adamianis uflebebi

da qarTuli kultura

Tbilisi 2004 weli

adamianis uflebebi da qarTuli kultura

avtorebi: levan berZeniSvili, zurab bragvaZe, giorgi gvaxaria, zaza daraselia, levan TaqTaqiSvili, fridon sayvareliZe gamocemis mTavari redaqtori: levan berZeniSvili dizaini da dakabadoneba: kaxa baxtaZe gamocemulia aSS-is saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos (USAID) da merilendis universitetis IRIS Center-is finansuri mxardaWeriT (kontraqti #114-C-00-01-11136-00). gamocemaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi ekuTvniT maT avtorebs da SesaZloa ar emTxveodes USAID-is Tvalsazriss. ganviTarebisa da TanamSromlobis centri _ pluralizmis centri, Tbilisi, saqarTvelo HUMAN RIGHTS AND GEORGIAN CULTURE Authors: Levan Berdzenishvili, Zurab Bragvadze, Giorgi Gvakharia, Zaza Daraselia, Levan Taktakishvili, Fridon Sakvarelidze Editor in chief: Levan Berdzenishvili Published with the financial support of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through the IRIS Center at the University of Maryland (contract #114-C00-01-11136-00). Any opinions expressed in this publication are those of authors(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the USAID. Center for Development and Cooperation Center for Pluralism, Tbilisi, Georgia

Sinaarsi
Sesavali

qarTuli saxelmwifos istoria da adamianis uflebebi

zurab bragvaZe

adamianis uflebebi da qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi

fridon sayvareliZe

36

adamianis uflebebi qarTul literaturaSi

levan berZeniSvili

60

`kavkasiuri kosmopolitizmi~ _ qarTuli kinoavangardis arCevani

giorgi gvaxaria

83

adamianis uflebebi qarTuli periodikis saTaveebTan

levan TaqTaqiSvili

104

adamianis uflebebi qarTul ritorikaSi

zaza daraselia

126

adamianis uflebebi qarTul yofiT kulturaSi

levan berZeniSvili

159

Sesavali ukanasknel xanebSi qarTul samoqalaqo sazogadoebasa da politikur wreebSi seriozulad dgeba sakiTxi qarTuli kulturisa da adamianis uflebebis umaRlesi Rirebulebebis Tavsebadobis Sesaxeb. qarTul inteleqtualur, ZiriTadad ki humanitarul da akademiur wreebSi, araerTgzis gamoTqmula mosazreba, rom unikaluri da ZirZveli qarTuli kultura `ver hguobs~ axal da ucxo Rirebulebebs da rom adamianis uflebebi da liberaluri Rirebulebebi Tavisi arsiT SesaZloa miuRebeli iyos saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebuli qarTuli mentalobisaTvis. amave dros, saqarTvelos, rogorc gaeros wevr damoukidebel qveyanas, deklarirebuli aqvs dasavluri arCevani, qveyana gaxda evrosabWos wevri, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobs adamianis uflebaTa da liberalur RirebulebaTa upirobo aRiarebas. xom ar gvaqvs aq Rirebulebebisa da arCevanis kolizia, Sinagani konfliqti, romelmac sazogadoebrivi rRveva SeiZleba gamoiwvios? winamdebare krebulis mizania, warmoaCinos adamianis uflebebi rogorc qarTuli kulturisTvis sruliad misaRebi fenomeni da misi bunebrivi da aucilebeli Semadgeneli nawili. am TvalsazrisiT, avtorTa koleqtivis mier detalurad aris Seswavlili qarTuli istoria, samarTlis Zeglebi, literaturuli nawarmoebebi, kino, publicistika, ritorika da yofiTi kultura. avtorebi sargeblobdnen sxvadasxvagvari masaliT, romelSic liberaluri Rirebulebebi gansxvavebuli intensivobiT aris asaxuli; avtorebi, bunebrivia, iyenebdnen kvlevis gansxvavebul meTodebs, magram yvela avtori mainc mivida msgavs daskvnamde, rom miuxedavad kulturis fenomenis garkveuli unikalurobisa, adamianis uflebebi principulad Tavsebadia qarTuli kulturis TiToeuli ganakveTisaTvis. 4

nebismieri donis pirvelive miaxloeba qarTul kulturasTan avlens mis aSkarad Ria, liberalur, humanistur da evropul xasiaTs, mis erTgulebas liberaluri Rirebulebebisadmi, mis samoqalaqoobas da swrafvas individualuri Tavisuflebisadmi. am SemTxvevaSi bunebrivad ismis kiTxva: maS, saidan modis zemoxsenebuli skefsisi da moaruli azrebi TiTqosda qarTuli kulturis aradasavluri da araliberaluri xasiaTis Sesaxeb? SevecdebiT, pasuxi gavceT Cveni drois am erT-erT mniSvnelovan axal kiTxvas. qarTuli kulturis kvlevisas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba daimsaxura `ucxos~ fenomenma. ucxo gaxlavT sarke, romelSic Cven vCanvarT. ucxos uflebebis dacva aris uflebaTa dacva par exellence. am saqmes gansakuTrebuli gaazreba sWirdeba, aq ki gvaqvs kidev erTi mniSvnelovani problema, es gaxlavT aqtiuri moqalaqeobis inteleqtualuri mxardaWeris problema ganaTlebuli sazogadoebis mxridan. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom Cveni inteleqtualebi sabWoTa droSi daadgnen ara disentis, aramed Sinagani emigraciis gzas. es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis Cvens humanitarul da teqnikur inteligenciaze, bunebrivia, im xalxis garda, vinc pirveli mdivnebis e. w. `amala~ Seadgina da xandaxan maTzec ki. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi Cveni inteleqtualebi SeZlebisdagvarad ar monawileobdnen tyuilSi, magram yvelanairad gaurbodnen sajaro protestis formebs. am wreebSi Cveni disidentebis saqmianoba ar sargeblobda ramenairi mxardaWeriT. es inercia grZeldeba dResac: uflebadacviTi saqmianoba Cveni inteleqtualebis udidesi nawilisaTvis kvlav rCeba cxovrebis gaugebar da miuRebel stilad, Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom amgvari saqmianobiT ZiriTadad mainc `axali~ inteleqtualebi arian dakavebuli, magram isinic miu-Rebeli arian Cveni inteleqtualebis, ZiriTadad `namdvili~ universitetis profesurisTvis. Cveni krebulis ZiriTadi amocana iyo miaxloeba qarTuli kulturis RirebulebiT struqturasTan, rac man, metnaklebi warmatebiT mokrZalebulad Seasrula.

levan berZeniSvili
5

qarTuli saxelmwifos istoria da adamianis uflebebi

zurab bragvaZe sakiTxi, romlis ganxilvasac vapirebT, uaRresad sayuradReboa, radgan saqarTvelos istoria aseTi kuTxiT TiTqmis aravis ukvlevia. am viTarebas SeiZleba hqondes obieqturi pirobebi. Tema imdenad rTuli da sapasuxismgebloa, rom misi Seswavla mravali aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs. upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa arsebobdes myari wyaroTmcodneobiTi baza, radgan amosavali istoriul analebSi Semonaxuli cnobebi unda iyos. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom saqarTvelos istoriis uZvelesi periodis Sesaxeb sakmaod mwiri werilobiTi cnobebi moipoveba. gansakuTrebiT mZafrad wyaroebis ukmarisoba igrZnoba antikuri da adre Sua saukuneebis istoriasTan dakavSirebiT, sadac mxolod TiTebze CamosaTvleli sarwmuno dokumentebi mogvepoveba. erTaderTi werilobiTi wyaro, romelSic gadmocemulia winaqristianuli xanis saqarTvelos istoriis met-naklebad mwyobri suraTi, aris leonti mrovelis `cxovreba qarTuelTa mefeTasa da pirvelTaganTa mamaTa da naTesavTa~ da isic Tanadrouli movlenebidan sakmaod gvian, XI saukuneSia Seqmnili da cxadia, zustad ver asaxavs im obieqtur realobas, rac xdeboda antikuri xanis qarTlisa da kolxeTis samefoebSi; magram erTi ram ki aSkaraa, rom qveynis ganviTarebis zogadi istoriuli suraTi leonti mrovels sworad aqvs gadmocemuli da amitomac vendobiT mas, rodesac aseT Soreul warsulze vmsjelobT. Tumca, am naSromis Seswavlisas mainc rCeba ukmarisobis gancda, radgan masSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia sazogadoebis warCinebul fenebze (samefo dinastiaze, erisTavTa da spaspetTa socialur institutebze da sxv.) da xalxi, zogadad sociumi avtors TiTqmis ar ainteresebs. amitom verc erT konkretul SemTxvevas ver vipoviT, sadac saubari iqneba zogadad adamianze, Tu igi mefe, erisTavi an spaspeti ar aris, magram es garemoeba ar gviSlis xels, mTlianobaSi 6

gaviazroT, ra tipis sazogadoeba arsebobda antikuri xanis qarTlis samefoSi da ra prioritetebs aniWebda upiratesobas qarTuli saxelmwifo, rodesac is imyofeboda jer kidev CanasaxSi da ganviTarebis adreul safexurze. I. sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom nebismier xalxs aqvs TviTgamorkvevisa da politikuri statusis arCevanis saSualeba. es adamianTa erT-erTi upirvelesi uflebaa da igi istoriul WrilSi Tanabrad exeba dRemde arsebul yvela saxelmwifos. leonti mroveli gadmogvcems, rom es ufleba Tavis droze qarTvelTa Soreul winaprebsac gamouyenebiaT. Zv. w. IV-III saukuneebis mijnaze qarTlis teritoria aleqsandre makedonelis erT-erTma sardalma azom daipyro. misi tirania TiTqmis ori aTeuli weli gagrZelda da dasrulda qarTvelTa sayovelTao ajanyebiT, romelsac saTaveSi farnavazi edga. es ajanyeba SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc qarTlis mcxovrebTa uflebebis demonstrireba ucxo Zalis winaSe, rac miznad isaxavda erovnul saxelmwifoebriobasa da TviTgamorkvevis miRwevas. e.i. qarTvelma xalxma moipova saxelmwifos Seqmnis ufleba da axla sainteresoa gavarkvioT, ras warmoadgenda es saxelmwifo CvenTvis saintereso kuTxiT. Cans, rom uZvelesi qarTuli saxelmwifo xels ar uSlida sakuTar teritoriaze ucxotomelTa gansaxlebas da garkveul situaciasac qmnida, raTa maT erovnuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis pirobebi hqonodaT. rodesac nabuqodonosor meorem israelis samefo daipyro, am movlenas mohyva ebraeli xalxis ayra ZirZveli miwebidan da gadasaxleba sxvadasxva qveynebSi. erTi aseTi nakadi qarTlsac moadga da mcxeTis mamasaxlisisgan TavSesafari moiTxova. qarTlis xelisufalT isini mcxeTaSi, aragvTan axlos, adgil zanavSi dausaxlebiaT. istorikosTa garkveuli nawili eWvis qveS ayenebs leonti mrovelis aRniSnuli cnobis siswores da miiCnevs, rom Zv.w. VI saukuneSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze ar momxdara ebraelTa migracia, radgan es faqti ar dasturde7

ba araqarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebiTa da arqeologiuri monacemebiT. amJamad am movlenis zusti TariRis gansazRvras ar eniWeba gadamwyveti mniSvneloba, radgan jer erTi, Cven gvainteresebs ara ebraelTa saqarTveloSi Semosvlis konkretuli TariRis dadgena, aramed qarTuli saxelmwifos damokidebuleba zogadad aRniSnuli problemis mimarT da meorec _ aravin eWvobs, rom ebrauli nakadis Semosvla namdvilad moxda da am movlenis arc qveda da arc zeda qronologiuri zRvari ar scildeba antikur xanas. kargadaa cnobili is faqtic, rom I saukuneSi sakuTari qveyana ebraelTa kidev erTma didma nakadma datova. qarTulma saxelmwifom kari ar dauxSo israelidan ltolvilebs da rogorc leonti mroveli gadmogvcems, `muniT otebulni uriani movides mcxeTas da dasxdes ZuelTave uriaTa Tana~ (leonti mroveli, 1955. gv. 36). saqarTvelo Tavidanve warmoadgenda polieTnikur saxelmwifos. aq SeiZleba erTi arqeologiuri faqtic movixmoT. qobuleTis mimdebare teritoriaze, adgil fiWvnarSi, Seswavlilia samarxebi, romlebic eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT ar miekuTvneba adgilobriv, kolxur garemos. maTSi dakrZaluli arian berZnebi. aq berZnul samarxTa raodenoba iseTi TvalSisacemia, rom aravin uaryofs berZnuli dasaxlebis arsebobas. fiWvnaris samarovani imiTac aris mniSvnelovani, rom berZnuli samarxebis gverdiT gvxvdeba adgilobrivi, kolxuri samarxebic. e. i. fiWvnarSi araTu erTad cxovrobs es ori eTnosi, aramed Zv. w. VI-III saukuneebSi maT sasaflaoc ki erTi aqvT. (kaxiZe, baTumi, 1972). fiWvnaris garda Sereuli mosaxleobis arseboba ivaraudeba SavizRvispireTis sxva qalaqebSic (fazisi, gienosi, dioskuria). naTelia, rom Sereuli mosaxleobis arseboba TavisTavad gulisxmobs mosuli eTnosis enis, tradiciebisa da zogadad kulturis Semotanadamkvidrebasac. `qarTlis cxovrebiseuli~ versiiT, aramkvidri eTnosi saxelmwifos mxridan sargeblobda mxardaWeriT da faqtiurad, maTi uflebebi didad ar gansxvavdeboda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis socialur-politikuri mdgomareobisagan. naTqvamis pirdapiri dasturia leonti mrovelis erTi cnoba: `iyvnes qarTlsa Sina aRreul yovelni naTesavni 8

da izraxeboda qarTlsa Sina equsi ena: somxuri, qarTuli, xazaruli, asuruli, ebrauli da berZnuli. ese enani icodes yovelTa mefeTa qarTlisaTa, mamaTa da dedaTa~ (leonti mroveli, 1955. gv. 16). es metad sagulisxmo cnobaa, radgan zustad asaxavs antikuri xanis saqarTveloSi Seqmnil realur istoriul suraTs. Znelia dabejiTebiT mtkiceba, rom CamoTvlil xalxebs hqondaT sakuTari kulturisa da TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisa da ganviTarebis absoluturi pirobebi, magram sruli safuZvelia vivaraudoT, rom aRniSnuli gadmocema realuri istoriuli sinamdvilis gamoZaxilia. leonti mrovelis zemoT naxseneb cnobas garkveulwilad amagrebs da avsebs arqeologiuri faqtebi. antikuri xanis saqarTvelos araerT arqeologiur obieqtzea dafiqsirebuli epigrafikuli Zeglebi, romlebic Sesrulebulia berZnul, arameul, ebraul da falaur enebze. gansakuTrebiT mravlad aseTi warwerebi Tavmoyrilia mcxeTasa da sxva did saqalaqo centrebSi (mcxeTa I, 1955). es garemoeba ki im viTarebis pirdapiri dadasturebaa, rom am periodis qarTuli saxelmwifo raRac kulturuli avtonomiis msgavs pirobebs uqmnida mis farglebSi mcxovreb sxvadasxva eTnosebs. yovel SemTxvevaSi, istorikosis fraza, rom `ese enani icodes yovelTa mefeTa, mamaTa da dedaTa~ niSnavs, rom qarTlis mefeebi da zogadad qarTvelebi eqvs enaze ki ar saubrobdnen, aramed es eqvsive ena imyofeboda Tanabar uflebeb-Si da am eqvsive enaze molaparake xalxs hqonda ganviTarebis Tanabari SesaZloblebebi. farnavazis reformis Semdeg, rodesac man erovnuli damwerloba SemoiRo, leonti mrovelis Tanaxmad, qarTuli upiratesi ena gamxdara, da `arRara izraxeboda sxua ena~ (leonti mroveli, 1955. gv. 26), magram antikuri xanis qarTlis arqeologiuri monapovari, rogorc aRiniSna, adasturebs, rom mTeli winaqristianuli epoqis ganmavlobaSi falauri, berZnuli, ebrauli da asiriuli damwerlobebi da aqedan gamomdinare, Sesabamisi enebi, farTod da SeuzRudavad `izraxeboda qarTlsa Sina~. rogorc vnaxeT, qarTveli da mosuli xalxis umTavresi ufleba, rac mdgomareobda erovnuli saxelmwifos Seqmnasa da mcire eTnosTa 9

TavisTavadobis SenarCunebaSi, antikuri xanis qarTul saxelmwifoSi realurad xorcieldeboda. aranakleb mniSvnelovania isic, Tu ras akeTebda sakuTriv qarTuli saxelmwifo calkeuli adamianebis uflebebis dasacavad. ra Tqma unda, antikuri sazogadoebis despotizmis pirobebSi uaRresad Znelia aRniSnuli sakiTxis win wamoweva, magram sayovelTaodaa cnobili, rom antikurma samarTalma, gansakuTrebiT romaulma samarTalma, cal-calke daayena sazogadoeba da adamiani da isic daadgina, ra ufleba-movaleobani hqonda adamians sazogadoebis winaSe da Sesabamisad, ranair pirobebs uqmnida sazogadoeba adamians misi uflebamovaleobebis Sesrulebis saqmeSi. dReisTvis Cvens gankargulebaSi myofi naratiuli wyaroebi adastureben, rom antikuri xanis saqarTveloSi iurisprudencia da Sesabamisad, dawerili samarTali ar arsebobda, amitomac SeuZlebelia msjeloba imasTan dakavSirebiT, konkretulad ra ufleba-movalebebzea saubari. aRniSnuli problemis Seswavlas kidev ufro arTulebs ukve naxsenebi viTarebac _ rodesac am periodis garSemo dagrovil werilobiT ZeglebSi xalxi da misi moRvaweobis prioriteti konkretulad ar Cans. CvenTvis saintereso kiTxvaze pasuxi ki isev da isev `qarTlis cxovrebaSia~ Semonaxuli da ukve religiis sferos exeba. udaoa, rom poliTeisturi religia demokratiis gacilebiT met niSnebs Seicavs, vidre monoTeisturi. poliTeisturi religia adamians aZlevs arCevanis saSualebas, magram am pirobebSic ki xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac xdeboda calkeuli RvTaebebisa da kultebis akrZalva, an maTi SeerTeba ama Tu im gabatonebul RvTaebasTan. amis magaliTebi bevri icis rogorc antikurma, aseve ufro adrindelma istoriam. gansakuTrebiT xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac gamarjvebuli Zala sakuTar mfarvel RvTaebas ZaldatanebiT abatonebda danarCen kultebze da es meTodi gansxvavebuli kultebis mimdevarTa damorCilebis saukeTeso saSualebac iyo. rodesac azo qarTlSi movida, man aq ori kultic moitana. gacisa da gaimis kerpebi mcxeTaSi aRmarTa da qarTvelebs maTi Tayvaniscemac ubrZana. sainteresoa, rom gamarjvebuli farnavazi gacisa da gaimis 10

kerpebs xeluxlebels tovebs da maT Soris dgams sakuTar, armazis RvTaebas, romelsac acxadebs kidec samefos mTavar mfarvel RvTaebad. e.i. farnavazi, am SemTxvevaSi, icavs gacisa da gaimis mimdevarTa uflebebs da erTi SexedviT, am ori RvTaebis Tayvanismcemlebs arafers erCis. armazi meomari RvTaeba iyo da am rigis sxva kultebis darad msxverplad iwiravda adamianebs. adamianTa msxverplad Sewirva I I I saukuneSi akrZala mefe revma, risTvisac igi `marTlis~ TikuniT Seamkes. `qarTlis cxovreba~ revis saqciels xsnis qristianobis gavleniT da ise warmoaCens, TiTqos warmarTma mefem kargad icoda qristianobis arsi da misi mxridan es humanuri gadawyvetilebac swored aqedan iyo nakarnaxevi (leonti mroveli, 1955. gv. 58). ra Tqma unda, rev marTalis reformas sxva mxarec aqvs. am SemTxvevaSi ki mTavaria is, rom qarTlis samefo kari auqmebs dromoWmul da Semzarav tradicias da nebsiT Tu uneblieT icavs iseT maradiul Rirebulebas, rogoricaa adamianis sicocxlis ufleba. kidev SeiZleboda calkeuli magaliTebis moxmoba, magram vfiqrobT, rom ganxiluli SemTxvevebi sakmarisia saimisod, raTa vivaraudoT, rom saxelmwifoebriobis Tavdapirvel etapzeve humanisturi idealebi sulac ar iyo ucxo qarTuli saxelmwifosTvis da swored antikuri xanidan iRebs saTaves ara marto qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis, aramed samoqalaqo sazogadoebisTvis moZraobis istoriac. II. antikuri epoqis Semdgom xanaSi, adre da ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi, ufro meti cnoba mogvepoveba saqarTvelos samarTlebrivi cxovrebis Sesaxeb. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am dros saxezea TiTqmis yvela is ZiriTadi principi, rac dakavSirebulia zogadad sazogadoebisa Tu konkretulad calkeuli pirovnebis uflebebis dacvisa Tu am uflebebis darRvevis sferosTan. umTavresi momenti, romelic am periodis saqarTvelos istoriidan Cvens interess warmoadgens, aris qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi Camoyalibebuli koncefcia, Tu vin SeiZleba 11

iyos qarTveli da hqondes ufleba ixseniebodes qarTvelad. am mxriv metad sainteresoa codna imisa, Tu rogor esmodaT cneba `qarTveli~ Sua saukuneebis moRvaweebs. amasTan dakavSirebiT niSandobliv koncefcias gvTavazobs leonti mroveli, romelic gadmogvcems, rom pirveli qristiani mefe miriani warmoSobiT iyo iraneli, magram qarTlSi gamefebis Semdeg, man `Seiyvarna qarTvelni, da daiviwya ena sparsuli da iswava ena qarTuli da hmata Semkoba kerpTa da bomonTa, keTilad ipyrna qurumni kerpTani da yovelTa mefeTa qarTlisaTa umetes aRasrulebda msaxurebasa mas kerpTasa da Seamko saflavi farnavazisi, xolo ese yoveli qarTvelTa saTnoebisaTvis qmna da keTilad ipyrna qarTvelni niWiTa da yovliTa didebiTa~ (leonti mroveli, 1955. gv. 65). e. i. aq gadmocemulia Tvalsazrisi, Tu vin iyo uflebamosili wodebuliyo qarTvelad: is vinc flobda qarTul enas, eziareboda qarTul kulturas, iqneboda qarTuli saxelmwifos istoriis pativismcemeli, emsaxureboda qarTveli xalxis keTildReobas. amrigad, XI s-is saqarTveloSi miaCndaT, rom sisxlismier warmomavlobas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ar hqonda imisaTvis, raTa ama Tu im pirovnebis ufleba Tavi mieCnia qarTvelad, realurad daculi yofiliyo. es umTavresi principi damaxasiaTebeli iyo mTeli Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi da religiur-konfesiuri momentic SedarebiT ukana planze iyo gadaweuli. problemisadmi amgvari midgoma TavisTavad win wamoswevda sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra teritoriaze unda ganxorcielebuliyo qarTvelobis ufleba. X s-is moRvawis giorgi merCules azriT, `qarTlad friadi queyanai aRiricxebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliT eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locvai yoveli aResrulebis~ (giorgi merCule, 1987. gv. 563). amdenad, qarTvelis ufleba ifareba im arealiT, sadac qarTulad laparakoben da qarTulad loculoben. amrigad, XXI ss-Si qarTvelma moRvaweebma zustad gansazRvres qarTvelTa saxelmwifosa da am saxelmwifoSi mcxovreb eTnosTa umTavresi ufleba _ gansazRvrul miwawyalze arsebuliyo garkveuli eTnikuri jgufebiT dasaxlebuli saxelmwifo, romlis politikur da kulturul sarbielze moRvawe nebismier adamians hqonoda ufleba wodebuliyo qarTvelad. 12

ase rom, rogorc aRiniSna, qarTveloba ar iyo mxolod sisxlismieri cneba da Sesabamisad, erTi romelime agnaturi jgufis ufleba. igi gacilebiT farTo sazogadoebrivi datvirTvis matarebel termins warmoadgenda. albaT, sainteresoa Tvali gavadevnoT im istoriul process, Tu rogor mivida qarTuli sazogadoeba aRniSnul Segnebamde. Qqristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebam didi dapirispireba gamoiwvia tradiciul, qarTul warmarTul religiis mimdevarTa da qristianTa Soris. es globaluri antagonizmi, rogorc cnobilia, am ukanasknelis gamarjvebiT damTavrda, magram Tavdapirvel etapze (IV-Vss) qristianobam mainc ver moipova gabatonebuli mdgomareoba da axla ukve am religiis maRali samRvdeloebis winaaRmdeg qarTlis samefo kari gamovida vaxtang gorgaslis meTaurobiT. istorikos juanSeris TxzulebaSi, romelic vaxtangis moRvaweobas exeba, gadmocemulia erTi sagulisxmo detali. mefis brZolam qarTlis eklesiis avtokefaliis mopovebisaTvis sapirispiro mxareebze daayena erTi mxriv, vaxtang gorgasali da meore mxriv, qarTlis eklesiis meTauri, mTavarepiskiposi miqaeli. cxadia, miqaels xels ar aZlevda eklesiis damoukidebloba, radgan am SemTxvevaSi igi gavlenas kargavda. amitom mTeli SesaZleblobebi gamoiyena, raTa mefes es aqti ar ganexorcielebina. vaxtangs erTi SexedviT logikuri resursebi amoewura da miqaeli korufciaSi daadanaSaula, rodesac saeklesio qonebis miTvisebaSi amxila. mTavarepiskoposma miiCnia, rom misi adamianuri uflebebi uxeSad daarRvies da masTan misul mefes saxeSi fexi Caartya da kbilebi Caumtvria (juanSeri, 1955. gv. 148). am gadmocemaSi sagulisxmo is aris, rom ukve V s-Si kargad icodnen, rom mefes ufleba ar hqonda sakuTari TavisaTvis yvelafris neba mieca da mtkicebulebebis gareSe vinmesTvis brali waeyenebina. marTalia, es brZola mefis gamarjvebiT dasrulda, magram mTavari aq, cxadia, es momenti ar aris. vaxtang gorgaslis Semdeg qarTlSi mZime viTarebam daisadgura. 523 wels mefe gurgens iranis Sahma kavad II SemouTvala, rom qarTvelebs uari eTqvaT sakuTar sarwmunoebasa da tradiciebze da yvelaferSi ise moqceuliyvnen, rogorc 13

iranelebi iqceodnen. micvalebulebic miwaSi ki ar daemarxaT, aramed, mazdeanuri wesis Tanaxmad, cxovelebisa da frinvelebisaTvis gadaeyaraT. ra Tqma unda, am pirobis Sesruleba qristiani mefisagan SeuZlebeli iyo da qarTvelebmac sakuTari uflebebis dasacavad ajanyeba daiwyes. brZolebi iranis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. rasac Sedegad mohyva is, rom Sahma kavadma qarTlis samefo gaauqma da is gamoacxada iranis satrapiad (prokopi kesarieli, 1965. gv. 49). farnavazis droidan moyolebuli saqarTvelos istoriaSi es iyo pirveli SemTxveva, rodesac dairRva qarTvelTa yvelaze didi ufleba, rac gamoixata erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmebiT. es viTareba 571 wlamde grZeldeboda. swored am wels qarTli moicva sayovelTao ajanyebam, romelsac saTaveSi edga guaram bagrationi. brZola sasurveli SedegiT damTavrda da qarTli iranis batonobisagan ganTavisuflda. qarTvelebs xelaxla mouxdaT saxelmwifos Seqmna da es ufleba Cvenma Soreulma winaprebma brZoliT moipoves. aRdgenili saxelmwifos meTauri gaxda guarami, romelmac saTave daudo qarTlis erismTavarTa dinastias. erismTavris uflebebi SezRuduli iyo. mas ar hqonda mefis uflebebi, magram realurad igi samefos pirvel pirs warmoadgenda. `moqcevai qarTlisais~ qronikaSi am movlenebTan dakavSireviT daculia cnoba, romlis mniSvnelobac ganuzomlad didia. saqme exeba imas, Tu rogor movida guarami xelisuflebis saTaveSi. matiane gadmogvcems, rom 571 wlis qarTlSi Catarebula sayovelTao arCevnebi da am gziT moupovebia guarams qveynis marTvis ufleba. `neladre Sekrba qarTli da ganaCines erismTavrad guaram~ (moqcevai qarTlisai, 1959. gv.95). `moqcevai qarTlisais~ es cnoba aris ara marto qarTlSi, aramed mTel maSindel adre Sua saukuneebis msoflioSi ar-Cevnebis gamarTvis erTaderTi precedenti. sxva analogiuri SemTxveva am periodis istoriam ar icis. cxadia, am viTarebam axal qarTul saxelmwifos Seuqmna myari samarTlebrivi bazisi, ramac ganapiroba iseTi Rirebulebebis win wamoweva, rogoricaa qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworuflebianoba, piradi qonebis xelSeuxebloba da misi anderZiT gadacemis ufleba. 14

yovelive amis dadasturebas vxvdebiT basili zarzmelis `serapion zarzmelis cxovrebaSi~. basili zarzmelis gadmocemiT, feodali giorgi CorCaneli uSvilo iyo da sikvdilis win mTeli qoneba das da disSvilebs uanderZa; magram misma disSvilebma sulam, beSqenma da laklakma gadawyvites wili ar miecaT sakuTari disTvis da siZe mokles. mkvlelobis motivi martivi iyo. siZe wils iTxovda CorCanelebis qonebidan; Tan sakuTar uflebas imiT asabuTebda, rom qalsac ergeba wili, radgan es qoneba dedaTqvens ergo da Tqvenc misi meSveobiT miiReT igio (basili zarzmeli, 1959. gv. 340). es viTareba adasturebs, rom qals mSoblebis qonebaSi hqonda memkvidreobis miRebis ufleba. Gganxilul epizodSi kidev erTi detalia uaRresad saintereso. KkerZod, irkveva, rom adre Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi adamians piradi qonebis sruli xelSeuxeblobis garantia hqonda da Tu igi uSvilo iyo, werilobiTi anderZiT SeeZlo qonebis ganawileba uaxloes naTesavebze. am sakiTxze imitom vamaxvilebT yuradRebas, rom sakuTrebis ganyenebuli cneba sxva feodalur saxelmwifoebSi gvian SemuSavda. dasavleT evropaSi mxolod XIII-XIV ss-dan vxvdebiT dominiumis gamomxatvel termins, ruseTSi ki ufro gvian XVIII s-dan. aRniSnul periodSi saintereso movlenebs hqonda adgili egrisis samefoSic. rogorc cnobilia, 554 wels bizantielma sardlebma veragulad mokles mefe gubaz II. am qmedebam mosaxleobis ukiduresi aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia da Seikriba didi saxalxo kreba (ix. zaza daraselias statia amave krebulSi). rogorc vnaxeT, istoriuli viTarebis sirTulis miuxedavad, adre Suasaukuneebis saqarTveloSi ufro maRal safexurzea asuli brZola adamianis uflebebis darRvevebis winaaRmdeg da eWvsgareSea, rom am mxriv VI-X ss-ebi warmoadgens antikur xanasTan SedarebiT aSkarad win gadadgmul nabijs. swored am periodma Seasrula erTgvari damakavSirebeli roli antikur xanasa da ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebs Soris, rodesac CvenTvis saintereso problemebma kidev ufro Rrma ganviTareba hpova, ramac saqarTvelo im drois yvelaze mowinave da civilizebul saxelmwifoTa Soris Caayena. 15

III. X-XI saukuneebi aris erTiani saqarTvelos Camoyalibebis xana. aRniSnuli periodis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobasac swored es garemoeba gansazRvravs. ra Tqma unda, gaerTianebuli saxelmwifos arsebobas esaWiroeboda myari iuridiuli safuZveli, romelic Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifos mxridan moiTxovda mTeli rigi reformebis gatarebas da cxadia, rom es reformebi srul SesabamisobaSi unda yofiliyo maSindeli msoflios wamyvan qveynebSi miRebul da damkvidrebul iuridiul normebTan (mag. bizantia). am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs daviT aRmaSenebelis, giorgi III-isa da Tamaris epoqa. saqarTvelos reformator politikosTa Soris, jer-jerobiT mainc, yvelaze did interess iwvevs daviT IV moRvaweoba. axla ar SevudgebiT mis mier ganxorcielebuli yvela reformis mniSvnelobis Sefasebas. Cveni interesi mxolod ori maTganiT Semoifargleba; esenia sasamarTlo reforma da mstovarTa institutis Seqmna. werilobiTi wyaroebi adastureben, rom qarTul samefo karze daviT IV periodamdec arsebobda sasamarTlo, sadac yvela saqmis garCeva iyo mefis prerogativa. daviT aRmaSenebeli pirveli qarTveli politikosia, romelmac erTmaneTisagan gamijna sasamarTlo da aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, Seqmna ra umaRlesi saapelacio sasamarTlo `saajo kari~, romlis muSaobis warmarTvac mwignobarTuxucess daevala. `saajo kari~ qarTuli feodaluri saxelmwifos Sinagani wesrigis dacvis umTavresi sadarajo iyo. daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi gadmogvcems, rom mis mizans warmoadgenda momCivanTa, daWirvebulTa da mimZlavrebulTa gankiTxva da kurneba. xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac `saajo kari~ ixilavda adamianis uflebebis darRvevis iseT SemTxvevebs, rogoricaa didaznaurTa, did moxele erisTavTa, gadasaxadebis amkrefTa TviTneboba da Zaladoba. aseve xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac `saajo karis~ meSveobiT sazogadoebis dabali fenis warmomadgenlebi poulobdnen da icavdnen sakuTar adamianur uflebebs. SesaZlebelia vifiqroT, rom `saajo karis~ Seqmnis aucileblobac swored im garemoebiT 16

iyo nakarnaxevi, rom adamianis uflebebi maqsimalurad yofiliyo daculi saxelmwifos mxridan, radgan mefemde misvlis saSualeba, bunebrivia, sazogadoebis mxolod warCinebul nawils xelewifeboda. amasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresod gadmogvcems daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi: `slvaTa Sina TvisTa samefoTasa da simravliTa spaTaTa da simaliTa slavisasa ver advilad miemTxueodian momCivani da daWirvebulni da mimZlavrebulni da visac esaWiroeboda gankiTxva da Sewevna mefobrivi, nuukue da vinme aRvidis borcusa zeda rasame, gzisa maxlobelsa, anu kldesa, gina Tu xesa, viTarca zaqe. UukeT Tu oden epovis eseviTari rame da muniT sacnaur yves Wrtinva Tvisi~ (daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi, 1959, gv. 354). rogorc aRiniSna, daviT IV gatarebuli RonisZiebebidan erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo mstovarTa institutis Seqmna, romelic warmoadgenda sameTvalyureo-sadazvervo organizacias da miznad isaxavda saxelmwifos usafrTxoebas. am instituts, cxadia didi mniSvneloba hqonda saxelmwifos gaZlierebis saqmeSi, magram Cvenamde moRweuli istoriuli wyaroebi imasac adasturebs, rom igi mizanmimar-Tulad arRvevda adamianis uflebebs. saqme isaa, rom mstovarTa didi nawils warmoadgenda samRvdeloeba, romelic yvelaze did informacias flobda qveynis SigniT Tu qveynis gareT mimdinare procesebis Sesaxeb da am informaciis miRebis wyaro iyo aRsareba. samRvdeloebis saxelmwifo samsaxurSi Cayeneba maTgan moiTxovda aRsarebis saidumlos darRvevas da am gziT miRebuli informaciis samefo karisaTvis miwodebas. sainteresoa, rom swored amgvari saSualebebiT Seityo mefem liparit baRvaSis ori SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb. Tumca, daviT aRmaSenebelis istorikosi mefis aseT nabijs gamarTlebulad miiCnevs da aRniSnavs, rom calkeuli adamianebis uflebebis Selaxvis miuxedavad, mstovarTa saqmianoba mainc gamarTlebuli iyo, radgan qarTuli saxelmwifo ver gaZlierdeboda da am SemTxvevaSi TviT religiis msaxurnic valdebulni iyvnen jer saxelmwifo interesebisaTvis emoRvawaT da rodesac idga 17

saqarTvelosa da qarTveli eris yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi, konfesiuri saidumloebis dacvas meorexarisxovani mniSvnloba eniWeboda. daviT aRmaSeneblis Semdgom xanaSi adamianTa uflebebis darRvevebma kidev ufro sistematuri xasiaTi miiRo. am moments myari biZgi misca jer demetre I, rodesac taxtis memkvidred gamoacxada ara ufrosi Svili daviTi, aramed umcrosi _ giorgi, riTac daarRvia mefed kurTxevis tradiciuli wesi, xolo Semdeg TviT giorgi III, romelmac, SeiZleba iTqvas, taxti waarTva sakuTar ZmisSvil demnas, romelic daviT mexuTis gardacvalebis Semdeg mefobis kanonier pretendentad iTvleboda. giorgi III taxtze regentobis uflebiT avida. es cxadia, gulisxmobda demnas srulwlovnad gaxdomisTanave am ukanasknelis gamefebas. magram gairkva, rom giorgi ar apirebda gadadgomas da taxtis dabrunebas kanonieri memkvidrisaTvis, rasac mohyva demnas momxreTa didi ajanyeba. ajanyebis meTauri, amirspasalari ivane orbeli samarTlianad asabuTebda, rom giorgi uzurpatori iyo da erTaderT kanonier memkvidres demna warmoadgenda. brZola, rogorc cnobilia, giorgis gamarjvebiT dasrulda da saqarTveloSi demnas momxreTa umagaliTo devna daiwyo. TviT ufliswuls Tvalebi daTxares da daasaWurises, ris Sedegadac igi Wkuidan SeiSala da gardaicvala, ivane orbeli da misi ojaxi sikvdiliT dasajes, orbelTa mTel sagvareulos qoneba CamoarTves da qveynidan gaaZeves. aRsaniSnavia, rom giorgim uxeSad daarRvia udanaSaulobis prezumpcia orbelTa sagvareulos mimarT da yvela maTgans, miuxedavad imisa, monawileobda Tu ara ajanyebaSi, gamoutana saerTo ganaCeni (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani, 1959. gv. 30_31). adamianTa uflebebis aseT Selaxvas, cxadia, ar SeeZlo ar gaemwvavebina samoqalaqo dapirispireba da gaamwvava kidec. saqarTvelos mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi Sida saxelmwifo dapirispirebas iseTi masStabi arasodes miuRia, rogorc giorgi mesamisa da gansakuTrebiT Tamaris mefobaSi. swored am procesis ganmuxtvasa da saxelmwifos marTvagamgeobis mowesrigebas isaxavda miznad is didi da 18

umagaliTo moZraoba, romelic yuTlu arslanis dasis saxeliTaa cnobili. samecniero literaturaSi yuTlu arslanisa da misi momxreebis socialuri determinaciisa da maTi politikuri moTxovnebis Sesaxeb araerTgvarovani da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, urTierTsawinaaRmdego Sexedulebebia gamoTqmuli. yuTlu arslanis umTavresi moTxovna, rom saxelmwifos marTvis procesSi monawileobis ufleba hqonodaT sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenebis warmomadgenlebs, romlebsac unda SeeqmnaT arCeviTobis principze damyarebuli organo, karavi, ra Tqma unda, safuZvelSive miuRebeli iyo absoluturi monarqizmis pirobebSi da sruliad bunebrivia, rom Tamari da zogadad, samefo kari am moTxovnis dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi xedavdnen absolutizmis dasasrulis dasawyiss. saqarTvelos istoriidan viciT, rom arCeviTobis ufleba sulac ar iyo ucxo movlena qarTuli realobisaTvis (swored ase gaxda guaram kurapalati erismTavari VI s-Si), magram yuTlus programa aSkarad zRudavda mefis ganusazRvrel uflebebs da mas utovebda mxolod aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas, Tanac wamyvan Tanamdebobebze kandidaturebi karavs unda ganexila da daeniSna, xolo mefes ki unda daemtkicebina isini. yuTlu arslani imedovnebda, rom saxelmwifos marTvis aseTi modelis SemTxvevaSi Tavidan iqneboda acilebuli jer kidev demetre I dros dawyebuli sazogadoebis gaTiSvisa da dapirispirebis Semdgomi gaRrmavebis safrTxe. YyuTlu arslanis momxred gamodiodnen rogorc warCinebuli feodalebi, aseve dabali socialuri wris warmomadgenlebic. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Tamaris istorikosebi aRniSnaven, rom yuTlus mxars uWerda laSqaric. karavis arCevis momxreTa gamosvla im periodSi moxda, rodesac dapirispireba sazogadoebis maRal da dabal fenebs Soris ukiduresad gamwvavda. cnobilia, rom giorgi III demnas ajanyebis Semdeg maRal Tanamdebobaze daniSna ugvaro, ara aristokratuli warmomavlobis pirovnebebi (amirspasalari yubasari, msaxurTuxucesi afridoni), romlebic Tamaris dros didgvarovanTa dartymis obieqtebi 19

