicatedproduces in
of was of pawerhas it Irnor
ihpowEt andstaun ahihahays twn
p ittesulted an
fors and
outmdol ua powet, a is bdiscourse,th e
knwledge and tniter
the
he be(utlikal the tor tern atd
of state as linkedin pawsr, The idcas its cftects wee o
tn oflogal eirok and. prrvilege tuth a &neietgtsthe
it itrwo
wotking complex inrcaliry:forcetully thuu then
the d is relates it. ciheot
nower ot
punahnm tranmewor its at rfft
Nwr Althoug
not h and lacking ts
birth TRnune of maun Acitculat ot functioning a rleaed archacalap
oRonctno socicty producs powe intn
the power to to those
acdig of clemen
the etfects in mare operatsn. suggests
it wld thatei
pri che ntcei bdy oppoat
the
Thus. a zelatn whopowrt,
than Pwt negatvc wold
of shapes domains that be ther
h ditunt It
to Fcault n have powt
s bruught
ruth a epr
inpunishme ower with pcsL we he
Ggwicde rfietinn
dycDurse tcrm stattu an
s
the feom ucceedrd
wthh generates of muat mt
vtems int obtts
whah ga
a1 cnn whers cAN
thr
o
 n gav tht esempiary
eseTCIC donccommit worked
the
intetnalize
psychologi confinement.
of
nsLLuyo whatpro penal
prisoners
theretote
bar CCVamera
emphata
the utrve te
waY to
butding
project Benthams cone h
whach
punishment and chosc
out was was of constit pa tre
gave
from which requirement a
the are ke
of
metedandThis impetonal the thesurvellance Ihe would.
THTWIed hosptal, us powet.subjecz,
nw mode penal in Ihus of
on desist ihuced, rgyiso overwheiming
utt inataLAhe
frendom a
languag
spectacular
hoy, hewPenalpunishment the was in Jeretny pointtheY Now, of the language
pastised ant
ower
so
and and makeof prinan vantagethe
specally
schools, but some
hat omhipotee hegeme aya
AT4D the a century.
1RUCTURAITSM
PO system of trom watched: gerain detetin of
that centuryf sytem model somew power,
also od
on lesso was to lhe
whecls. dow wel theory
was intending be as such only w
violenceis pcriod.
cightenth
and lcarna
cartict
punishment could
expensive
derived
a
one
bcing suchthis Foucault not isrecarch"There
bring Gtamscan resistance
have may phkal strturalist
cighteenth generalis tron of uure
under I'ahopticon institutions
to and
faceis and trScom
Foucault body
caulicL the would according 'it (1930-20041
letida
Jocques
Exernal to individyals
as etorm This scenare subjexts,
colletive
and ta
thethat to
career.omiprescnce
late thecrushingothers cotmore lhe cells function in cose T a ot
thc lateot be lhis
panopticisn
subjectivity. caimed reactions, quivalent poHt
revision
tHc
lnuh,
on system saved can their other
tact
mind siCCIn focLsed
madness,
tor the was ot prisons. his
constructed
wrongdoing
subject fee or In
my comes the
stake, he technology that ot themeof
sucxellance. inmates phasethethecven : ovet ubistsindividual
same
the andevolved vicwSincepervasive also
ut kullin tor aware
Even cxcluive
behaviour, wnuld
bejwer
radical
inaugurat
of of Dicipline was the Ihs the only ext
the
O
problem
offences.mind and newcalls model
on public whose from last on ot He gencral
punishment. ion
of
power
a
control thea weremuch dissolution
the authoriy. mutuatly
power offenders
burning
tisciplins Foucault be
creating insistence Cercised Ihugh
to
way full and the torture where poscd of
would
desist racks In theif mallv
tingcal. on serve the
thethe
ln
ot all
by post-Enlghtenment
and modernity Griation,
cxcludes, themadness
practices, the adt. tailurehe
theworkwete theconfined
sameot 'untcasonable
the order inune contollnr
of discoutse
measue the theand wasPunuh
everywhere. discoursc. to an social failur
opertion ef analysed poyer criminal,
medicine,
manifested over cntrusted tools stigmatizediane
preserver
the
Workg t
wandetvagabonds,
Birth and of asa
scLLigh" uwial
somc
outside which
irrational cenury, in wise
discourses ethics farciblydi_uncians.
a appcared respnubulity
ufthe
andDuciplineWestern
tHows7he (1966)Foucault
of and now thefreely DeCane
the psychiatry,the powet
werethe lheof
desire workto new To00, werethe a
is in
about power
power 1961. discourss insane, systemMadnes as were madncss,
outcasts to harLterized
which of the of the putatively
persons
sevententh
changigg transtormed this
threats with aLcEitateconhnement
(1969),end power is Imen abour themn
absout they any
concerncd withandCatian The and theughr book, of alongK thethe
nthing of betwccn critiques ot Céntüry withaut
discoursc
réeiving
power
mad Mad social as cnduntil
discourses
voice allowing of
WORLD imbued (1976-SD)
hcl Knouledee
the
of majorthethe and infirm andresonubiliryand aged
ways how of
weltare.
conccptually
teceiving sortotion howevet, hie
<Entrally lhing
hemodem Europcan
devastating
number the Renaixunce,
seventecnth separated.
is is
toWIS criminals,
relatiopshipthe of )Since
MODERN There not a and at
discourse
various hstlernghdangerousthatand the the Was
now
is of of Sexualiry new cighteerivcntuy,
çverythung
bookadnca
Ordr been his insane. and earlier, andthe
disappcared, and
ociety.
is Artacocg the a the ot the
abolutely
afe
IHE works which consItured
lhs,
in Foucault's
ail all-encompASSing In at as alsoethics Theunemployed,
controls at
also the of thehouca psat.And
bgcamsembartaament.
it spasc The sciences. of have control of thought FoucaultWemonssrates
thetegarded were ulenced during
IN
powet
#IS10RIOGAPHY almoss and History sructure
and
was ocial were out during o-called thar
Foucaults deviant trrated which lepers
era were
to of torced non-working
no
discoursand(1963), discoupchat sought Tltocus and
marginalizs, be ot previous persons
was whereaYcOuntryide, omething
the
humanand
Foucault
carher In goups.
these as the onggWark mek
The
is to promotet
rationalist centunes of an
sexual
llustrate
1975), peoples, stat positsontcason' poor,Mad imply the
Ihus, there its which began So, endd
his Cims the the in
andFor n the theand
638