gaxdnen. swored maTi zewolis Sedegad Tamarma Tanamdebobi daatovebina yubasarsa da afridons da ver SeZlo maTi uflebebis dacva. aseT situaciaSi yuTlu arslanisa da misi momxreebis miCneva mdabioTa wridan gamosul adamianebad cota saeWvoa, radgan yuTlu am dros meWurWleTuxucesi iyo da didgvarovnebi mis gadayenebas ar moiTxovdnen. e. i. irkveva, rom isic maTi wris adamiania, xolo Tamaris istorikosTa mxridan yuTlu arslanisa da misi momxreebis mdabioebad warmoCena mxolod da mxolod ideologiuri momentiTaa ganpirobebuli. ase rom, Tamaris istorikosebi Segnebulad malaven simarTles, riTac am adamianTa uflebebsac laxaven. XII s-is 80-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi daikarga istoriuli Sansi. YyuTlu arslanis programis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelo xdeboda im epoqis erTaderTi qveyana, sadac Seiqmneboda pirveli sakanonmdeblo organo, xolo es viTareba Sua saukuneebis partikularizmis pirobebSi, qveyanas Seuqmnida ganviTarebis manamde arnaxul SesaZleblobebs.Y yovel SemTxvevaSi, Semdgomdroindelma istoriulma realobam TvalnaTliv aCvena, rom erTi SexedviT didebis zenitSi myofma qveyanam veraviTari, metic, odnavi winaaRmdegobac ver gauwia monRolebs da maT faqtobrivad, ubrZolvelad danebda. am viTarebaSi sulac ar iyo meorexarisxovani momenti qveynis Sida dapirispireba, romlis Tavidan asacileblad verc Tamarma, verc giorgi-laSam da verc rusudanma qmediTi nabijebi ver gadadges. yuTlu arslanis programis ganxorcieleba, Cveni azriT, TavisTavad moxsnida am problemas, radgan karavi daakmayofilebda sazogadoebis yvela fenis warmomadgenelTa politikur Tu pirovnul ambiciebs. cnobilia, rom Sua saukuneebis evropis saxelmwifoebma sakanonmdeblo organoebis meSveobiT aiciles Tavidan samoqalaqo dapirispirebebi da Seqmnes samarTlebrivad mowesrigebuli sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi (parlamenti inglisSi XIII s-dan, generaluri Statebi safrangeTSi, respublikuri sabWoebi genuasa da florenciaSi da sxv.). 20

miuxedavad imisa, rom Tamaris epoqis saqarTvelo mzad ar aRmoCnda aseTi progresuli nabijisaTvis, am periodSic ki saxelmwifos mxridan zrunva adamianis uflebebis dasacavad mainc xorcieldeboda. yvelaze didi miRweva, romliTac Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriam SeiZleba iamayos, aris XII s-is 80-ian wlebSi sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmeba. am droisaTvis sikvdiliT dasjasTan erTad gauqmebula damasaxiCrebeli da adamianis Rirsebis damamcirebeli sasjelebic. basili ezosmoZRvari gadmogvcems: `mowyalebiTa ieso RmrTisa msgavsiTa da samarTlisa misisa mibaZviTa dReTa Sina TamarisaTa aravin gamoCnda momZlavrebuli mecnierebaTa misiTa, arca vin dasjili, TvT arca vis Rirss sikudilisasa da arca patiJisasa miexada Tananadebi, arca vin brZanebiTa misiTa asomokveTil iqmna, arca sibrmaviT daisaja~ (basili ezoismoZRuari, 1959, gv. 144). Sua saukuneebis msoflio istoriaSi saqarTvelo, bizantiis Semdgom, meore qveyanaa, sadac araTu sikvdiliT dasja gauqmda, aramed aikrZala adamianis damasaxiCrebeli da Rirsebis Semlaxavi sasjelebi. IV. XV s-Si, kerZod, 1490 wels saqarTvelo iuridiulad daiSala sam (kaxeTis, qarTlis, imereTis) samefod da ramdenime (afxazeTi, guria, odiSi, samcxe) samTavrod. qveyanaSi daikarga erTiani azri, aRar arsebobda saerTo idea, romelic gamsWvaluli iqneboda erTiani samefos aRdgenis surviliT da Sesabamisad, ase mcire nawilebad daglejili qveyanac xan osmalebis, xan iranelebis, xan Crdilo kavkasieli tomebisa da xanac SinaaSlilobis ganuwyvelel asparezad iqca. es iyo logikuri dasasruli im tendenciebisa, rac gamoikveTa jer kidev XII saukunidan, rodesac saxelmwifos SigniT Seqmnilma mZafrma dapirispirebam qveyana daayena ganadgurebis safrTxis winaSe. ra Tqma unda, iyo araerTi mcdeloba saqarTvelos erTianobis aRsadgenad, magram yvela maTgani sruli kraxiT damTavrda da saqarTvelom ise daasrula istoriuli ganviTarebis Sua saukuneebrivi etapi, rom erTian politikur organizmad veRar Camoyalibda. GgadaWarbebuli ar iqne21

ba imis aRniSvnac, rom gviani Sua saukuneebis (XIV-XVIII ss) saqarTvelo iyo arSemdgari sazogadoebrivi konglomerati, sadac upirveles adgilze wamoweuli iyo gancalkevebis, gaTiTokacebis tendenciebi da saxelmwifos interesebze maRla idga calkeuli saTavadoebisa da samTavroTa interesebi, rac kidev ufro zRudavda ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebs da erT dros mowinave samyarosagan ganuyofeli xalxi aRmoCnda srul izolaciaSi. saqarTvelos imJamindeli mdgomareobis Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT, albaT, gazviadebuli ar iqneba imis aRniSvnac, rom qarTulma samefo-samTavroebma veRar SeZles (Tu ar SeZles) im liberaluri da maradiuli Rirebulebebis dacva, rac esoden iyo damaxasiaTebeli gacilebiT adreuli epoqebisaTvis da erTi xelis mosmiT wyalSi Cayares yvelaferi is, rac wina saukuneebma memkvidreobiT dautoves qarTvel xalxs. XIV-XVIII ss-ebis saqarTvelo sakmaod CamorCa drois dinebas da gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es xana iyo yvelaze didi ukusvla Cveni qveynis istoriaSi. politikuri ganviTareba, politikuri ganswavluloba pirdapir asaxavs ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi humanisturi ideebisa da maradiuli Rirebulebebis damkvidrebis xarisxs, yoveli eri imdenad aris tolerantuli da mswrafi liberaluri idealebisadmi, ramdenadac mas amis saSualebas aZlevs is politikuri viTareba da, zogadad, sazogadoebrivi garemo, romelSic esa Tu is sociumi imyofeba. gviani Sua saukuneebis qarTuli sazogadoeba gaxleCili iyo Svid, rva da zogjer aT nawiladac. amitom, bunebrivia, aseT viTarebaSi calkeuli pirovnebisa Tu zogadad adamianis uflebebis dacvac adrindeliviT aRar warmoadgenda saxelmwifos mxridan gansakuTrebuli zrunvis sagans da Tamamad SeiZleba vaRiaroT, rom am periodSi aRniSnuli uflebebis darRvevaze ufro mizanSewonili iqneboda msjeloba, vidre mis dacvaze. iranisa da TurqeTis gabatonebam saqarTvelos samxreTaRmosavleT da samxreT-dasavleTis sazRvrebze Cveni qveyana moaqcia srul politikur, ekonomikur da informaciul izolaciaSi, ramac farTo gasaqani misca adamianTa uflebebis darRvevis iseT amazrzen formas, rogoricaa adamianebiT vaWroba, anu `tyveTa syidva~. frangi mogzauris Jan Sardenis 22

cnobiT, adamianTa vaWrobiT gansakuTrebiT iyvnen dainteresebuli Turqebi. zogjer TiTo qalSi 300-400 cexins iZleodnen, mamakaci 25-40 wlamde 15 ekiud fasobda, ufrosebi _ 8-10 ekiud, lamazi gogonebi 13-18 wlisani _ 20 ekiud, bavSvebi _ 3-4 ekiud (Jan Sardeni, 1935. gv.108). `tyveTa syidva~ moedo sazogadoebis TiTqmis yvela fenas. dasavleT saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela mTavari, Tavadi, aznauri, Tu saeklesio moRvawe aqtiurad aRmoCnda CarTuli am procesSi. Ddon juzepe judiCe milanelis gadmocemis Tanaxmad, mxolod samegrelodan XVII s-is Sua xanebisTvis yovelwliurad sami aTasi monadqceuli glexi iyideboda (don juzepe judiCe milaneli, 1968. gv. 119). analogiuri viTareba iyo Seqmnili aRmosavleT saqarTveloSic. ai, rogor aRwers mematiane sacicianoSi arsebul situacias: `dasaxoci daxoces, gasayidi gayides, naxevari osmalos mihyides da naxevaric imerlebsa. rac Cvili ymawvili iyo, rom aravin iyida cixidan gadayares da nadir-frinvelma SeWama, rac monazoni da beri iyo, rom ar gaiyideboda, sul erT saxlSi Seyares, boZebi gamouyares, saxli zed daaqcies da ise uziareblad daxoces~ (gvritiSvili, 1962. gv. 230). saxelmwifos mxridan sakmao popularoba moipova mosaxleobisadmi e.w. `avad mokidebam~. am qmedebis arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobda: Tu esa Tu is pirovneba (ZiriTadad glexoba) uars ityoda saxelmwifo gadasaxadebis gadaxdaze, mebatone, mefis miTiTebiT, aseT adamians col-Svils dauWerda da gauyidda. elementaruli uflebis dasacavad xalxis did nawils an batonis mokvla uwevda, an ajanyeba, an sakuTari miwa-wylidan gadaxvewa. Zaladobis erTi forma ebrZoda Zaladobis meore Fformas, magram bunebrivia, imarjvebda is, visac Zaladobis gatarebis meti SesaZlebloba hqonda. mokled rom aRvniSnoT, adamianoba da pirovnuli Rirseba sazogadoebis mxolod viwro nawilis ufleba gaxda da am kuTxiT XVII-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTvelo aSkarad mahmadianur samyarosTan iCens ufro met siaxloves, vidre xsenebuli periodis evropasTan. raRa Tqma unda, Sors varT im azrisgan, rom XVII-XVIII ss-ebis evropaSi adamianTa uflebebis 23

dacvis TvalsazrisiT yvelaferi wesrigSi iyo, magram isic cxadia, rom es periodi evropisTvis warmoadgenda didi reformaciis epoqas, ramac Tavis mxriv, dasabami misca axali istoriis, kapitalizmis eras, romelmac adamianis uflebebis dacva, Tundac deklaraciis doneze mainc, manamde arnaxul simaRlemde aiyvana. amitom, rodesac Cven vmsjelobT gviani Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos CamorCenilobis Sesaxeb, mxedvelobaSi upirvelesad swored am moments vgulisxmobT. TumcaRa, yovlad antimecnieruli iqneboda mtkiceba imisa, TiTqos am periodis saqarTveloSi ar iyo calkeuli SemTxvevebi da ar ibrZodnen mdgomareobis gasakeTilSobilebelad. vaxtang VI sakanomdeblo moRvaweoba am mxriv marTlac kargi magaliTia. SesaniSnavi iyo sulxan-saba orbelianis mTeli saqmianobac. sulxan-sabas dasavleT evropuli vizitic miznad isaxavda ara mxolod vaxtangis gamoxsnas iranis samefo karisagan, aramed mas ufro farTo da Sors mimavali gegmebi hqonda. kerZod, ki is, rom saqarTvelo kvlav moqceuliyo dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoTa interesebSi, rac iqneboda saqarTvelos bunebriv-istoriuli ganviTarebis wiaRSi dabrunebisa da aq liberaluri Rirebulebebis aRorZinebis umTavresi piroba. samwuxarod, es mcdeloba marcxiT damTavrda xolo ra bedi ewia dasavluri orientaciis mimdevar sulxan-sabas, es sayovelTaodaa cnobili. vaxtang VI da sulxan-sabas orbelianis politikuri mimarTulebis marcxi kargad warmoaCens, rom am periodis saqarTvelo namdvilad ar iyo mzad, raTa igi dabruneboda dasavlur samyaros da Sesabamisad, adgili epova mowinave, progresuli mimarTulebis saxelmwifoTa Soris. aseTi viTarebis fonze arc imis daviwyeba SeiZleba, rom XVIII s-is qarTuli saxelmwifoebi _ qarTl-kaxeTi, imereTi _ sakuTari, Zalze mokrZalebuli SesaZleblobis farglebSi mainc cdilobdnen daecvaT adamianis uflebebi da upirveles yovlisa, SeemsubuqebinaT uSualo mwarmoebeli fenis, glexebisa da xelosanTa autaneli pirobebi. am mxriv gamorCeulia erekle II da solomon I Rvawli. erT-erTi kaxeli batoni erekles swerda: 24

`Tqveni wyenis uRono gaxlavarT, Torem Cems ymas rogor ver davimorCileb~ (scssa f. 299. dav. 24. sab. 2063). moxmobili magaliTiT kargad Cans, rom mefis SiSiT feodalebi ver bedavdnen adamianTa TviTnebur dasjas. erekles mxridan, ra Tqma unda, iyo mcdeloba, daecva sakuTari qveSevrdomebi, magram cxadia, es ar iyo problemisadmi saxelmwifoebrivi midgoma. miuxedavad imisa, rom erekle Tavadebs afrTxilebda: `Sens sargos aiRebde da usamarTlos nu aiReb, nurc aras usamarTlos moindomeb~ (scssa f. 299 dav. 24 sab. 109). rodesac migvaCnia, rom adamianTa uflebebis dacvis sferoSi erekles ar gaaCnda saxelmwifoebrivi midgoma, amovdivarT im martivi postulatidan, rom mxolod SegonebebiTa da epistolaruli mimarTvebiT es problema ver gadaiWreboda da verc mogvardeboda. Zalian gaWirdeba davasaxeloT XVIII s-is meore naxevris Tundac erTi sakanonmdeblo aqti mainc, romelSic aRniSnuli sakiTxebi iqneboda aqcentirebuli. 1770 Tu 1787 wels gamocemuli brZanebebi ymaTa umamulod gayidvis akrZalvis Sesaxeb sul sxva xasiaTis dokumentebia da saTvalavSi misaRebic ar aris. TiTqmis imaves Tqma SeiZleba solomon I mimarTac. Tumca, am mefis mravalmxrivi moRvaweobis erTgvari gvirgvini SeiZleba iyos 1759 wlis saeklesio kreba, romelmac mkacri ganaCeni gamoutana `tyveTa msyidvelebs~. am krebaze imereTis, guriisa da samegrelos saero da sasuliero xelisuflebma dades `tyveTa syidvis~ akrZalvis piroba. saeklesio xelisuflebam tyveTa msyidvelni SeaCvena, xolo saero xelisufleba ki maT sikvdiliT dasjiT daemuqra. Tanamedroveobam marTlac rom daufasa mefes adamianTa uflebebis Semlaxavi RonisZiebebis akrZalva da solomoni erovnul gmiradac moinaTla. xalxis xatovani TqmiT, Tu solomon pirvelis gamefebis dros `imereTi koWlic gaxldaT, yruc, brmac da kbilebCacvenilic, dRes yvelaferi kargad esmis, Sors xedavs, fexebze magrad dgas da kbilebic amouvida mTeli samefo gamobrunda da gamokeTda ~ (qarTuli xalxuri saistorio sityviereba, 1964. gv. 147). 25

imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor zrunavda solomon I sakuTari mosaxleobis uflebebis dasacavad, kargad gadmogvcems erTi leqsic: `amis avi kaci viyav, tyve arvis vayidvineo, mwyemsi vasuqe, vadide, Ceros qveS davaZineo~

besiki, 1962. gv. 224

amrigad, gviani Sua saukuneebi SeiZleba Semdegnairad davaxasiaToT; adamianTa uflebebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT igi ver Seedreba verc antikur xanas, verc adreul da verc ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebs. yvelaze didi xelisSemSleli da Semaferxebeli piroba iyo ramdenime samefo-samTavrod da saTavadod danawevrebuli qveynis faqtori. am periodSi SemoRebuli iqna, ufro sworad, aRdgenil iqna, sikvdiliT dasja, `tyveTa syidva~ faqtobrivad niSnavda monaTmflobelobisaken dabrunebas, uxeSad da sistematurad irRveoda sakuTrebis xelSeuxebloba, gviani Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriam ar icis arc erTi arCeviTi organos arseboba. kidev ufro mZime viTareba Seiqmna 1801 wlis Semdeg, rodesac ruseTTan jer aRmosavleT, xolo SemdgomSi dasavleT saqarTvelos mierTebiT, qarTvelma xalxma erovnebis uflebac dakarga. am dros cnebebi `saqarTvelo~ da `qarTveli~ saerTod iqna gauqmebuli da ruseTis politikur rukaze saqarTvelo quTaisis da Tbilisis guberniebis saxeliT aRiniSneboda. Cveni qveynis istoriaSi meored dafiqsirda SemTxveva, rodesac dampyrobelma saerTod mospo da gaauqma qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba (pirvelad es iranelebma moimoqmedes 523 wels). mTiuleTis, kaxeTis, imereTis ajanyebebi, 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba, TergdaleulTa moRvaweoba _ ai is ZiriTadi momentebi, romlebic gamoxatavda qarTveli xalxis brZolas sakuTari uflebebis aRsadgenad. am brZolis uzenaesi mizani, ki ra Tqma unda, saxelmwifoebriobis xelaxali mopoveba iyo. 26

aseTi rTuli realobiTa da mZime memkvidreobiT xvdeboda qarTveli xalxi XX saukunes, konkretulad ki, 1918 wlis 26 maiss. V. ruseTis imperiis transformaciam saSualeba misca qarTvel politikosebs aRedginaT 1801 wels dakarguli saxelmwifoebrioba da es misia wilad xvda social-demokratiul (menSevikur) partias. 1918 wels, amierkavkasiis seimis daSlis Semdeg, gamocxadda saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika. es marTlac didmniSvnelovani aqti iyo saqarTvelos istoriaSi, radgan gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTveli xalxi mTeli istoriis manZilze arasdros yofila ase didxans saxelmwifoebriobis gareSe. imperiis danamatidan, Cveulebrivi koloniis statusidan saqarTvelo aRsdga rogorc saerTaSoriso samarTlis wevri qveyana da rogorc sruliad gansxvavebuli tipis saxelmwifo, radgan respublikuri wyoba manamde ucxo movlena iyo saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis. monarqiisagan gansxvavebiT, respublikuri mmarTvelobis forma moiTxovda erTi mxriv, qarTveli xalxis Seguebas axali realobisadmi da meore mxriv, liberaluri RonisZiebebis Tvisobrivad axal safexurze ayvanas. am periodSi saqarTvelos politikur da samarTlebriv cxovrebaSi bevri iseTi ram moxda, rac sruliad ucxo da SeuZlebeli iyo adrindel istoriul realobaSi. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika warmoadgenda saxelmwifos, romlis arsebobis safuZvels gansazRvravda Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi aqtebiTa da kanonmdeblobebiT mowesrigebuli sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi da am pirobebSi farTo gasaqani eZleoda adamianTa uflebebis dacvis iseT prioritetul sferoebs, rogoricaa: arCeviTobis principi, qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworuflebianoba, religiuri Tavisufleba, politikuri partiebis arseboba, rasobrivi diskriminaciis akrZalva, moqalaqeobis ufleba, Sromisa da dasvenebis ufleba, erovnuli umciresobebis uflebebis dacva, kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuxebloba, cenzuris 27

gauqmeba, presis Tavisufleba, sasamarTlos damoukidebloba, sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmeba. anu, Tamamad SegviZlia vaRiaroT, rom axalgazrda qarTuli saxelmwifo Tavisi arsebobis xanmokle periodis ganmavlobaSi icavda adamianis yvela im uflebas, rac SedarebiT gvian aisaxa `adamianis uflebebis sayovelTao deklaraciaSi~. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika, ra Tqma unda, iyo qarTveli xalxis didi monapovari. erT-erT umTavres da Tvisobrivad gansxvavebul movlenas warmoadgenda 1921 wlis 21 Tebervalis konstitucia. ra Tqma unda, esec pirveli SemTxveva iyo saqarTveloSi, rodesac saxelmwifos arsebobas safuZvlad daedo ZiriTadi kanoni. samwuxaro mxolod is faqtia, rom pirvelma konstituciam ver imuSava, radgan cnobilia, rom igi faqtobrivi saomari moqmedebebis pirobebSi iqna miRebuli; magram es mis Rirsebas cxadia, Crdils ver ayenebs, radgan konstituciam asaxa yvela is mTavari niuansi, romelic warmoadgenda demokratiuli respublikis zrunvis sagans da romelic manamde araerTxel iyo deklarirebuli damoukideblobis aqtsa da moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonSi. damoukideblobis aqtis proeqti momzadda 1918 wlis 2021 maiss baTumSi z. avaliSvilis, a. Cxenkelis, n. nikolaZis da p. surgulaZis mier da gansaxilvelad waredgina 1917 wlis 22 noembers arCeul erovnuli sabWos aRmasrulebel komitets, xolo 26 maiss man iuridiuli Zalac SeiZina. Cveni amJamindeli interesi damoukideblobis aqtis 1, 2, 5 da 6 muxlebs Seexeba. pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelo cxaddeboda damoukidebel, sruluflebian saxelmwifod, meore muxli gansazRvravda politikuri wyobis formas. saqveynod cxaddeboda saqarTvelos politikuri wyobis forma _ demokratiuli respublika. mexuTe muxlis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika Tavis farglebSi Tanasworad uzrunvelyofda yvela moqalaqis samoqalaqo da politikur uflebebs, ganurCevlad erovnebisa, sarwmunoebisa, socialuri mdgomareobisa da sqesisa. meeqvse muxlSi Camoyalibebuli debulebis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika 28

ganviTarebis Tavisufal asparezs uxsnida mis teritoriaze mcxovreb yvela ers (saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti, 1991. gv.198). damoukideblobis aqtiT deklarirebuli debulebebis Sesruleba rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifos ganuxreli zrunvis sagani iyo, kargad Cans saqarTvelos parlamentis magaliTzec, sadac adgilebis arcTu mcire raodenoba ergoT erovnuli umciresobebis warmomadgenlebs. saqarTveloSi mcxovreb somxobas hyavda 10 deputati, azerbajianelebs _ 4, afxazebs _ 3, rusebs _ 2, osebs _ 2, qarTvel ebraelebs _ 2, berZnebs _ 1, ebraelebs _ 1, germanelebs _ 1. umaRles sakanonmdeblo organoSi aseve TvalSisacemi iyo politikur partiaTa siWrelec, arsebobda eqvsi fraqcia: social-demokratebi (umravlesoba), erovnul-demokratebi, socialist-federalistebi, socialist-revolucionerebi, `sxvisistebi~ da upartioebi (a. surgulaZe, p. surgulaZe, 1991. gv. 205). marTalia, parlamentis samuSao ena qarTuli iyo, magram saxelmwifo enis armcodne deputatisaTvis moixsna yovelgvari enobrivi barieri, maT SeeZloT sityvis warmoTqma mSobliur enaze. 1920 wels parlamentma SeimuSava `afxazeTis avtonomiuri mmarTvelobis debulebis~ proeqti, rac niSnavda, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifo afxazeTs saSinao da kulturul saqmianobaSi aniWebda srul TviTgamorkvevas. sxvaTa Soris, konstituciis Tanaxmad, Sinagan saqmeebSi sruli avtonomiuri uflebebi, afxazeTis garda, eZleoda samusulmano saqarTvelosac (zaqaTalisa da baTumis olqebs). bunebrivia, rom konstituciis momzadebasa da miRebas garkveuli dro da procedurebis gavla sWirdeboda, amitom saqarTvelos parlamenti am sicarieles avsebda sxva mniSvnelovani kanonebiT. erTi aseTi umniSvnelovanesi aqti iyo damfuZnebeli krebis (parlamentis) mier 1919 wels miRebuli kanoni moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb. aRar SevudgebiT imis mtkicebas, rom saqarTvelos istoriaSi esec pirvel da sruliad uprecedento SemTxvevas warmoadgenda. mokled SevexebiT aRniSnul kanons CvenTvis saintereso kuTxiT. 29

saqarTvelos moqalaqed iTvleboda yvela is piri, romelic saqarTveloSi cxovrobda 1914 wlis 19 ivlisis aRweris mixedviT. moqalaqeobis ufleba eZleoda agreTve imas, vinc aranakleb sami weli cxovrobda saqarTvelos teritoriaze, hqonda uZravi qoneba da kanonis miRebidan sami Tvis vadaSi ganacxadebda moqalaqeobis miRebis survils. saqarTvelos farglebSi kanonieri Tu ukanono qorwinebis Sedegad dabadebuli adamiani avtomaturad iRebda moqalaqis statuss. amave statusiT SeeZloT esargeblaT saqarTvelos moqalaqis cols, an qvrivs, saqarTvelos moqalaqis mier kanonieri wesiT Svilad ayvanil pirovnebas, ucxoel mcirewlovan bavSvs, romlis mSoblebi miiRebdnen saqarTvelos moqalaqeobas. moqalaqeobis miReba xdeboda agreTve naturalizaciis wesiT. dauSvebeli iyo ormagi moqalaqeoba da mxolod saqarTvelos moqalaqes SeeZlo monawileoba mieRo qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi. aseve nebismier adamians SeeZlo uari eTqva saqarTvelos moqalaqeobaze, saWiro iyo mxolod amis Sesaxeb saTanado gancxadeba samarTaldamcav organoebSi (saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis kanoni, 1991, gv. 334-336). damoukideblobis aqti da moqalaqeobis kanoni, ra Tqma unda, adamianis uflebebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT umniSvnelovanesi dokumentebi iyo, magram, isic cxadia, rom am uflebebis dacvisa da xelSeuxeblobis umTavres garants warmoadgenda 1921 wlis konstitucia. GgadaWarbebuli Sefaseba ar iqneba Tu aRvniSnavT, rom adamianTa uflebebisa da liberaluri Rirebulebebis dacvis sferoSi saqarTvelos konstitucia srulad akmayofilebda XX saukunis pirveli naxevrisaTvis aRiarebul saerTaSoriso normebs. ukve iTqva, rom 1921 wlis konstitucia exmaureba da garkveulwilad Seesabameba 1948 wels miRebul `adamianis uflebebis sayovelTao deklaracias~. cxadia, Cveni mizani ar aris konstituciis sruli ganxilva, magram mainc sasurvelia, zemoT Tqmulis dasamtkiceblad movaxdinoT misi calkeuli muxlebis konstatacia: muxli 16 _ moqalaqeni kanonis winaSe Tanasworni arian. muxli 17 _ wodebrivi gansxvaveba ar arsebobs. 30

muxli 18 _ xarisxis miniWeba garda akademiurisa akrZalulia. muxli 19 _ sikvdiliT dasja gauqmebulia. muxli 20 _ ar SeiZleba dasjil iqnes vinme sxvafriv, Tu ara sasamarTlo wesiT. muxli 21 _ yvela moqalaqe unda gasamarTldes sasamarTlo wesiT. muxli 22 _ pirovneba xelSeuxebelia. ar SeiZleba Sepyrobili an sxvafriv Tavisuflebas moklebul da piradad gaCxrekil iqnes vinme, Tu ara sasamarTlos an sagamoZiebo organos dasabuTebuli brZanebis saxiT. muxli 26 _ sasarTlo valdebulia wardgenili piri dauyovnebliv, ara ugvianes 24 saaTisa, dahkiTxos, xolo Semdgom brZaneba gasces an misi Sepyrobis an dauyovnebliv gasaTavisufleblad. muxli 28 _ yoveli moqalaqis bina Seuvalia, misi gaCxreka SeiZleba mxolod sasamarTlo dadgenilebiT. muxli 29 _ yoveli moqalaqe mimosvlasa da binadrobis arCevaSi sruliad Tavisufalia. muxli 31 _ yoveli moqalaqe sargeblobs sindisis sruli TavisuflebiT. moqalaqis devna, misi politikuri Tu samoqalaqo uflebaTa SezRudva sarwmunoebis an rwmenis gamo ar SeiZleba. yvelas SeuZlia aRiaros is sarwmunoeba, romelic surs, an sarwmunoeba gamoicvalos, an da arc erT kults ar ekuTvnodes. muxli 32 _ yovel moqalaqes aqvs sityviT, beWdviT an sxva ram RonisZiebiT Tavisi azrebi gamoTqvas da gaavrcelos mTavrobis winaswar nebadaurTvelad. yoveli danaSaulisaTvis, romelsac igi aseT SemTxvevaSi Caidens, pasuxs agebs mxolod sasamarTlos winaSe. muxli 33 _ saqarTvelos moqalaqeT ufleba aqvT mTavrobis nebadaurTvelad Seikribon sajarod da uiaraRod, rogorc WerqveS ise gareT. muxli 35 _ saqarTvelos respublikis moqalaqeebs ufleba aqvT mTavrobis winaswar nebadaurTvelad daarson profesiuli da sxva yovelgvari kavSiri. muxli 37 _ piradi da koleqtiuri peticiis ufleba uzrunvelyofilia. 31

muxli 38 _ muSaTa gaficva Tavisufalia. muxli 39 _ orive sqesis moqalaqe Tanasworia, rogorc politikur ise samoqalaqo ekonomiur Tu saojaxo uflebiT. muxli 40 _ qorwineba emyareba uflebriv Tanasworobasa da nebayoflobas. Qqorwinebis gareSe da qorwinebiT Sobili uflebiTa da movaleobiT Tanasworni arian. muxli 41 _ politikuri devnili, respublikis teritoriaze Semoxiznuli, sxva saxelmwifos ar gadaecema. muxli 42 _ moqalaqis uflebaTa darRvevisaTvis, rogorc Tanamdebobis, aseve kerZo piri miecema pasuxisgebaSi, sisxlis samarTlis kanonebis Tanaxmad. muxli 109 _ xelovneba, mecniereba da maTi swavla Tavisufalia. saxelmwifo valdebulia mfarveloba gauwios da xeli Seuwyos mis ganviTarebas. muxli 113 _ respublika zrunavs Tavis moqalaqeTa Rirseuli arsebobisaTvis. muxli 129 _ ar SeiZleba SeizRudos saqarTvelos respublikis romelime erovnuli umciresobis Tavisufali socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturuli ganviTareba. Yyvelas aqvs ufleba weros, beWdos da ilaparakos dedaenaze. muxli 131 _ ar SeiZleba SeizRudos visime politikuri da moqalaqeobrivi ufleba erovnul kavSirSi monawileobisaTvis. muxli 133 _ yvela moqalaqes aqvs Tanabari ufleba miiRos saxelmwifo, samoqalaqo, samxedro da saqalaqo Tu saerobo samsaxuri. muxli 143 _ arc erT sarwmunoebas ar aqvs upiratesoba. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika ara marto aRiarebda adamianis uflebebis uzenaes kanonebs, aramed zrunavda kidec maTi dacvisaTvis. pirvelma respublikam ise daasrula arseboba, rom sakuTari moqalaqeebisaTvis ar SeuzRudavs erovnuli, politikuri, socialuri, ekonomikuri Tu kulturuli uflebebi. am mxriv niSandoblivad gamoiyureba mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris n. Jordaniasa da kavkasiaSi didi britaneTis jarebis sardal general uokeris dialogi: 32

uokeri: TqvenSi arsebuli socializaciis pirobebSi, mokavSireTa kapitali aq ver mova. n. Jordania: mrewveluri da savaWro sawarmoebi socializacias ar eqvemdebarebian, es CvenSi ar xdeba. uokeri: Cven amaSi mtkiced darwmunebulebi ara varT. n. Jordania: unda iyoT. es rom ase ar iyos, Cven bolSevikebi viqnebodiT da ara saqarTvelo (scssa f.1878 saq. 48 furc. 20). SegveZlo gagvexila kidev araerTi movlena, romelic dakavSirebuli iqneboda saTaurSi wamoWril problemasTan. Cven Sors varT im azrisagan, rom amomwuravad SeviswavleT ganviTarebis calkeul etapebze qarTuli saxelmwifos damokidebuleba zogadad liberaluri Rirebulebebisadmi, magram imis mtkiceba ki danamdvilebiT SeiZleba, rom saqarTveloSi yovelTvis iyo swrafva aRniSnuli faseulobebisken da saqarTvelos istoriac, iseve rogorc sxva nebismieri qveynis istoria, imavdroulad aris adamianTa uflebis dacvisa Tu am uflebebis darRvevis matiane.

33

literatura adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso bili, wigni I , Tb.1999, gv.4_12 (saias gamocema) agaTia sqolastikosi, georgika I , Tb. 1967 basili basili zarzmeli, serapion zarzmelis cxovreba, Zveli qarTuli qarTlis agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, Tb.1959 ezoismoZRuari, cxovreba mefeT-mefe Tamarisi, cxovreba, I . Tb. 1959 besiki, Txzulebani, Tb. 1962. gv. 224 d. gvritiSvili, feodaluri saqarTvelos socialuri urTierTobebis istoriidan, Tb. 1962 giorgi merCule, grigol xanZTelis cxovreba, qarTuli mwerloba, t. I. Tb. 1987 daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi, cxovreba mefeT-mefe daviTisi, qarTlis cxovreba, I, Tb.1959 don juzepe judiCe milaneli, werilebi saqarTveloze, Tb.1968 istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani, qarTlis cxovreba, I , Tb.1959 a. kaxiZe, aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis antikuri xanis qalaqebi, bT.1972 leonti mroveli, cxovreba qarTuelTa mefeTasa da pirvelTaganTa mamaTa da naTesavTa, qarTlis cxovreba, I, Tb. 1955 moqcevai qarTlisai, Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, I, Tb.1959 mcxeTa I. armazisxevis arqeologiuri Zeglebi. Tb.Q prokopi kesarieli, georgika, I , Tb.1965 Jan Sardeni, mogzauroba saqarTveloSi, Tb.1935 saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti, wignSi a. surgulaZe, p. surgulaZe, saqarTvelos istoria (1783_1990), Tb.1991 saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis mier 1919 wels SemuSavebuli kanoni moqalaqeobis, wignSi a. surgulaZe, p. surgulaZe, saqarTvelos istoria (1783_1990), Tb.1991 saqarTvelos konstitucia, miRebuli saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis mier 1921 wlis 21 Tebervals, wignSi a. surgulaZe, p. surgulaZe, saqarTvelos istoria (1783_1990), Tb.1991 a. surgulaZe, p. surgulaZe, saqarTvelos istoria (1783_1990), Tb.1991 qarTuli xalxuri saistorio sityviereba, t. I . Tb.1964 juanSeri, cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa, qarTlis cxovreba, I. Tb.1955

34

adamianis uflebebi da qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi

fridon sayvareliZe
`...arc mtyuansa da arc marTalze qrTami ar aris, da arc unda mosamarTlem indomos da aiRos, Torem Zneli tvirTi dauc aRsakidebelad beWTa TvisTaTvis~.

samarTali batoniSvilis vaxtangisa

dRes saqarTveloSi iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa adamianis uflebebi, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba Tu demokratia sazogadoebis mxolod mcire nawilis mier aris miCneuli qarTuli kulturis ganuyofel nawilad. saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa umravlesoba ki, Cvenda samwuxarod, miiCnevs rom es cnebebi ar warmoadgens erovnul Rirebulebas da ucxoa qarTuli kulturisaTvis. isini garedan (dasavleTidan) Semotanilad da iZulebiT Tavsmoxveulad miiCneva da xSir SemTxveveaSi ara Tu maTi ganxorcielebisaken mimarTuli konkretuli RonisZiebebi, aramed maTi xsenebac ki sazogadoebis garkveuli da arcTu mcire nawilis gaRizianebas da zogjer agresiasac ki iwvevs. arada, adamianis uflebebsa da erovnul Rirebulebebs Soris konfliqti ar arsebobs. am werilis mizanic swored amis Cvenebaa. vinaidan adamianis uflebebi mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli iuridiul mecnierebebTan, gadavwyviteT am kuTxiT Segveswavla qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, gveZebna analogiebi da gansxvavebebi am ZeglebSi adamianis uflebebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebsa da adamianis uflebaTa Tanamedrove dokumentebs Soris. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom amgvari kvleva saqarTveloSi jer ar Catarebula. Tavad proeqtis moculobac SeuZlebels xdis qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebis srulfasovan Seswavlas am mimarTulebiT. Cven vecadeT qarTuli samarTlis zogierT Zeglze dayrdnobiT gveCvenebina sazogadoebisaTvis, rom dasavluri Rirebulebebi sruliadac ar aris ucxo qarTuli kulturisaTvis. 35

adamianis uflebebi da misi wyaroebi orasi wlis win Tavisi saxelmwifos daarsebisas amerikelebma damoukideblobis deklaraciis preambulaSi aRiares: `Cven gvesmis rogorc TavisTavadi WeSmariteba, rom yvela adamiani aris Tanaswori da dajildoebulia RmerTis mier xelSeuxebeli uflebebiT. am uflebaTa uzrunvelsayofad xalxi ayalibebs mTavrobas, romlis kanonieri Zalauflebac gamomdinareobs marTulTa Tanxmobidan. Tuki rodesme esa Tu is mmarTvelobis forma saSiSi aRmoCndeba am miznebisaTvis, xalxs ufleba aqvs daamxos xelisufleba da Seqmnas axali, romelic safuZvlad iseT principebs aiRebs da ise moaxdens sakuTari xelisuflebis organizebas, rogorsac xalxi miiCnevs ufro xelsayrelad da sasargeblod usafrTxoebisa da keTildReobis uzrunvelsayofad~. diax, es orasi wlis winaT iyo, magram adamianis uflebebis pirvelwyaroebi uZveles xanaSi unda veZioT. adamianis uflebebi codnis is dargia, romelic mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli religiasTan, filosofiasTan, pirvel rigSi ki _ eTikasTan, iuridiul da politikur mecnierebebTan. codnis es dargi Tanamedrove saxiT meore msoflio omis Semdeg warmoiSva, Tumca misi saTaveebi mkafiod SeiniSneba Zvel epoqaSi, Sua saukuneebSi, da, ra Tqma unda, ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi. komunistur epoqaSi adamianis uflebebi ar warmoadgenda kvlevis sagans da arsad iswavleboda. Tumca, Tavad gamoTqma _`adamianis uflebebi~, gasagebi mizezebis gamo, zedsarTavi `socialisturiT~ Sevsebuli, samocdaaTiani wlebis bolos gaCnda da Segnebulad amaxinjebda dasavleTidan mosul ideebs, romlebsac Cvens qveynebSi `adamianis burJuaziul uflebebs~ uwodebdnen. adamianis uflebaTa ZiriTad Tanamedrove wyaroebs miekuTvneba: adamianis uflebaTa deklaracia, saerTaSoriso paqti samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa Sesaxeb, saerTaSoriso paqti ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul uflebaTa Sesaxeb, samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqtis TandarTuli fakultaturi protokolebi (zemoT CamoTvlili dokumentebi gaeros 36

mieraa miRebuli da maT adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso bils uwodeben). sxva dokumentebTan erTad mniSvnelovani regionuli tipis dokumentebia: adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa evropis konvencia, evropis socialuri qartia da a. S. mkafiod unda iTqvas, rom adamianis uflebebi saxelmwifosagan damoukideblad arsebobs, misi wyaro ar aris saxelmwifo, kanonmdebloba an sazogadoeba. es uflebebi Tandayolilia. isini gvekuTvnis Cven swored imitom, rom adamianebad davibadeT. aqedan gamomdinare, araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs, dafiqsirebulia Tu ara es uflebebi konstituciaSi Tu sxva sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi, vinaidan Cveni kuTvnili uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi yvela konstituciasa da kanonmdeblobaze maRla dgas. amasTan erTad, saxelmwifos movaleobaa adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacva. maSasadame, saxelmwifo arsebobs xalxisagan da xalxisaTvis. adamianis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi waruvali da uzenaesi adamianuri Rirebulebebia, rac imas niSnavs, rom am uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa arseboba ar SeiZleba Semoifarglos drois romelime monakveTiT da Seilaxos sxva RirebulebebiT. adamianis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi zRudavs saxelmwifosa da xalxs xelisuflebis ganxorcielebisas. maSasadame, adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis amgvari garantiis SeqmniT pirovneba daculia xalxisa da saxelmwifos TviTnebobisagan. adamianis uflebebi ar aris kavSirSi politikur procesebTan (sxva saqmea, Tu rogor iyeneben amas politikosebi), isini politikuri procesis gareT arsebul Rirebulebebs exeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianis uflebebi ar aris yvela sxva Rirebulebis tolfasi, am ukanasknelTan Sejaxebisas adamianis uflebebi wamyvan rols asrulebs. swored amaSi vlindeba adamianis uflebaTa fundamentalizmi. fundamenturobis miuxedavad adamianis uflebebi ar aris absoluturi. SeiZleba xdebodes da xdeba kidec maTi ignorireba sxva RirebulebaTa sanacvlod. patimroba pirad Ta37

visuflebas ewinaaRmdegeba, rasizmis propagandis akrZalva ki _ azris gamoTqmis Tavisuflebas; policielTa da gamomZiebelTa zogi qmedeba piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis uflebas arRvevs da a. S. magram mTavari is aris, rom adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi SeWra TviTneburad ar xdeba da winaswar gansazRvruli viTarebiTa da Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi proceduriTaa SezRuduli. isic unda iTqvas, rom adamianis uflebebi da demokratia erTi da igive ar aris. adamianis uflebebi arc Tanasworuflebianobas niSnavs da namdvilad ar aris samarTlianoba. miT umetes, adamianis uflebebi ar aris igive, rac Tavisufleba, Tumca Tavisuflebis cneba yvelaze axlos aris adamianis uflebebis cnebasTan. qarTuli samarTlis wyaroebi cnobilia, rom rac ufro maRalia xalxis marTlSegneba, miT ufro ganviTarebulia misi samarTlebrivi institutebi da piriqiT, primitiuli da ganuviTarebeli samarTali yovelTvis dabali da CamorCenili uflebrivi Segnebis nayofi iyo. cnobilia, rom qarTuli saxelmwifosa da samarTlis arsebobas didi xnis istoria aqvs. qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebSi asaxulia Sesabamisi epoqis sazogadoebaSi arsebuli warmodgenebi Rirsebaze, Tavisuflebaze da Tanasworobaze, romlebic adamianis uflebebis qvakuTxedia. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom saqarTveloSi samarTlis sferoSi, iseve rogorc saxelmwifos mowyobaSi, erTis mxriv saxelmwifo xelisufleba moqmedebda, meores mxriv ki eklesia, romelic saxelmwifo yofa-cxovrebis Zlier faqtorad iTvleboda da gansakuTrebuli gavlena hqonda masze. amis gamo samarTlis Zeglebic orgvari iyo _ saero da saeklesio. amasTan erTad, mkvlevarisaTvis metad sainteresoa naTargmni samarTlis Zeglebic (rogorc saeklesio, ise saero). maT Soris saqristiano msoflioSi moqmedi samarTlis umniSvnelovanesi Zeglebi _ didi sjulis kanoni, siriul-romauli, bizantiuri da somxuri kanonebi, romlebic saqarTveloSi maT Targmnamde didi xniT adre moqmedebda. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom es kanonebi imdenad 38

gadamuSavebuli saxiTaa Targmnili, rom isini Sesabamisi Zeglebis Tavisebur qarTul versiad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. aq, mokled CamovTvliT qarTuli samarTlis im Zeglebs, romlebsac mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravT qarTuli samarTlis istoriaSi da romlebic, amasTan erTad, friad sainteresoa sakvlevi sakiTxisaTvis. naTargmni saeklesio Zeglebi `didi sjulis kanoni~ _ Targmna arsen iyalToelma, Tumca, rogorc Cans, manamdec iyo naTargmni; `wesi da gangeba da sjulis kanoni meequsisa krebisa~ _ Targmna eqvTime mTawmindelma. `kanonni SecodebulTani~ _ Targmna eqvTime mTawmindelma. sakuTriv qarTuli saeklesio Zeglebi ruiss-urbnisis 1103w. krebis Zegliswera. 1263 wlis `saqarTvelos saeklesio krebis moxseneba da dadgenileba~ _ eZRvneboda ulu-daviTis mier saeklesio mamulebis gasxvisebas. `samarTali kaTalikozTa da krebisa mier~ _ XVI saukunis Zeglia. 1767-68ww. `ganCineba~ _ Seadgines da daamtkices anton kaTalikosma da erekle mefem _ sagulisxmo cnobebi moipoveba qarTul-xalxur zne-CveulebaTa, warmarTobis naSTisa da sisxlis samarTlis zogierTi danaSaulis Sesaxeb, iseve rogorc sasjelTa Sesaxebac. saero kanonmdeblobis Zeglebi maT Soris: saxelmwifo samarTlis Zeglebi `garigeba xelmwifis karisa~ _ e. TayaiSvilis azriT, giorgi brwyinvalis epoqaSi unda iyos Sedgenili. Zegli saqarTvelos saxelmwifo wes-wyobilebis, kulturuli da ekonomikuri istoriis bevr mniSvnelovan sakiTxs Seicavs. `wesi da gangebai mefeTa kurTxevisai~ _ ivane javaxiSvilis azriT, XV saukuneze adre ar unda iyos Sedgenili. 39

`dasturlamali~ _ vaxtang VI Seadgina XVII saukunis dasawyisSi. dasturlamali anu dasturi moqmedebisa vaxtang VI sityvebiT warmoadgens `sjulisdebasa saxelmwifoTasa~, anu qarTuli saxelmwifo samarTlis Zeglia, magram Sinaarsi gacilebiT farTo da mravalmxrivia. masSi aris cnobebi mosaxleobis aRweris, Semosavlis davTrebis Sedgenis wesis, gadasaxadebis akrefis, gzebis movla-patronobis da a.S. Sesaxeb. sisxlis da samoqalaqo samarTlis Zeglebi `Zeglis dadeba giorgi brwyinvalesi~ qarTuli samarTlis erT-erTi uZvelesi Zeglia, romelic SedarebiT sruli saxiT aris Semonaxuli da sisxlis da samoqalaqo samarTals exeba. Tumca, Cvenamde moaRwia sxva sakanonmdeblo ZeglebSi gafantulma zogierTma fragmentma, romlebic, ivane javaxiSvilis azriT, bagrat III xanas (978-1014) miekuTvneba. eWvs ar unda iwvevdes isic, rom daviT aRmaSeneblis, giorgi III da Tamar mefis drosac iqneboda gamocemuli kanonebi, romlebmac, rogorc Cans, Cvenamde ver moaRwia. `beqa-aRbuRas samarTlis wigni~ Seadgines samcxejavaxeTis aTabagma beqa I jayelma (daaxloebiT 1240-1306 ww.) da samcxis aTabagma aRbuRa I jayelma (XIV saukunis I naxevari). es Zegli gvawvdis metad sagulisxmo cnobebs imdroindeli samxreT saqarTvelos politikur wyobaze, samarTlebriv mdgomareobaze, danaSaulTa saxeebze, saojaxo samarTalze da a.S. `vaxtangis samarTlis wigni da kodiko~. krebuli Sedgenilia XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi (1705-1708 ww.). batoniSvilma vaxtangma `igula da igulismodgina da Semokribna yovelni wigni samarTlisani, romelni JamTa viTarebiTa TviToeulad mimodabneul iyo~. krebuli Seicavs sakuTriv qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebs _ `samarTali mefisa giorgisa~, `samarTali beqasi da aRbuRasi~, `bagrat kurapalatis samarTali~, `kanonikuri samarTali~ da Tavad vaxtang mefis Sedgenil Zegls _ `samarTali batoniSvilis vaxtangisa~. krebuli Seicavs agreTve saqristiano msoflioSi moqmed samarTlis 40

umniSvnelovanes Zeglebs _ moses Sjuls, siriul-romaul, bizantiur da somxur kanonebs, romelnic saqarTveloSi krebulis Sedgenamde didi xniT adre moqmedebda. monoba saqarTveloSi saerTaSoriso samarTali monobas ganmartavs, rogorc im adamianis cxovrebis pirobebs, an statuss, romelic ar aris Tavisufali samuSaos mimcemis arCevaSi, romelsac eqcevian rogorc sagans, an sakuTrebas da romelic SeiZleba gaiyidos bazarze. monobis sawinaaRmdego pirveli saerTaSoriso konvencia erTa ligam 1926 wels JenevaSi miiRo. gaeros mier 1948 wels miRebuli adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis me-4 muxlis mixedviT akrZalulia monobis yvela forma: `aravin unda imyofebodes monobaSi an ZalmomreobiTi morCilebis mdgomareobaSi, yvela saxis monoba da monaTvaWroba akrZalulia~. 1 1956 wels JenevaSi 59 qveynis warmomadgenlebma miiRes damatebiTi konvencia, romliTac gauqnebulia monoba, monebiT vaWroba da yvela instituti da adaTi, romelic monobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. strabonis aRwerilobidan Cans, rom saqarTveloSi, Cveni welTaRricxvis I saukuneSi marto mefesa hyavda monebi, xolo sazogadod monaTmflobelobaze straboni arafers ambobs. monebi maSin aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mravalricxovanni ar unda yofiliyvnen. amgvarad socialuri uTanasworobis mxolod Canasaxi Cans da iberiis mosaxleobis udidesi nawili Tavisufali da Tanasworuflebiani yofila. sxva suraTi gvaqvs V-VI saukuneebis saqarTveloSi, rodesac monamxevlebi saqarTveloSi aramarto mefesa da aznaurebs hyoliaT, aramed ufro dabali fenis warmomadgenlebsac ki, magaliTad xelosnebs. iakob xucesis sityvebiT momakvdavi SuSanikis sanaxavad 472 wels sxvebTan erTad mosulan `aznaurni da uaznoni soflisa qarTlisani~. cxadia, rom am
1

`adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa safuZvlebi~ gv. 8. Tbilisi, 2000.

41

SemTxvevaSi aznauri mxolod wodebis aRmniSvneli termini ki ar aris, aramed gvaris warmomadgenels, gvaris Svils niSnavs da amasTan dakavSirebiT `Tavisufalis~ mniSvnelobac hqonda (Tu qarTul termins `Tavisufali~ CavukvirdebiT, am sityvis Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba gviCvenebs, rom Tavisufali is iyo, visac Tavisi Tavis uflad an batonad miaCnda Tavi, anu visac batoni da ufali ar hyavda da batons ar emorCileboda). Tavisufali mxolod is iyo, vinc romelime gvars ekuTvnoda. is ki vinc uazno anu ugvaro iyo, sxva qveynidan iyo Semoxiznuli, an tyved wamoyvanili da Tavisufali ar yofila. qarTuli saistorio, literaturuli da samarTlis Zeglebis Seswavlis safuZvelze ivane javaxiSvili daaskvnis _ `sruli sicxadiT irkveva, rom saqarTveloSi I- VII ss-Si mxolod monoba iyo, patronymoba maSin ar arsebobda. X s-is meore naxevriTgan ki saqarTveloSi marto patronymobaRa iyo, monoba, rogorc sazogado movlena ukve aRar arsebobda. VII-IX ss-Si monobis xseneba qreba, magram patronymoba jer ar aris. am xanas gardamavali xanis Tvisebebi aqvs da jer kidev gamosarkvevia, ranairi socialuri damokidebuleba sufevda maSin ufalTa da im msaxurTa, an saxleulTa Soris, romelnic am dros ZeglebSi moxseniebulni arian~ 2. ra Tqma unda, Cven kargad gvesmis, rom es ar niSnavda monobis yvela formis gauqmebas, aramed monobis mxolod ZiriTadi, pirvelyofili formis gauqmebas, monobis sxva saxeebi ki (magaliTad batonymoba, savalo valdebuleba) didxans SemorCa saqarTveloSi. miuxedavad amisa, monobis ZiriTadi formis gauqmeba mainc unda Sefasdes, rogorc im droisaTvis progresuli movlena. paralelisaTvis aRvniSnavT, rom safrangeTSi monoba didi revoluciis dros gauqmda, magram faqtobrivad is SenarCunebuli iyo safrangeTis koloniebSi me-19 saukunis 40-ian wlebamde. didma britaneTma monoba 1807 wels gaauqma, magram britanul koloniebSi es instituti 1833 wlebamde
2

ivane javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, t. 6, gv. 176, Tbilisi 1982.

42

moqmedebda. me-19 saukunis 50-ian wlebSi monoba gaauqmes portugaliaSi, 60-ian wlebSi ki is gauqmda amerikis kontinentis saxelmwifoTa umravlesobaSi. kerZod aSS-m monoba 1861-65 wlebis samoqalaqo omis Semdeg gaauqma. eTiopiaSi, nigeriaSi da a.S monoba me-20 saukunis 50-ian wlebamde moqmedebda. miuxedavad monobis sawinaaRmdego oraswliani brZolisa, monoba kvlav arsebobs. gaeros monacemebiT, daaxloebiT 12 milioni adamiani cxovrobs monobaSi _ laTinur amerikaSi, afrikasa da samxreT aziaSi. sasamarTlo xelisufleba zemoT patronymoba vaxseneT, romelic Zlier waagavda dasavleT evropis saSualo saukuneebis feodalur weswyobilebas, e. w. feodalizms. am werilis mizani ar gaxlavT am metad Taviseburi da saqarTvelos saxelmwifo wes-wyobilebaze didi gavlenis mqone da misi socialuri da ekonomikuri mowyobis damaxasiaTebeli institutis aRwera. aq mxolod imas aRvniSnavT, rom qarTul patronymobasa da dasavleT evropis feodalur weswyobilebas Soris mravali msgavsebis garda erTi friad mniSvnelovani da sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebis gamomxatveli gansxvaveba iyo. dasavleT evropeli patroni anu feodali Tavisi safeodalos umaRlesi gamgebelic iyo da misi avtonomiuri kompetencia gulisxmobda saxelmwifos marTvisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi ori funqciis ganxorcilebas _ gadasaxadebis akrefas da marTlmsajulebas. feodalis xelT iyo rogorc sisxlis, ise samoqalaqo samarTali da sasamarTlo. mis sapatrono qveyanaSi samefo sasamarTlo ar moqmedebda, misi ymebi mefis msajulebs ar eqvemdebarebodnen, maTTvis samefo samarTlis da sasamarTlos karebi daxSuli iyo. ymas Tu glexs samarTali isev imasTan unda eZebna, vinc misi uflebebi Selaxa. yovelive es sruliad cxadad gvaZlevs safuZvels seriozuli eWvi SevitanoT am sasamarTloebis damoukideblobaSi, miukerZoeblobasa da obieqturobaSi. da, rac kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, feodalizmi saxelmwifos mravali kerZo meurneobis elfers aZlevda da amiT Zirs uTxrida saxelmwifos mTlianobas. 43

im periodSi, rodesac patronymobis instituti moqmedebda, saqarTveloSi msgavsi araferi yofila. patronebs ar hqondaT TavianTi ymebis gasamarTlebis ufleba, aramed ymebic samefo sasamarTlos eqvemdebarebodnen da maTTvis saxelmwifo sasamarTlos kari mudam Ria iyo (samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom mxolod saqarTvelos eklesias hqonda e.w. sasamarTlo Seuvalobis ufleba, rac imas niSnavda, rom saeklesio marTlmsajulebaSi veravin Caereoda da eklesiis ymebi mxolod saeklesio sasamarTlos emorCilebodnen). zemoTqmulidan cxadi xdeba, rom imdroindel saqarTveloSi saxelmwifoebrivi azrovneba da samarTali safuZvlianad gansxvavdeboda Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropuli samarTlisagan da SedarebiTi samarTlis gamoyenebisas unda vaRiaroT, rom aSkarad progresuli iyo, vinaidan saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebis matarebel niSan-Tvisebebs Seicavda. sasamarTlo sistemis mniSvnelovani reforma ganaxorciela daviT aRmaSenebelma. mis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli sasamarTlo dawesebulebis _ `saajo karis~ reforma, romelic umaRles sasamarTlo instancias warmoadgenda da romelsac Wyondidel mwignobarTuxucesi xelmZRvanelobda. misi kari mudam Ria iyo maTTvis, vinc qveda donis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT ukmayofilo iyo da Sesabamisi `aja~ Sehqonda. orSabaTobiT Wyondideli Tavad iyo msajuli, sxva dReebSi ki saqmeebs sxva mosamarTleni ganixilavdnen. samarTlis axali institutis Seqmna da marTlmsajulebis saxelmwifos marTva-gamgeobisagan gamoyofa im droisaTvis udaod progresuli nabiji iyo. gvianfeodalur saqarTveloSic qveynis uzenaesi mosamarTle mefe iyo. vaxtang VI `ganaCina wigni samarTlisa, oTxSabaTsa da paraskevsa dajdis samdivnos saxlsa, ganagebda samarTalsa mcireTa da didebulT Tana~. sxva dReebSi saqmeebs mdivanbegi arCevda (am periodSi sasamarTlo dawesebulebas `divans~ uwodebdnen, rac sparsulad saxelmwifo krebas, kancelarias niSnavda, mdivanbegad ki ufrosi mosamarTle iwodeboda). es instituti saqarTveloSi XV saukunis meore naxevridan arsebobs. SemdgomSi erekle II 44

gaafarTova mdivanbegis uflebamosileba. es centraluri xelisuflebis gaZlierebis maCvenebelic iyo. ereklem SezRuda TavadTa uflebebi da aqtiurad ereoda saTavados saSinao saqmeebSi. cnobilia, rom erekle II sistematurad arCevda samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebs, amasTan, angariSs ar uwevda saqmis sirTules, an modave mxareTa socialur mdgomareobas. mis mier gamotanili ganaCenebi samarTlianobiT gamoirCeoda da gasaCivrebas ar eqvemdebareboda. sakuTari an sxva sasamarTlos mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis Secvla, aRsrulebis SeCereba an gauqmeba mxolod mefes xelewifeboda. qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebSi didi yuradReba eqceva rogorc mosamarTleTa miukerZoeblobas, patiosnebas, arakorumpirebulobas, profesionalizms, aseve samarTliani sasamarTlo procesis uflebasa da SejibrebiTobis princips sasamarTlo procesis dros. ai, rogor aris aRwerili is Tvisebebi, romliTac unda iyos Semkuli mosamarTle batoniSvil vaxtangis samarTlis wignis me-3 muxlis mixedviT: `pirvel ese, rome mosamarTle didad mCxrekeli, mimxudari, gamomeZiebeli, gonebaauCqarebeli, dawynarebuli, gamgone, saCivris yuris mimgdebi, gamsinjavi, moCivris moadis momcdeli da sxvisac mkiTxveli, Tu amisi samarTali Tgvengan rogor isinjvis, mowmis maZebari unda iyos, uqrTamo RvTis moSiSi. ...marto moCivars samarTali ar unda uyos, meorec daibaros da orniv erTad alaparakos. mowmiT, kiTxviT da gamoZiebiT maTis saCivris marTlad Setyobas ecados. rac ficxlav samarTali qnas _ unda orjel, samjer, xan erTad da xan calcalke alaparakos. ...arc mtyuansa da arc marTalze qrTami ar aris, da arc unda mosamarTlem indomos da aiRos, Torem Zneli tvirTi dauc aRsakidebelad beWTa TvisTaTvis~ 3. iqve 215-e muxlSi CamoTvlilia is moTxovnebi, romelic savaldebuloa mosamarTlis Tanamdebobis misaRebad:
3

qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, i. doliZis gamocema, t. 1, gv. 480-481, Tbilisi

1963

45

`ormocs weliwads iqiT iyos da arc, diaR, siRaribe awuxebdes, Torem motyuvdeba; RvTismoSiSi iyos~. SedarebisTvis ukomentarod GgTavazobT Sesabamis amonaridebs adamianis uflebaTa ZiriTadi dokumentebidan: adamianis uflebaTa deklaracia, muxli 8 `yovel adamians ufleba aqvs efeqtianad aRidginos Tavisi uflebebi kompetentur erovnul sasamarTloSi im SemTxvevaSi, roca darRveulia misi konstituciuri Tu kanoniT miniWebuli ZiriTadi uflebebi~. muxli 10 `yovel adamians mis ufleba-movaleobaTa gansazRvrisaTvis da misTvis wayenebuli sisxlissamarTlebrivi braldebis safuZvlianobis dasadgenad, sruli Tanasworobis safuZvelze, ufleba aqvs, rom misi saqme sajarod da samarTlianobis yvela moTxovnis dacviT gaarCios damoukidebelma da miukerZoebelma sasamarTlom~ 4 adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa evropis konvencia, muxli 6.1 _ samarTliani marTlmsajulebis ufleba: `samoqalaqo uflebebis da movaleobebis an nebismieri sisxlis samarTlebrivi braldebis gansazRvrisas yvelas aqvs ufleba misi saqmis samarTlian da sajaro mosmenaze kanonis mier Seqmnili damoukidebeli da miukerZoebeli sasamarTlos mier drois gansazRvrul vadaSi~ 5. samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, Tanasworoba kanonis winaSe da kanonis uzenaesoba termini _ samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo _ germanelebis Semotanilia. samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos cneba adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi erT-erTi sakvanZoa. samarTlebrivia iseTi saxelmwifo, romelSic adamiansa da xelisuflebas Soris mkafio, stabiluri da yvelasaTvis cnobili TamaSis wesebi arsebobs. es is saxelmwifoa, romelSic adamians SeuZlia sakma4
5

adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa safuZvlebi, gv 8-9, Tbilisi, 2000 `adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli,

nawili 2, gv. 29, Tbilisi 2001

46

od zustad gamoicnos xelisuflebis reaqcia mis qmedebaze. adamianma zustad icis, Tu ra sasjeli mohyveba ama Tu im danaSauls, isic icis, rom mas ar Casvamen cixeSi sxvis nacvlad, vinaidan am saxelmwifos marTaven ara Tavneba Cinovnikebi da Tanamdebobis pirebi, aramed mkafio kanonebi. bunebrivia, rom samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo sulac ar aris yovelTvis demokratiuli (aseT saxelmwifoSi SeiZleba kanoniT iyos dawesebuli adamianis pativisa da Rirsebis Semlaxveli romelime norma, magaliTad fizikuri sasjeli), xolo demokratiuli _ samarTlebrivi (es gansakuTrebiT axlad Seqmnil demokratiebze iTqmis, sadac xSirad icvleba kanonebi da moqalaqe ver aswrebs maT gaazrebas. amitom TamaSis wesebis Camoyalibebac Zneldeba). adamianis uflebaTa deklaraciis me-7 muxlSi kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis, kanonis uzenaesobisa da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos Sesaxeb naTqvamia: `yoveli adamiani Tanasworia kanonis winaSe da ganurCevlad raime gansxvavebisa, ufleba aqvs Tanabrad iyos daculi kanoniT. yovel adamians ufleba aqvs Tanabrad iyos daculi nebismieri diskriminaciisagan, romelic arRvevs am deklaracias da aseTi diskriminaciis yovelgvari waqezebisagan~ 6 . qarTuli samarTlis erT-erT ZeglSi _ samarTali batoniSvilis vaxtangisa, romelsac zemoTac movuxmeT, aRwerilia ganaCenis Sedgenis wesi _ `viTar Jams dawera ganaCenisa~, sadac aRniSnulia, rom mdivanbegisagan dabeWdili samarTlis wigni salaroSi iyo Cabarebuli. procesis dawyebisas mdivanbegi gamoitanda da gaxsnida wigns. mdivans wigni win edo da kiTxulobda. ganaCenSi unda aRniSnuliyo, Tu romeli muxlis safuZvelze iyo is gamotanili. amis aucileblobad sxva mizezTa Soris isicaa aRniSnuli, rom Tu momCivani mosamarTles qrTamis aRebaSi an araobieqturobaSi daadanaSaulebda am wigns gaxsnidnen da ganaCenis siswores Seamowmebdnen. Tu momCivani marTali aRmoCndeboda, mosamarTles mefisagan sasjeli daedeboda.
6

`adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa safuZvlebi~, gv. 8 Tbilisi, 2000

47

da bolos: `da verc es mosamarTleni, Tu ara am wignSi werebuls, sxvas mogonebuls samarTals ver gaaCenen~ 7. marTalia, am formulirebis demokratiulobis xarisxi da samarTlebrivi done ar aris adamianis uflebaTa Tanamedrove dokumentebSi moyvanili formulirebebis identuri, magram isic unda iTqvas, rom masSi aris rogorc samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos elementebi (mogonil, ararsebul samarTals veravin gaaCens, anu veravin momisjis sasjels, Tu is kanoniT ar aris dawesebuli, sasjelis misjis uflebac mxolod mosamarTles aqvs), aseve, imave mizeziT, kanonis uzenaesobis elementebic. rac Seexeba kanonis winaSe Tanasworobas, is araTu imdroindel saqarTveloSi, aramed Tanamedrove msoflioSic jer kidev ocnebad (zogis azriT, iluziadac ki) rCeba. unda aRiniSnos, rom XVIII saukunis pirveli naxevari marTlac gasaocari xana iyo. mefe vaxtang meeqvsem Sekriba Cveni qveynis warsulisa da matianeebis mcodne pirebi, erTad mouyara Tavi saistorio masalebs, Seavso Zveli da Seaswora. manve Seagrova qarTuli samarTlis Zveli naSTebi da Zeglebi da qarTuli samarTlis kodiko Seadgina. aqve qarTuli saxelmwifo samarTlis axali wigni _ `dasturlamali~ da sisxlis da samoqalaqo samarTlis Zegli _ `samarTali batoniSvilis vaxtangisa~ Seqmna. qarTuli samarTlis istoriis mkvlevaris profesor i. doliZis sityvebiT _ `vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli aris Cveni Corpus juris civilis da Cvens sjulmdebelsac samarTlianad SeiZleba qarTveli iustiniane ewodos~. amaze cota xnis winaT sulxan-saba orbeliani ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi agrovebda masalebs qarTuli leqsikonisaTvis. amave xanaSi vaxtang VI Svilma vaxuSti batoniSvilma Seadgina saqarTvelos istoria da gasaocari geografiuli aRweriloba, xolo anton kaTalikosma qarTuli gramatika, manve Seagrova cnobebi qarTveli moRvaweebis Sesaxeb.
7

qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, i. doliZis gamocema, t. 1, gv. 533 Tbilisi

1963

48

marTlac enciklopediuri xana iyo da mraval sasikeTo Zvrasa da ganaxlebas pirdeboda qveyanas, politikur garemoebebs da mtrebis Semosevas rom ar daebrkolebina. isic unda vTqvaT, rom amgvari mdgomareoba, samarTlis sakiTxebisadmi gamoCenili interesi da Sesabamisi maRali samarTlebrivi donec yvela epoqisaTvis rodi iyo damaxasiaTebeli, sxva mdgomareoba iyo XVI-XVII saukuneebSi, rodesac, vaxtangis sityvebiT, mosamarTleni `vieTnime moyusobiT, vieTnime megobrobiT, vieTnime moridebiT, vieTnieme RvTis uridvelobiT da vieTnime miRebiTa qrTamiTa, viTarca enebaT egre hsjiden~ 8. pirovnebis xelSeuxebloba `yovel adamians aqvs sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da piradi xelSeuxeblobis ufleba~ 9.
adamianis uflebaTa deklaracia, muxli 3

es ki magaliTia vaxtang batoniSvilis samarTlidan, muxli 95: `Tu kacma Tavisi yma an moklas, an gaaxeibros, Tu danaSaulzed uqnia, miT batonisagan da kaTalikozisagan sawyenis ari, amitom rome uxelmwifos kacs Tavisis ymis sikudili da gaxeibreba aravis xelewifebis, romelic magvari sasikudilo da gasaxeibrebeli danaSauli qondes, xelmwifes moaxsenos da misis dasturiT uyos~ 10. marTalia, es muxli ar krZalavs sikvdiliT dasjas, magram, miuxedavad amisa, batonis mier sakuTari ymis TviTneburi dasjis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli. ver dasjis is, visac ar xelewifebis, anu kompetenturi ar aris. xelmwife xom sruluflebiani xelisuflebis mqonebels ewodeba, anu, rogorc Tavad sityva migvaniSnebs, iseT pirs niSnavs, visac `xeli~, e.i. ufleba `mwife~, anu sruli aqvs.

8 9

CubiniSvili, qrestomatia, pirveli gamocema; gv .394 `adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa safuZvlebi~, gv. 8, Tbilisi, 2000 10 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, i .doliZis gamocema, t. 1, gv. 505, Tbilisi

49

adamianis gataceba gamosasyidis miRebis mizniT bavSvis, an mozrdilis motaceba gamosasyidis, an sxva sargeblis miRebis mizniT adamianis uflebaTa umZimes darRvevadaa miCneuli. ai, citata qarTuli samarTlis XVI saukunis saeklesio Zeglidan: samarTali kaTalikozTa, muxli 1 11. `kacis syidvisa ase gavaCineT: ramanc kacman kaci gayidos, anu didman, anu mcireman, anu Tavadman, anu aznaurman da an glexman, wmidaTa krebulTagan SeCvenebuli iyos da ganxdili 12. rasac kacs marTliT gankiTxviTa da gamoZiebiTa kacis syidva gamoaCndes, Tu is kaci daixsnas da moiyuanos, missa saydarsa da episkoposs dauurvos, ra erTic Zal edvas, damklebica ufalsaca dauurvos. da Tu ver moiyuanos, vin ginda iyos, TavadiSvili unda aznauriSvili, unda glexi, maSinc veram saqmem ver ixsnas, ukanonodca ars, _ Zelsa mieces~ 13. kaTalikosTa samarTali 1543-1549 wlebSi Seiqmna. aRniSnuli kanonmdeblobis moqmedebis asparezi TviT ZeglSi miTiTebuli ar aris, Tumca boloSi darTuli mRvdelmTavarTa xelmowerebi cxadyofs, rom miwawyali da mosaxleoba, romlisTvisac es samarTlis wigni iyo gankuTvnili Semofargluli unda yofiliyo imereTis samefoTi da samegrelo-afxazeTis sazRvrebiT. im periodisaTvis dasavleT saqarTvelo osmaleTis gavlenis sferoSi iyo moqceuli. mefemTavrebi, romlebmac ver SesZles garTianeba cdilobdnen cal-calke garigebodnen damyroblebs da sakuTari usafrTxoebis garantiebi mieRoT. am viTarebaSi gaxSirda adamianis motaceba, qurdoba da yaCaRoba. gansakuTrebiT masobrivi xasiaTi miiRo tyveebis gayidvam sazRvargareTis bazrebze. osmalebis garda,
11 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, i. doliZis gamocema, t.1, gv. 394, Tbilisi 1963 12 13

ganxdili (mokveTili, gaZevebuli) Zelsa micema _ CamoxrCoba

50

romlebisTvisac es soliduri Semosavlebis wyaro gaxda am saqmianobaSi aqtiurad iyvnen Cabmuli adgilobrivi qarTveli feodalebic. faqtiurad kiTxvis qveS dadga TviT qarTuli feodaluri sazogadoebis arsebobis sakiTxi. progresulma politikurma da saeklesio moRvaweebma saeklesio kreba moiwvies `kaTalikozTa samarTali~ SeimuSaves da, amasTan erTad, saero sakiTxebsac Seexnen. amgvarad, eklesiam sakuTar Tavze aiRo sasjelis daweseba kacis gatacebisaTvis da, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, sastiki sasjelic daawesa. sakuTrebis ufleba `yovel adamians ufleba aqvs flobdes qonebas rogorc erTpirovnulad, aseve sxvebTan erTad. aravis unda CamoerTvas misi qoneba TviTneburad~ 14.
adamianis uflebaTa deklaracia, muxli 17.1

sakuTrebis uflebas ganmartaven, rogorc yoveli fizikuri Tu iuridiul piris uflebas, flobdes da gankargavdes qonebas. dauSvebelia sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebis TviTneburad CamorTmeva. saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis mixedviT, sakuTrebis uflebis gauqmeba dauSvebelia. sakuTrebis ufleba sami elementisagan Sedgeba: mflobeloba, sargebloba da gankargva. sakuTrebis sawyiss qarTul samarTalSi moZravi da uZravi qoneba Seadgenda. uZravis mTavari Semadgeneli iyo miwa, romelic or Semadgenel nawilad iyofoda: `mamulni~ da `adgili umamuloni da umkvidroni~. IX-X saukuneebis samarTlis ZeglebSi `mamuli~ memkvidreobiT miRebul uZrav qonebas niSnavda. miuxedavad imisa, rom termini `mamuli~ sxvadasxva pirobebSi da epoqaSi sxvadasxva gagebiT ixmareboda, igi mainc gamoxatavda feodaluri sakuTrebis yvelaze gavrcelebul formas, e.i. memkvidreobiT miwis sakuTrebas. `adgili umamuloni da umkvidroni~ ki niSnavda iseT miwas,
14

`adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa safuZvlebi~, gv. 15, Tbilisi, 2000

51

romelsac memkvidreobiTi mesakuTre ar hyavda, anu aravis sakuTrebasa da mamuls ar Seadgenda. miwis sakuTreba feodalizmis safuZveli iyo. sainteresoa aseve termini `agaraki~, romelic wvril miwis naWers niSnavda, sasoflo miwebis gareT iyo moqceuli da individualuri kerZo sakuTrebis yidva-gayidvis sagans warmoadgenda. simon janaSia samefo memamuleobaSi or Semadgenel nawils asxvavebs: samefo domens, romelic Sedgeba `samamasaxliso samsaxurebisagan~ da dapyrobili teritoriebisagan da samefos danarCen miwa-wyals (agarakebis gamoklebiT). memkvidreobis ufleba samemkvidreo samarTali, rogorc Cans, saqarTveloSi im periodSi warmoiSva, rodesac sagvareulo saxli calkeul mcire nawilebad daiyo. qarTul samarTalSi cnobilia, rom mSoblebi Svilebs wils asakis mixedviT aZlevdnen _ ufross meti wili ekuTvnoda da mas `sauxuceso~ ewodeboda. wili gauTxovar qalebsac eZleodaT. Tu ojaxs mamrobiTi sqesis memkvidre ar hyavda, memkvidreoba qals rCeboda da mis STamomavlobaze gadadioda. Tuki ojaxi saerTod uSvilod gadavidoda, aseTi ojaxis qoneba saxelmwifo sakuTrebad rCeboda. qarTul samemkvidreo samarTlisaTvis cnobili iyo anderZis meSveobiT qonebis gadacema. anderZis ori forma arsebobda. zepiri da werilobiTi. orive saxis anderZs erTnairi samarTlebrivi Zala hqonda. Tu saqme did qonebas exeboda, anderZi wesisa da kanonis mixedviT unda Sedgeniliyo. unda gamocxadebuliyo moanderZis sruli vinaoba, anderZis Sedgenis momentSi igi `suliTa cnobiTa~ unda yofiliyo aRWurvili `simarTlisa Sina tanisa~, es imas niSnavda, rom anderZis damtovebeli saR gonebaze iyo da ar iyo grZnoba da cnobamixdili, anu Tanamedrove terminologiiT rom vTqvaT, qmedunariani unda yofiliyo. Tu wera SeeZlo, anderZi Tavad unda Seedgina, Tu ara _ mis karnaxs mowmeebi eswrebodnen da anderZis siswores xelis moweriT adasturebdnen. werilobiTi anderZi xSirad sulier moZRvars gadaecemoda. 52

ai, erTi magaliTi _ samarTali batoniSvilis vaxtangisa, muxli 233: `Tu kacman mokudavma, Tavis alali saqoneli Tavis suls daaklo da visac uanderZa miecemis. mamuli Tu nasyidi aqvs isic miecemis. sxva mamuli mis patronzed hkidia~ 15. amgvarad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom saqarTveloSi memkvidreobiTi samarTali sakmaod ganviTarebuli da, amasTan erTad, evropul qveynebTan mimsgavsebuli yofila. adamianis pativi da Rirseba, sasjelis saxeebi `aravis mimarT ar unda iyos gamoyenebuli wameba an sastiki, araadamianuri Tu misi Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyroba da sasjeli..~ 16
adamianis uflebaTa deklaracia, muxli 5

saqarTvelos samarTlis Zeglebi sxvadasxva epoqaSi sasjelis sxvadasxva saxeebs icnobs _ erTi SexedviT Zlier humanuriT dawyebulsa da sasjelis sastiki saxeebiT damTavrebuls. pirvelis magaliTia beqa-aRbuRas samarTlis 62-e muxli gatacebuli qonebis anu naparavis Sesaxeb: `naparevisa pirvel asre gaCenila da asre iqnas aw-ca, rome Tu cxeni Tu ragindara kacman moiparos, Tu xelTave aqvdes Tavis naparevi, igi misces da erTi ezomi sxva, da, Tu ara aqvdes, aficos saqonlis patronman, rogorca daificos igi misces da erTi zomi sxva~ 17. marTlacda humanuria sasjelis es forma, vinaidan ar iTvaliswinebs fizikur sasjels an Tavisuflebis xelyofas da mparavisaTvis mxolod zaralis ormagi sazRauriT kmayofildeba. gacilebiT mkacri da sastikia kanonikuri samarTlis 168e muxli _ .,,romelmanca kacman ra ginda ra moiparos da gaqarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, i. doliZis gamocema, t. 1, gv. 541, Tbilisi 1963 16 `adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa safuZvlebi~, gv. 8, Tbilisi, 2000
17 15

qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, i. doliZis gamocema, t. 1, gv. 448, Tbilisi

1963

53

moCndes, ornive Tvali daewunen da anu xel-fexi daeWras. Tu sapatiJo adgilsa (bagrat kurapalatis samarTalSi ganmartebulia, Tu ra iTvleboda sapatiJod _ an didi salaro, an eklesia, an jogi) ara moeparos, vin iyiddes, viTaca daafason, egre mihyidon da naparevi dauklebliv missa patronsa miscen. da krul, wyeul da SeCuenebul iyavn~ 18. rogorc vxedavT, kanonmdebeli ar jerdeba fizikuri sasjelis iseT sastik formebs, rogoricaa Tvalebis amowva da xel-fexis daWra da damatebiT wyevla-krulvasac ar aklebs mparavs. wyevla-krulva da SeCveneba gansakuTrebul sasjelebs miekuTvneboda da saeklesio sasjelebis yvelaze mZime formad iTvleboda. es muxli, rogorc Cans, gacilebiT Zvelia, vidre beqas kanoni. Tamar mefis mematiane ambobs, rom TvalTa dawva da xel-fexis moWra gansakuTrebiT Tamaris win scodniaT. Tamars ki es kanonebi gauuqmebia (ix. qarTveli eris istoria, I , kari meoTxe). bagrat kurapalatis samarTlis 152 muxlSi aRniSnulia, rom TvalTa dawva mxolod sapatiJo adgilas moparvisaTvis SeiZleboda miesajaT, magram mematiane iqve aRniSnavs, rom aseTi sasjelis dawesebisTvis mefis Tanxmoba iyoo saWiro. swored am uflebiT sargeblobda Turme Tamari da sasjels ar amtkicebda. beqa-aRbuRas samarTali icnobs adamianis pativisa da Rirsebis SembRalavi sasjelis sxvadasxva saxes. isini damamcirebeli xasiaTisa iyo. ase mag: `CaTreva~ _ qveda sacvlis amara sanexveze CaTreva. colSviliani kacis qmarSvilian qalTan mruSobisas _ `gaSiSvleba da gaaupativeba~. gviani saSualo saukuneebis imereTis samefoSi xSirad iyenebdnen sasjelis umaRles zomas _ sikvdiliT dasjas. solomon I dros `vinc gulSi ganzraxviT mohklavda kacsa, mas daswvavdnen grova SeSaze, an quabSi Cakiramden, an cocxals damarxavdnen da amis garda mkvdaris patronis sasargeblod azRvevinebdnen fulsa~ 19.
18 19

qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, i. doliZis gamocema, t. 1, gv. 472, Tbilisi 1963 givi lobJaniZe, qarTuli saxelmwifosa da samarTlis istoria, gv. 406,

Tbilisi, 2001

54

sasjelis gansakuTrebul saxes warmoadgenda `xelTa micema~, anu borotmoqmedis dazaralebuli pirisaTvis gadacema adgil-mamuliT (beqa-aRbuRas samarTali, vaxtang VI samarTlis wigni). erekle mefis droindel kanonmdeblobaSi xSirad ixsenieba `joxis dakvra~, rogorc sasjelis saxe. termini `sasjelic~ erekle meoris droindel ZeglebSi mkvidrdeba sabolood. miuxedavad zogierTi zemoT moyvanili sasjelis sisastikisa, mainc unda iTqvas, rom qarTuli sisxlis samarTali evropisa da ruseTis imdroindel sisxlis samarTalTan SedarebiT gacilebiT lmobieri iyo. misTvis ucxoa braldebulis wamebiT gamotexis is saSineli xerxebi da, agreTve, sikvdiliT dasjis Semzaravi saxeebi, romlebic dakanonebuli iyo sxva qveynebis samarTlis ZeglebSi (aq gavufrTxildebiT mkiTxvelis nervul sistemas, ar SevudgebiT sasjelis saxeebis aRweras da mxolod zogierTi maTganis saxelwodebebis CamoTvlas vikmarebT _ `espanuri Ceqma~, `iudeebis savarZeli~, `katis TaTi anu espanuri Ritini~, `msxali~, `eretikosis Cangali~, wyliT, cecxliT, gaWimviT wameba, koconze dawva, Sebolva, kldidan gadmogdeba da a.S.). qalTa uflebebi rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, `samarTali kaTalikozTa~ saero sakiTxebsac Seexeboda. maT Soris aucileblad unda movixsenioT am Zeglis 23-e muxli, romlis mixedviTac vinc umizezod gaeyreboda Tavis kanonier cols, igi sikvdiliT una dasjiliyo, Tumca isic unda vTqvaT, rom am normis gamoyenebis arc erTi SemTxveva dafiqsirebula saqarTveloSi. `romelman ubralod coli daagdos, SeCvenebulimca aris wmidaTa mociqulTagan da sikudiliTa ganipatiJos~ 20. ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom es XVI saukuneSia dawerili, isic unda gvaxsovdes, rom am epoqaSi evropasa da ruseTSi Znelad mosapovebeli iqneba imgvari samarTlis Zegli, romelic, marTalia, ar aris zogadi, qalis cxovrebis erT
20

qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, i. doliZis gamocema, t. 1, gv. 397, Tbilisi 1963

55

konkretul periodSi mis uflebriv mdgomareobas exeba (gaTxovebis Semdgoms), magram, amasTan erTad, meti rom ar vTqvaT, Zalzed mtkiced da erTmniSvnelovnad icavs mas. kanonmdebeli mamakacs sikvdilsac ar akmarebs da SeCvenebas uTvlis mas, riTac morwmuneebs imqveynadac ki ar utovebs gadarCenis Sanss. daskvna zemoT moyvanili masala mkafiod gvaCvenebs, rom adamianis uflebebi ar iyo ucxo qarTuli kulturisaTvis da rom qarTul erovnul Rirebulebebsa da adamianis uflebebs Soris konfliqti ar arsebobs. zogierTi am RirebulebaTagani saqarTveloSi uZvelesi droidan iTvleboda waruval Rirebulebad. Cven ar vapirebT imis mtkicebas, rom qarTul samarTlis ZeglebSi Camoyalibebuli calkeuli normebi idealuria, an kidev gacilebiT sjobs sxva qveynebisas. droisa da epoqis mixedviT qarTuli samarTlis zogierTi norma adamianis uflebebis kuTxiT bevrad CamorCeba Sesabamisi drois dasavleT evropuli samarTlis normebs, zogierTi ki mniSvnelovnad win uswrebs maT. Cven Zlier gansxvavdebodiT da ganvsxvavdebiT, maT Soris samarTlis sakiTxebSi da adamianis uflebebTan damokidebulebaSi. amave dros, Cven Zlier vgavarT erTmaneTs. vfiqrob, rom yvelaze mniSvnelovani daskvna SeiZleba swored es iyos.

56

literatura ivane javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, tomi 6, Tbilisi, 1982 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, i. doliZis gamocema, tomi 1-8, Tbilisi 1963 givi lobJaniZe, qarTuli saxelmwifosa da samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2001 giorgi daviTaSvili, sasamarTlo organizacia da procesi Zvel qarTul samarTalSi, Tbilisi 2002 CubiniSvili, qrestomatia, pirveli gamocema, Tbilisi, 1955 adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa safuZvlebi, ganviTarebisa da TanamSromlobis centri, Tbilisi, 2000 adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli, saxalxo damcvelis biblioTeka, Tbilisi, 2001 adamianis uflebaTa monitoringi _ marek novicki, zuzana fialova poloneTis adamianis uflebaTa helsinkis fondi Tbilisi, ganviTarebisa da TanamSromlobis centri, 2002 SeniSvnebi adamianis uflebaTa da adamianis uflebaTa monitoringis Sesaxeb _ marek novicki, poloneTis adamianis uflebaTa helsinkis fondi, Tbilisi, dasi, 1998 adamianis uflebaTa leqsikoni _ fridon sayvareliZe, Tbilisi, dasi, 1998 saqarTvelos konstitucia (safuZvlebisa da Sinaarsis mimoxilva), Tbilisi, saqarTvelos konstituciis dacvis liga, 1997w. http://www:hri.ca/ Human Rights Internet http://www.amnesty.org/aisect/links.htm Human Rights on the Internet http://www.amnesty.org/ Amnesty International on-line http://www.dhdirhr.coe.fr/ Council of Europe, Human Rights Web http://www.un.org/rights/ United Nations Documentation Research Guide: Special Section on Human Rights http://www.dhcour.coe.fr/ European Committee for the prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment Vocabulary on Human Rights_ Albert Jey Jongman , Alex Pi Shmid Department of Social Sciences,

57

Leiden University, Netherlands, 1994 aw Dictionary - Steven H. Gifis The State University of New Jersey, School of Law New York, 1991 The Rights to Religious Liberty - Barry Lynn, Marc D. Stern, Oliver S. Thomas. Southern Illinois University Press, 1997 The Rights of Prisoners - David Rudovsky, Alvin J. Bronstein, Edward I. Koren, Julia Cade Southern Illinois University Press, 1996 Human Rights and The Judiciary _ A Collection of International Documents _ Edited by Frederick Quinn and Andrzei Rzeplinswki, OSCE, 1997 The Challenge of Democracy _ Janda, Berry, Goldman. 1992, USA Basic Reading in U.S. Democracy _ edited by Melvin I.Urofsky, published by the United States Information Agency, Washington, D.C. 1994 , , 1997 , , 1998

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adamianis uflebebi qarTul literaturaSi

levan berZeniSvili literaturis ganviTarebis procesisTvis bunebrivia, rom adamianis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi qarTul literaturaSi, iseve rogorc nebismieri xalxis literaturaSi, specialuri Seswavlis sagani ar yofila. raime sagangebo literaturuli nawarmoebi, romelSic uflebadacviTi saqmianoba iqneboda asaxuli, qarTul literaturaSi ar dawerila. miuxedavad amisa, adamianis uflebebma da Tavisuflebebma sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva intensiobiT asaxva mainc hpova mravalsaukunovan qarTul literaturaSi. Cven gamovyaviT ramdenime aseTi cneba, ufleba an Rirebuleba, rogorc umaRlesi adamianuri fenomeni. kerZod, qvemoT saubari iqneba Zmobis, Tanasworobis, sicocxlis, monobis, patimrobis, Tavisuflebisa da Tavisufali sityvis fenomenebis Sesaxeb. Cven SevecadeT gveCvenebina, Tu rogor aisaxa es fenomenebi qarTuli literaturis iseTi fundamentaluri mniSvnelobis ZeglebSi, rogorebicaa SoTa rusTavelis `vefxistyaosani~, sulxan-saba orbelianis `sibrZne sicruisa~, daviT guramiSvilis `daviTiani~, vaJa-fSavelas poemebi `aluda qeTelauri~ da `stumar-maspinZeli~, ilias poeturi da prozauli Semoqmedeba da akakis poezia. 1. Zmoba yvela adamiani ibadeba Tavisufali da Tavisi RirsebiTa da uflebebiT Tanaswori. adamianebs momadlebuli aqvT goneba da sindisi da isini erTmaneTs Zmobis suliskveTebiT unda epyrobodnen.
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 1

qarTuli kulturis yvelaze ufro zedapiruli gacnobac, am kulturis ZeglebisTvis Tvalis gadavlebac ki sakmarisia, rom adamianebs Soris Zmuri suliskveTebiT damokidebulebis idealebze warmodgena Segeqmnas. amgvari damokidebuleba 59

mTavari Temaa vefxistyaosnisaTvis~, romelSic adamianuri megobroba warmodgenilia rogorc RvTaebrivi bunebis fenomeni. megobrobis xati aris avTandili. adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis es poeturi xati faqtobrivad iqca umaRlesi zogadsakacobrio idealebis matarebel erovnul simbolod. am personaJSi ganxorcielda mTavari adamianuri ideali _ moyvrisagan moyvrobisa gamoCena~ (ndoma siaxlisa, siSorisa ver-moTmena, micema da aras Suri, Cuqebisa armowyena, gavlena da moxmareba, misad rgebad velTa rbena~). adamianebs Soris damokidebulebis, siyvarulisa da megobrobis mTavari sibrZne gadmocemulia qarTuli literaturis erT-erT umaRles mwvervalSi, vefxistyaosanSi~ da kerZod, am poemis centralur teqstSi, avTandilis anderZSi. aq naTqvamia, rom yovelgvari Teoriuli codna (maT Soris, uflebaTa codna) umaqnisia am codnis praqtikuli gamoyenebis gareSe. adamiani Teoriul codnas iRebs ara esTetikuri ganaTlebis mizniT, aramed semantikuri mniSvnelobiT, anu konkretul sasicocxlo situaciebSi codnis elementebis sworad SerCevisa da gamoyenebis mizniT. adamiani, romelic SeZlebs filosofosTa codna (uzenaesi Rirebulebebi da kanonebi) cxovrebis situaciebs miusadagos, samyaros harmoniulad uerTdeba: raTgan Tavia sicrue yovlisa ubedobisa, me rad gavwiro moyvare, Zma umtkicesi Zmobisa?! ara viqm, codna ras margebs filosofosTa brZnobisa! miT viswavlebiT, mogveces SerTva zesT mwyobrTa wyobisa. qarTul literaturaSi, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, qrestomaTiuli magaliTebia motanili imisa, Tu ras niSnavs erTmaneTisadmi Zmobis suliskveTebiT mopyroba. sakmarisia avTandilisa da tarielis megobroba davasaxeloT, razec agebulia vefxistyaosnis~ qarga. garda amisa, qarTvelebi bavSvobidan ecnobian amgvari damokidebulebis magaliTs sulxan-sabas sibrZne sicruisas~ erT-erT arakSi: orni Zmani iyvnen. uxucess col-Svili hyva da mrwemi ucolo iyo. gaiyarnen Zmobisagan da erTad veRar dadgnen. yovelive ganiyves, rac hqondaT. ra puri gaiyves, erTis ormo kalos aqeT iyo da meorisa iqiT. 60

uxucesi moiparevdis Tavis ormodama pursa da ZmisaSi Cayridis da ityodis: me RmerTman coli da Svili miboZa, momgebelni myvanan. mas Zmas arara hyavs. es misi iyos da man Wamos~. da igi umrwemesi Zma moiparevdis Tavisis ormodam da uxucesisaSi Cahyridis: me marto var da Cemi sarCo, sadac mival, advil ars; igi Zma wvrilSvil ars da mas ufrosi undeba da misi iyos~. egre dahyves yovelni dReni da RmerTman orTave ganumravla yoveli da ara moaklda sazrdo maT~. Zmebis gayra bunebrivia da cal-calke meurneobis warmarTva normaluria, radgan yovel adamians aqvs ufleba flobdes qonebas rogorc erTpirovnulad, ise sxvebTan erTad~ (adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 17, punqti 1). sakuTari qonebis ganawileba da sxvisTvis gadacema, qvelmoqmedeba savaldebulo ar aris, magram adamianebs Soris Zmuri suliskveTebis damkvidreba savaldebuloa da es valdebuleba am arakSi swored faruli qvelmoqmedebiT aisaxa. rogorc cnobilia, am araks jumberi hyveba da moralsac daurTavs: madlisa da keTilis saqme RvTisagan ganmravldebiso~. aq sulxan-saba, rogorc didostati xelovani egreT wodebuli simultanuri gaocebis~ xerxs mimarTavs, mkiTxvelis fizikur dros daamTxvevs ambis dros, rodesac imave kiTxvas daasmevinebs mefes, ra kiTxvac mkiTxvels aReZvreba: malviT ar moeparaT da ormoSi ar CaeyaraT, cxadad miecaT, vin dauSlidao?~ jumberis ganmarteba metad Rrmaa. misi azriT, qvelmoqmedeba faruli unda iyos, raTa qvelmoqmedma ar SezRudos imis Tavisufleba, visac sikeTes ukeTebs: kacman Senze samsaxuri qmnas, ikvexdes da zvaobdes _ gewyineba!~ bunebrivia, es azri sayovelTaod gaziarebuli ar aris. Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT qvelmoqmedebisadmi Tanamedrove moTxovnebs, maT Soris fondebis Riaobas, qvelmoqmedebis procesis gam-Wvirvalobas, monitoringis aucileblobas, angariSgebisa da auditis amocanebs, gasagebi gaxdeba, rom sulxan-saba orbelianis personaJis es sakmaod romantikuli warmodgena uangaro da uavtoro~ qvelmoqmedebaze bunebrivad Segvecvleba. 61

Zmur suliskveTebas qarTul literaturaSi kidev ufro genialuri gamoxmaurebac hqonda. didi poetis, nikoloz baraTaSvilis SedevrSi merani~ es uZlieresi suliskveTeba miemarTeba ara Zmas, ara megobars, ara axlobels, da saerTod ara romelime konkretul arsebas, aramed jer kidev ucnob kacs, moZmes~: cudad xom mainc ar Caivlis es ganwirulis sulis kveTeba, da gza uvali, Sengan Telili, merano Cemo, mainc darCeba; da Cems Semdgomad moZmesa Cemsa siZnele gzisa gauadvildes, da Seupovrad mas hune Tvisi Savis bedis win gamouqroldes! 2. Tanasworoba am deklaraciiT gamocxadebuli yvela ufleba da yvela Tavisufleba miniWebuli unda hqondes yvela adamians ganurCevlad raime gansxvavebisa, saxeldobr, rasis, kanis feris, sqesis, enis, religiis, politikuri Tu sxva mrwamsis, erovnuli Tu socialuri warmomavlobis, qonebrivi, wodebrivi Tu sxva mdgomareobisa. garda amisa, dauSvebelia raime gansxvaveba im qveynis Tu teritoriis politikuri, samarTlebrivi an saerTaSoriso statusis safuZvelze, romelsac adamiani ekuTvnis, miuxedavad imisa, Tu rogoria es teritoria _ damoukidebeli, sameurveo, araTviTmmarTveli Tu sxvagvarad SezRuduli Tavis suverenitetSi.
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 2

Tanasworoba, SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, erT-erTi yvelaze maRali Rirebulebaa vefxistyaosanSi~. gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia Tanasworoba umaRles socialur doneze _ mefobis doneze. vefxistyaosnis~ pirvelive strofi gvamcnobs mefeTa warmomavlobas: romelman Seqmna samyaro ZaliTa mis ZlieriTa... misgan ars yovli xelmwife saxiTa mis mieriTa (1). anu: RmerTma Seqmna Tavisi Zlieri ZaliT samyaro, mTeli msoflio da RmrTisagan aris yoveli xelmwife, misi saxis, xa62

tis msgavsi. RvTiuri warmoSoba da RmerTTan Tanasworoba, RmrTisa wyalobiT (dei gracia~) mefoba aramc Tu vefxistyaosanSi~, aramed Tanamedrove, dRevandel samefoebs Soris swavlaSic arsebobs. swored aRniSnul Sexedulebas iziareben vazirebic, rodesac isini rostevan mefes urCeven: Tavisi asuli TinaTini xelmwifed dasvas da am rCevas Semdegnairad asabuTeben: Tuca qalia, xelmwifed marT RvTisa danabadia ar gaTnevT, icis mefoba, uTqvenod gviTqvams kvla dia; SuqTa misTaebr saqmeca misi mzebr ganacxadia. lekvi lomisa sworia, Zu iyos, Tunda xvadia (39). sruliad aSkaraa, rom vazirTa SexedulebiT TinaTini aris xelmwifed RvTisgan danabadi da misganve, misive nebiT aris gamxdari mefed, rogorc amas avTandilic amowmebs _ Cemi mze taxtsa zeda zis morWmuli RmrTisa nebiT (1474). ukve Sumerul-aqaduri uZvelesi xanidan cnobilia Sexeduleba, rom CrdiloeTis polusze mdebare msoflio taxtze _ uzurgo skamze RmerTi zis da samyaros ganagebs. swored RvTisSviloba aTanabrebs mefeebs, miuxedavad sqesisa. qali zis taxtze qajeTSic: dularduxt aris diaci, magra klde, viTa lodia, visca ar dahkods, yma misi veravis daukodia, aw igi qajeTs xelmwifed qve zis morWmuli wodia (1221). 3. sicocxle yovel adamians aqvs sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da piradi xelSeuxeblobis ufleba.
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 3

samoqalaqo ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT im saamayo ambebs Soris, romlebiTac qarTvelebi Tavs viwonebT xolme, erTerT umniSvnelovanes ambad miiCneva isic, rom ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWoSi am organos wevrobisas ilia WavWavaZem 63

sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmeba moiTxova. es ar iyo axali droebisTvis xarkis moxda. am tragikul sakiTxze didi qarTveli moazrovne jer kidev 1879 wels gamoqveynebul qarTuli prozis erT patara SedevrSi msjelobda; esaa ilias cnobili moTxroba sarCobelazed~. iliam ise aago ambis kolizia, rom sofleli kaci, saxelad petre qalaqSi sikvdilis dasjas daaswro. petre ki eswreba axalgazrda kacis CamoxrCobas, magram momxdaris namdviloba ar sjera, hgonia, rom yvelam piri SeiTqva da mas, rogorc soflels, atyueben: ai usaqmur xalxs rom ityvian, es qalaqelebi arian: daswyevlos RmerTma, yvelam Cemzed ar moicala! ambobda amas Tavis gulSi petre da egona, rom marTla da es xalxi amisTvis aris moclili, soflelia da gavabriyvoTo. amaTac gaeqca da xelaxlad gadinacvla adgili. Zneli ram aris, roca guneba TavSi gamwev cxensaviT daRojavs Wkuis lagams da calmxriv gaiwevs.~ adamiani ise CamoaxrCves, rom soflelma petrem ar daijera da Tumca eWvi ki awuxebda, magram Teatraloba da jambazoba~ ambisa ufro sjeroda, vidre namdviloba. samagierod CamomxrCvalis Zmam ar daijera, rom petrem ar daijera. ambavs, rogorc WeSmarit mxatvrul nawarmoebs, winaistoria aRmoaCndeba: oTxi wlis win orma Zmam Tavi Seacoda meurme petres da miamiti kaci RamiT mZinare gaqurdes. swored erTerTi Zma CamoaxrCves petres Tvalwin, meore ki werils wers, moparul fuls erTiaTad ubrunebs da Tavis ubedurebaSi mTel msoflios, maT Soris petresac adanaSaulebs. ilias am nawarmoebSi naCvenebia, rogor mihyavs adamiani sazogadoebas danaSaulamde da ra sastikia igive sazogadoeba Tavisi gzasacdenili Svilebis mimarT. mwerlis paTosi aSkarad mimarTulia sikvdilis dasjis winaaRmdeg da icavs yoveli adamianis sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da piradi xelSeuxeblobis uflebas. aqve unda aRiniSnos is socialuri siiole, romliTac qarTuli sazogadoeba Sexvda sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebas ukve meoce saukunis dasasruls.

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4. monoba aravin unda imyofebodes monobaSi an ZalmomreobiTi morCilebis mdgomareobaSi, yvela saxis monoba da monaTvaWroba akrZalulia.
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 4

4.1. monobis ambavi qarTuli sityva mona~ momdinareobs arabulidan muanna~ _ tyve, damorCilebuli~. mona da monoba kacobriobis istoriis dasawyisidanve modis: gamarjvebulebi damarcxebulebs xocavdnen da Jletdnen, SemdgomSi ki gamarjvebuls damarcxebuli tyved mihyavda da Tavis sakuTrebad miiCnevda. Sromis mZime uReli daawva monebs da sameurneo cxovrebaSi monobam ekonomikuri fenomenis mniSvneloba SeiZina. aman axali impulsi misca omebis warmoebas _ omebs ukve eweodnen tyveTa da monaTa, rogorc ukiduresad iafi muSaxelis mosapoveblad. Semdgom xanebSi, roca gaWirda monaTa samxedro gziT mopoveba, gavrcelda monebiT vaWroba, romelmac mecxramete saukunis meore naxevramde miaRwia. qristianoba da mahmadianoba monobas ebrZoda, magram iZulebuli iyo TamaSis wesebs Segueboda, radgan sameurneo da sazogadoebrivi cxovreba monobaze iyo dafuZnebuli. amis gamo religia monobis Serbilebas cdilobda. samwuxarod, sanam monoba ekonomikurad usargeblo ar aRmoCnda, igi ar gadavardnila. rusTavelis xanaSi monobas ekonomikur cxovrebaSi didi mniSvneloba hqonda, monebi gawvrTnili iyvnen sxvadasxva xelobaSi, amis Sesaxeb cnobebi moipoveba ali mazaheris narkvevSi musulmanTa yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb. omis dros tyved Cavardnili da TavdasxmaTa dros motacebulebi mihyavdaT gasayidad; vaWrebi ZiriTadad ebraelebi iyvnen. monaTvaWrobis ZiriTadi centrebi ganlagebuli iyo centralur evropaSi (praRa, aaxeni, Jeneva, venecia, genua). aqedan monebi mihyavdaT espaneTSi da iqidan aRmosavleTSi.

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4.2. monoba aRmosavleTSi musulmanebs akrZaluli hqondaT Tavisi Svilis gayidva an musulmanis yidva, magram yarmatebi amas yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen, magaliTad, rodesac meqas mimaval qaravans daesxnen Tavs, 2000 musulmani mamakaci da 500 dedakaci Caigdes tyved. kerZo pirebi monebs yidulobdnen Sina mosamsaxureebad, mcvelad, mekared, saWurisad da xelosnad. zogi yidulobda monas, raTa Semdeg igi gaeqiravebina. magaliTad, gaqiravebul mkerav monas patronisTvis dReSi ori dinari unda gadaexada da danarCeni mas rCeboda. zanzibareli monebi soflis meurneobisa da qalaqis Sav muSebad iyvnen cnobili. bizantieli da indoeli monebi TiTqmis yovelTvis xelosnebi iyvnen. qalebs moaxleebad, ZiZebad da mzareulebad asaqmebdnen. saxelmwifoebi yidulobdnen monebs da molaSqreebad wvrTnidnen. aRmosavleTis yvela qalaqSi iyo monaTa bazari. yovel bazarSi imyofeboda meTvalyure, zedamxedveli monaTa fasisa da xelSekrulebisa. yvelaze Zviri monebi iyvnen centraluri aziidan Camoyvanili Turquli warmomavlobis monebi da slavebi, romlebic Cveulebriv, laSqrisTvis gamoiyenebodnen da gansakuTrebiT cnobili iyvnen rogorc kargi kavaleristebi. 924 wels abisineli (abaSeli) mona Rirda 18 dinari, magram amave dros, omanSi lamazi Savi nubieli monaqali Rirda 300 dinari, xolo TeTri mona dedakaci, romelmac aranairi xeloba ar icoda, aTasi dinari da xandaxan metic. monis fasis momateba xdeboda specialuri programiT, roomelic moicavda sicilis, Rimilis, galobis, instrumentebze dakvrisa da cekvis swavlebas. am xelovnebaSi ganswavlas monaqalis fasi SeiZleboda Zalian gaezarda. magaliTad, 912 wels erTi momRerali monaqali 13000 dinarad gaiyida, xolo meoreSi 14000 dinari gaimetes (am fuliT monaTa mTeli aTasoraskaciani armiis SeZena SeiZleboda). amgvar monaqalebs maSindel sazogadoebaSi didi adgili ekavaT da Tavis mesakuTreTa colobamdec ki miuRweviaT. monaTa Sefaseba xdeboda eTnikuri niSnis mixedviTac: indoeli mona qalebi saukeTeso ZiZebi iyvnen, xolo mamakacebi _ 66

kargi xelosnebi. medineli monaqalebi iTvlebodnen saukeTeso momRerlebad. udardeli Savkaniani monebi cekviT fasdebodnen, abisiniel monaqalebs fuls ar andobdnen, radgan xelmrudobaSi iyvnen SemCneulni; Turqi monaqalebi iTvlebodnen lamazebad da Tavazianebad, magram momWirneni ar yofilan; bizantieli monaqalebi arian gamWriaxi da morCilni, magram uyuradReboni, bizantieli mamakacebi ki kargi mouravebi; yvelaze cud TeTr monebad miiCneodnen somxebi, xolo SavTagan _ zanzibarelebi. monebisadmi damokidebuleba sakmaod Tbili iyo. bevri patroni anderZiT aTavisuflebda monebs. zogierTi mdidari monebs specialurad yidulobda, rom Semdeg gaeTavisuflebina, radgan siqvele religiis mixedviT did keTil saqmed iTvleboda, xolo sazogadoeba amas rogorc qvelmoqmedebas, didad afasebda. monoba iyo qristianul bizantiur samyaroSic, magram romTan SedarebiT igi gacilebiT Serbilebuli iyo. monaTa ganTavisufleba qristianobaSic keTil saqmed iTvleboda. wminda mama grigol nazianzelma yvela Tavisi mona gaaTavisufla. avTandili anderZSi rostevans swers, Tu daviRupoo _ maqvs saqoneli uricxvi, vervisgan anawonebi, miec glaxakTa saWurWle, aTavisufle monebi (803). monaTa ganTavisufleba rogorc qristianuli, ise mahmadianuri rwmenis mixedviT keTil saqmed iTvleboda da Cveulebriv mas orive religia aqezebda. monaTa ganTavisufleba ara marto keTili saqme iyo TavisTavad, aramed mas Tavisi uSualo Sedegic unda hqonoda: monani ganmaTavisuflebels locviTa da kurTxeviT moixseneben, rogorc TviTon avTandili aRniSnavs: miRwvian, momigoneben, damlocven, movegonebi (803).

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5. patimroba aravis dapatimreba, daWera an gaZeveba ar SeiZleba TviTneburad.

adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 9

yovel adamians aqvs ufleba eZios devnisgan TavSesafari sxva qveynebSi da isargeblos am TavSesafriT.
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 14, punqti 1

kacobriobis sindiss dRemde aRaSfoTebs iseTi saSineli danaSauli, rogoricaa adamianis gataceba gamosasyidis miRebis mizniT, an misi motaceba damonebisa da iZulebiTi Sromis mizniT. Tavisufleba adamianisTvis RvTisgan boZebuli erT-erTi udidesi sikeTea, romlis ukanonod aRkveTis ufleba arvis ar gaaCnia. ukanono patimrobis yvela saSineleba, devnisa da TavSesafris Ziebis koSmari maRalmxatvrulad aris aRwerili qarTul literaturaSi, kerZod daviT guramiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi. rogorc WeSmariti qriastiani, daviT guramiSvili yvela Tavisi ubedurebis mizezsa da safuZvels sakuTar TavSi eZebs. guramiSvili Tavisi droisaTvis Cveulebrivi lekianobis msxverpli Seiqna, magram am datyvevebasac da TviT lekianobasac man sxva, moraluri axsna mouZebna. misi azriT, qarTvelebis zneobrivma dacemam da RvTis sityvis daviwyebam, anu, Tanamedrove terminebiT rom vTqvaT, maRali Rirebulebebis uaryofam gamoiwvia yvela maSindeli ubedureba: osmalo Tiflis Sevida, karebi daxvda Ria ra, iese mefe maT SerCa, maTs moZRvars man aRiara; vaxtang ruseTsa wabrZanda, raWazed gardaiara. sxvas imis ambavs kvlav getyvi, jer ara gamigia ra. guramiSvilis TqmiT, qarTvelTa ubedureba maTive codvilianobis Sedegia, Sedegia imisi, rom qarTvelT madls codvam dasZliao~. Tavisi datyveveba guramiSvilma uaRresad dinamikuri suraTiT warmoadgina: 68

Semipyres, wamomiyvanes, xel-fexs momidves genia, gardmomatares asi mTa, mindori cxra imdenia; mudamad TvalTa nakadi mduRare cremlTa mdenia, maWames duma da xali, maxvripes xinklis wvenia. faqtobrivad damonebul adamians ahyares pativi da Camoayalibes tyvisadmi sastiki mopyrobis samagaliTo suraTi: mamiyvanes, ara RirsTa Rirseulad mimsaxures, arc masves da arc maWames, arc Camacves, arc damxures. usasyidlod miRebuli gasasyidlad damaSures. gavepare, damiWires, rad waxvelo, dampanRures. meored gaqceuli da uamrav safrTxes gadarCenili guramiSvili xangrZlivi wvalebisa da xetialis Semdeg samSvidobos gavida, ucnob adamianebTan mivida, romlebic Tavisianebad cno yelze Camokidebuli jvrebiT: miucxoes da Semokrben mun Cemi gamSinjvarebi, Semomexvivnen garSamo kacTa da qalTa jarebi; marto perangiT mosilTa yelzed ekidaT jvarebi; mivel da jvarsa vemTxvive, viwere zed pirjvarebi. rogorc vxedavT, aq jvari aris ara mxolod qristianobis simbolo, aramed simbolo Tavisuflebisa da uzenaesi adamianuri Rirebulebebisa, romelTa dacva ubralo adamianebis mier ase amaRelvebladaa aRwerili daviTianSi~: erTman miuTxra meores: dai xlebao, lazari!~ xleba~ ra mesma, dameca me sixaruliT Tavzari; muxlebma ryeva damiwyes, ze tanma Seqna zanzari, veRar daignes svetebma da gardaiqca tazari. daviTianis~ pirvel leqsSi (am wignis gamleqsavis gvarisa da saxelis gamocxadeba~) Cans poetis pirovnuli me~. amas 69

Seesabameba daviTianis~ sul bolo leqsi (am wignis gamleqsavis sulis moxseneba~). meore leqsSi (qarTvelT ufalTa megvartomobis igavi~) d. guramiSvilis erovnuli me~ Cans, momdevno leqsebSi ki _ zogadadamianuri me~. sainteresoa, rom guramiSvilma erTmaneTs amgvarad daukavSira pirovnuli, erovnuli da zogadadamianuri 1. 6. Tavisufleba yovel adamians aqvs sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da piradi xelSeuxeblobis ufleba.
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 3

yovel adamians aqvs azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisufleba, es ufleba moicavs Tavisuflebas sakuTari religiis Tu rwmenis Secvlisa da Tavisuflebas sakuTari religiis Tu rwmenis aRmsareblobisa, rogorc erTpirovnulad, aseve sxvebTan erTad, moZRvrebaSi, RvTismsaxurebaSi da religiur da ritualur wes-CveulebaTa SesrulebaSi, sajaro Tu kerZo wesiT.
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 18

adamianis uflebebis dacva da am uflebebze Tavdasxma gansakuTrebuli simZafriT igrZnoboda qarTul literaturaSi mecxramete saukunis ganmavlobaSi. roca ilia WavWavaZe ocnebobda _ xalxi azvirTda, xalxi aRsdga, xalxi moqmedobs, kaspiis zRvidam Sav zRvamdina erTs fiqrsa fiqrobs, _ da eg fiqria mTel kavkasis Tavisufleba!~ _ giorgi muxranbatoni stambavda wigns _ erovnul individualobaTa arsisa da did saxalxo erTeulTa saganmanaTleblo mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb~, sadac qadagebda, rom mcirericxovani erebis enebs
1

Sdr. revaz siraZe, qarTuli mwerlobis sami didi Zegli, wignSi: SoTa

rusaveli, sulxan-saba orbeliani, daviT guramiSvili, Tbilisi, nakaduli~, 1990, gv. 25.

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saganmanaTleblo mniSvneloba ara aqvs, maT maradiuli CamorCeniloba eliT, Tu ar daiviwyeben mSobliur enas da ar ametyveldebiano mravalricxovani xalxebis enebze 2. roca vaJa-fSavela gvarwmunebda _ eRirsebao luxumsa laSaris gorze Sadgoma!~, ivane jabadari aqveynebda werilebs saqarTveloze~, romelSic qarTul kulturas ganixilavda, rogorc sparsuli kulturis Crdilsa da anarekls. araferi originaluri da TavisTavadi qarTvel xalxs ar Seuqmniao, _ akeTebda daskvnas iv. jabadari. rogorc Cans, qarTuli sazogadoebis gvarianma nawilma uari Tqva Tavisuflebaze, rogorc umaRles Rirebulebaze; magram rogorc es mkafiod ganmarta generalma ivane afxazma grigol orbelianTan saubarSi, ... nu ggonia romel ese iyos bunebiTi Tviseba qarTvelTa. ara! ese ars mxolod nayofi ocdaaTis wlis morCilebisa~. morCilebas ki upirispirdeba daumorCilebloba da brZola TavisuflebisTvis. swored es paTosi JRers nikoloz baraTaSvilis poemis, bedi qarTlisas~ personaJis, solomon lioniZis piriT qarTveli xalxis mier Tavisi sayvareli mefis, erekle meoris mimarT dasmul dramatul SekiTxvaSi: magram Sen, mefev, vin mogca neba _ sxvas ganuboZo Sen ymaT cxovreba, misdevde Sensa guliskveTebas da uTrgunvide Tavisuflebas? 3 xangrZliv kamaTSi mefe ereklesa da mis msajuls, solomon lioniZes Soris, ZiriTadi Rirebuleba, romliTac xelmZRvanelobs erekle, aris mSvidoba:
2

akaki baqraZe, mecxramete saukune, wignSi: qarTuli mwerloba, t. 9, Tbilisi 1992, gv. 6. akaki baqraZis sityvebiT, amitom ikiTxa, nikoloz baraTaSvilis piriT,

gagulisebulma me-19 saukunem... kiTxva dagvianebuli iyo. igi, Tu ufro adre ara, me-18 saukuneSi mainc unda dasmuliyo. _ akaki baqraZe, mecxramete saukune, wignSi: qarTuli mwerloba, t. 9, Tbilisi 1992, gv. 7.

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axla ki droa, solomon, roma mSvidoba naxos saqarTveloma. man safars qveSe mxolod ruseTis amoiyaros javri sparseTis, da mxolod maSin ueWvod gvrwamdes rom qristeanT xma marad ismodes saflavT zed CvenTa mama-papaTa, da ganisvenon aCrdilTa maTTa! qarTuli istoriis ukuRmarTobis gamo, samwuxarod, TiToeulma qarTvelma kargad icis mSvidobis fasi. SesaZloa, es erT-erTi unikaluri qveyana iyos dedamiwis zurgze, sadac saukuneTa manZilze arc erT Taobas ar ucxovria mSvidobaSi, damangreveli da maoxrebeli omis gareSe. miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, RirebulebaTa WidilSi mSvidobasa da Tavisuflebas Soris solomon lioniZe daufiqreblad ir-Cevs Tavisuflebas: veRar gauZlo msajulsa gulman da hkadra mefes aRSfoTebulman: ganzraxva Seni, mefev, makvirvebs! iraklim icis, rome qarTvelebs arad miaCniT ubedureba, Tu aqvT TvisT WerT qveS Tavisufleba!~ Tavisuflebaze msjeloba da misi mxatvrul sityvaSi xorcSesxma mravalsaukunovani qarTuli literaturis erT-erTi umaRlesi miRwevaa, am miRwevis avtori vaJa-fSavela ki _ msoflio humanizmis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi figura. vaJas poemebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi problemaa ucxos sulSi Cawvdoma, ucxos gageba, misi uflebebis aRiareba. es ltolva Zalian reliefurad gamoixata qarTuli literaturis umaRlesi raindis, aluda qeTelauris sityvebiT: Cven vityviT, kacni Cvena varT, martoT Cven gvzrdian dedani; 72

Cvena vscxondebiT, urjuloT kuprSi moeliT qSenani. amis TqmiT vwaramaraobT, RvTisSvilT ukeTes ician; yvelani marTals amboben, gana vinaca hfician?! rogorc cnobilia, aluda qeTelauri ara mxolod Cawvda mucalis samyaros arsebobis uflebas, anu ara mxolod gamoavlina maRali civilizaciisaTvis bunebrivi tolerantoba, aramed gacilebiT ufro Sors wavida, dauZinebel mters msxverpli Seswira da sakuTar socialur wesrigs, Sinaur samyaros daupirispirda. rodesac sauflo Jami movida, xalxi xatobas Sesawiravi cxvriTa da xariT miadga. maT Sorisaa aludac, romelsac Savi kurati hyavs Sesawiravad. wesis mixedviT, xevisberi kiTxulobs im adamianis saxels, visac unda Seewiros mozveri. aludas pasuxi aseTia: eg samxvewroa, berdiav, ZoRan moklulis qistisa, mucals etyodnen saxelad, mounaTlavis Svilisa. kargadac damimwyalobne, gamimetebav misTvina, rogorc undomlad moklulis Tavis lamazis ZmisTvina. aludas pozicia miuRebelia xevisberisTvisac da mTeli TemisTvisac. maTTvis esaa religiuri oqsimoroni, gaurjulebulis garjuleba~, anu ucxo religiis aRmsareblis mSobliur religiur wesrigSi moqceva, rac, maTi azriT, avtomaturad iwvevs TviT aludas gaurjuloebas, qristianobidan gasvlas. xevisberi erTdroulad warmoadgens rogorc politikur, ise religiur avtoritets da masTan dapirispireba niSnavs ara mxolod TemTan, anu sazogadoebasTan, aramed 73

saxelmwifosTan dapirispirebasac. amgvari dapirispirebis Sedegi winaswar aris cnobili: calkeuli adamiani uZluria sazogadoebasTan da saxelmwifosTan dapirispirebaSi, igi aucileblad damarcxdeba. am konkretul SemTxvevaSi aludas damarcxeba misi Temidan mokveTiT aRiniSneba: Temi mas icilebs, rogorc tradiciuli sazogadoebisTvis mavne Tavisuflebis bacilas, rogorc pirovnebas, romelic TemisTvis ucxo zogadsakacobrio moralis simaRlidan saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebul wesrigs upirispirdeba. aludasTvis mucalis mounaTlaoba, ucxooba Semaferxebeli ar aris. igi xevisberi berdias funqciebSi SeiWreba da TviTon Seswiravs samsxverplos. gajavrda qeTelauri, feri daidva mglisao, xeli daikra frangulsa, Suqi amoxda mzisao. uqniva mozvers qedzeda, Tavi migoravs Zirsao. Tan Saexvewa batonsa: _ nu Samicodeb Svilsao. allada hqondes mucalsa, mag mounaTlav gmirsao!~ aludam gumaniT icis~ adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis meoTxe muxlis debuleba. amitom igi Tamamad arRvevs lokalur wesebs globaluri wesrigis saxeliT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saxezea konfliqti zneobriobis lokalur da globalur gaazrebebs Soris, rac SeiZleba SevadaroT konfliqts erovnul da saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobebs Soris, rodesac saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobas eniWeba upiratesoba. icis Tu ara aluda qeTelaurma, rom mis mier individualurad napovni uzarmazari simarTle ramdenime xnis Semdeg kacobriobis erT-erT fundamentur dokumentSi hpovebs 74

asaxvas da civilizebuli samyaros kanonad iqceva? Tuki poemis im adgils gavixsenebT, sadac is dedakacebs Temis wyevlas ukrZalavs, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom icis. aludam icis, rom gauswro im dros, romelSic misi Temi cxovrobs da daewia im dros, romelSic kacobrioba unda cxovrobdes. aluda qeTelaurSi~ erTaderT adamians, mindias aqvs Sansi, aludas gaugos, magram am SansiT igi ver isargeblebs, radgan Temisa da misi kanonebis winaaRdeg amboxebuli aludas dacva misi moralisTvisac SeuZlebeli xdeba. mindias sjera aludasi, sjera misi vaJkacobisa, magram mindias ar esmis aludasi, misTvis gaugebaria qeTelauris moqmedebis motivacia, gaugebaria aludas daumorCilebloba xevisberisadmi, mamapapaTa adaTebisadmi. unda iTqvas, rom sindisis TavisuflebisTvis mebrZoli, msoflio literaturis erT-erTi pirveli disidentis, aluda qeTelauris sakuTar saxelSic ki konnotirebulia misi uflebadamcvelobiTi arsi. rogorc zurab WumburiZis gamokvleviTac dasturdeba, vaJas personaJis saxeli momdinareobs aRmosavlur samyaroSi kargad cnobili pirovnebis saxelidan aladini, romelic warmoSobiT arabulia da misi pirveladi formaa alauddin, rac simaRles, rwmenis zeobas~ niSnavs 4. swored sakuTar Tavze amaRlebidan, axali zneobrivi simaRlidan mosCans ase kargad sxvisi samyaro. sxvisi religiuri Tu ideologiuri samyaros arsebobis uflebis aRiareba, SeiZleba iTqvas, saerTo adgilia vaJafSavelas SemoqmedebaSi. SeiZleba gavixsenoT epizodi stumar-maspinZlidan~, sadac xevsuri zviadauri sikvdils ar Seudrka da mTielTa warmodgeniT msxverplad ar Seewira~ anu ver gaukeTes Tavis mkvdars mis Sesaferi sadili. daklulma dakla maT guli da gaucrua qadili.
4

zurab WumburiZe, aludas etimologiisTvis, gelaTis mecnierebaTa

akademiis Jurnali, 8, gamomcemloba inteleqti~, 2003.

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Seuracxyofil qistebs surdaT xanjlebi daeZroT da mkvdris gvamze sisxliT naRebi fanjrebi~ gaeRoT, magram ver hbedven, scxvenianT: codvaa!~ _ yvela hfiqrobda, xalxis guli da goneba sasinanulod mihqroda. kargi vaJkaci yofila, yvela allaxsa hficavda. miuxedavad imisa, rom qistebSi aSkarad Camoyalibda azri, rom zviadauri da misi vaJkacoba pativiscemas imsaxurebs, isini ver maRldebian sakuTar Tavze, sakuTar kulturaze da ver xedaven sxvis kulturas, ufro sworad, sxvis uflebas sakuTar kulturaze. samagierod, amas cal-calke axerxeben joyola da aRaza, rac orivesTvis tragikulad sruldeba. specialur literaturaSi araerTgzis aRniSnula, rom stumar-maspinZlis~ finali uaRresad Zneli gasagebia~. gacilebiT ufro samarTliani iqneboda aRgveniSna, rom es finali, sadac sxvadasxva kulturisa da konfesiis adamianebs Soris RvTaebrivi konsensusi da harmoniaa gadmocemuli, Zneli misaRebia Tundac Tanamedrove sazogadoebisTvis, romelic mxolod uaxlovdeba adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa gaTavisebis axal etaps. miuxedavad am sirTulisa, sruliad aSkaraa, rom geniosi poetis SemoqmedebaSi adamianis uflebaTa fundamentaluri debuleba sindisisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb aris qarTuli kulturisaTvis organuli da bunebrivi debuleba. Cven sruliad veTanxmebiT vaJa-fSavelas saukeTeso mkvlevars, grigol kiknaZes, rodesac is aRniSnavs, rom vaJas ... personaJebi romelime adaTis darRvevisaken ar miiswrafvian, maSasadame, ar SeiZleba gaviziaroT gavrcelebuli mosazreba, rom vaJas gmirebi Temis aTaswlovani tradiciebis winaaRmdeg ibrZvian. amaSi sulac ar mdgomareobs maTi tragedia~5.
5

grigol kiknaZe, vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedeba, wignSi: vaJas krebuli, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi 1991, gv. 49.

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saqme is aris, rom TviT Temi Seicavs erTmaneTisadmi dapirispirebul, SeuTanxmebel tradicia-adaTebs. TviT sazogadoebaSia Sinagani winaaRmdegoba. vaJa-fSavela mkiTxvelis winaSe mTeli simZafriT ayenebs ori simarTlis, mravali WeSmaritebis problemas da, rogorc avtori, gulSematkivrobs WeSmaritebis im mxares, romelic adamianis uflebebs sazogadoebis uflebebze maRla ayenebs. amitom sargebloben avtoris aseTi Rrma simpaTiiT iseTi gmirebi, rogorebic arian aluda, joyola, aRaza, gogoTuri. rogorc vxedavT, vaJa-fSavelas mixedviT, calkeul movlenaze arsebobs ori urTierTgamomricxavi met-naklebad TanabarZalovani adaTi an tradicia (erTis mxriv, mtris mtrobisa da, meores mxriv, vaJkacobis dafasebis tradicia; erTis mxriv, mterze SurisZiebisa da, meores mxriv, stumarmaspinZlobis tradicia da a.S.). problema is aris, Tu romeli tradiciiT operirebs sazogadoeba da romliT _ pirovneba. faqtobrivad, brZola mimdinareobs pirovnuli arCevanis uflebisTvis, anu TavisuflebisTvis. am TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, vaJa-fSavela qarTul kulturasTan erTad erT-erTi Tanaavtoria adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciisa, romelmac am rTuli sakiTxisadmi swored pirovnebis primatis aseTi midgoma daakanona. 7. Tavisufali sityva yovel adamians aqvs ufleba hqondes mrwamsi da Tavisuflad gamoxatos igi; es debuleba moicavs adamianis uflebas daubrkoleblad misdevdes Tavis mrwamss da moiZios, miiRos da gaavrcelos informacia da ideebi nebismieri saSualebebiT da saxelmwifo sazRvrebis miuxedavad.
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 19

marTali sityva da kritikuli azrovneba qarTuli kulturis bunebrivi Semadgeneli nawilia. aq SeiZleba ramdenime didi saxeli gaixseno, magram yvelas daCrdilavs yvelaze didi qarTveli, vinc ki odesme dabadebula _ eris sulieri li77

deri, qarTveli xalxis gmiri, ilia WavWavaZe. siTamame, romliTac ilia WavWavaZe qarTvelobaze da qarTul sinamdvileze mxatvrulad laparakobda, dRemde samoqalaqo gmirobisa da vaJkacobis magaliTebad rCeba. CvenisTana bednieri gana aris sadme eri? mZime yalniT, lamaz falniT morTuli da mSvenieri; uwyinari, uCivari, qeddrekili, madlieri; uSfoTveli, qvemZromeli, rigiani, wesieri; yovlad mTmeni, viT jor-cxeni, naxedni da Ronieri. bunebrivia, msgavsi siTamame yvelas ar aRafrTovanebda. erovnuli Rirebulebebisadmi da cxovrebiseuli amocanebisadmi sxvadasxvagvarma damokidebulebam warmoSva mTeli epoqa qarTul literaturaSi, azrovnebasa da cxovrebaSi mamaTa da SvilTa brZolis saxiT. erTmaneTs daupirispirdnen ara mxolod ufrosi da umcrosi Taobebis warmomadgenlebi, ara mxolod Zveli da axali qarTvelebi, aramed adamianis uflebebis gaazrebisa da cxovrebis demokratiuli mowyobis sruliad gansxvavebuli da diametralurad dapirispirebuli sxvadasxva koncefciebi. pirvandeli literaturuli dapirispireba sagazeTo da saJurnalo polemikis sferos gacda da aSkara personaluri mtrobis saxe miiRo. xSiri iyo urTierTbraldebebi yvelaze ufro mZime codvebSi. magali-Tad, ilias brali edeboda, TiTqosda mis mier mware simar-Tlis Tqmas ara WeSmariti patriotis gulistikivili, aramed mSobeli xalxis dauZinebeli siZulvili edo safuZvlad. am absurdul braldebas iliam 78

gulistkiviliT mouZebna metad gonebamaxviluri, maRalpoeturi pasuxi: Cemzed amboben: is siaves qarTlisas ambobs, Cvens cuds ar malavs, eg xom cxadi siZulvilia!~ briyvni amboben, kargi guli ki maSinve scnobs, am siZulvilSi raodenic siyvarulia! sityvis Tavisuflebis gansakuTrebuli gamovlinebaa ilias gamocanebi~, romlebmac ar daindo yvelaze mniSvnelovani da Rirseuli moqalaqeebic ki, rodesac maT saqveyno saqmes uRalates 6; sul rva gamocana iyo, romlebSic mkiTxvelebs unda amoecnoT revaz andronikaSvili, giorgi muxran-batoni, ivane muxran-batoni, platon ioseliani, dimitri jorjaZe, iase WavWavaZe, besarion RoRoberiZe da grigol orbeliani, xolo mecxre gamocanad iTqmis: es vis dauweriao? nu gawuxebT da nurc ityviT: igi Cveni mteriao. Tu gawyrebiT, ra menaRvlis?! me ar maqvs Tqveni ridia, viT Tqven qveyana, mec wyroma Tqveni fexebze mkidia.
6

uSualo mizezi gamocanebis dawerisa _ es yofila Tavadaznaurobis 1871 wels. Tavadaznauroba amzadebda adress

kamariliis moqmedeba imperatoris aleqsandre I -is Camosvlis dros saqarTveloSi imperatorisaTvis misarTmevad. Tavdapirvelad ganzraxuli iyo moeTxovaT universitetis gaxsna TbilisSi, magram Tavadaznaurobis marSalma revaz andronikaSvilma mefisnacvlisa da Tavadebis survilis Tanaxmad gverdi auara TavadaznaurTa yrilobis am dadgenilebas da waradgina sxva adresi, sadac nacvlad universitetisa moTxovnili iyo kadetTa korpusis gaxsna TbilisSi. ix. ilia WavWavaZe, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, I, pavle ingoroyvas saredaqcio SeniSvnebi, gv. 388.

79

da mainc sityvisa da mrwamsis Tavisuflebis simbolod qarTul literaturaSi SeiZleba CaiTvalos ilias genialuri moTxroba `kacia adamiani?!~ qarTuli erovnuli Tvisebebis es metismetad daundobeli kritika, rogorc cnobilia, avtobiografiis elementebsac ki Seicavs 7. erovnuli, pirovnuli da wodebrivi TviTironiis daxvewiloba am nawarmoebSi gansakuTrebul mxatvrul simaRles aRwevs 8. aseve samagaliTod rCeba akaki wereTlis mware simarTle. albaT, me-19 saukunis arc erT qarTvel mwerals ar uTqvams imdeni mware sityva saqarTveloze, ramdenic akaki wereTels. upirveles yovlisa, mas ekuTvnis saxelganTqmuli furTxis Rirsi xar Sen, saqarTvelo!~ misive sityvebia: Tu gSia, patriotob, Sen moZmesac uwyrebi; magram maSin ki sxva xar, rodesac gamoZRebi; Tavi qoniT gaqvs savse da tviniT ki _ fexebi~. masve ekuTvnis cnobili sayveduri: gamtania Cemi eri, gareganad mSvenieri... ise uyvars qvriv-oxeri, rom hsurs CvenSi iyos bevri...

igulisxmeba luarsab TaTqariZis garegnuli portreti, luarsabisa da cnobilia, rom Wola lomTaTiZe miiCnevda, rom luarsab TaTqariZe zis

darejanis uSviloba da sxva detalebi.

8

TiToeul qarTvel adamianSi. qarTul literaturaSi Znelad Tu moiZebneba sxva iseTi zogaderovnuli tipaJi, rogoric luarsab TaTqariZea. SesaZloa, swored amitom sargeblobs es, avtoris CanafiqriT, sruliad odiozuri personaJi aseTi aSkara simpaTiiT Zvel da axal qarTvel mkiTxvelebSi.

80

axali drois saqarTvelom ki Caibara akaki wereTlis anderZi: monas rad unda kruli sicocxle? visTvis aanTos wminda lampari? sjobs monobaSi gadidkacebuls Tavisuflebis ZebnaSi mkvdari!

81

`kavkasiuri kosmopolitizmi~ _ qarTuli kinoavangardis arCevani

giorgi gvaxaria `Tqven poetebo!.../gagacliT RmerTebs/rusTavelis TandamatebiT/ andamativiT saflavebSi rom geqaCebaT/vefxvis tyavidan/sakuTaric aRar dagrCebaT.../Sarvlebidan gadaSvebul/sqeli muclebiT/ poeziaSi gaqanebas rom gvedavebiT/samzareulos raindebi/Tqven xarT uZlevi/gastronomiis vitrinebSi RorisTaviviT~.
nikoloz Sengelaia `saTauri~ 1

`moqalaqeno!/gamoicvala paradi/wvrilSviliani poezia/karrSi/ ALLE/(orkestrs)/samgloviaro marSi/arbitri;/nikoloz Sengelaia~.

nikoloz Sengelaia `iubilarebo!~ 2

esaa nikoloz Sengelaias leqsebi, romelic momavalma kinoreJisorma 1924 wels dabeWda futuristebis Jurnal H2SO4-Si. misTvis nebismieri axirebis uaryofa, barierebis msxvreva, stabiluri faseulobebisa da sivrcis garRveva _ Tavisuflebis piroba iyo. `stabiluri sivrcis~ garRvevis mizniT qarTveli avangardisti-kinoreJisori mxolod leqsebis gamoqveynebas ar dasjerda; rusTavelis prospeqtze, dRisiT-mzisiT xeze aZvra da iqidan daiwyo `wvrilSvilian poeziaze~ qiliki. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, namdvili modernistiviT iqceoda, cdilobda warmoedgina Tavi `atraqcionis~ saxiT. iTvleba, rom `atraqcionis~, anu eizenSteinis Teorias Tu davesesxebiT, sazogadoebis `Sokiseburi~ provocirebis, es vneba nikoloz Sengelaias rus-sabWoTa avangardistebTan

`kinoxelovnebis problemebi~. Tbilisis unversitetis gamomcemloba. iqve, gv. 145

Tbilisi. 1992. gv.144

2

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megobrobam gauRviZa. Tumca nu dagvaviwydeba, rom kinoxelovneba Tavidanve `tramvis efeqtze~ aRmocenda; Zmebi liumierebis `matareblis Semosvlam~ ise daafrTxo pirveli kinomayurebeli, rom sanaxaobis moyvarulebma panta-puntiT datoves kinodarbazi. 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, roca gaCndnen pirveli kinoTeoretikosebi, TiTqmis yvela SeTanxmda, rom sinematografis agresiuli `atraqcioni~ miZinebuli sazogadoebis gamofxizlebas emsaxureboda, rom es iyo `axali religia~, romelsac xelovnebis yvela dargze metad SeeZlo masebze uSualo zemoqmedeba, rom liumirebis seansze `skamis datoveba~, anu erTi mdgomareobidan meoreSi gadasvla, aris `eqs-stazi~ _ stabiluri sivrcis garRveva. kinematografisti ki, romelic am misias asrulebs, upirispirdeba `samzareulos raindebs~, `wvrilSvilian poezias~, atyobinebs samyaros, rom `paradi gamoicvala~. amboben, rom deklamaciis im formam, romelic nikoloz Sengelaiam airCia, Zalian gaaRiziana rusTavelze moseirne sazogadoeba. igi maSinve `giJad~ Seracxes, anu uwodes nebismieri avangardistisTvis sasurveli saxeli. Tumca 20-ian wlebSi Tu frangs, magaliTad, SeeZlo ekekluca am saxeliT, daewera siurealistTa manifestebi da elaparaka avangardul eqscentrizmze, rogorc momavali samyaros winaswarmetyvelebaze, `zerealobaze~, qarTvelisTvis `giJ-poetoba~ mainc mZime xvedri unda yofiliyo. 20-iani wlebis dasawyisis qarTul kulturas jer kidev marTvadnen `wvrilSviliani poeziis~ mexotbeni da marTalia `paradi gamoicvala~, rusTavelze gamvleli obivateli nikoloz Sengelaias `atraqcions~ Znelad Tu Seurigdeboda. miuxedavad amisa nikoloz Sengelaiam mainc moipova viRac-viRaceebis simpatia _ poets yuradReba miaqcia kote marjaniSvilma, romelic imxanad kinoSi muSaobas apirebda da asistentad aiyvana Tavis filmze `qariSxlis win~. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, qarTuli xelovnebis `memarcxene frontis~ erT-erTma liderma, nikoloz Sengelaiam marjaniSvilis `salonur kinosTan~ urTierToba didxans ver SeZlo _ miatova maestro da damoukideblad daiwyo gadaReba. 83

1927 wels ekranebze gamovida nikoloz Sengelaias pirveli filmi `giuli~ (scenaris Tanaavtori da operatori mixeil kalatoziSvili), romelsac Sio aragvispirelis moTxroba daedo safuZvlad. ambavi azerbaijaneli qalis, giulis da qarTveli ymawvilis, mituas tragikul siyvarulze, aragvispirelTan sruliad moklebulia kinematografiulobas _ moqmedebis naklebobiT da dialogebis siWarbiT xasiaTdeba, magram religiuri da eTnikuri Seuwynareblobis Tema poetavangardists etyoba imdenad awuxebda, rom Tavad ver gaizra, rogor gatexa avangardistebis fici _ gadaiRo salonuri melodrama vnebaze, fizikur ltolvaze, romelmac ukan miatova SiSi, pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba (koleqtivis mimarT) da religiuri fanatizmi. pirvelad qarTul kinoSi gmiri daupirispirda `koleqtiur fsiqologias~ (erovnuls, religiurs), pirvelad qarTul kinoSi adamianis ufleba, `siyvarulis ufleba~ ufro mniSvnelovnad gamocxadda, vidre tradicia; magram qarTvelma avangardistebma am filmSi mxolod kalatoziSvilis namuSevari moiwones... rac bunebrivia _ individualizmis yvelanairi gamovlena `memarcxeneobisTvis~ reaqciulad iTvleboda. aleqsandre yazbegis moTxrobaSi `eliso~, romlis ekranizaciaze muSaoba Sengelaiam `giulis~ dasrulebisTanave daiwyo, faqtobrivad igive Tema meordeba. aqac upirispirdeba erTmaneTs siyvaruli (amjerad gmirebi qarTveli vaJi da CeCeni qali arian) da Tanamemamuleebis mimarT gamoxatuli solidaroba, piradi bedniereba da xalxis winaSe pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba. Tumca `giulisgan~ gansxvavebiT, `elisoSi~ gaCnda xalxis bedis Tema, xalxisa, romelsac sakuTari miwawylidan asaxleben, riTac kidev ufro gamZafrda elisosa da vaJias siyvarulis dramatizmi. SesaZlebelia, sergei tretiakovi rom ara, romelmac `elisosTvis~ scenari dawera da is cvlilebebi, romelic filmSi yazbegis moTxrobam ganicada, oficialur xelisuflebas ar daeSva im moTxrobis ekranizacia, romelSic ruseTis mier mcire xalxebis devna iyo asaxuli; magram tretiakovma da Sengelaiam ara marto Secvales yazbegis moTxrobis finali, aramed garkveul polemikasac mimarTes yazbegTan 84

20-iani wlebis sabWoTa avangardis ideebis dasamkvidreblad. reJisori, romelmac erTi wlis win daasrula filmi `giuli~ _ siyvarulze, rogorc umaRles zneobriv kategoriaze, iRebs `elisos~, sadac siyvaruli gagebulia, rogorc `kerZo grZnoba~, romelmac `koleqtiur fsiqologias~ unda dauTmos adgili. moTxrobis dasawyisSi yazbegi wers: `es mamulis mosiyvarule, imisTvis Tavganwiruli CeCnebi, esalmebodnen Tavis samSoblos, romlis SesarCenad da asaRorZineblad mamas Svili ar Seuwyalebia, cols _qmari...~ 3 sul ramdenime abzacis Semdeg ki dasZens: `am gadasaxlebulT saerTo godebas moSoreboda erTi ymawvili qali... imas TiTqos sakmaod ar daenaxa saerTo godeba da mwuxareba~ 4. gamodis, rom yazbegis moTxrobaSi eliso Tavidanve gamocalkevebulia `saerTo godebisgan~, SeiZleba iTqvas pirovnebaa, romelsac axireba, cduneba tanjavs _ sxva rjulis kaci uyvars da Tavisi xalxis beds ar iziarebs. Sesabamisad cocxldebian totemisa da tabus simboloebi _ mama, anzori, gamoxatavs Zalauflebas da tradiciebs, romelsac aumxedrdeba eliso. nikoloz Sengelaia qarTveli `60-ianelebis~ warmomadgeneli rom yofiliyo, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar Secvlida yazbegis moTxrobis siuJets. gavixsenoT, rom am Taobis erT-erTma liderma, Tengiz abulaZem swored `koleqtiurisa~ da `individualuris~ konfliqtze aago Tavisi filmis, `vedrebis~ dramaturgia. `natvris xisa~ da `monaniebis~ avtorma vaJa fSavelas nawarmoebebis ekranizaciaSi `koleqtiuri fsiqologia~ faqtobrivad totalitarizmis winapirobad warmoaCina; magram nikoloz Sengelaia sxva Taobis qarTveli re-Jisori iyo da, rac mTavaria, `elisos~ gansxvavebul `istoriul situaciaSi~ iRebda. warumatebloba filmisa `giuli~, romelSic pirovneba koleqtivze maRla dgas, avangardistebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli melodramatizmis
3 4

qarTuli proza. X1 wigni, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~ Tbilisi.1986, gv.128 iqve, gv.429

85

SiSi, literaturuli pirvelwyaros transformaciis erTerTi mizezia, magram ara mTavari. im erTi wlis manZilze, rac `elisos~ da `giulis~ erTamaneTisgan hyofT, saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi, situacia Seicvala. swored im dros qarTulma sabWoTa cenzuram akrZala mixeil kalatoziSvilis `usinaTlo~, mogvianebiT ki socialisturi biurokratizmis parodia -kote miqaberiZis `Cemi bebia~. socialisturi saxelmwifo gadaiqca unitarul organizmad, romelSic adamiani ukve aRaraferia koleqtivTan SedarebiT. Seicvala `nacionaluri politikac~. 1926 wels rsfsr ierTebs ruse-Tis yofili imperiis mniSvnelovan teritoriebs da gardaiqmneba `socialisturi respublikebis kavSirad~. nikoloz Sengelaias filmi ki sworedac rom ruseTis imperiis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli, ruseTis `nacionaluri politikis~ winaaRmdeg. rogorc Cans, tretiakovisa da SengelaiasTvis es Tema ufro aqtualuri iyo, vidre `kerZo~ sasiyvarulo istoria. gavixsenoT, ras wers yazbegi elisoSi: `uwindel droSi rom momxdariyo aseTi SemTxveva da mahmadians `mTieli qristiani~ Sehyvareboda, maSindelis iqauris CveulebiT, sarwmunoeba damabrkolebel mizezad ver Seiqmneboda imaT SeerTebisTvis; magram exla, rodesac qarTvelebi, e.i. qristianebi `giaurebs~ anu rusebs win miuZRvodnen da gzebs uCvenebdnen, rodesac isini giaurebTan erTad ebrZodnen damoyvarebuls mezoblebs, - exla sul sxva iyo~ 5. CeCnebi aq TiTqos ori mxridan iCagrebian. maT marTlmadidebeli xalxi Cagravs (marTlmadidebeli qveynebi)... sainteresoa, rogor meordeba istoria. 90-ian wlebSi, eduard SevardnaZe dsT-s qveynebis erTaderTi lideri aRmoCnda, romelmac Riad dauWira mxari ruseTis intervencias CeCneTSi. gamodis, rom nikoloz Sengelaias filmSi, situaciaSi, roca qarTvelebma Riad dauWires mxari TavianT `erTmorwmune mezobels~ CeCeni xalxis ganadgurebaSi, Tavisi xalxisgan (eTnosisgan) gandgomilis rolSi gvevlineba ara CeCeni eliso (rogorc yazbegTan), ramdenadac qarTveli vaJia. swo5

qarTuli proza. XI wigni, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~ Tbilisi.1986, gv. 431

86

red vaJiaa gaucxoebuli `jvarosnuli omisgan~ barbarosebis winaaRmdeg. poeti, futuristi, romelmac Tavis leqseb-Si karga magrad iqilika yvelanair avtoritarizmze, mixeil kalatoziSvilis msgavsad, romelic imxanad `jim SvanTes~ gadaRebisTvis emzadeba, miemarTeba maRla, mTebSi, sakuTari identurobis saZebnelad. igi TiTqos grZnobs, rom kavkasiis `aramarTlmadidebel xalxebs~ ramdenime weliwadSi kidev erTxel Seracxaven `ucxoebad~ da `barbarosebad~ (,,mtris agentebad~). 20-iani wlebis qarTveli avangardistebis xelovneba `erTian kacobriobasTan~ ziarebis saSualebaa. kinos kosmopolitur enaze werda jer kidev devid uork grifiti: `fineli iseve iolad amoicnobs cxenis gamosaxulebas, rogorc Turqi. gamosaxuleba universaluri simboloa, xolo moZravi gamosaxuleba universaluri ena. viRacam Tqva, `SesaZlebelia kinom babilonis godolis mier dayenebuli problema gadawyvitoso~ 6. eizenSteinma swored grifits mibaZa, roca kinomontaJi `universalur enad~ gamoacxada. nikoloz Sengelaias ki, `elisos~ ekranebze gamosvlis Semdeg, `qarTveli eizenSteini~ uwodes (eizenSteinia avtori `atraqcionebis~ da `inteleqtualuri~ montaJis ideisa, romliTac STagonebulia Sengelaia `elisoSi~). kavkasia iqca Tavisebur `multinacionalur wiaRad~, eqscentrikuli da infantiluri kinoavangardis Tavis gadarCenis saSualebad... gadarCenisa pirvel rigSi mama-patriarqisgan (erovnebiT qarTvelisgan), romelic cota xanSi Tavs `msoflio proletariatis mamad~ gamoacxadebs. qarTveli kinematografistebi, rogorc Cans, `egzotikad~ aRiqvamdnen mTis xalxebisTvis Cveul warmarTul ritualebs da imasac amCnevdnen, rom miuxedavad gansxvavebuli enisa, kavkasieli xalxebis `jgufuri cnobiereba~ didad ar gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisgan da Tuki mainc iyo gansxvaveba, is arasdros gadazrdila mezoblis mimarT mtrul damokidebulebaSi; magram erovnuli Cagvra xom gamoixateba ara marto imperiis
6

D.W.Griffith. Cinema, miracle de la photographie moderne, Cahiers du cine

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mier `mcire xalxebis~ dapyrobaSi. erovnuli Cagvra iTvaliswinebs Zaladobis `SeWras~ Tavad xalxebs Soris urTierTobaSi. arada urTierToba, kontaqti, Sexvedra, urTierTgavlena, gamTlianeba, erToba _ msoflio kinoavangardis mTavari Temaa. qarTuli xelovnebisTvis ki, romelic ganuwyvetliv `exeboda~ erTis mxriv, qristianul samyaros, meores mxriv ki, aRmosavleTis qveynebs, kontrapunqti, gansxvavebuli `xmebis~ erToblioba iyo `generaluri xazi~ (eizenSteinis filmis saTaurs Tu gavixsenebT), romelsac gansakuTrebiT Seutevs stalinuri klasicizmi. `eliso~ _ qarTveli kinoavangardistebis erT-erTi ukanaskneli cdaa, rogorme gadaarCinon avangardistebis sayvareli saxe _ `mSvidobiani qaosis~, Tu `mSvidobiani mravalferovnebis~ utopia, gadaarCinon `patriarqalurstalinuri~ (Tu `orTodoqsul-stalinuri~) esTetikisgan, ikonografiuli socializmisgan da Sesabamisad, personalizaciisgan... swored amitom Seicvala filmSi yazbegis nawarmoebis siuJeti, amitom gadavida meore planze piradi drama da samoqalaqo solidarobis idea wamyvani gaxda. yazbegis moTxrobisgan gansxvavebiT, filmSi eliso darCa Tavis xalxTan, koleqtiur gmirTan, romelic zeimobs, aSenebs, dastiris micvalebuls da amarcxebs sikvdils. Sengelaiam, ra Tqma unda, icoda, rom mcire eTnikur jgufebs, gansakuTrebiT diskriminaciis pirobebSi, did naciebze ufro advilad SeuZliaT gaerTianeba. Tumca moTxrobis transformaciis mizezi ara imdenad CeCeni xalxis fsiqologia, ramdenadac kinoavangardis mxatvruli meTodi unda iyos. sergei tretiakovi eizenSteinis pirveli filmis, `brZenis~ scenaris avtori iyo. sicocxlis `estafeturobis~, memkvidreobis idea ki erT-erTi wamyvania rogorc eizenSteinTan, aseve nikoloz SengelaiasTan (CeCen obol bavSvs mozdokSi waiyvans swored vaJia, romelsac aqamde CeCnebi TavianT mtrad moiazrebdnen)... wamyvania eizenSteinisTvis Cveuli `dramaturgiuli samkuTxedi~ (,,elisoSi~ _ `qarTveli~, `rusi~ da `CeCeni~), eizenSteinis esTetikisTvis tipuri `gaxsnili wris~ saxe, romelsac mTlianad eyrdnoba nikoloz Sengelaias filmis saxviTi 88

gadawyveta. da bolos, sabWoTa da SesaZlebelia, msoflio kinoavangardis lideris pirdapiri gavlena, kerZod, `xatovani montaJis~ eizenSteiniseburi idea igrZnoba `doluris~ saxelganTqmul epizodSi. amboben, rom am scenis montaJis procesSi reJisori TviT asrulebda dolurs Cveulebriv skamze da memontaJe vasil dolenko cekvis taqtis mixedviT zomavda kinofirs. qarTuli cekvebis, `ferxulis~, `qarTulisa~ da `farikaobis~ ritmiTaa damontaJebuli mSeneblobis, vaJiasa da rusi generlis Setakebis, finaluri cekvis epizodebi. yvelaferi agebulia ritmul kontrapunqtze, amitom ritms aq TiTqos aqvs xma, ufro swored, gardaiqmneba xmad. realurad uxmo saxeebis ritmuli vizualizacia, tipuri 20-iani wlebis evropuli kinoavangardisTvis, kulminacias aRwevs datirebisa da cekvis epizodebSi _ arqaul cekvaSi, romelic damaxasiaTebelia kavkasiis yvela xalxisaTvis _ qristianebisTvisac, warmarTebisTvisac, musulmanebisTvisac... es epizodi Tavidan bolomde eyrdnoba e. w. `eqstazis formulas~. eqstatikuri efeqti miRweulia erTi mdgomareobis gadasvliT meore, mis sawinaaRmdego mdgomareobaSi... roca mxatvruli saxe iqmneba ara ritmiT, aramed tempiT, roca kontrastuli e.w. `kadri ganwyobilebebis~ SejaxebiT mayureblis cnobierebaSi ibadeba axali azri _ glova da datireba icvleba cekviTa da imediT. sikvdili da sicocxle ganuyofel antinomiebad cxaddeba. oRond ara ekranze, aramed mayureblis cnobierebaSi. esaa `inteleqtualuri montaJis~ Teoria, romlis avtori, sergei eizenSteini montaJs adreistoriul, arqaul faqtorebs ukavSirebda. eizenSteinis mkvlevari, frangi mwerali dominik fernandesi amtkicebs, rom `montaJi _ sublimaciis kinematografiuli variantia, anu dasrulebuli sinTezi eqspresiisa (yvelafris Tqma) da represiisa (yvelafris damalva)~ 7. fernandesi gvaxsenebs, rom eizenSteini xelovnebis nawarmoebs `organizms~ uwodebda. `ra aris es erTi mdgomareobidan gadasvla meoreSi, `sakuTari Tavidan ga7

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mosvla~, naxtomi sapirispiro sivrceSi, Tu ara raRac erotikuli~? 8 _ kiTxulobs fernandesi. da marTlac, montaJuri epizodebis ageba `afeTqebis~, `gafurCqvnis~ motivebze, neli da swrafi moZraobebis Serwyma, dacema da zeasvla, sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebebiT moZraoba, dapirispireba, romelic SerwymiT mTavrdeba _ `avangardistuli eqstazi~ garkveuli TvalsazrisiT seqsualuri sublimaciacaa, Tu gnebavT ara `organizmi~, aramed `orgazmi~. montaJuri atraqcionebis mimarT ltolva nikoloz Sengelaiam Tavis leqsebSic gamoavlina. sityvis (Semdeg ki kadris) `amoRebiT~ Tavisi konteqstidan, igi cdilobda moewyvita sagani Tavisi `istoriisgan~, gaeTavisuflebina yvelanairi mijaWvulobisgan... da, ra Tqma unda, adamianic gaeTavisuflebina, raTa misTvis `kuTvnili~ sivrce ufro advilad gaerRvia. imave fernandess 20-iani wlebis avangardistTa vneba _ `Seiswavlon buneba~, an `gaiqcnen bunebaSi~ zigmund froidis mier aRweril leonardo da vinCis cxovrebas agonebs. froidTan es procesi mamis prestiJis dacemiT, `mama-RmerTis~ uaryofiTa da bunebasTan (dedis alersTan) daaxlovebiT mTavrdeba. sabWoTa, maT Soris qarTvel kinoavangardistebTan ki bolSevikuri revoluciis mimarT solidarobiT (,,mamis~ sikvdili) da axal samoTxeSi `livlivis~ utopiiT. am TvalsazrisiT `sikvdilisa~ da `sicocxlis~ saxeebis ganuwyveteli Sejaxeba qarTul `mTis filmebSi~, romelsac stalinuri socrealizmis dabadebamde gatacebiT iRebdnen Cveni kinematografistebi, gansakuTrebiT `elisosa~ da `jim SvanTeSi~, prologikur formebTan avtorebis daaxloebis survils gamoxatavs. esaa `bunebis mibaZva~ da stiqiasTan Serwyma, rasac akeTebs mixeil kalatoziSvili... kalatoziSvili, magaliTad, asaxavs mdgomareobas adamianisa, romelsac Tavbru esxmis, subieqturi da moZravi kameris im epoqis-Tvis warmoudgenlad Tamami gamoyenebiT. `jim SvanTeSi~ kadris CarCos ngreviT, igi ara marto gamoxatavs personaJis gamosvlas `sakuTari sivrcidan~, aramed cdilobs `adgilidan
8

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daZras~, Searyios svaneTis mTebi, raTa sabolood gauqmdes damTrgunveli Zliereba, gauqmdes yvela sazRvari. axali gza, romelic aq civilizaciisgan gamijnul svaneTSi gahyavT, aerTianebs Zvel da axal samyaros. ar angrevs Zvels. mxolod da mxolod erwymis mas. Serwymis es utopia, sabWoTa, maT Soris qarTveli kinoavangardistebis `generaluri xazia~. am epoqaSi maT gulwrfelad swamT, rom komunizmi gaauqmebs `yvelafris safuZvels~ _ kerZo sakuTrebas. es idea, miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTvel kinematografistTa es Taoba Tavis Tavs `aTeistad~ miiCnevda, miuxedavad imisa, rom mTebisken da, Sesabamisad, warmarTuli ritualebisken miuwevda guli, raRa Tqma unda, qarTuli marTlmadidebluri kulturidan iSva. marTlmadidebloba yovelTvis ampartavnobad, siamayed miiCnevda dasavluri qristianobis erT-erT ZiriTad princips _ adamiani TviTon qmnis Tavis cxovrebas, Tavadaa pasuxismgebeli im cxovrebis wesze, romelsac irCevs, TviTonaa Tavisi cxovrebis patroni. 20-ian wlebSi ingreoda tradiciuli faseulobebi, magram `taZrulobis~, e. i. erTianobis ideaze uari aravis uTqvams. ufro metic, avangardistebTan igi iqca `sufTa idead~, Tavisebur absolutad. yvelaferi, rac xels uSlis ideas, iyos `mxolod idea~, e. i. mas garkveul sazRvrebSi Aaqcevs, avangardistebisTvis miuReblad cxaddeboda. 1931 wels `mTis Temas~ mimarTa siko doliZem filmSi `zvavTa mxareSi~, romlis gmiri, fSavi kulaki Zarcvavs glexebs, Tumca arwmunebs maT, rom fuls religiuri ritualis Sesasruleblad agrovebs. komkavSirlebi fSavi glexebis ganTavisuflebas barSi maTi gadasaxlebiT cdiloben, iq, sadac SesaZlebeli gaxdeba maTi gaerTianeba komunebSi _ iq maT traqtorebi, sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikis ukanaskneli miRwevebi, kulturis saxli elodebaT. mas Semdeg rac kvdeba soflis Tavkaci da fSavebs patriarqi aRara hyavT, barSi gasvlis survili ukve yvelas uCndeba. Zveli da axali, mTa da bari mTliandeba da faqtobrivad myardeba is, rasac 20-iani wlebis kinoavangardistebi `komunizms~ uwodebdnen. siko doliZis Semdeg filmSi `ukanaskneli jvarosnebi~ (1934) es Tema odnav gansxvavebulad viTardeba. aq axalgaz91

rda TorRvai, gaunaTlebeli, `bneli~ glexi kolmeurneobis organizatori xdeba da, rac gansakurebiT mniSvnelovania, yofili mtrebis, CeCnebisa da xevsurebis socialuri cxovrebis erTianoba mSeneblobis, Semoqmedebis piroba xdeba. winaaRmdegoba individsa da Tems Soris, adamianis arsebobasa da mis arss Soris, is winaaRmdegoba, romelic araerTxel gamovlenila vaJa fSavelas nawarmoebebSi, `ukanasknel jvarosnebSi~ TiTqos saboloodaa gadalaxuli. `ukanasknel jvarosnebs~, premieridan ramdenime dRis Semdeg gamoexmaura didi ungreli kinomcodne bela balaSi, romelic werda _ doliZesTan xalxuri stili mxatvrul stilSi gadaizrdebao... rac imas niSnavs, rom `ukanasknel jvarosnebSi~ kulturac dapirispirebuli xalxebis gaerTianebis saSualebad cxaddeba. kultura `biologiur adamians~ gadaaqcevs `istoriul adamianad~... civilizacia adamianTa Semrigeblis rolSi gvevlineba. magram mTaSi gadaxvewiT qarTveli avangardistebi mainc ver SeZleben `mama-patriarqisgan~ Tavis daRwevas. rac ufro gamalebiT, swrafad gadaadgildebodnen sivrceSi qarTveli `kinoeqscentrikosebi~, rac ufro Cqarobdnen centridan _ `napirisken~ gaqcevas, kidiT kidemde moZraobas - patriarqidan _ komunisken, rac ufro kargavdnen sayrdens, miT ufro enatrebodaT `wesrigi~. kidiT kidemde moZraoba sabolood dasrulda uZRebi Svilis dabrunebiT `axal centrTan~, `yvela mSromelis mamasTan~. `elisos~ avtori iRebs stalinis sayvarel films `narinjis veli~ (1937), sadac koleqtivi _ ukve yvelaferia, pirovneba ki _ araferi. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa mixeil Wiaurelis SemoqmedebiTi evolucia. kinoSi mosvlamde mixeil Wiaureli SesaniSnavi moqandake iyo, monumentalisti. Tumca misi monumenturi qandakeba Tayvaniscemis obieqtad arasdros qceula. 20-ian wlebSi qvis kerpebis Seqmna arakoreqtul saqcielad iTvleboda. aba risTvis moxda bolSevikuri revolucia, risTvis Camoagdes mefe, risTvis daxvrites misi memkvidreebi, Tu xalxi isev kerpebis Seqmnas moindomebda? swored maSin, roca Wiaurelma qandakebas Tavi daaneba da kinoSi daiwyo muSaoba, misma sayvarelma 92

reJisorma, sergei eizenSteinma, Tavis saxelganTqmul filmSi `oqtomberi~ uCveulo kinematografiul triuks mimarTa: revolucionerebi aq aleqsandre mesamis mooqrovili qandakebis Camogdebas cdiloben _ jer Tavs aWrian `oqros kerps~, mere fexebs, bolos cxenis jeric dgeba; magram Zlevamosili kerpi revolucionerebs arafriT emorCileba _ qandakebis nawilebi ganuwyvetliv `cdiloben~ daubrundnen sawyis mdgomareobas _ mefis Tavi pirdapir fexebze `jdeba~, xelebi cxenis sasqeso organoze. qandakebis Camogdebisa da misi xelaxla `awyobis~ procesi karga xans grZeldeba da istoriuli faqti farsad gardaiqmneba yvelaferi, rac eizenSteinma Tavis erT filmSi asaxa, mixeil Wiaurelis Semoqmedebis mcire monakveTSi warmoCinda. 1929 wels gadaRebul mis erT-erT pirvel filmSi `saba~ ojaxis wevrebi agreTve daupirispirdebian mama-marCenals, ufro sworad, mamas, romelic marCenlis funqcias veRar asrulebs, radgan dResa da Rames Tbilisis duqnebSi, aryis smaSi atarebs. `alkoholizmi~, miT umetes, arayTan damegobreba, saqarTveloSi aqtualuri problema arasdros yofila _ Wiaurelma am mxrivac aSkarad mibaZa rusebs _ man 20-iani wlebis sabWoTa kavSirSi popularuli saagitacio suraTi gadaiRo; magram `sabam~ qarTul kulturaSi tabudadebuli, Tumca yovelTvis aqtualuri problemac warmoaCiana _ es iyo warsulTan urTierToba, qalis da Svilebis survili ganTavisufldnen mama-warsulis, Tu qmari-warsulis mier dadebuli borkilebisgan. `sabas~ premieridan ramdenime Tvis Semdeg mixeil Wiaurelma saswrafod daiwyo axal suraTze, `xabardaze~ muSaoba. Zalian Cqarobda, TiTqos grZnobda, rom qveyanaSi situacia Zireulad SeiZleboda Secvliliyo... ara imitom, rom aTeisturi propagandis mizniT, eklesiebis dangreva saqarTveloSi sul male Sewydeboda (,,xabardas~ siuJeti ki swored taZrebis afeTqeba-ngrevis process asaxavs), Wiaurels guli ugrZnobda albaT, rom dangreul taZrebs sul male Sromis sasaxleebi da muSebisa da glexebis-Tvis gankuTvnili sacurao auzebi Secvlida, dangreul qvis kerps mama-beladis axali qandakeba Caenacvleboda, warsulis 93

radikaluri uaryofis Semdeg sicarieleSi darCenili sazogadoeba axali sayrdenis Ziebas daiwyebda. `xabardas~ premiera 1931 wels gaimarTa _ erTi wliT adre, sanam socialisturi realizmi oficialurad dakanondeboda sabWoTa kavSirSi, anu sanam xelisufleba mosTxovda mxatvars dadebiT gmirs, romlisTvisac publikas unda miebaZa. aseTi, egreT wodebuli `dadebiTi gmirebi~, anu socializmis mSeneblebi, `xabardaSic~ gamoCndebian _ teqnikosi, muSa da a.S; magram Sinaarsobrivad da mxatvruli gadawyvetis doniT, am personaJebis mayurebelze zemoqmedeba minimaluria. mTavari personaJebi aq _ antigmirebi arian _ im Zveli eklesiis damcvelebi, romelic nangrevebadaa qceuli da saSiSroebas uqmnis adamianebis sicocxles. sxvaTa Soris gairkveva, rom dangreul taZars aranairi mxatvruli Rirebuleba ara aqvs _ da arc ise Zvelia, mxolod da mxolod aleqsandre mesamis drosaa aSenebuli. satirul personaJebs diomide da luarsabi hqviaT. isini `patriotebs~ da qveynis warsulis damcvelebs TamaSoben. diomide erT epizodSi taZris Camongreul qvas Caixutebs. Wiaurelma aqac eizenSteins, amjerad `javSnosan potiomkins~ gaugzavna `mokiTxva~ _ iq, qvis lomebma gaiRviZes, `RaRadi daiwyes~ da warsulis Zalauflebis damcvelebs gaaxsenes, rom am samyaroSi yvelaferi moZravia da cvalebadi, maT Soris qvis kerpebi. aq, `xabardaSi~, qarTuli xelovnebis mondomebuli damcveli, luarsabi, moqandakeebs Tavisi Tavis ukvdavsayofad daiqiravebs. igi tanmorCilia, magram sizmarSi Tavis Tavs xedavs, rogorc didsa da monumenturs, romelsac yvela Tayvans scems. mas esizmreba sakuTari sikvdili, magram es sasiamovno sizmaria, radgan xalxi mas, rogorc patriots, qveynis warsulisa da tradiciebis erTguls, mTawmindis panTeonisken miasvenebs. luarsabs Tayvans scems aramarto qarTveli xalxi, sizmarSi igi xedavs, rogor dastirian saerTaSoriso ligis warmomadgenlebic _ dastiris mTeli samyaro, dastiris siZveles, qvebs, kerps mijaWvul belads, romelsac WiriviT sZulda progresi. `xabardaSi~ kerpis dakrZalvis procesi mxatvruli karikaturis JanrSi gadawyda. 1953 wels mixeil Wiaureli, rome94

lic imxanad sabWoTa kavSiris nomer pirvel, anu stalinis sayvarel kinoreJisorad iTvleboda, gadaiRebs dokumentur films, romelic aseve asaxavs dakrZalvas. oRond ara luarsabis, aramed realuri, istoriuli gmiris _ ioseb stalinis dakrZalva-datirebas. mxatvruli karikatura aq paTetikuri tragediiT Seicvleba, romelic Caikovskis meeqvse simfoniiT iqneba gaformebuli, magram kinos moyvarulebs `xabarda~ mainc gaaxsendebaT _ luarsabisa ar iyos, stalins aq dastirian ara marto sabWoTa patrioti-mSromelebi, aramed ucxoeli proletarebic, dastiris mTeli msoflio. Tumca qarTveli reJisorebi stalinis epoqaSic ki axerxebdnen `mavne ideologiis~ damkvidrebas kinoSi. Zalze sainteresoa am mxriv konstantine pipinaSvilis filmi `qajana~, romelic ekranebze 1940 wels gamovida, e. i. maSin, roca SiSisa da dabezRebis atmosfero sabWoTa cxovrebis wess gansazRvravda. pipinaSvilma SiSisgan marTlac rom damunjebul sazogadoebas fsiqoTerapiis kinematografiuli seansi Cautara _ xmis amoRebis, Tundac yvirilis survili ara marto qajanas, aramed mayurebelsac unda gaCenoda. globusi, romelic filmis finalSi gamoCndeba, Semecnebisa da Riaobis es Taviseburi simbolo, wyvdiadidan Tavis daRwevis mxatvruli saxe gaxda. `qajanas~ scenaris avtori karlo gogoZe iyo, adamiani, romelmac pipinaSvilis filmis premieridan 15 wlis Semdeg, rezo CxeiZesa da Tengiz abulaZes `magdanas lurjas~ scenari dauwera da mTel msoflios axali qarTuli kinos, `Tavisufali kinos~ dabadeba amcno. bavSvebi _ `qajanaSic~ da `magdanas lurjaSic~ mozrdilTa samyaros ganuyofel nawilad aRiqmebian. `qajanaSi~ maTi erTianoba ufrosebis samyarosTan imdenad xazgasmulia, rom Tavad mozrdilebi emsgavsebian bavSvebs. miT umetes, rom karCaketil sivrceSi, sadac globusic ki raRac jadod aRiqmeba, mozrdilebs ganviTarebis, zrdis saSualeba ara aqvT. karCaketil sivrceSi crurwmena gamefebula _ Wiakokona, romelsac sibnele da umecreba ganagebs; magram bavSvebSi sicocxlis wyurvili metia, vidre SeSinebul ufrosebSi. 95

bavSvebi TamaSoben da TamaSiT acocxleben erTmaneTs. `SeSinebiT _ SiSis damTrgunveli~ leila abaSiZis kato pipinaSvilis filmSi sazogadoebis gamococxlebis imedad gvexateba. imxanad leila abaSiZe mxolod aTi wlis iyo. cota xanSi, roca sazogadoeba marTlac gamococxldeba, roca SesaZlebeli gaxdeba im adamianebis reabilitacia, romlebic SiSis epoqam daamunja an sicocxle waarTva, leila abaSiZe qarTuli kinos varskvlavi gaxdeba. istoriis dRevandeli gadasaxedidan es faqtic simboluria. magram davubrundeT 30-iani wlebis qarTul kinos, romelSic avangardistebis sayvareli ,,,mTis Tema~ daviwyebas mieca; TiTqos `mTis Svilebi~, yvela erTad, `narinjis velze~ gadasaxldnen. nacionalursa da internacionalurs Soris fardobiToba (Tu proporcia) dairRva Tundac imitom, rom internacionalizmis `dadasturebad~ CaiTvala mxolod rusi (an ukraineli) da qarTveli xalxis megobroba. Tbilisis kinostudiaSi TiTqmis yovelwliurad iRebdnen istoriul filmebs rusebisa da qarTvelebis `marTlmadideblur Zmobaze~. erT-erTi aseTi filmia piradad stalinis dakveTiT gadaRebuli `modernis stilis~ antimusulmanuri freska _ `giorgi saakaZe~. simboluria, rom filmis ekranebze gamosvla CeCnebis deportaciasa da musulmani mesxebis saqar-Tvelodan gandevnas daemTxva. am qarTul filmebSi rusi gadaiqca mesiad, romelmac qarTveli xalxi `urjuloebisgan~ unda ixsnas. rac Seexeba rusi reJisorebis filmebs, stalinis epoqis `folklorizebul maskaradSi~ qarTvelebs, rogorc wesi, epizoduri rolebi ergebaT. qarTveli mxolod `ZmaTa ojaxis~ erT-erTi wevria, romelic mSobliur enaze mReris `iavnanas~ da stalinis sadRegrZelos svams kremlSi. qarTveli im drois rusul filmebSi, ZiriTadad, ulvaSiani maCos rols TamaSobs, aqvs Zlieri aqcenti da cotaTi Camogavs stalins. `sabWoTa ZmaTa kavSirSi~ mayurebels yovelTvis axsovda, rom ekranze, Tundac erTi wamiT `gaelvebuli~ seqsualuri qarTveli mamakaci _ beladis Tanamemamulea, e.i. mesiisa, romlis mimarT vnebas ganicdis am epoqis yvela kinogmiriqalbatoni. magaliTad, maswavlebeli qali mixeil Wiaurelis 96

filmSi `berlinis dacema~. es qalbatoni moxsenebas kiTxulobs kulturis saxlSi, moxsenebas Tavisi satrfos, cnobili mefoladis SromiT gmirobebze. mefolade darbazSi zis. maswavlebeli faqtobrivad siyvaruls uxsnis mas tribunidan; magram sxvagan iyureba _ umzers kedelze dakidebul stalinis portrets. umzers rogorc xats. poststalinuri epoqis sabWoTa kinoSi `seqsualuri kavkasielis~ kliSe sul ufro aqtiurad mkvidrdeba. iseve rogorc stalinis mmarTvelobis wlebSi, qarTveli qalebi TiTqmis arasdros Cndebian rusul filmebSi. qarTul filmebSi ki popularuli xdeba `seqsualuri rusi qalis~ saxe. 80-ian, 90-iani wlebis qarTul kinoSi, im SemTxvevaSic ki Tu filmis gmiri qarTveli qalbatonia da saWiro xdeba `pikantur scenaSi~ misi gadaReba, qarTvel msaxiobs dublioriT cvlian griboedovis saxelobis rusuli Teatridan. 80-iani wlebis miwuruls, sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevasTan erTad, roca e.w. `Cernuxa~ qarTul kinoSic aqtiurad mkvidrdeba, da, Sesabamisad, qalis SiSveli sxeuli sul ufro xSirad Cndeba qar-Tul filmebSi, rogorc wesi, esaa _ rusi qalis sxeuli. yvelaferi sinqronulad xdeba; rusul kinoSi _ , romlebic Tavdapirvelad yvavilebs yidian bazarSi, Semdeg mafiozuri jgufebis wevrebi arian da bolos, teroristebi; qarTul kinoSi _ `msubuqi yofaqcevis~ rusis qalebi da spirtianis moyvaruli mamakacebi, romel-Tac qarTvelebi dascinian (es kliSe yvelaze niWierad oTar ioselianis `giorgobisTveSi~ TamaSdeba). Tanac, ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris urTierTobis gauaresebis dros es stereotipebi mZafrdeba xolme. agresiuloba mxolod aZlierebs erotikul vnebas `erTmorwmune xalxs~ Soris. saqarTvelosTvis es gansakuTrebuli problemaa da SesaZloa ukavSirdebodes iracionalur qalTmoZuleobas, roca seqsualuri vnebis obieqti xdeba ara Tanamemamule qalbatoni (igi yovelTvis `dedis~ simbolod aRiqmeboda), aramed ucxo qali, romelic, mtris banakis wevria. sabWoTa epoqaSi qarTveli mamakacebis umravlesoba aTasobiT `sasiamovno kilometrs~ gadis 97

ruseTis mimarTulebiT, zogjer mxolod da mxolod seqsualuri moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad, maSin, rodesac qarTveli qalbatonebi Sin rCebian da msoflio Cempionebi xdebian WadrakSi. am anegdotur situacias dRes xSirad ixseneben qarTveli fsiqologebi. kinomcodneebs ki agondebaT eldar Sengelaias filmi `araCveulebrivi gamofena~ (1968), romlis gmiri uiRblo moqandake, rusis qals irTavs colad. misi es nabiji aRiqmeba, rogorc `Serekili gmiris~ morigi marcxi da warumatebloba. meores mxriv, qarTveli mamakaci, romelic patriarqalur ojaxSi aRizarda da samSobloSi seqsualuri realizeba ver SeZlo, ruseTSi seqsualur simbolod aRiqmeba (saukeTeso magaliTia mimino-kikabiZe). es seqsualuroba yovelTvis gaJRenTilia SerekilobiT, WkuasustobiT. 70-ian wlebSi ruseTSi gansakuTrebiT popularuli iyo qarTuli moklemetraJiani filmebi, romlis gmiri mamakacebi xan peplebze nadiroben da xan bavSvebiviT kinklaoben. bolo dros, ruseTSi goderZi Coxelis primitiuli filmebis popularoba (sxvaTa Soris, kinointeleqtualTa wreebSic) cxadyofs, rom aseTi qarTuli kinos siyvaruli mxolod niRabia, romlis miRma agresia boboqrobs. SesaZlebelia es swored im kavkasieli mamakacis tipia, romelic misaRebia ruseTisaTvis _ `morcxvi kavkasielisa~, romelsac eSinia realobis da problemebs gaurbis; infantiluri, gulkeTili kavkasielisa, romlis motyueba advilia da romelic arasdros gaxdeba teroristi. Tumca es mxolod survilia; kvlavac gulisxmobs seqsualuri temperamentis mozRvavebiT gamorCeul xalxs, romlebic saSiSroebas uqmnian ruseTs. faqtia, rom kulturuli kliSeebi da stereotipebi xels uSlis sazogadoebas, ufro swored, sazogadoebis wevrebs igrZnon Tavi Tavisuflad da icxovron Rirseulad. sabWoTa sistemam gazarda am stereotipebis maStabebi da Rrmad daamkvidra qarTvelTa yofa-cxovrebaSi. avangardizmi ki yovelTvis kulturuli stereotipebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli, 98

rac qarTul kinoSi yvelaze TvalsaCinod vlindeba arcTu ise `tipuri kavkasielis~ _ sergo farajanovis SemoqmedebaSi, romelic, amave dros, kavkasiuri kulturis ganuyofeli nawilia. farajanovi, SesaZloa, Tanamedrove qarTuli kinos erTaderTi warmomadgenelia, romelmac moaxerxa nacionalursa da zenacionalurs Soris Tanafardobis dacva, gaemijna, rogorc `taZrulobis~, aseve sabWoTa internacionalizmis tradiciebs. farajanovi _ kavkasiuri kulturebis Semrigebelia. igi uars ambobs kavkasiis multinacionaluri sivrcis sinTezze _ gansxvavebuli kulturebi mis filmebSi erTmaneTis gverdiT arseboben, mxolod exebian erTmaneTs, ise, rogorc xaliCaze. Sesabamisad, ekleqtika mis filmebSi mxatvrul saxed iqceva. am xaliCiseburi kadrebis `detalizacia~ mxolod sivrceSi (ufro swored, sibrtyeSi) xdeba, magram arasdros moZraobaSi. am samyaroSi yvelafrisTvis da yvelasTvis aris adgili. farajanovis filmebSi moZraobis uaryofa, SeiZleba iTqvas istoriis, rogorc qaosisa da sisatikis SiSi _ 20-iani wlebis qarTveli kinoavangardistebisTvis damaxasiaTebel `pirveladi mdgomareobis~ nostalgias gvaxsenebs. aqedan iqmneba kinos pioneris, Jorj meliesis filmebis asociaciac, gansakuTrebiT saqarTveloSi gadaRebul farajanovis ukanasknel filmSi `aSuR yaribi~, romelSic ornamentuli primitivizmi kulminacias aRwevs. meliesis filmebis msgavsad, farajanovis frontalurekleqtikuri kompoziciebi TiTqos gamoxatavs samyaros sawyis mdgomareobas, im samyarosi, romelic aq gansxvavebulad gamoiyureba, vidre dRes, roca dedamiwa daSlilia da daqucmacebuli. farajanovis samyaros daSla da dangreva SeuZlebelia, radgan es samyaro saerTod ar aris awyobili. farajanovi uars ambobs iyos `axali RmerTi~, uars ambobs axleburad moawyos qaosi, radganac yvela stils, yvela kulturas erTnairad scems pativs. misi `kavkasiuri filmebi~ dayofilia Tavebad, romelTa Soris saerTod ar aris kavSiri. kavSiri ar aris _ mere ra? ratom unda iyos? cxovreba xom karna99

valia, TamaSia. yovel SemTxvevaSi farajanovisTvis, romelic mTeli cxovreba kintos rols TamaSobda. kintos arc samSoblo aqvs, arc saxli, misTvis arc dro arsebobs. misi samSoblo _ adreistoriul epoqaSia, roca jer kidev qaosi sufevda, roca suli da sxeuli erTmaneTisgan ar gamoyofila, arc feri, arc sinaTle, arc Crdili. yvelaferi es farajanovis kazusia _ plastikuri simdidre, uSreti fantazia, xazgasmuli narcisizmi, rasac ganuwyvetliv miuTiTeben xolme farajanovis Tayvansmcemlebi, misi xelovnebis mxolod zedapiruli mxarea, romlis miRma saocari Tavmdabloba SeimCneva. es aris `Seuxeblobis erotika~, gansxvavebul sqesTa Tanaarsebobis erotika, e. i. stilisa da sqesis ekleqtika, androgenuli samyaro, romelic Zalian uyvarT postmodernistebs. `saiaTnovaSi~ es ori sqesi sofiko Wiaurelis saxeSi ixateba _ ori saxe, saxe axalgazrda poetisa da saxe misi Seyvarebulisa Tanaarseboben, exebian erTmaneTs, maqmanad iqcevian. manamde aq qurTi qalebi xaliCebs recxaven, maT fonze ki somxuri eklesiis mkacri geometriuli formebi da musulmanuri abanoebis gumbaTebi erT kadrSi gamoCndeba, Semdeg ki _ sparsuli xaliCebi da qristianuli miniaturebi _ erTmaneTs ejaxeba xorcieli samyaro da sulierebis simboloebi. farajanovi arc erTs aniWebs upiratesobas, arc meores _ mas yvela da yvelaferi uyvars. rac Seexeba `60-ianelTa~ kvazidokumenturi esTetikis demonstratiul uaryofas, rac pirvelad farajanovma SeZlo... es, raRa Tqma unda, farajanovis `antimontaJur kinoSi~ 20-iani wlebis avangardis `atraqcionebis~ aRdgenis mcdelobaa. aseTi `atraqcionebi~ mayureblisgan moiTxovs yuradRebiT Caacqerdes kulturis TiToeul am `natexs~ (Tu `narCens~?), TiToeul ieroglifs, romelic TandaTan mravldeba mis filmebSi. eizenSteinma kulturisa da niSnebis am samyaroSi Sesvlas ` ~ daarqva. Tavisi ganuxorcielebeli proeqtis, `intermecos~ scenarSi farajanovi mixail kociubinskis citirebas mimarTavs (kociubinskis mixedviTaa gadaRebuli farajanovis ukrainuli filmi `miviwyebul winaparTa aCrdilebi~ _ ukrainuli 100

`romeo da julieta~, an, Tu gnebavT, ukrainuli `giuli~ da `eliso~): `bolos da bolos me xom ar vici sad mTavrdeba Cemi da sad iwyeba sxvisi cxovreba? vgrZnob, rogor Semodis sxvisi yofa Cems yofaSi, rogorc haeri kar-fanjridan, rogorc wyalis Senakadebi mdinareSi. ver gavemijnebi adamians, marto ver davrCebi~. aq farajanovi principulad scildeba `60-ianelebis~ ZiriTad principebs `simarTle da mxolod simarTle~ da `pirovneba upirveles yovlisa~. am TvalsazrisiT kavkasieli postmodernisti Tavisi `erTmorwmune Zmis~, andre tarkovskis antipodad gvevlineba. `miviwyebul winaparTa aCrdilebis~ finalur novelas farajanovma `pieta~ daarqva. is qalebi, romlebmac cota xnis win ivanisa da palangas qorwilze moilxines, axla mkvdar ivans abanaveben. qorwilis rituali TiTqos bunebrivad, logikurad icvleba dasaflavebis ritualiT. iseve rogorc qorwilze, aqac cviva vaSlebi, aqac cekvaven qalebi da cekvacekvaSi iryeva ivanis mkvdari sxeuli. `elisos~ msgavsad, sikvdili ixateba rogorc `ferxuli-misteria~, datireba ki odnav mankieri, cxovelmyofeli dResaswauli, romelSic Tan dastirian micvalebuls da Tanac, sjeraT, rom sikvdili ar aris dasasruli. sicocxlis miwuruls farajanovi qmnis Tojinas, romelic tarkovskis xsovnas uZRvnis, ufro sworad kompozicias, romelic ori Tojinisgan Sedgeba da Tavis erT-erT ukanasknel namuSevars isev `pietas~ arqmevs. RvTisSoblis rolSi farajanovs gamohyavs jambaziviT Cacmuli arlekini, mtrediT Tavze, Savi saTvaliT. jambazi dastiris patarZaliviT, TeTr, gamWvirvale mosasxamiT Semosil husars, romelsac Tvali Ria aqvs, mzera- mankieri, da, rac gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa, episkoposis maqmanebiT morTuli feloni acvia. sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevis epoqaSi Seqmnili es Tojina imxanad yvelam aRiqva rogorc `husari-ruseTis~ datireba, gamomSvidobeba `erTmorwmune jariskacTan~, romelic Tavis Tavs umanko qalwulad asaRebs, TiTqosda mkvdaria, uZluri (ramdenime wliT adre farajanovma tarkovskis kidev erTi Tojina Seqmna _ rusi reJisori umanko biWunas saxiT warmog101

vidgina). ar aris, albaT, SemTxveviTi, rom ruseTis simbolod farajanovma swored tarkovski moiazra _ reJisorixatmweri, romelic amtkicebda, rom kinom ,,aRbeWdili dro~, `aRbeWdili sivrce~ unda gamoxatos. jambazi, kintosi ar iyos, iseve rogorc saiaTnova, aSuR yaribi, dros ar miekuTvneba. mas ara aqvs saxe da farajanovis TojinaSi dastiris (da ar mistiris) swored SeCerebul, aRbeWdil dros, personalizaciis mankierebas, Caketilobas, SezRudulobas, mesianurobas (kidev erTi paraleli qarTul kinoSi _ eldar Sengelaias `Serekilebi~), nacionalur stereotipebs _ yvelafers, rac avangardis epoqis dasrulebis Semdeg, mniSvnelovnad abrkolebda qarTuli kinos ganviTarebas, saerTod, qarTuli cnobierebis ganviTarebas. es stereotipebi ganuwyvetliv Tavs iCens dRevandel kavkasiaSi, sadac konfliqtis mudmiv safrTxes ganapirobebs gansxvavebuli interesebi, `istoriuli ganawyeneba~, klanuri dapirispireba da teritoriuli pretenziebi. imisaTvis, rom aq mSvidoba aRdges, kavkasia unda gaemijnos kulturas, romelic ganuwyvetliv muSaobda am stereotipebze... isev nikoloz Sengelaias Tu davesesxebiT, `samgloviaro marSiT~ unda moicilos mesianizmis idea, romelic dRemde xels uSlis samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Seqmnas.

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adamianis uflebebi qarTuli periodikis saTaveebTan

levan TaqTaqiSvili rogorc viciT, termini `adamianis uflebebi~ aerTianebs im uflebebs, romelTa gareSe adamians ar SeuZlia sruli ganviTareba da Tavisi individualuri Tvisebebis, inteleqtis, talantis gamovlena. am uflebebis gareSe igi ver daikmayofilebs Tavis religiur da sxva moTxovnilebebs. saqarTveloSi adamianis uflebebis dacvis saqmeSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs publicistikas, xolo qarTuli publicistikis Sesaxeb suraTis Seqmna SeuZlebelia presis masalebis ganxilvis gareSe. aRniSnul statiaSi vixilavT qarTuli periodikis rols qarTuli demokratiuli masmediis Camoyalibebis procesSi, vaCvenebT, ramdenad daculi iyo adamianis uflebebi qarTuli gazeTebis _`droebis~ da `iveriis~ furclebze . rogorc viciT, publicistika (publicus _ sazogadoebrivi) aris nawarmoebi, romelic ganixilavs sazogadoebis mimdinare cxovrebis aqtualur sakiTxebs da movlenebs, Seicavs didZal faqtobriv masalas da Sefasebebs avtoris socialuri poziciis Sesabamisad. beWdvis gamogonebam publicistika gaxada sazogadoebis mrisxane iaraRad mmarTveli fenebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. pirveli qarTveli publicisti, romlis dabeWdili nawarmoebic cenzuris brWyalebSi moeqca, iyo aleqsandre amilaxvari. es wigni _ ` ~ _ gamocemuli 1779 wels peterburgSi _ saSi-Si aRmoCnda erekle II-Tvis da is erekle mefis TxovniT ruseTis imperatorma ekaterine II akrZala. platon ioseliani mogviTxrobs: `moaxsenes mefis Zesa (giorgi meTormetes) wignisaTvis amilaxvarisa, dabeWdilisa ruseTsa. ineba mefis Zeman Targmnilisa qarTulad warkiTxva. sTxova mTargmnelsa missa, warukiTxos mas igi. mTargmnelman petre yizlarelman kotievman moaxsena, ara qonva - 103 -

misi qarTulad. Targmnili mivarTvi mefesao (erekle meores). mefis Zeman ver gabeda Txovna misi da ubrZana petresa, xelaxlad sTargmnos qarTulad. maSin gardmoiRo qarTulad ara mTeli wigni, aramed 14 adgili sagiobeli mefis iraklisa da sxvani qebiTni sityvani mefis Zisa giorgisaTvis. ubrZana madloba mas, garna irakli mcnobman, romel daar-Rvia brZaneba misi, raTa ara visTvisme eCvenebina igi, gauwyra mas da ganaZia TfilisiT. esreTi iyo kavSiri Soris mamisa da Svilisa. mterTa ganixares da ganZlierden winaaRmdegni da metoqni giorgisa! _ eseni ravdennime wignisa amis furcelni cudaT naTargmni da somexTa enisad miqceuli meca minaxvian (sCans iyo mTargmneli somexi), vnaxe da warvikiTxe nikolooz daviTis Zes Cubinovisa wignTa sacavsa. vgoneb gamosTxova Semdeg igi amas mTavarman megreliisa daviT leonis Zeman dadianman, - didad moyvareman qarTvelTa mwignobrobisa.~ aleqsandre amilaxvari sikvdiliT dasjis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebs: `vinaidan cocxlisa sikvdili yovlisa kacisa SesaZlebeli ars, da aRdginebai aravisagan~. amilaxvari iyo avtori Semdegi sityvebisa: `Tanasworad vSobilvarT da aravin ars umjobes erTisa, arca vin uares meorisa, garna yovelive erTisa gvamisa saerTosa asod~ an Semdegi: `sanatrel mefe, romelmac icis ufleba Tvisi ara usamZRvrod, da romeli miiCnevs maTca Tanasworad Tavis kacTa, romelTa mihsces mas ufleba Tavsa zeda Tvissa, da iqcevis maTTana umetes mhsgavsad uxucesisa Zmisa, vidre Tavmoyvarisa mefisa~ samwuxarod, erekle meore araTu Tavis moxeles, aramed sakuTar Svils, taxtis memkvidres ar akiTxebda misTvis miu-Rebel informacias. aqedan Cans, Tu rogor uyurebda sityvis Tavisuflebas saqarTvelos erT-erTi ukanaskneli mefe. aseve Cans, Tu ratom ar dabeWdila erekles gamarTul stambaSi arc mxatvruli da arc politikuri literatura. unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTveloSi stambis gamarTvamde da mis Semdegac nawarmoebTa tiraJireba (xelnaweris Seqmna, dabeWdva) mmarTveli fenis kontrolis qveS mimdinareobda. - 104 -

literatura umetesad religiuri xasiaTis iyo da igi sazogadoebis uflebebis dacvis saqmes ar emsaxureboda. arareligiuri Sinaarsis pirveli wigni, romelic vaxtang VI-is mier daarsebul qarTul stambaSi daibeWda, iyo `vefxistyaosani~, romelic maSinve sasuliero pirTa devnis sagani gaxda. miuxedavad imisa, rom wigni TviT mefis mier iyo dabeWdili, sazogadoebis erTi fena _ kerZod samRvdeloeba _ win aRudga mis gavrcelebas xalxSi. `anton kaTalikosma mravali dabeWdilni mefis vaxtangis droisa vefxistyaosani daswuna da STaayrevina mtkuarSi da aRukrZala kiTxua wignisa amis qarTuelTa~. anton kaTalikosis saqmes agrZelebdnen sxva sasuliero moRvaweni, magaliTad: qarTlis mTavarepiskoposi timoTe maSindel sasuliero mwerlobaSi gabatonebul azrs gamoTqvamda: `SoTa iyo mTqmeli leqsTa borotTa, romelman aswavla qarTvelTa siwmidisa wil boroti bilweba da ganhryuna qristianoba~. metic, igive timoTe mefe vaxtan meeqvses umecars uwodebs: `uwinares CuenTa umecarTa, saRuTod Targmnes boroti leqsi misio..~ aqve aRvniSnavT, rom `vefxistyaosnis~ beWdvam maSindeli saqarTvelos mmarTveli ori fenis dapirispireba gamoiwvia da miuxedavad samRvdeloebis mkacri poziciisa, wignma mfarveli naxa qarTveli xalxis saxiT. erma dagmo anton kaTalikosis saqcieli, metic _ legendis saxiT gaazviada, rom TiTqos antonma tiraJis nawili gaanadgura. unda vivaraudoT, rom sinamdvileSi samRvdeloebam, albaT, ramdenime aTeuli cali dawva sajarod. am varauds amtkicebs isic, rom `vefxistyaosani~ vaxtangis stambis wignebTan SedarebiT yvelaze bevri egzemplaria (20 cali) SemorCenili. mecxramete saukunemde qarTuli wigni saqarTveloSi umetes wilad ibeWdeboda `brZanebaTa mefisa da kurTxeviTa patriarqisa~, ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdeg patriarqi `uwmindesma sinodma~ Secvala da qarTuli wigni moeqca carizmis cenzuris marwuxebSi. marTalia, saqarTveloSi da saerTod kavkasiaSi gamocemuli pirveli perioduli organo TbilisSi daibeWda - 105 -

(saqarTvelos gazeTi; daibeWda 1819 wels), magram am gazeTs qarTuli publicistikis ganviTarebis saqmeSi araviTari wvlili ar miuZRvis. am gazeTis gamocemamde saqarTveloSi perioduli gamocemis Seqmnis arc tradicia da arc moTxovnileba ar arsebobda. marTalia, paata guguSvilis azriT, `saqarTveloSi msgavsad sxva qveynebisa, Jurnal-gazeTebis warmoSobas win uswrebda e. w. `zepiri gazeTi~, romelic zepirsityvierebis saxiT avrcelebda xalxSi axal ambebs, magram `zepiri gazeTi~, vfiqrobT, qarTuli publicistikis istoriis nawilia da mas araviTari kavSiri ar aqvs qarTuli periodikis istoriasTan. modiT realurad SevxedoT istorias: arc 1828-32 wlebSi gamomaval yovelkvireul gazeT `tfilisis uwyebans~, iseve rogorc `saqarTvelos gazeTs~, qarTuli publicistikis ganviTarebis saqmeSi araferi gaukeTebia. am gamocemebma qarTvel xalxs mxolod gaacno evropaSi danergili gamocemis iseTi saxeebi, romelsac Jurnali da gazeTi ewodeboda. metic, cnobili mkvlevaris da sazogado moRvawis zaqaria WiWinaZis zepiri cnoba, rom Turme saqarTveloSi mefe erekles dros ibeWdeboda perioduli organo _ `leporti~, imis damadasturebelia, rom XIX saukunis dasawyisSi sazogadoeba ver arCevda ruseTis mTavrobis mier periodulad beWduri saxiT gamocemul ` ~-ebs, romelsac moednebze acnobdnen qarTvel mosaxleobas. aseTi movlenis momswris mier verbalurad naTqvamma cnobam zaqaria WiWinaZe da zogierTi `vai mecnieri~ miiyvana im daskvnamde, rom erekle mefis dros gazeTi gamoicemoda saqarTveloSi!!! Cvenis azriT, aseTi ram ar momxdara. aris mxolod erTi cnoba, rom erekle II-is Svils, cnobil ganmanaTlebel ioane batoniSvils warudgenia mefisaTvis proeqti, sadac ewera: `ibeWdebodes gazeTi TveSi orjer, aqedamac iqneba Semosavali da xalxnic Seeqcevian~ _ es aris da es. ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi saqarTvelos Sesvlis Semdeg batoniSvilebi ruseTSi gadaasaxles da qarTuli perioduli gamocemis dabeWdvis saqmec daviwyebas mieca - 106 -

(romc ar gadaesaxlebiaT, Cemi azriT, mainc ar daibeWdeboda. _ l. T.). XIX saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli publicistikis meTaurad warmogvidgeba solomon dodaSvili, romlis redaqtorobiTac 1832 wels gamoica pirveli qarTuli Jurnali `saliteraturo nawilni tfilisis uwyebaTani~, romelic gazeT `tfilisis uwyebanis~ damateba iyo. JurnalSi solomon dodaSvili werda: `daiwyo qarTuls enasa zeda gamocemama tfilisis uwyebaTaman awindelsa amas welsa, umetes amisTvis, raTamca ese guarsa sasargeblosa saqmesa miscemoda mtkice safuZveli Seawevnelad ganaTlebisa ganvrcelebisaTvis bunebiTisa enisa Cvenisa, miaxloebisaTvis gamobrZnobilTa mcxovebTa evropiisaTa, TumcaRa jereT ara ixilvebis miRebuli ese sagani~... Jurnali 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis win daixura. solomon dodaSvili, rogorc SeTqmulebis monawile, gasamarTlebul iqna da gadaasaxles viatkaSi, sadac WleqiT gardaicvala. qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoriis II tomSi vkiTxulobT: `ruseTis mTavrobisaTvis Jurnal _ `saliteraturo nawilni tfilisis uwyebaTanis~ dabeWdviT qarTvelTa erovnuli TviTSegnebis amaRleba magaliTad iqca, ris gamoc 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi qarTul enaze kavkasiaSi arc erTi perioduli organo ar gamocemula (Tu ar CavTvliT `kavkasiis mxareTa uwyebans~ _ rusulenovani `zakavkazni vestnikis damatebas qarTul enaze, romlis mxolod erTi nomeria moRweuli Cvenamde)~. vfiqrobT, es azri gazviadebulia. mizezi ki is iyo, rom qarTveli xalxisTvis perioduli gamocemebis moTxovnileba mcire iyo, xolo maTi dabeWdva _ ararentabeluri. solomon dodaSvilma im droisaTvis arnaxuli ram SeZlo: man Tavis organoSi wamoiwyo polemika im statiaze, romelic `tfilisis uwyebanSi~ daibeWda, im JurnalSi, romlis damatebasac TviTon redaqtorobda. `ufali gordeevi (statiis avtori) _ wers dodaSvili, armcodne qarTlisa erisa da arc zneobaTa da yofaqcevaTa saqarTvelos erTa, hswers mravalsa tyuilsa da gamoCenilsa sicruesa~... - 107 -

mecnierTa erT wreSi aris mosazreba, rom `tfilisis uwyebani~ ruseTis mTavrobis mier iqna daxuruli. am azrs aZlierebs is faqtic, rom es gazeTi swored 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis dros daixura. sinamdvileSi gazeTi ar iyideboda, maSindeli qarTveli inteligencia inertuli iyo periodikis gavrcelebis saqmeSi. aseve gagrZelda momavalSi. 1852 wels cnobilma sazogado moRvawem _ giorgi erisTavma SeZlo mieRo nebarTva ruseTis mTavrobisagan da gamoeca nanatri qarTuli Jurnali, romelsac `ciskari~ daarqves, magram erT weliwadSi Jurnali daixura. cnobili mwerali lavrenti ardaziani wers: `...(giorgi erisTavma) daafuZna Jurnali `ciskari~, aRadgina dacemuli qarTuli ena, mravali keTili SesZina saqarTvelos da ufro mets SesZinebda, ukeTu Cven gardagvexada madloba damfuZneblisaTvis. magram ara magodeni sindisi aris CvenSi. nacvlad madlobisa xSirad damRereba ismoda aseT kaczed... g. erisTavi, rom ver gaawyo Tavisi grZnoba Cvenzed, amoxvriT daaneba Tavi Jurnals...~ giorgi erisTavi, solomon dodaSvilis msgavsad, marto darCa periodikis gamocemis saqmeSi!!! `ciskari~ sami weli ar gamodioda. ivane kereseliZem _ axalgazrda kacma miznad daisaxa Jurnal `ciskris~ aRdgena. kanonis mixedviT, Tu perioduli organo erT welze meti ar gamodioda, maSin igi gauqmebuli iyo, magram i. kereseliZem SeZlo, mieRo nebarTva `ciskris~ gamocemisa. 1857 wels kavkasiis mTavarmarTebelma bariatinskim samxedro sagangebo gankarguleba miiRo adgilobrivi cenzuris gaZlierebis Sesaxeb. am gankargulebis miRebamde ramdenime TviT adre, 1857 wlis ianvarSi, aRdga Jurnali `ciskari~. 1863 wlis 31 agvistos bolo gankargulebis safuZvelze baron nikalaim kavkasiaSi gamocemul periodikaSi sastikad akrZala politikuri Txzulebebis gamoqveyneba, ucxoeTis raime upiratesobaze wera, evropis qveynebSi momxdari samoqalaqo moZraobebis, maT Soris poloneTis moZraobis xseneba, administraciis gakritikeba, raime mxileba da sxv. ikrZaleboda statiebi, romlebic mkveTri toniT gamoirCeodnen. - 108 -

cenzura akontolebda ara marto beWdur produqcias, aramed mowafeTa xelnawer Jurnalebsac ; aikrZala gimnazielTa xelnaweri Jurnali `Taiguli~. Seqmnilma situaciam kvali daatyo `ciskarsac~. ivane kereseliZes cenzuris problemasTan erTad ekonomikuri problemebic hqonda, miuxedavad amisa, igi cdilobda demokratiuli ideebs rac SeiZleba meti adgili daTmoboda Jurnalis furclebze. man gabeda da dabeWda nikoloz baraTaSvilis `bedi qarTlisa~. cenzormac ar daaxana da amoiRo solomon leoniZis kamaTi mefesTan saqarTvelos orientaciaze. aseve daasaxiCra cenzorma grigol orbelianis da akaki wereTlis araerTi leqsi. leqsSi `vedreba~ poetma da redaqtorma erTgvar xerxs mimarTes _ winaswar gaiTvaliswines, rom cenzori daasaxiCrebda leqss da am leqsSi poetma CaurTo: `Semdegi azri sTqvas aq wertilma, (amoWrili teqstis magivrad wertilebs beWdavdnen) Torem Cems kalams ara aqvs neba. unda monebiT Caviwyvito xma, Torem batons Cems es ewyineba~. ai, brwyinvale magaliTi TviTcenzurisa (TviTcenzura aris cenzuris saxe, romelic simarTlis bolomde arTqmiT gamoixateba da romelsac sxvadasxva mosazrebiT, am SemTxvevaSi cenzuris SiSiT, axorcielebs ara saxelmwifo, aramed Tavad cenzuris obieqtis avtori). Jurnal `ciskarSi~ TviTcenzuris araerTi magaliTia. `ciskari~ 18 wlis ganmavlobaSi gamoicemoda da sul 180mde nomeri gamovida. mis gamocemas Seewira ivane kereseliZis mTeli qoneba, magram Jurnalma qarTuli publicistikis istoriaSi udidesi kvali datova. 1862 wlis seqtemberSi `ciskris~ redaqciam axara mkiTxvels, rom momavali 1863 wlis ianvramde gamoicemoda axali qarTuli Jurnali saxelwodebiT `saqarTvelos moambe~. ra mizani daisaxa axalma Jurnalma? es Cans misi epigrafidan, romelic markozis saxarebidan aris aRebuli: - 109 -

`xolo leRvisagan iswavleT igavi ese: raJams igi rtoni daCCvian da gamovaln furcelni, uwyodeT, rameTu axlo ars zafxuli~. `saqarTvelos moambem~ axali sicocxle Seitana imdroindel qarTul publicistikaSi. Jurnali daupirispirda Jurnal `ciskris~ redaqcias mas Semdeg, rac am redaqciam jer kidev `saqarTvelos moambis~ pirveli nomris gamosvlamde da Semdgom sastiki kritikis qarcecxlSi Caagdo axlad daarsebuli Jurnali. Jurnalis redaqtori ilia WavWavaZe pirvelive nomerSi aviTarebs azrs, rom `azris ukvdavebaSi aris mTeli imedi kacobriobis ukvdavebisa, imitom, rom grexili azrisa gauwyvetelia... moambem Tavis miznad daisaxa qarTveli xalxis socialuri uflebebis dacva. Cveni saqme saqarTvelos xalxis cxovrebaa, misi gamjobineba Cveni pirveli da ukanaskneli survilia~. JurnalSi pirvelad daisva sakiTxi adamianis uflebaTa dacvis Sesaxeb. iyo mcdeloba iseTi aqtualuri sakiTxebis ganxilvisa, rogoricaa batonymoba da saglexo reformis sakiTxi, magram cenzura mas gasaqans ar aZlevda. mag.: `saqarTvelos moambis~ #5-Si vkiTxulobT: `am cota xanSi bevri iseTi ambavi moxda qveyanaze, rogorc sxvagan, ise Cvens mxareSiac _ romelic Cven sazogadoebasac unda Sexebodes da, maSasadame, mTeli qarTvelobisaTvisac saintereso unda iyos, imaTi mboba visurve SenTvisa, mkiTxvelo, magram am survilis aRsrulebis SeuZlebloba maSinve warmomidga fiqrSi da Zalian Sevwuxdi... magram sad aris SeZleba Cveni survilis aRsrulebisa? amisa mousvenrobad miiReben da Segvimusraven xolme yovels amgvar survilsa~. miuxedavad imisa, rom Jurnals ilia WavWavaZe arc dros da arc energias ar aklebda, miuxedavad misi pirveli nomrebSi warmodgenili mdidari masalisa, 1864 wlis ianvarSi Jurnali `saqarTvelos moambe~ daixura. igi arc cenzuras dauxuravs da arc raime dapirispirebis gamo SeCerebula. misi daxurvis mizezad zogi imas asaxelebda, rom mkiTxvelTa raodenoba Zalze mcire iyo, zogierTi masalebiTac qarTuli sazogadoebrioba Jurnals ar amarTlebda. ilia WavWava-Zis biografis gr. yifSiZis azriT, mizezi is iyo, rom ilias - 110 -

Seuyvarda guramianT qali olRa da Tavis sakuTar saqmeebiTa da samsaxurSi Sesvlis fiqriT garTulma, Seswyvita misi beWdva (ix.: i. WavWavaZe. Txzulebani, 1914 w. t. I. gv. 18). rac Seexeba mkvlevarTa azrs, rom `saqarTvelos moambe~ sacenzuro komitetis gadawyvetilebiT daixura _es absurdia. `saqarTvelos moambis~ ukanaskneli saredaqtoro gancxadebidan Cans, rom `zogierTis mizezisa gamo `saqarTvelos moambe~ dromde ver gamova~. rogorc Cans, Jurnalis gamocema TviT redaqciam SeaCera da ara sacenzuro komitetma. vfiqrobT, zemoT CamoTvlil mizezebSi ar aris is ZiriTadi mizezi, romlis gamoc `saqarTvelos moambe~ daixura. ra iyo es mizezi? gavixsenoT `saqarTvelos moambis~ I nomris epigrafis bolo sami sityva, `axlo ars zafxuli~. am zafxulSi, vfiqrobT, ilia WavWavaZe `qarTuli sapolemiko da saliteraturo gazeTis~ gamocemas gulisxmobda. ilias azriT, qarTuli publicistikis ganviTarebis saqmes swored gazeTi esaWiroeboda. aseTi gazeTis I nomeri ki ramdenime weliwadSi 1866 wlis 4 marts daibeWda. es iyo gazeTi `droeba~. fr. engelsi werda e. bernSteins, `Tu gindaT, gqondeT masebze gavlena, saWiroa yoveldRiuri gazeTi~. saqarTveloSi aseTi gazeTis roli ki `droebas~ unda daeWira. Ggaxda ki gazeTi `droeba~ sazogadoebis Wir-varamis gamziarebeli? dReisaTvis CvenTvis kargad cnobili adamianis romeli uflebebis dacva airCia gazeTma? mag.: adamianuri Rirseba (erT-erTi fuZemdebluri koncefciaa, romelsac adamianis uflebaTa dacva eyrdnoba). miuxedavad imisa, rom gazeTma `droebam~ miznad daisaxa qarTveli eris Rirsebis dacva, es koncefcia calkeul SemTxvevebSi gaz. `droebis~ da gazeT `iveriis~ furclebze, araerTxel sastikad irRveva. mag: 1893 wlis `iveriaSi~ statiis avtorma fsevdonimiT `amier-imereli~ Seuracxyofa miayena iseT sasuliero moRvawes, rogoric iyo mixeil sabinini. statiaSi vkiTxulobT: `[martvilis taZarSi] RvTismSoblis xati yofila Zalian Zvirfasis Tval-margalitiT da minanqriT Semkuli. es xati rogorc miambo mRvdel-monazonma martvi- 111 -

lis udabnosaman, mama sofronman, wauRia ruseTs baton sabinins, viTomda gasakeTeblad. xats cota ram hqonia gasakeTebeli, wauRia, SemouZarcvavs mTeli samkauli... Causvams ubralo vercxlSi da ise daubrunebia.~ am da aseT ciliswamebebze werda Tedo Jordania: `mTelma gundma im viTomda patriotTa meWoreTa, romelTac cisliswamebis iaraRiT bolo mouRes sabininis moRvaweobas, ver Segviqmnes aCrdilica esreTis Sromisa.~ sayuradReboa, zaqaria WiWinaZis cnoba, rom cnobili sazogado moRvawe ivane maCabelis Tavis daxrCoba moxda im dRis meore dRes, roca `iveriaSi~ gamoqveynda Semdegi gancxadeba: `rom Tu iv. maCabeli skolis komitetSi dReis Semdeg fexs Semoadgams kidevao, maSin me iq aRar Sevalo~. zaqaria WiWinaZis cnobiT, qarTul gimnaziasTan arsebobda Rarib moswavleTa damxmare komiteti. ivane maCabeli imave komitetSi iyo Tavmjdomaris xelqveiTad, ese igi meore pirad. am komitetis Tavmjdomare gaxldaT erTi warCinebuli qarTveli moRvawe mandilosani, qarTulis maRalis aristokratiulis ojaxis wevri da, amasTanave, didad saxelovani da damsaxurebuli piri, romelmac erT dRes qarTul gazeTebSi gamoacxada eseTi ambavi: `pativcemuls qarTuls sazogadoebas unda vacnobo, rom dReis Semdeg ivane maCabeli Cveni qarTuli gimnaziis komitetSi Tu kidev fexs Semoadgams, maSin me am xsenebul komitetSi veRar Semoval... amitom saWiroebad miviRe, rom es qarTuli gazeTebis saSualebad gamomecxadebina~. am ambis gamocxadebis dRes vnaxe ivane maCabeli. igi sololakidan modioda... Zriel daRonebuli iyo da ferwasuli... amis Semdeg ra moxda mis Tavze da cxovrebaSi, me es ar vici, mxolod am ambis gamocxadebis Semdeg ivane maCabeli sadRac miikarga~. (ix. qarTuli literaturis muzemis xelnawerTa fondi. xelnaweri #13654). vfiqrobT, es ori magaliTi sakmarisia, rom warmovidginoT rogori damokidebuleba hqonda redaqcias pirovnebis Rirsebis Selaxvis sakiTxTan, aseve davinaxoT dazaralebulis uZlureba Rirsebis dacvis saqmeSi. aris eTnikuri niSniT adamianis Rirsebis Semlaxveli magaliTebic. Tundac es erTi magaliTi: `droebis~ 1875 wlis #80 nomerSi vkiTxulobT: - 112 -

`uriebs CveulebrivaT aqvsT kanoni, rom vinc mzis amosvlamde mokvdeba, mzis Casvlamdin unda damarxon da vinc mzis Casvlisas, uTuod mzis amosvlamdin, ase rom zogjer gaucielebel mkvdarsac CauZaxeben xolme samareSi...~ Semdeg moTxrobilia, rom Turme erTi ebraeli daumarxavT da Semdeg amouTxriaT. `saflavidan amoRebul~ kacs mouxsnia sudara, Tvalebi amoufSvtenia da gancvifrebuli, ra minda sasaflaozeo, wasula Tavis saxlSi, aqac bevri daufurTxia, magram mere ucvniaT da SeuyvaniaT saxlSi~. am statiis avtori Teof. kandelaki sxva araerT nomerSi aTavsebda araqarTvelebze gasakilav cnobebs. swored Rirsebis Selaxvis zemoT dasaxelebulma faqtebma moiyvanes gaz. `droebis~ redaqtori iqamde, rom man meTauri werilis saxiT gamoaqveyna: `aTi weliwadi arsebobs gazeTi da jer kidev kargaT ver SeutyviaT, rom gazeTi mxolod iseT saqmeebs exeba, romelsac raime sazogado mniSvneloba aqvs, ver gaugiaT, rom mezoblebis uTanxmoebaSi, ojaxis wevrebis ukmayofilebaSi, rZal-dedamTilis CxubSi is araviTar sazogado interess ara xedavs da arc ereva. gansakuTrebiT imerlebi arian gamoCenilni amgvar saqmeebSi da imerlebSi kidev yvelaze kidev yvelaze ufro iqauri mRvdlebi da sasuliero moRvaweni~. gazeTis redaqtoris am werilSic Cans, rom TviTon s. mesxic ramdenime adamianis qcevas mTels kuTxeze (imereTze) ganazogadebs, gazeTSic araerTi Wori da daudastu-rebeli faqtia mocemuli. ai, kidev erTi magaliTi: `droebis~ 1882 wlis #11 nomerSi vkiTxulobT: `axalcixeSi 8 ianvars, naTlisRebis Rames ramdenime kaci avazakebi daecnen erTs ebrael-zarafs, nakuw-nakuwad daWres, waarTves oras Tumnamdin oqros fuli da gaiqcnen. yuradRebis Rirsi am SemTxvevaSi TviT es avazakoba rodia, radgan es yvelgan SeiZleba momxdariyo, aramed Semdegi garemoeba: axalcixeSi cxovrobs erTi cimbiridan dabrunebuli somexi, saxelad farseRa, romelsac rogorc am SemTxvevas, agreTve, yvela amgvar avazakobas abralebs mTeli qveyana, mTelma axalcixem icis, rom mas hyavs Tavis Saika, magram ramdenjerme daiWires da isev gamouSves, - 113 -

radgan gasamtyunebel sabuTebs ver mohkides xeli~. aseTi daudasturebel informaciebi araerTia `droebis~ furclebze. cenzorebisaTvis ar aris mniSvnelovani sazogadoebis erTi nawilis (araCinovnikTa) Rirsebis Selaxvis faqti, magram gaze-Tis redaqciisTvis tabudadebulia iseTi uflebebis moTxovna, rogoricaa moqalaqeobis, Sromis, ganaTlebis, azris, sindisis, gansakuTrebiT cenzuris akrZalvis moTxovnebi. `droebis~ furclebze yvelas SeeZlo gaekritikebina eklesia, soflis mamasaxlisi, nebismieri sazogado moRvawe da ara sinodi, saxelmwifo moxele, cenzori, saxelmwifo dawesebulebebi da a. S. gazeTebis `droebis~ da `iveriis~ furclebze asaxuli informaciis gacnobiT am gazeTebis redaqciebi dReisaTvis `xelSeuxebel uflebebad~ cnobili uflebebidan yuradRebas Semdeg uflebebze amaxvilebdnen: 1. `sicocxlis ufleba~, 2. monobis, monobiT vaWrobis da damonebis sxva formebis akrZalva, 3. religiis Tavisufleba. adamianis politikur uflebebze wera imdroindel presaSi tabudadebuli Tema iyo. gamonakliss warmoadgenda qalTa uflebebi, razec gazeTis TiTqmis yovel nomerSi SegeZloT wagekiTxaT. gazeT `droebis~ daarsebisTanave redaqtori giorgi wereTeli miznad isaxavs qalTa politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis informaciis miwodebas. ukve me-5 nomerSi aqveynebs `amerikis qalebis peticias maTTvis politikuri uflebebis miniWebis Sesaxeb~. masala momzadebulia aSS-s indroindeli presis masalebis mixedviT. iqvea statia `qalebis samoqalaqo uflebebi SveciaSi~. #7 nomerSi, pirvel gverdze `droeba~ aqveynebs informacias aSS-Si monobis gauqmebis Sesaxeb. swored qalTa uflebebi da monobis gauqmeba aSS-Si gaxda araerTi statiis Tema `droebis~ Semdgom nomrebSi. imave nomerSi dabeWdilia statia `xalxis ganaTleba amerikaSi~, sadac mocemulia informacia amerikelTa ganaTlebis uflebis Sesaxeb. statiis avtori aRtacebiT wers, rom msoflioSi mxolod 4 - 114 -

saxelmwifoa, sadac TiToeulma icis kiTxva. es saxelmwifoebia: germania, norvegia, Sveicaria da aSS~. iqve vkiTxulobT, rom `TviT bunebas miucia qalisaTvis aRzrdis niWi. amerikaSi yvelani darwmunebulni arian, rom Tu qalsa da kacs Tanaswori codna aqvT, dedakacs mamakaczed ukeT SeuZliaT swavleba... amerikaSi sityva aris Zala da amisTvisac yvelas unda SeeZlos karga gamosTqvas Tavisi azri da kidevac daamtkicos is... sarwmunoeba imaT eCvenebaT samZimod da Tavis mosawyenad... yvela amerikis skola ufasoa...~. am werilidan moyolebuli, araerTi statia daibeWda qalTa uflebebis dacvaze. mag: anglia. aRmorCeviTi simarTlis miniWeba qalTaTvis (`droeba~, 1868 w., 24 maisi, #21, gv. 1). anglia. qalebisaTvis saarCevno uflebis miniWebis moTxovna (`droeba~. 1866, 16 dekemberi, #42, gv. 1). inglisi. qalTa uflebebze msjeloba parlamentSi (`droeba~, 1870, 21 maisi, #20, gv. 2). am statiebs mohyva qarTveli qalebis gamoxmaureba statiaSi saTauriT `Rirs qalebze laparaki~ ( gaz. droeba, # 21, gv. 1-3, ) sadac vkiTxulobT: `qals dRes sazizRari mdgomareoba aqvs ojaxSi. aq qals pataraobiTve exuWeba Tvalebi, ekvreba xelebi, uClundgeba goneba, sustdeba janiTa da sabolood xdeba sazogadoebis gamousadegar arsebaTa... rom hqondes (qals) Zala, mainc Znelia susti qalisaTvis brZola. vai im qals, romelic ar aRasrulebs raime mizeziT mSoblebis yvela darigebas~. statias xels awers vinme `maRaroeli qali~. qalTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb sazRvargareTuli presis masalebis beWdvam Sedegi gamoiRo: gazeT `droebis~ redaqciam daiwyo korespondenciebis miReba sxvadasxva regionebidan. ai, erT-erTi maTgani yvelaze amazrzeni faqtis Sesaxeb: sofel dvalTadan (dRes TeTriwyaros raioni) miRebul korespondenciaSi vkiTxulobT: (ix. `droeba~ #12, 1877 w. gv. 4). - 115 -

`ufalo redaqtoro... Cvens sofelSi ganxlaven sacodavi qvrivebi, am sofelSi gamoCnda erTi znedacemuli kaci, romelmac Seiyvara erTi qvrivi da wlis Tavzed dagviorsula es qvrivi... Seityves Tu ara es soflis mamasaxlisma da sudiebma, Seyares xalxi da... Seadgines Semdegi ganCineba: kacs waarTves oTxi Tumani fuli da dedakacs ki 25 maneTi eklesiis sasargebloT. amas garda dedakacs Seugzavnes ramdenime soflis biWi, gamoayvanines da 3 dRis daloginebuli qali Sesves virzed, fexebi gaukres zeda da erTi Tabaxi lafi daasxes Tavzed. es cocxal-mkvdari dedakaci ise daicala sisxlisagan, rom soflis quCebi morwyuli iyo...~ zemoT moyvanili magaliTi gviCvenebs, Tu ra fonze ibeWdeboda gazeT `droebaSi~ qalTa politikuri uflebebis moTxovnis werilebi, romlebic umetesad ucxouri presis masalebze iyo dayrdnobili. 1877-84 wlebSi qalTa uflebebis Sesaxeb araerTi werili daibeWda `droebaSi~, magram miuxedavad amisa, qalTa uflebebis dacvis saqme saqarTveloSi kvlav aradamakmayofilebeli iyo, mag.: 1884 wlis `droebaSi~ (#160. gv. 2) vkiTxulobT: `gansacvifrebelia is Tavawyvetili saqcieli zogierTi pirebisa, romlebsac TiTqmis yovel nabijzed SexvdebiT: ai, Tundac aiReT am Tvis 20-Si momxdari saqme, saRamos 5 saaTze Sua qalaqSi, sazogado baRis win, rodesac mTeli qveyana gareT iyo da mowmed daeswro. saqme is aris, rom saqalaqo baRis pirdapir gamarTuli rZis gasayidi duqani uWiravs erTs sindisian imerels. saRamos, 5 saaTs coli am duqnis patronisa gamovida quCaSi da fanjris daxurva daiwyo. gamoCndnen quCaSi sami kaci, sakmaod Seqeifianebulebi. erT-erTi gamoqanda da kocna dauwyo. Seuracxyofils SeeSinda da yvirili daiwyo. iqve myofi policieli uZravad idga da am sazizRar suraTs RimiliT uyurebda. yvirilma miaRwia iqve mezoblad stambis mqone xelaZamde, romelmac ixsna ubeduri qali gamxecebulis kacis xelidgan~. yvelaze aRmaSfoTebeli ki ramdenime dRis Semdeg imave droebaSi gamoqveynebuli werilia, sadac weria, rom xsene- 116 -

bul Cinovniks qalisaTvis ki ar ukocnia, mxolod xeli wauvliao! ai, ase! 1875 wlis #40 `droebis~ meTaur statiaSi sergi mesxi ilaSqrebs qalTa uuflebobis da Cagvris winaaRmdeg. `miixed-moixedeT Tqvens garSemo da darwmundebiT, rom asSi erTi ar epyroba Tavis cols rigianaT. aba miCveneT iseTi qmari, romelmac sTqvas, rom coli Cemi toliao! romelic ar ambobdes, rom dedakacs TmaSi aqvs Wkuao... TviT kanonma da sazogadoebam imisTana xarisxze unda daayenos qali, rom is Tavis araraobas, Tavis sisustes ar grZnobdes, mieciT qals ganaTleba, rom namdvili adamianis Rirseba esmodes, mieciT imis saSualeba, rom lukma-puris mopoveba TviTonve SeeZlos da mudam sxvisagan ar iyos damokidebuli _ da maSin naxavT, darCeba is yurmoWril-daCagrul monad Tu ara~. ra miviReT am werilis gamoqveynebidan 22 wlis Semdeg? gaz. `droeba~ ukve istorias Cabarda. misi adgili daikava saqarTveloSi yvelaze cnobilma gazeTma `iveriam~, sadac 22 wlis Semdeg, samwuxarod, kvlav saqarTveloSi, araerTi werili iwereba qalTa uflebebis Sesaxeb. vinme e. vaSakiZe Jurnal `moambeSi (#11) aqveynebs statias (romelsac `samecniero werils~ uwodebs) saTauriT `dedaTa kiTxva~. avtori amtkicebs, rom `fizikuri sisuste qalisa, warmomdgari sqesobrivi gansxvavebisagan, uSlis qals, miaRwios im gonebis ganviTarebamdis, romlamdisac aRwevs mamakacis goneba. Tu qali Tavis pirdapir movaleobas zurgs uqcevs, maSin SeiZleba goneba amaRldes, magram mesame sqesad gardaiqmneba (!!!) `moambis~ am werils upasuxa gazeT `iveriaSi~ Seuracxyofilma qar-Tvelma qalma, romelmac fsevdonimiT _ `vinc unda viyo~ warmoadgina Tavi. `iveriaSi~ dabeWdil werilSi vkiTxulobT: `e. vaSakiZis azriT qarTveli Tanamedrove qalebi, uzomo mflangvelni arian, usaqmod moxetialeni, enis Semlaxvelni da ekonomiurad ojaxis damcemni. romel qalebis gamoa aq laparaki? romelic axalma cxovrebam dahbada, Tu Zvel, daxavsebul niadagzed aRmocenebuli kneinebi? - 117 -

...Tanamedrove cxovrebam Sehqmna iseTi qalebi, romelTac usaqmoba ara sCveviaT da, maSasadame, arc flangva. hflangavs is, vinc ar icis ra aris Sroma, visac sxvisgan mopovebuli qoneba aqvs, vinc ar Careula ferxulSi...! gana Cveni axali qalebi ara hSromoben? ...rodesac araraobas amtkicebs avtori, Semdeg idealurad gvisaxavs Zvel qarTvel qalebs. es axali ar aris CvenTvis. ar aris arc erTi qarTveli mwerali, romelic Tvalcremliani ara hgodebdes Cvens araraobasa da idealad Zvel qalebas ar gvisaxavdes. nuTu erTi brwyinvale ram ar ipoveba Cvens awmyoSi momavlis saimedod, rom aRniSnon igi?! gvargia ki idealad Cven Zveli qalebi? cxovreba icvala maSin, rodesac yvela win, mermisisaken icqireba da miiswrafeba, Cven gveubnebian: `nangrevebs CaaSterdiTo, warsuls CaukvirdiT, iq ipoviT qalis idealso~. drois moTxovnileba ki gamoicvala. Zveli qarTveli deda xmals aZlevda Svils xelSi, dro amas Txoulobda, kargad icoda xmlis miwodeba. Cven ki Tanamedrove iaraRi unda mivceT Cvens Svilebs xelSi... amitom nangrevebSi ki ar unda viqeqoT Cveni ideali, Cadri ki ar unda wamovisxaT, idealad unda davisaxoT evropel qalTa saukeTeso warmomadgenlebi... da Cvenc imaTsaviT unda aRvmaRldeT gonebiT~. ai Sedegi 30-wliani qalTa uflebebis moTxovnisa. ra pasuxi gasca gazeTma `iveriam~ am werils? iqve SeniSvnis saxiT miawera: `qalbaton `vinc unda viyos~ ZvelTa dedaTa sikeTe da Rirseba marto xmlis miwodebaSi daunaxavs da axalis Taobis qalebi ki yovlad unaklod miaCnia. vbeWdavT am axalTaobis momxre qalis werils da aRviarebT, rom didad samwuxaroa, Tu yvela misis xnis qalni am azrisa arian~. _ red. rogorc Cans, `iveriis~ redaqcia, romelic did adgils uTmobda qalTa uflebebis dacvis saqmes, am SemTxvevaSi ganawyenda qalTa sqesis warmomadgenlis kategoriuli toniT, ver daimorCila subieqturi, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi sisxlSi gamjdari mentaliteti da aseTi minaweri gaakeTa. - 118 -

unda aRvniSnoT, rom gazeTma `iveriam~ qalTa uflebebis dacvis fonze daayena ukanonod SobilTa uflebebic. 1898 wels ruseTSi gadawyda mieRoT kanoni ukanonod SobilTa uflebebis Sesaxeb. am kanonis mixedviT mSoblebis ufleba eZleoda dedas _ mTlad da ganuyoflad, da ara mamas. ukanono Svils eZleoda ufleba samarTliT daemtkicebina Tavisi STamomavloba. mas dedis qonebasa da mamulSi iseTive monawileoba eZleoda, rogorc kanonier Svils. mama ukanono Svilisa movale xdeboda, etvirTa xarji ukanono Svilis gazrdisa da a. S. ilia WavWavaZe am kanonproeqtTan daavSirebiT gaz. `iveriis~ 1898 wlis #248 nomerSi werda: `...[ukanonod SobilTaTvis] arc saxelia, arc gvaria, arc deda, arc mama, arc mameuli, arc dedeuli qoneba, arc mamaSviluri da dedaSviluri ganwyobileba... ase uwyalod yofna ubedurad darCenilisa swored ulmoblobaa, gulqveobaa, cocxal-mkvdrad damarxva udanaSaulo da ucodvelis adamianisa. `droebis~ da `iveriis~ redaqciebisaTvis ucxo aris rasobrivi diskriminacia. marTalia, ramdenime SemTxvevaSi araqarTvelTa cxovrebis aRwera moyvanilia xumrobis toniT, magram samagierod aris meTauri statiebi, sadac gakicxulia germanelebis, ingliselebis mier sxva erebis Cagvra (da ara rusebis). am mxriv gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia gaz. `droebaSi~ 1883 wlis 21 seqtembris (#186) nomerSi gamoqveynebuli meTauri werili: `ebraelebis saqme CvenSi~. avtori ixilavs ebraelTa istorias, maT Camosaxlebas saqarTveloSi, maT mZime beds da wers: `yvelam icis, Tu... ras ar swamebdnen, ra gvarad ar stanjavdnen am ebraelis ubedur Svilebs, viTomc mama-papis raRac codvisaTvis! ... ebraeli iCagreba da kanoni mas ar esarCleba, rac unda didis niWisa da mSvenieris xasiaTis patroni iyos, mxolod imitom, rom ebraelad dabadebula qveyanaze. aRsaniSnavia, rom `droebis~ da `iveriis~ furclebze ar ganxilula adamianis uflebebTan uSualod dakavSirebuli iseTi Temebi, rogoricaa samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, av- 119 -

toritarizmi, diqtatura, cenzura, Sekrebis Tavisufleba, dasaqmebis politika. maTgan zogi, im droisaTvis saerTod ucnobi iyo sazogadoebisaTvis, zogi ki (cenzura, Sekrebis da informaciis Tavisufleba, diqtatura, dakavebul an dapatimrebul pirTa uflebebi) tabudadebuli Tema iyo. gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri iyo ltolvilTa da gadaadgilebul pirTa uflebebis dacvis sakiTxi. mogexsenebaT, ruseT-TurqeTis omis Sedegebis mixedviT saqarTvelos SemouerTda aWara, xolo afxazebis mohajiroba imave periodSi did tkivilad aisaxa qarTveli xalxis gulSi. ebraelTa yofas ganicdis gazeTis redaqcia maSin, roca Tavisi qveynis _ saqarTvelos Svilebi aranakleb dReSi arian. 1. aWarlebis gadasaxleba da misi mizezebi _ (`droeba~, 1879, 7 ivnisi, #118, gv. 1-2). 2. or miwas Sua gadasaxlebulad ayril afxazTa gaWirveba (`droeba~, 1880, IX, 20. #199. gv. 1-2). miuxedavad imisa, rom gazeTi `droeba~ da gazeTi `iveria~ qarTveli xalxis erovnul uflebebs da interesebs icavdnen, aucilebeli iyo sazogadoebrivi organizaciis Seqmna, romelsac miznad unda daesaxa qarTveli xalxis ganaTlebis uflebis dacva. aseT sazogadoebad 1879 wels Camoyalibebuli `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavarcelebeli sazogadoeba~ (qSwkg) mogvevlina. dRes ganaTlebis ufleba Semdeg principebs gulisxmobs: dawyebiTi ganaTleba savaldebulo da ufaso unda iyos, teqnikuri, profesiuli da umaRlesi ganaTleba xelmisawvdomi unda iyos yvelasaTvis, mSoblebs ufleba aqvT, SeurCion Svilebs ganaTlebis nebismieri forma, Tu is Seesabameba minimalur standartebs. yoveli adamianis uflebaa, daafuZnos saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba da uxelmZRvanelos mas. ra iyo qSwkg sazogadoebis daarsebis mizani? sazogadoebis wesdebis erT-erT paragrafSi aRniSnulia: `sazogadoeba Tavis mizans miaRwevs imiT, rom saxalxo skolebSi swavlebas - 120 -

SemoiRebs samSoblo, bavSvebisaTvis gasageb enaze~. es punqti iakob gogebaSvilis ideiT da daJinebuli TxovniT SeutaniaT. TviT wesdebis Semdgenlebs imedi ar hqondaT rom es punqti damtkicebuli iqneboda, magram iakob gogebaSvilma gamoiyena ruseTis mefe aleqsandre I -is 1864 wlis agvistos reskripti, romliTac is akanonebda ararusTa saxalxo skolebSi dedaenaze swavlebas. wesdebaSi qSwkg sazogadoebis mizani sakmaod farTod iyo moxazuli. mas evaleboda werakiTxva da dawyebiTi skola gaevrcelebina kavkasiis samefisnacvloSi, sadac qarTvelebi mosaxleobdnen. ufleba hqonda gaexsna skolebi, biblioTekebi, samkiTxveloebi, gamoeca wignebi. imdroindeli mdgomareoba ganaTlebis miRebis saqmeSi aseTi iyo: 1879 wels, roca Seiqmna qSwkg sazogadoeba, TbilisSi ar arsebobda arc erTi saxalxo qarTuli skola. iyo e. w. `dabali~ skolebi, magram isini an rusuli iyo, an somxuri. qSwkg sazogadoebam moaxerxa skolebis gaxsna sofel winarexSi, ToneTsa da xelTubanSi 1882-84 wlebSi. am periodSi gamwvavda brZola saswavlo uwyebebsa da wk sazogadoebas Soris skolebis gaxsnis garSemo. 1881 wels amierkavkasiis saswavlo olqis mzrunvelma ianovskim mefis nacvals kavkasiaSi mixeil romanovs daamtkicebina axali saswavlo gegma, romlis mixedviTac rusuli ena dawyebiT skolaSi swavlebis pirveli wlidanve unda dawyebuliyo. 1882 wlis 1 ianvars wk sazogadoebam skola gaxsna sof. winarexSi, Tanaxmad winarexis mosaxleobis Txovnisa skolis gaxsnaze, saswavlo olqis mzrunveli winaaRmdegi aRmoCnda, magram qSwkg sazogadoebam skola mainc gaxsna. 1883 wlis Semodgomaze mTavrobis gankargulebiT skola daixura. brZola winarexis skolis garSemo gamwvavda. saxalxo skolaTa direqtori (rusi moxele) 1882 wlis seqtemberSi iwereboda, rom sazogadoebas ar aqvs ufleba Tavisi programa SemoiRos sazogadoebis mier gaxsnil skolaSi. vidre mzrunvelis ianovskis Sedgenil programas ar miiRebT, winarexis skolis gaxsnis nebarTvas ar mogcemTo. rodesac skolaTa direqtorma morigi gafrTxileba gaugzavna wk gamgeobas _ Tu skolas ar daketavT, gubernators - 121 -

movaxseneb da dagaketinebTo, gamgeobam daadgina: `mieweros, rom Cven sakuTar wesdebasac vasrulebT da sazogado kanonsac da amitom Cven ver gavauqmebT winarexis skolaso~. (ix. cent. saist. arqivi. f. 481, saq. #42, f. 101). sazogadoebis gamgeobis wevrebs Soris uTanxmoeba moxda. iakob gogebaSvili daTmobis politikis momxre iyo, ilia WavWavaZis azriT ki `paWiWas rom Tavi moarRvioT, bolomdis rRveviT wava, Tu erTxel dauTmeT, meoreTac mogixdebaT daTmoba. Cven, imedia, gavmarTldebiT umaRlesi mTavrobis winaSe Tu kanonierad iTxov, rasac iTxov, magas veravin dagaTmobinebs~. 1884 wlis 11 dekembers rusuli Cinovnikuri saswavlo olqis mmarTveloba daTmobaze ar wavida _ sazogadoebas mosTxova, rom qarTuli enis swavlasTan erTad rusuli enis swavlac daawyebineT bavSvebs da skolis gaxsnis nebas dagrTavTo. ilia WavWavaZis xelmoweriT sazogadoebam miswera: `swavla rusulisa daawyebinos maSin, roca ymawvilebs SeeZlebaT rigianad Seswavla da ara marto gazepireba oriode sityvisa~. ilia WavWavaZem sxva saSualebasac mimarTa, rom qSwkg sazogadoebis skolebSi daculiyo qarTvelTaTvis umniSvnelovanesi ufleba _ mSobliur qarTul enaze swavlis ufleba. ilia WavWavaZem sTxova sofel vejinis maswavlebels n. naTiZes, rom Sekrebiliyvnen sasoflo skolis maswavleblebi da molaparakebuliyvnen rusuli enis programaze, daesabuTebinaT rusuli enis programis usargebloba da mieweraT Txovna qSwkg sazogadoebisaTvis, eSuamdgomla mTavrobasTan rusuli enis Semcirebaze, magram naTiZem ver moaxerxa mazris maswavleblebis erTad Sekreba. marTalia, sazogadoeba damarcxda rusul saswavlo uwyebasTan brZolis sakiTxSi, magram sabolood TviT rusuli saswavlo uwyebac ar aRmoCnda kmayofili misive miRebuli gegmiT da man is oficialurad gaauqma. unda aRiniSnos, rom mecxramete saukunis qarTuli mowinave sazogadoeba adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saqmeSi upira- 122 -

tesobas enis dacvis problemas aniWebda. mag: cenzuris mier gaz. `droebis~ daxurvis dReebSi gazeTis redaqciis upirvelesi problema sityvis Tavisufleba ki ar iyo, aramed is, rom qarTulenovani yoveldRiuri gazeTi daixureboda da qarTuli enis ganviTarebas problema Seeqmneboda. qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba iyo pirveli qarTuli arasamTavrobo organizacia, romelic viwro erovnuli interesebis garda saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi yvela erovnebis adamianis ganaTlebazec zrunavda. daarsebis pirvelive yrilobaze, roca kamaTi iyo sazogadoebis saxelwodebis Sesaxeb, dimitri yifiani _ pirveli Tavmjdomare sazogadoebisa winaaRmdegi iyo sazogadoebis saxelwodebaSi sityva `qarTvelTas~ xsenebisa. krebis momswre vaxtang TulaSvili gadmogvcems: `wesdebis proeqtis ganxilvis Semdeg didxans iyo baasi imis gamo, Tu ra saxeli gvewodebina sazogadoebisaTvis. Tavadi grigol orbeliani im azrisa iyo, rom is saxeli gvewodebina, romelsac amJamad vuwodebT. amaze dimitri yifianma upasuxa, rom eg saxeli ver gamova rigianio, radganac somexT, am CvenTa moZmeTa da mezobelTa, wili aRar daedebaT imaTSi, romelTa Sorisac unda vrceldebodes wera-kiTxva da es, Cemis azriT, ar aris sasurvelio. grigol orbelianma sTqva, rom eg dasamalavi ar aris, yvelam gavigeT, SevityeT da davrwmundiT, rom somexni, Tumca Cveni mezobelni arian, mainc imaTgan mtrobis mets aras unda movelodeTo, radganac am bolo dros aSkarad gamoiCines da daamtkices aseTi Tvisi ganzraxvao. Tavadma giorgi erisTavma dimitri yifianis mxare daiWira da grigol orbelians upasuxa, rom Cven magas ar unda gamovudgeTo; Cven rogorc aqamde vyofilvarT, somexTaTvis erTgulni mezobelni da amxanagni, lxinsa da WirSi, isev ise unda davrCeT, xolo somxebs, rogorca surdeT ise moiqcneno. Semdeg amisa, krebam isurva, rom somxebsac SeeZloT monawileobis miReba sazogadoebaSio. amis gamo sazogadoebis damfuZnebel wevrTa Soris iricxebian: grafi m. t. loris-me- 123 -

liqovi, Tavadni: is. SioSis Ze TumaniSvili, iason TumaniSvili, al. st. ananovi, s. Sah-parnianci da sxv.~. sazogadoebas ki mainc `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavarcelebeli sazogadoeba~ uwodes. ramdenad samarcxvinoa, rom ocdameerTe saukunis dasawyisSic qarTveli eri, romelsac aRdgenili aqvs saxelmwifoebrioba, aRar aqvs SiSi garusebisa, aris WeSmaritad Tavis `ufali~, kvlav moiTxovs saxelmwifo pasportSi erovnul grafas, maSin, roca dimitri yifiani qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli saqmis ganmaxorcielebeli organizaciis saxelwodebaSi `qarTvelis~ aRniSvnis winaaRmdegi iyo. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela magaliTidan erTi daskvnis gakeTeba SeiZleba: `adamianis uflebebis~ terminiT gaerTianebuli uflebebi qarTuli kulturis bunebrivi da ganuyofeli nawilia, magram saukuneebis manZilze qarTveli eris Tavze datrialebulma ubedurebam, qarTveli eris uflebis araerTma darRvevam, uimedobam da sxva faqtorebma, maT Soris dampyrobelTa mentalitetma uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdina eris moTxovnilebebze. ruseTis imperiaSi dasavluri tradiciebis damkvidrebam am tradiciaTa gancdis ufleba qarTvel ersac arguna (amis magaliTia periodul gamocemaTa beWdva saqarTveloSi). qarTuli gazeTis Seqmnam (`droeba~, `iveria~) dRis wesrigSi daayena adamianis uflebaTa gacnobis da dacvis sakiTxi saqarTveloSi. gazeTma `droebam~ pirvelma gaacno qarTvel ers adamianis uflebaTa mcire nawili, gaz. `iveriam~ ganavrco es uflebebi. qarTuli sazogadoebis erTi nawili (maT Soris Tavadaznaurobac) ahyva dasavluri civilizaciis im sios, romelic presis beWdvam Semoitana. qalTa uflebaTa dacva upirveles movaleobad daisaxa, Tumca Zveli mentalitetis rRveva mZime da Zneli aRmoCnda. presis moTxovnilebam dabada axali ufleba saqarTveloSi _ ganaTlebis ufleba da masTan erTad kulturis ufleba, am fonze qarTvelma xalxma miiRo samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Seqmnis uflebac _ Seiqmna pirveli arasamTavrobo WeSmaritad erovnuli samoqalaqo - 124 -

sazogadoeba _ qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba, romelmac daudo saTave qarTveli erisaTvis upirvelesi uflebis _ TviTgamorkvevis uflebis mopovebas.

- 125 -

adamianis uflebebi qarTul ritorikaSi

zaza daraselia adamianis uflebebis ganviTarebam msoflios yvela did movlenaSi Rrma istoriuli kvali datova da yvelgan mxari dauWira Tavisuflebisa da TanasworobisaTvis brZolas. adamianis uflebebis ZiriTadi safuZvlebi, rogorebicaa adamianis sicocxle, pativi da Rirseba, gvxvdeba msoflios umravles religiasa da filosofiaSi. termini `adamianis uflebebi~ axali aRmocenebulia. mas win uswrebda XVII s-is filosofosTa da politikur moRvaweTa Soris farTod gavrcelebuli `bunebiTi uflebebis~ cneba, romelic antikuri xanis moazrovneTa mier SemuSavebul `bunebiTi samarTlis~ Teorias ukavSirdeba. bunebiTi uflebebis sinonimad `ganuyofeli~, anu `xelSeuvali uflebebi~ ixmareboda. adamianis uflebebi, rogorc politikur-samarTlebrivi movlena, warmoadgens axali da uaxlesi istoriis nayofs. mis aTvlis saTaved SeiZleba 1776 w. miviCnioT, rodesac miRebul iqna virjiniis bili. Tumca daaxloebiT 550 wliT adre, 1215 w. inglisSi miRebul iqna `Tavisuflebis didi qartia~ _ agna Charta, romelic msoflio istoriaSi Sevida rogorc TavisuflebisaTvis brZolis mniSvnelovani samarTlebrivi safuZveli. adamianis uflebebma Semdgomi ganviTareba hpova `adamianisa da moqalaqeTa uflebaTa deklaraciis~ (1789 w.) meSveobiT. magram adamianis uflebebis ganviTarebam Tavis piks 1948 wlis 10 dekembers miaRwia, rodesac gaero-s generalurma asambleam `adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia~ miiRo, ramac safuZveli Cauyara adamianis uflebebis momwesrigebeli da damcavi sxva saerTaSoriso dokumentebis SemuSavebasa da miRebas. adamianis uflebebi warmoadgens zogadsakacobrio faseulobas. maT formirebaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili miuZRviT kulturul-istoriul epoqebs, civilizaciisa da politikur Zalebs. swored amitom aravis aqvs adamianis uflebebis uaryofis da maTi ganmartebisas da gamoyenebisas raime upiratesobiT sargeblobis ufleba. - 126 -

Zv. w. I saukunis mwerali dionisos halikarnaseli aRniSnavs qarTvelTa tomebis, barbarosebis, maRal kulturas, romelic Zlier gavlenas axdenda berZnebze da miuTiTebs, rom aqaiebi da agreTve `bevrni sxvani, romlebic barbarosTa Soris cxovroben, cota xnis gavlis Semdeg yvelafers elinurs iviwyeben, ise, rom aRarc elinur enaze laparakoben, aRarc elinTa Cvevebs misdeven, aRarc imave RmerTebs miiCneven da aRarc samarTlian kanonebs, riTac gansakuTrebiT gansxvavdeba elinuri buneba barbarosulisagan, aRarc sxvas rasme (scnoben), rac (sayofacxovrebo) urTierTobebs exeba da arc sxvas msgavss. am azrisaTvis sakmarisi sabuTia (moxsenieba) aqaiebisa, romlebic pontosTan cxovroben, xolo eleelebi ki, romlebic warmoSobiT namdvili elinebi arian, yvela im barbarosebze, romlebic axla arseboben, ufro metad velurebi arian~. qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Sedegad saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebul saxelmwifoebSi am kulturis bazaze ax. w. IV saukuneSi TandaTanobiT fexs ikidebs feodalizmi. qarTveli xalxis istoriaSi es epoqa cnobilia adrindeli feodaluri monarqiis saxelwodebiT, igi moicavs IV-X saukuneebs. adrindeli feodaluri monarqiis dasasruls qveyanaSi sabolood imarjvebs feodaluri urTierTobani, viTardeba da icvleba ekonomikuri da politikuri wyobileba. saqarTvelos teritoriaze, marTalia, arsebobs gancalkevebuli saxelmwifoebi, kerZod, Tavdapirvelad qarTlis (iberiis) da egrisis (kolxeTis) saxelmwifoebi, mogvianebiT ki iqmneba axali feodaluri samTavroebic (kaxeTi, hereTi, egris-afxazeTi, Tbilisis saamiro), magram adrindeli feodaluri monarqiis dasasruls qveyanaSi ukve Camoyalibda qarTuli saxelmwifoebis gaerTianebis safuZvlebi. adreuli feodaluri monarqiis epoqis saqarTvelos teritoria warmoadgens iranisa da bizantiis urTierTbrZolis asparezs, mogvianebiT ki arab dampyrobelTa samflobelos. am periodSi qarTveli xalxis cxovrebaSi didi socialur-politikuri da ekonomikuri cvlilebebi xdeba, ker- 127 -

Zod, qarTvelTa cxovrebaSi didi movlena iyo `qristianobis saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad gamocxadeba, mefobis gauqmeba, erismTavris xelisuflebis warmoqmna, adrefeodaluri daqucmacebuloba, feodaluri samefo-samTavroebis warmoSoba da brZola am axal feodalur erTeulTa gafarToeba-ganmtkicebisaTvis~. adrefeodaluri monarqiis epoqaSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze ucxoel dampyrobTa urTierTbrZola da am brZolaSi qarTuli saxelmwifoebis monawileoba ganapirobebs saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Sesaxeb SinaarsiT mravalferovani moZRvrebebis Camoyalibebas. gansakuTrebiT maRal dones aRwevs saxelmwifosa da samarTlis moZRvrebebi kolxeTis saxelmwifoSi, sadac am periodSi arsebobda imdroindel msoflioSi kargad cnobili kolxeTis akademia, romlis Sesaxeb IV saukunis berZeni filosofosi da ritori (iuristi) Temisteosi wers: `mec, Cemo kargo axalgazrdav, ritorikis nayofni movwyvite gacilebiT ufro uCinar adgilas, vidre es Cveni adgilia, ara wynarsa da elinur adgilas, aramed pontos boloSi, fazisis maxloblad, sadac argom Tesaliidan wamosulma, daisadgura, rasac poetebi gakvirvebiT mogviTxroben, da cam igi aRitaca, iq, sadac cnobilia Termodonti, amaZonT saomari saqmeebi da Temiskviri, da ai, aseTi barbarosuli da pirquSi adgili erTi kacis sibrZnem da saTnoebam gaxades elinuri da aqcies muzebis taZrad, im erTi kacis, romelic damkvidrda kolxebis da armenelebis qveyanaSi da aswavlida ara isarT tyorcnas da orolTa srolas an jiriTs, mezobel barbarosTa wesebis da mixedviT, aramed imas, Tu rogor gaiwvrTna ritorikul xelovnebaSi da rogor brwyinavTa elinTa dReobebze. marTalia Tu ara is, rasac vambob, cxadi gaxdeba exlave, Tu davZen Semdegsac: iq Cavedi me ara sakuTari miswrafebebiTa da gadawyvetilebiT, aramed me gamgzavna iq iseTma keTilmosurne kacma, rogoric SeiZleba iyos mama, da iseTma marTebulad moazrovnem, rogoric SeiZleba iyos filosofosi. iqneb Sen is sruliad dahgmo imisaTvis, rom man TviTonac Tavisi ganTqmuli filoso- 128 -

fia swored iq SeiZina, an ufro metad damgmo me, romelic filosofiis saidumloebas bavSvobidanve var naziarebi~. Cvenamde moRweuli ucxouri wyaroebiT viciT, rom kolxeTis akademiaSi iswavleboda mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargebi, romelTagan gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda ritorikas, anu iuridiul mecnierebas, romelsac, albaT, swavlobdnen aristoteles wignebis - `ritorikisa~ da `politikis~ mixedviT. unda vivaraudoT, rom kolxeTis akademiaSi, aq arsebul mecnierul tradiciebze, aRizardnen iseTi cnobili politikosebi, iuristebi, oratorebi, rogorebic iyvnen aieti, fartaZi da gubaz mefis mkvlelobis gamo mowyobil sasamarTlo procesze erovnuli interesebis damcvelad gamosuli anonimi qarTveli swavluli iuristebi. am periodSi saxelmwifosa da samarTlis problemebiT qarTveli xalxis daintereseba imiT unda aixsnas, rom saqarTvelos teritoria, kerZod kolxeTi, gaxda bizantiisa da sparseTis politikuri da saomari moqmedebebis asparezi. kolxeTis samefo xelisuflebas uxdeboda sazogadoebis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexurze bizantia-sparseTis omebSi qarTveli xalxis interesebis Sesabamisad politikuri kursis SemuSaveba. aietis, fartaZis da kolxeTis mefis _ gubazis mkvlelobis Taobaze gamarTul sasamarTlo procesze gamosuli ucnobi kolxi swavluli-iuristebis Sesaxeb cnobebi, samwuxarod, qarTul wyaroebs ar Semounaxavs. yvela zemoT aRniSnul qarTvel moazrovneze farTod msjelobs berZeni istorikosi agaTia sqolastikosi, romelic bizantiis imperator iustinianes sasaxlis didi moxele iyo. angariSgasawevia Semdegi garemoeba: ramdenadac cnobilia, berZnebSic ganTqmuli unda yofiliyo qarTveli moazrovneebis _ aietis, fartaZis, mefe gubazis mkvlelobis sasamarTlo procesSi monawile anonimi qarTveli swavluli politikosebisa da iuristebis saxelebi, rom ucxoel istorikoss, berZen agaTia sqolastikoss saguldagulod gadmoeca maTi naazrevi da xSir SemTxvevaSi maTi ganswavlulobis gamo aRfrTovanebac ki gamoeTqva. berZeni istorikosi agaTia sqolastikosi (536-582 ww) Tavis naSromSi aRwers bizantiis imperatoris iustinianes (527- 129 -

565 ww) da kolxeTis mefis gubazis (VI s-is Sua periodi) droindeli epoqis istoriul movlenebs. agaTia sqolastikosis naSromSi moTxrobilia bizantiisa da sparseTis urTierTbrZolebi, romlebSic kolxeTi da iberiac gulxeldakrefili ar yofilan, fxizlad icavdnen sakuTar erovnul TviTmyofobas da am agresiul saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobaSi samSoblos interesebs yvelaze maRla ayenebdnen. amitom qarTul saxelmwifoebs xan bizantiisa da xan sparseTis mxareze uxdebodaT gamosvla. VI saukunis Sua wlebSi warmoebul bizantia-sparseTis omSi kolxeTis saxelmwifo bizantiis mokavSired gamodis. 551 wels telefisis cixesTan bizantiel da sparsel dampyrobTa brZola sparselTa gamarjvebiT damTavrda. damarcxebis mTavar mizezad kolxeTis mefes _ gubazs bizantiel mxedarTmTavarTa uniWoba miaCnda da amas arc malavda. gubaz mefisadmi piradi SuriTa da mtrobiT gamsWvalulma bizantielma sardlebma 554 wels moawyves gubaz mefis mkvleloba. mokavSire bizantielebis am veragulma moqmedebam kolxeTis samefoSi didi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia, kolxeTis mkvidrni aRSfoTebas ar malavdnen da dabejiTebiT moiTxovdnen qveynis sagareo politikis gadasinjvas. berZen istorikoss agaTia sqolastikoss moTxrobili aqvs gubaz mefis mkvlelobiT gamowveuli ambebi, romelTa momswre, rogorc Cans, TviTon yofila da xelT hqonia sarwmuno cnobebic, romlebic iustinianes sasaxleSi iyrida Tavs. am ambebidan agaTia sqolastikosi sagangebod gamoyofs gubaz mefis mkvlelobiT Seqmnil viTarebas da bizantiis imperatoris iustinianes mier miRebul RonisZiebebs. yvela am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT agaTia sqolastikosis cnobebs didi mniSvneloba aqvs, isini warmodgenas gvaZlevs kolxeTis saxelmwifos sulier da materialur cxovrebaze, bizantiis saxelmwifos sagareopolitikuri saqmianobis Taviseburebebze, qarTuli kulturis manamde ucnob kolx politikosebze da swavlul iuristebze. agaTia sqolastikosi wers, rom bizantieli mxedarTmTavrebis mier kolxeTis mefis gubazis veragulma mkvlelobam Selaxa amayi kolxebis erovnuli interesebi, amitom `qveynis - 130 -

mmarTvelebi yvelani damafiqrebel mdgomareobaSi iyvnen, ar icodnen ra eqnaT, risTvis miemarTaT. da ai, kavkasiis erT xeobaSi Seyares didZali xalxi CumaT, rom romaelebs ar SeetyoT, rasac aq moagvarebdnen, da dasves sakiTxi _ sparselebis mxareze gadavideT, Tu isev romaelebTan davrCeTo~. cnobilia, rom kolxeTis saxelmwifo monarqiuli iyo, mis saTaveSi idga mefe, romelic saxelmwifos marTavda aq moxseniebuli `qveynis mmarTvelebiT~, magram agaTia sqolastikosis cnobidan Cans, rom samefo xelisuflebis garda kolxeTis samefoSi arsebobda saxalxo kreba da saxalxo sabWo, romelTac iwvevdnen qveyanaSi Seqmnili sagangebo mdgomareobis dros. saxalxo krebas da saxalxo sabWos iwvevdnen qveynis didebulebi im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mefe adgilze ar iyo, anda samefo taxti saerTod Tavisufali iyo. aseT SemTxvevaSi umaRles suverenul xelisuflebas saxalxo kreba da saxalxo sabWo axorcielebda (mux. 20). qveynis mmarTvelebi adgendnen krebis dRis wesrigs da amave dros xelmZRvanelobdnen mis msvlelobas. saxalxo krebaze monawileobda yvela _ didebulebic da mdabionic. sakiTxis ganxilvaSi monawileobis ufleba hqonda krebis yvela monawiles (mux. 21.1 naw.). agaTia sqolastikosi wers, rom gubazis mkvlelobis ganxilvas krebaze didi aurzauri gamouwvevia _ `kaci naTlad ver gaarkvevda verc imas, Tu vin laparakobda, verc imas, Tu ras ambobda: maSin didebulebma mouwodes xalxs siwynare daecvaT. yoveli msurveli, vinc ar unda yofiliyo, wynarad gamosuliyo da eTqva Tavisi winadadeba, rogorc SeeZlo~. sityviT gamosuli valdebuli iyo SuaSi damdgariyo da yvelasTvis gasagebad xmamaRla daewyo laparaki. magaliTad, rogorc agaTia sqolastikosi wers, warCinebulTa warmomadgeneli aieti `SuaSi gavida da ilaparaka ise, rogorc saxalxo sabWoSi laparakoben~. Cvenamde moRweuli cnobebidan naTlad Cans, rom saxalxo krebis funqcionirebam mniSvnelovnad gansazRvra kolxeTis saxelmwifos politikuri cxovrebis maRali done, mosaxleobis aqtiuri monawileoba sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi. sa- 131 -

xalxo krebaze qarTvel politikos-iuristTa _ aietisa da fartaZis mier maRali oratoruli xelovnebiT warmoTqmuli sityvebis Sinaarsobrivi siRrme, urTules politikur da samarTlebriv institutebze maTi msjelobis sabuTianoba, urTierTdapirispirebul SexedulebaTa brZolaSi marTebuli gadawyvetilebisaken miswrafeba cxadyofs kolxeTis saxelmwifoSi iuridiuli azris maRal dones. sagangebod unda aRiniSnos isic, rom kolxeTis saxelmwifoSi azris Tavisufleba batonobs. saxalxo krebebze, romelTac gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis saqmeebis gadasawyvetad iwveven xalxis farTo masebis monawileobiT, adgili aqvs urTierTdapirispirebul SexedulebaTa Soris brZolas, kerZod, politikur davaSi kreba iRebs yvelaze gonivrul da qveynisaTvis sasargeblo gadawyvetilebebs (mux.19,18). amis naTel magaliTs warmoadgens kolxeTSi mowveuli saxalxo kreba gubaz mefis mkvlelobasTan dakavSirebiT. am krebidan isic naTlad Cans, rom kolxeTis saxelmwifos suvereniteti mniSvnelovnad Selaxulia bizantiis mier, amitom kolxeTis xelisuflebma `kavkasiis erT xeobaSi Seyares didZali xalxi Cumad, rom romaelebs ar SeetyoT, rasac iq moagvarebdnen~ (mux. 2). Cans, krebaze sityvis warmoTqma yvelas SeeZlo gansxvavebul SexedulebaTa gamosaTqmelad. agaTia sqolastikosi wers, rom krebaze `mravalma warmoTqva sityva; zogi erT winadadebas iZleoda, zogi kidev sxvas~ (mux.18), magram aSkarad Cans, rom sazogadoebis aristokratiuli nawili xelmZRvanelobs krebas, icavs wesrigs da a.S. agaTia sagangebod miuTiTebs, rom Tavdapirvelad krebaze `iyo uTavbolo da areuli yvirili. kaci naTlad ver gaarkvevda verc imas, Tu vin laparakobda, verc imas, Tu ras ambobda~. aseT viTarebaSi didebulebma mouwodes xalxs, siwynare daecvaT. damaxasiaTebelia, rom warCinebulebTan erTad SedarebiT mdabioebsac aqvT sityvis warmoTqmis ufleba, magram saxalxo kreba sxvadasxva socialuri warmoSobis oratorebis mier wamoyenebuli winadadebidan iRebs mxolod imas, romelic mas ufro gonivrulad da sasargeblod miaCnia. - 132 -

kolxeTSi mowveul zemoaRniSnul krebaze pirvelad sityviT gamosula `warCinebulTa Soris erTi, saxelad aieti~. mis mier warmoTqmulma sityvam didi zegavlena moaxdina xalxze, ara imitom, rom aieti warCinebuli iyo, aramed imis gamo, rom kolxebi aietis sityvam `dids gancvifrebaSi moiyvana~. warCinebul aiets saxalxo krebaze daupirispirda `metad mdabiuri qcevisa da warmoSobis~, magram `kolxTa Soris gavleniani da gonieri~ fartaZi, romelmac SeZlo aietis mier krebisaTvis SeTavazebuli winadadebis uaryofa da sakuTari mosazrebis damajereblad dasabuTeba. cxadia, kolxeTSi, azris Tavisuflebis arsebobis pirobebSi, SesaZlebeli iyo saxalxo krebas mieRo WeSmariti da xalxisaTvis sasargeblo gadawyvetileba, imis miuxedavad, Tu visgan iyo igi SemoTavazebuli. saxalxo krebaze yvela sakiTxi ar ixileboda, Cans, aseT krebebs xSirad arc iwvevdnen. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan qveynis sagareo da saSinao sakiTxebs mxolod xalxi wyvetda. mefe gubazis mkvlelobiT Seqmnili mZime mdgomareobis gasarkvevad saxalxo kreba moiwvies qveynis mmarTvelebma da `dasves sakiTxi _ sparselebis mxareze gadavideT, Tu isev romaelebTan davrCeTo~. qveynisaTvis am metad mniSvnelovani sakiTxis gadaWrisas saxalxo krebaze naTeli gaxda, rom kolxeTis mosaxleobas saerTo azri ar gaaCnda, erTsulovneba ar arsebobda TviT gabatonebuli klasis warmomadgenelTa Soris. saxalxo krebaze naTlad gamoCnda aSkara winaaRmdegoba, erTi mxriv, warCinebulTa da, meore mxriv, SedarebiT dabal, mdabio warmoSobis mosaxleobas Soris. saxalxo krebis demokratiul xelisuflebaze warmodgenas gvaZlevs isic, rom saxalxo krebaze qveynis mmarTvelTa mier dasmul zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxis ganxilvisas gaimarjva ara warCinebulTa, aramed SedarebiT dabali, mdabiuri warmoSobis mosaxleobis azrma. saxalxo krebaze pirvelad warCinebulTa politikuri programa xalxs moaxsena romaelTa moZule da sparselTa momxre aietma. Semdeg gansxvavebuli programiT gamovida `erTi vinme, saxelad fartaZi. kaci kolxTa Soris gavleniani, gonieri da Tavisi qceviT metad mdabiuri~. - 133 -

kolxeTis saxelmwifos saxalxo krebaze aRZruli sakiTxi _ gubaz mefis mkvlelTa saqmis gamoZieba, damnaSaveTa gasamarTleba da dasja imperatorma iustinianem Tavisi didmoxelis aTanasis TavmjdomareobiT sasamarTlos daavala. danaSauli berZenma sardlebma Caidines kolxeTis saxelmwifos teritoriaze, sasamarTloc kolxeTSi moewyo, magram igi Catarda romauli samarTlis mixedviT. agaTia sqolastikosis cnobiT, barbarosTa qveynebis da, maSasadame, kolxeTis samarTali _ damnaSaveTa saqmeebis sasamarTlo wesiT ganxilva da sasjelis aRsruleba ara sajarod, aramed saidumlod xdeboda. iustinianes brZaneba gubazis mkvlelTa sasamarTlo procesis romauli samarTlis mixedviT Catarebis Sesaxeb miznad isaxavda ara marto imas, rom `sasamarTlo sxdomaze myof barbarosebisaTvis kvexniT eCvenebina romauli wesebi da gaekvirvebina isini amiT, raTa isini ufro metad SeCveodnen romaelTa mmarTvelobas, aramed imitomac, rom Tu damtkicdeboda, rom gubazi samarTlianad iqna mokluli, rogorc sparselebis momxre, kolxebs Tavi daenebebinaT mwuxarebisaTvis da aRar yofiliyvnen aRelvebulni... xolo Tu aRmoCndeboda, rom mkvlelebma... usamarTlod Caidines mkvleloba da, amrigad, isini gamtyunebulni iqnebodnen, maT Sua jarSi Caatarebdnen mauwyeblis TanmxlebiT, Semdeg yvelas TandaswrebiT Tavebs mohkveTdnen sasikvdilo maxviliT da maSin barbarosebs saqmis dasasrulic ufro mniSvnelovnad moeCvenebodaT da sasjelic gaorkecdeboda~. agaTia sqolastikoss dawvrilebiT ara aqvs daxasiaTebuli Zveli qarTuli sasamarTlo procesi, magram bizantiis saxelmwifoSi arsebuli samarTlis mixedviT mowyobil sasamarTlo process igi aSkarad upirispirebs barbarosuls da miuTiTebs, rom bizantiaSi sasamarTlo saqmeebis ganxilva xdeba sajarod, procesi SejibrebiTia, mimdinareobs kamaTi mxareebs Soris, sasamarTlo moxeleebi wesrigs icaven da sasamarTlo procesis monawileTa mWermetyveluri sityvebis mosmenis SesaZlebloba aqvs yvelas, vinc eswreba saqmis ganxilvas. kolxeTSi gabatonebuli wesis Tanaxmad ki, sasamar-Tlo sxdoma tardeboda saidumlod da barbarosebi bizantiaSi moqmedi sasamarTlo procesis Catarebis wesebs `Cveuli ar iyvnen~. - 134 -

agaTia sqolastikosis mier bizantiuri samarTliT dadgenili wesebis daxasiaTebisas aSkarad Cans qedmaRloba, bizantiuri kulturis gandidebis da araberZnulis damcirebis cda. agaTia sqolastikosi, marTalia, Zvel qarTul da bizantiur samarTals da sasamarTlo process asxvavebs erTmaneTisagan, magram am gansxvavebis srulad warmodgenisaTvis sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom Zveli qarTuli sasamarTlo procesi humanistur sawyisebs emyareboda, berZnuli samarTlis Tanaxmad ki saqmis gamoZiebisa da sasamarTlo ganxilvisas mimarTavdnen wamebas, e.i. sasamarTlo procesSi inkviziciuri elementebic iyo. berZnul da Zvel qarTul sasamarTlo process Soris am gansxvavebaze agaTia arafers ambobs, magram miuTiTebs, rom imperator iustines mier gubazis mkvlelTa saqmis gamosaZieblad da gasasamarTleblad daniSnuli mosamarTle `aTanasi Tavisi Rirsebis SegnebiT dajda erT maRal savarZelze, qlamidSi gamowyobili, rogorc es sCveviaT brwyinvale mTavrebs. masTanve iyvnen kacni, romelTac icodnen swrafi wera da dawerilis wakiTxva sxapasxupiT, iyvnen agreTve sxva mosamsaxureebic, mkacrni da amayni, da sasamarTlos xlarTebis saukeTeso mcodneni, boxxmiani mauwyebelni da gammaTraxebelni. eseni yvelani bizantiidan iyvnen mTavrobis mier gamogzavnilni. imaT, visac es davalebuli hqondaT, moitanes rkinis jaWvebi, kiserze dasadebi, agreTve badesakravebi da borkilebi da sxva iaraRebi sawameblad~. kolxebi aRzrdilni iyvnen humanisturi samarTalSegnebiT da maTTvis marTlac ucxo iyo berZnuli inkviziciuri sasamarTlo procesi. berZnebisa da kolxebis marTlSegnebas Soris am principulma gansxvavebam aSkarad iCina Tavi am sasamarTlo procesze damnaSaveTa mimarT mosamarTlis mier gamotanili sasjelis, kerZod, sikvdiliT dasjis aRsrulebisas (mux.5). agaTia sqolastikosi wers, rom damnaSaveTa sikvdiliT dasjis aRsruleba `udides da amave dros SiSis momgvrel sanaxaobas warmoadgenda kolxebisaTvis. gancvifrebaSi moiyvana isini gzirmac, romelic Semzaravi xmiT gahkioda da rCevas iZleoda: geSinodeT kanonebisa da Tavi SeikaveT - 135 -

usamarTlo mkvlelobaTa gamo. rodesac maT yelebi gadasWres, maSin yvelani sibraluliT aRivsnen da brazobas Tavi daanebes~. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, gubaz mefis mkvlelTa saqme imperator iustines brZanebiT da kolxTa TanxmobiT Catarda kolxeTSi romauli kanonebis mixedviT. mxareebs warmoadgendnen, erTi mxriv, braldebulebi (berZeni samxedro pirebi) da, meore mxriv, bralmdeblebi (kolxi swavluli iuristebi): `rustike da ioane moiyvanes satusaRodan da daayenes marcxniv, rogorc braldebulni. meore mxareze dadgnen bralmdeblebi, darbaiseli kolxebi, romelTac ukve karga xania SeeswavlaT elinTa ena~. sasmarTlo sxdomaze kolxi bralmdeblebis Suamdgomloba saqmis ganxilvis Tanmimdevrobis Taobaze bizantielTa mosamarTle aTanasim daakmayofila. amas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs ara marto sasamarTlo sxdomis obieqturobis, Cadenili danaSaulis Sinaarsisa da braldebulTa bralis dadgenisaTvis, aramed bralmdeblebis, e.i. kolxi swavluli iuristebis samarTlebrivi codnis SefasebisaTvis. naTlad Cans, rom kolxi iuristebi SesaniSnavad floben samarTlebriv mecnierebasa da praqtikas, kargad xedaven sasamarTlo procesis arsebiT da araarsebiT mxareebs da procesis dawyebisTanave mosamarTlis yuradRebas miapyroben im faqtorebs, romelTa Tavidanve warmouCenlad saqmis sasamarTlo ganxilva SeiZleba ascdenoda swor gzas. kolxi bralmdeblebis mtkicebiT gubazis mkvlelobis iuridiuli kvalifikaciisaTvis arsebiT, saxelmZRvanelo dokuments warmoadgens imperator iustinianes werili, romelic am ukanasknelma gamougzavna ioanes xeliT berZen sardlebs. es werili Seicavs miTiTebebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor moeqcnen imperatorTan moRalateobis braldebiT dabezRebul gubaz mefes. Tavisi sardlebis bezRi imis Sesaxeb, rom gubazi Ralatobs `mamapapis adaTs~, erTmorwmune romaelebs da ganzraxuli aqvs gadavides ucxo da sruliad sxva sarwmunoebis mimdevar sparselTa mxareze, imperator iustinianes saeWvod da daujereblad miaCnia, radgan gubazs berZnebisagan usiamovno araferi Sexvedria; magram yovelgvari moulodnelo- 136 -

bis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, wers iustiniane, `gavalebT gamogzavnoT is rac SeiZleba male, nebiT an ZaliT, magram Tu ki is ganzraxvas migixvdebaT, winaaRmdegobas gagiwevT da wamosvlaze uars ganacxadebs, SeipyariT da wamoaTrieT (amis nebasac gaZlevT me Tqven am SemTxvevaSi), xolo Tu is gagisxltebaT da Tqvenze ieriSs moitans da, maSasadame, ama Tu im saxiT xelebs aRmarTavs Tqven winaaRmdeg, maSin Cven aSkara sabuTebi gveqneba mis ganzraxvaTa Sesaxeb da amieridan SegviZlia CavTvaloT mtrad, ise rom, Tu mas, ase gaTavxedebuls, vinme kidevac mohklavs, amas ukanono saqcielad ar CavTvliT. am saqmisaTvis ara Tu dasjili ar iqneba is, rogorc mkvlelobis Camdeni, aramed qebis Rirsic iqneba, rogorc tiranis momspobi~. kolxi swavluli iuristebis moTxovniT, sasamarTlo sxdomaze iustinianes werilis sajarod wakiTxvam didi STabeWdileba moaxdina. berZeni sardlebis mier Cadenili danaSauli naTeli gaxda, amitom sagangebo bralmdeblebad daniSnul kolx swavlul iuristebs mosamarTlem sTxova pasuxisgebaSi micemuli berZeni sardlebis mimarT, Tuki amis survili hqondaT, CamoeyalibebinaT TavianTi braldebebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom kolx bralmdeblebs mTavari saqme ukve gakeTebuli hqondaT, kerZod, maTi moTxovniT yvelam, vinc sasamarTlo process eswreboda, moismina imperator iustinianes werili, romelmac naTeli mohfina berZen sardalTa Cadenil danaSauls, TavianTi poziciis gasamtkiceblad maT es SesaZleblobac ar gauSviaT xelidan da sasamarTlos ganucxades, rom mkvlelebi, romlebmac es saSineli borotmoqmedeba Caidines, mkacrad unda daisajon. kolxi swavluli iuristebi amJRavneben farTo iuridiul ganaTlebas, isini Rrmad arian dauflebulni ara marto erovnul, kolxeTis saxelmwifos samarTlis mecnierebas, aramed sxva qveynebis da pirvel rigSi bizantiaSi moqmed berZnul (romaul) samarTals. isini miuTiTeben, rom radganac sasamarTlo damnaSaveTa saqmes ixilavs ara kolxeTis, aramed bizantiuri kanonebis mixedviT, Tavs movaled Tvlian pativi scen da daemorCilon am kanonebis moTxovnebs. kolxi bralmdeblebi mimarTaven mosamarTles: - 137 -

`Tqveni kanonebis mixedviT, TviT aSkara da udides ukanono moqmedebaTa Sesaxebac ki miRebulia, rom ganaCeni ar iqnes gamotanili, sanam saqme ar iqneba garCeuli sityvieri paeqrobis saSualebiT, da amitom Cven SevudgebiT saqmis viTarebis ganmartebas. amrigad, Cven mier Sesrulebuli iqneba kanoniT dawesebuli~. kolxi swavluli iuristebi pasuxisgebaSi micemuli berZeni sardlebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos moaxseneben Semdeg braldebebs: berZenma strategosebma mokles bizantiis megobari da mokeTe, mokavSire omianobisa da zavis dros, uzenaesis Sesaxebac Tqvennairad moazrovne da Tqveni wesebis mimdevari; gubazis mkvlelebma Cadenili danaSauliT bizantiis mimarT mtroba gamoamJRavnes da mis mtrebs samsaxuri gauwies. mkvlelebma veragulad gamoasalmes sicocxles mefe da ara dabali gvariSvilobis warmomadgeneli, romelic romaelTa interesebis erTguli iyo braldebulebze ufro metad. am saSineli danaSaulis gamo `ukuRma datrialda kolxTa saqmeebi da daingra, gansakuTrebiT saxelmwifo saqmeebi, Tumca Cven qveSevrdomi saxelmwifos erT, ara umniSvnelo nawils SevadgenT. Tqvenc aRara gaqvT Tavisufali da uryevi mdgomareoba da sagrZnoblad dagisustdaT sakuTari ZalRone~. zemoaRniSnuli braldebebi kolx swavlul iuristebs ganmtkicebuli aqvT Teoriuli debulebebiT. isini miuTiTeben, rom bizantiasTan dadebuli xelSekrulebiT kolxeTi Tumca misi mokavSirea, magram mainc bizantiis saxelmwifos angariSgasawevi qveSevrdomia, romlis dasusteba zians ayenebs ara marto kolxebs, aramed aryevs TviT bizantiis Tavisufal da mtkice mdgomareobas, asustebs mis Zlierebas. radgan kolxeTi samokavSireo xelSekrulebiT qveSevrdomi qveyanaa, igi qmnis bizantiis saxelmwifo mTlianobas, romlis ganmtkicebaze unda zrunavdnen ara marto kolxebi, aramed, pirvel yovlisa, berZnebi. saxelmwifos umTavres niSans, romelic gansazRvravs mis saxelwodebas, warmoadgens misi Tavisufali mdgomareoba da mTlianoba. kolxi swavluli iuristebi aRniSnaven: `Tu saxelmwifo yovelmxriv ar aris gamagrebuli da erTs romelsame nawilSi modunebulia, veRar - 138 -

iarsebebs wesierad; piriqiT, is Tavis saxelwodebasac tyuila atarebs, vinaidan is moklebulia Tavisufali arsebobis saSualebas~. garda amisa, kolxi swavluli iuristebis mosazrebiT, saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs erTsulovnebasa da azrTa erTianobas, romelic mudam unda arsebobdes maT Soris rogorc omis, aseve mSvidobis dros. mokavSireTa Soris SexedulebaTa erTianobis umTavresi safuZvelia, maTi sarwmunoebrivi mdgomareoba. qristianuli rwmenis saxelmwifoebs, iseve rogorc sxva rwmenis mimdevar qveynebs, erTnairi warmodgena aqvT RmerTis, uzenaesis Sesaxeb, amitom erTmorwmune saxelmwifoebs Soris mtkice megobruli urTierToba SeiZleba yovelTvis arsebobdes, ukeTu qveynis calkeuli moRvaweni saxelmwifoze maRla ar daayeneben pirad interesebs da amiT ar xelyofen mis mTlianobas. sxvaTa Soris, sarwmunoebriv mdgomareobaze msjelobisas anonimi kolxi swavluli iuristebi, roca iyeneben termins `uzenaesi~, yovelTvis gulisxmoben RmerTs qristianuli warmodgeniT. kolxeTis saxelmwifos sarwmunoebrivi mdgomareobis daxasiaTebisas, isini sagangebod miapyroben berZeni mosamarTlis yuradRebas imas, rom kolxebi `uzenaesis Sesaxebac Tqvennairad moazrovne da Tqveni wesebis mimdevari~ ariano. mZimea berZeni sardlebis mier Cadenili danaSauli, radgan igi ara marto bizantiis mokavSire kolxeTis saxelmwifos mefis, gubazis mkvlelobaSi gamoixateba, aramed man ariv-daria da daangria saxelmwifoTa saqmeebi. anonimi kolxi bralmdeblebi mxareTa paeqrobaze sagangebod aRniSnaven, rom gubazis mkvlelebi sasamarTlo sxdomis daniSvnamde yalbi iuridiuli konstruqciiT cdilobdnen sazogadoebis winaSe Tavis marTlebas, ara sworad warmogvidgendnen ganzraxvis cnebas, erTmaneTTan aigivebdnen ganzraxvasa da motivs. gubazis mkvlelebi amtkiceben: `am _ Tumca saSinels _ saqmes ki nu uyurebT, aramed mxolod is ganzraxva unda gamoikvlioT da mxedvelobaSi miiRoT, romliTac vxelmZRvanelobdiTo; da ufro amjobineben zogierTi bundovani _ TiTqos sinamdvilis Sesaferisi _ sabuTebis saSualebiT da- 139 -

gisaxon Tavisi moqmedeba, rogorc Tqven sakeTildReod Cadenili, vidre aRiaron aSkara zarali, saqmisaTvis miyenebuli, aseT tyuilebs ybedoben isini xSirad sasamarTlos daniSvnamde da fiqroben, Tuki isini saqmis garCevis drosac aseTsave mosazrebas wamoayeneben, de icodnen maT, msajulo, rom arc romaels da arc samarTlianobas sCvevia aseTi cxadi da aSkarad Cadenili usamarTloba uyuradRebod dastovos da Tavi moatyuebinos bundovan mizezebs, romlebic usafuZvlodaa mkvlelebis mier SeTxzuli~. anonimi kolxi bralmdeblebi miuTiTeben, rom swored `is ganzraxva unda gamovikvlioT~, romliTac xelmZRvanelobdnen berZeni sardlebi gubazis mkvlelobisas, faqtebi ki mowmoben, rom damnaSave mkvlelTa ganzraxva da motivi iyo mxolod piradi Surisa da mtrobis gamo gubazis mospoba da ara bizantiis saxelmwifos interesebis dacva. berZenma sardlebma mokles bizantiis saxelmwifos mokavSire, misi megobari da erTguli mokavSire sparselebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi da amave dros amtkiceben, rom ganzraxva hqondaT sargebloba moetanaT bizantiisaTvis. kolxi bralmdeblebi aaSkaraveben damnaSaveTa mtkicebis usafuZvlobas da Seurigebel winaaRmdegobas maT msjelobebSi. isini miuTiTeben, rom sargebloba moaqvs kanonier moqmedebas, radgan saxelmwifo adgens mxolod iseT kanonebs, romelTa mizania adamianebisaTvis sargeblobisa da bednierebis motana, amitomac `imTaviTve xom sargebloba da ukanonoba erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego cnebebs warmoadgenen, simxece da samarTlianoba erTimeores daSorebuli iyvnen da maTi erTad arseboba arasodes ar yofila SesaZlebeli... rogor Tavsdeba maT TavSi es winaaRmdegoba, an rogor SegviZlia Cven, romlebic am saqciels sazizRars vuwodebT, SevaqoT misi Camdeni da vTqvaT, rom misi mizani iyo saxelmwifosaTvis sargebloba moetana~. kolxi swavluli iuristebi mosamarTles moaxseneben, rom ganzraxva, romelzec laparakoben pasuxisgebaSi micemuli berZeni sardlebi da romlis mixedviTac xelmZRvaneloben gubaz mefis mkvlelobisas, Tu mas gavaanalizebT da gamovikvlevT, arsebiTad aris ganzraxva, romelic emsaxureba ara - 140 -

bizantiisa da kolxeTis saxelmwifoebis interesebsa da urTierTmegobrobis ganmtkicebas, aramed igi maTi saerTo mtris, sparseTis sasargeblo ganzraxvaa. braldebulebs ki hyofniT gambedaoba amtkicon, rom `mokles ara megobari, ara mefe, aramed mteri, tirani, sparselebis momxre~. gubazis interesebis damcveli bralmdeblebi mosamarTlis yuradRebas miapyroben imas, rom `mowinaaRmdegesa da mters xom saqmis mixedviT gamoicnob adamiani da ara siSoris mixedviT. cxadia, mtrad unda CaiTvalos is, vinc imas akeTebs xalisiT, rac mowinaaRmdegeebs esiamovnebaT, Tundac is SenTan iyos da SenTan erTad laSqrobdes da axlo naTesaur kavSirSi iyos SenTan~. amrigad, gubazi ki ar yofila berZnebis mteri, aramed berZnebTan `naTesaur kavSirSi~ myofi rustike da ioane Canan WeSmarit mtrad. kolxi swavluli iuristebis mtkicebiT, sruliad dausabuTebulia mkvlelTa mier gubazis mimarT wayenebuli braldeba, rom is TiTqos moRalate iyo. sasamarTlo pasuxisgebaSi micemulma damnaSaveebma veragulad mokles kolxeTis mefe da amis Semdeg mas brali dasdes moRalateobaSi. verc erTi qveynis iuridiuli mecniereba ver gaamarTlebs am uazrobas: `romeli kanoni _ Tqveni an barbarosebisa _ moiwonebs aseT mdgomareobas, rom jer ganaCeni gamoutanos adamians da mere wauyenos braldeba? isini TviTon arian msajulebic, mtrebic da bralmdeblebic. yvelaferi erTad Seasrules da saqmis gaurCevlad sruliad udanaSaulo kacs iseTi sasjeli argunes, rogoric Seefereboda tiranobaSi gamtyunebuls. axla ki, rodesac Tavis marTleba sWirdebaT, modian da bralsa sdeben usamarTlod dasjil kacs. sanam mas mohklavdnen, saWiro iyo, Tuki isini darwmunebuli iyvnen braldebaTa sisworeSi saqveynod miecaT is samarTalSi da TviT pirvelni gamosuliyvnen bralmdeblad~(mux.11). kolxi bralmdeblebi miuTiTeben, rom sayovelTaod aRiarebuli iuridiuli wesebis darRveva akrZalulia, miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven dazaralebul mxares warmovadgenT da usamarTlod mokluli gubazis interesebs vicavT. mkvlelebisaTvis rom migvebaZa, SegveZlo gubazis sicocxlis xel- 141 -

myofi berZeni sardlebisaTvis samagiero migvezRo, sasamarTlos mier saqmis ganxilvamde dagvexoca isini da maT winaaRmdeg sasamarTlo Semdeg mogvewyo. kolxi swavluli iuristebi gadaWriT gmoben TviTgasworebis gziT samagieros mizRvas. isini miuTiTeben, rom mas Semdeg, rac samarTldarRvevebis ganxilva sasamarTlo kompetencias daeqvemdebara, TviTgasworeba da samagieros mizRva dauSvebelia, mas ubedureba moaqvs adamianebisaTvis: `arc Cven da arc sxvebma amgvari ram ar unda gavbedoT, Tu saxelmwifo kanonebis safuZvelze vapirebT cxovrebas. warmoidgineT Tu yovel msurvels ase erTbaSad SeeZleba sakuTari mtrebis mokvla, amgvari saqcielis xSirad Cadena migviyvanda usazRvro TviTnebobamde, da rogorRa SegrCebodaT Tqven SesaZlebloba Tavisufali da daubrkolebeli gansjisa? yvela rom Jletas daiwyebs da gaJletili iqneba da Tamamad mimarTavs erTamneTis winaaRmdeg maxis dagebas, Tqven veRar SesZlebT sasjelis dadebas da gamoZiebis saSualebas winaswar mospobs imaTi ukanono saqcieli, romlebic yovelTvis samagieros gadaxdas mimarTaven~(mux. 9). samagieros gadaxda ewinaaRmdegeba marTlmsajulebasa da samarTlianobas. yoveli danaSauli gamoZiebuli da damtkicebuli unda iqnes. mkvlelobis braldebiT araa ubedureba erTi, isic moRalated miCneuli kacis mokvla, radgan SeiZleba amis Semdeg yvela mokavSire gafrTxildes da SemdegSi gonivrulad moiqces. mefes bralad sdeben moRalateobas, megobruli kavSiris darRvevas, moRalateoba ki damtkicebuli araa da miuxedavad amisa, mas mainc klaven. aseT SemTxvevaSi gaugebaria, `ranairad Seuwyobs es xels imas, rom mokavSireebi Tqven ufro gonierad mogeqcnen? iqneb maT ufro xelSekrulebis darRveva daiwyon, raxan ifiqreben, rom Tqven am borotmoqmedebis monawileni xarT~?. sinamdvileSi ki gubazi mokles uRirsebma da mis mkvlelobaSi monawileoba ar miuRia `mTel romael xalxs da calkeul uRirsTa~. `veraguli saqcieli verc Tqvens Sesaxeb winaT arsebul azrs mospobs saxeldobr, rom Tqven erTguli xarT Tqveni qceviT da uryevni da samarTliani kanonebiTac. msajulo, rodesac Seni msjavris mixedviT isini male mokluli iqnebian, ufro - 142 -

gasagebi Seiqneba, rom Tqven (romaelebi) Tavisianebis moRalateni ki ara xarT, aramed usamarTlod moqmedTa momTvinierebelni~. pasuxisgebaSi micemuli berZeni sardlebi _ miuTiTeben kolxi bralmdeblebi _ sityviT icaven Tavs, magram saqmeebi cxadyofen maT sicrues. imperator iustinianes werili ubrZanebs sardlebs, mihgvaron mas bizantiaSi gubazi, ra saSualebiTac unda yofiliyo es. gubazis mokvlis Tanxmobas iustiniane mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iZleoda, Tu gubazi sabolood gadaudgeboda romaelebs da maT mimarT aSkarad mtrul moqmedebas daiwyebda. sardlebma ki mZime danaSauli Caidines, mokles gubazi ise, rom `arc ki aCvenes mefis werili, rom is gacnoboda mis Sinaarss da moqceuliyo saWiroebisamebr... rac yvelaze ufro ukanonod unda CaiTvalos~. gubazi erTgulad asrulebda berZnebTan dadebul samokavSireo xelSekrulebas, icavda bizantiis saxelmwifos interesebs, Tavis Tavsa da ojaxsac amis gamo xSirad ayenebda safrTxeSi. kategoriulad uars ambobda sparselTa mier SemoTavazebul macdur saCuqrebze da amjobinebda berZnebTan keTil ganwyobilebas da a.S. didi STabeWdileba moaxdina damswreebze kolxi iuristebis mier berZnebis misamarTiT dasmulma kiTxvebma, romlebzec pasuxis mTeli sisruliT gacema SeuZlebeli iyo gubazis damsaxurebis gaxsenebis gareSe: `vin iyo, rom sparselTagan danapireb simdidresa da yovelnair sikeTes amjobina Tqvendami keTili ganwyobileba? vin iyo, rom xosros megobroba ukuagdo da, im dros rodesac is megobroba udides simdidres umzadebda mas Tqvengan mciredsac dasjerda? vin iyo winaT, rodesac es qveyana didi xnis ganmavlobaSi midielebTa saTareSod iyo gamxdari da Tqveni damxmare jarebi igvianebdnen, maSinve gamoicvala sacxovrebeli adgili da TviT kavkasionis mwvervalebze gadasaxlda, sadac TiTqmis velur cxovrebas eweoda, da man es ufro amjobina, vidre mtris megobroba gamoeyenebina, Sin misuliyo da gancxromiT ecxovra? vin iyo es? es iyo gubazi, romelic ar uSindeboda araviTar gaWirvebas, Tuki Tqveni gulisaTvis iyo es aucilebeli~. kolxi bralmdebeli iuristebi sasamarTlos yuradRebas amaxvileben kiTxvaze, ra miiRo gubazma samagierod? aqac pasuxs TviTon iZlevian, ker- 143 -

Zod rustikem da ioanem TviTneburad, kanonieri sabuTis gareSe gamoacxades igi moRalated da veragulad mokles. am aRmaSfoTebeli usamarTlobis iuridiul kvalifikacias kolxi swavluli iuristebi romaul samarTalSi sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli samarTlebrivi sentenciiT gamoxataven: `sad xarT, kanonebo, sad aris samarTali~. berZenma sardlebma, winaswarganzraxviT da piradi SurisZiebiT Sepyrobilebma, didi ziani miayenes TavianT qveyanas _ bizantias, mokles gubazi, kolxTa mefe, ise, rom `arc drois viTarebas miaqcies yuradReba, arc kargad moifiqres, radgan iseT mZime omSi viyaviT gaxveuli, gonier kacs moeTxoveboda ezruna imaze, rom kargi mopyrobis saSualebiT Tavisken miezida ucxo da jer kidev ucnobi erebi. amaT ki isinic romaelebis mtrebad gadaaqcies, romlebic winaT maTi maxlobeli megobrebi iyvnen da maTi bralia, rom Cven mtris mxareze gadavediT, Zvel megobrebs mzakvrulad vepyrobiT, rom es qveyana sparselebis xelSia da mSobliuri wesebi miviwyebulia. erTi sityviT, yvelaferi uwesrigod mimdinareobs, ramdeni zardamcemi niSania ajanyebisa da Sinauri areulobisa~. kolxma bralmdeblebma, romlebic braldebuli rustikesa da ioanes pirispir idgnen, TavianTi sityva moTxovniT daamTavres. bizantia-kolxeTis megobruli urTierTobis aRsadgenad da gansamtkiceblad nuravin isargeblebs Cveni gulmaviwyobiT da gubazis mkvlelebs imaze nakleb sasjels nu Seufardebs, `vidre maT mier Cadenil saqciels Seefereba~. qarTveli bralmdeblebis mier gonivrulad da didi ostatobiT warmarTulma sasamarTlo procesma, gubazis mkvlelobis yvela detalis damajerebelma iuridiulma kvalifikaciam, romaul _ qarTuli samarTlis normebis unaklo axsna-ganmartebam, mowinave samarTlebrivi cnebebisa da institutebis moxerxebulma misadagebam konkretuli samarTlebrivi movlenebisadmi, samarTlis filosofiisa da sociologiis Rrma codnam didi zegavlena moaxdina sasamarTloze da damswreebze. qarTveli swavluli iuristebis sityva imdenad naTeli da damajerebeli iyo, rom kolxebis laSqarma da - 144 -

xalxmac, rodesac bralmdeblebma `laparaki daamTavres da msajuli cota xniT SeCerda dafiqrebuli, Cumad daiwyes buzRuni da ukmayofilebis gamocxadeba, ratom exlave ar mihyavT mtrebi dasasjelado, xolo, rodesac msajulma mouwoda braldebulebs eTqvaT, risi Tqmac surdaT, maSin xalxma aSkarad iwyo yvirili da buzRuni da es xmebi kidev ufro naTlad ismoda~. sasamarTlo procesis erTi mxaris, bralmdeblebis sityvis Semdeg paeqrobaSi Caeba mopirdapire mxare, braldebulebi, Zmebi rustike da ioane. magram bralmdebelTa mier wamoyenebuli braldebis Seryeva da misgan Tavis dacvis is iuridiuli pozicia, romelic maT airCies, mcdari aRmoCnda, radgan igi ewinaaRmdegeboda bizantiis imperatoris sagareo politikur kurss, bizantiakolxeTis urTierTobis oficialurad aRiarebul iuridiul safuZvlebs, am or saxelmwifos Soris dadebuli megobruli samokavSireo xelSekrulebis mTavar pirobebs, ker-Zod, megobruli TanamSromlobisa da Tanasworobis safuZvelze urTierTdaxmarebas saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. rustikes sapasuxo sityvaSi Canda mxolod berZenTa didmpyrobeluri politika da qedmaRloba kolxi xalxis mimarT, ramac didad Seuracxyo da gaaRiziana sasamarTloze damswre kolxebi da misi laSqari. rustikem Tavisi sityva ase daiwyo: - `unda davmtkbariyaviT udidesi saCuqrebiT da amis nacvlad sikvdiliT dasja mogvelis. Tumca CvenTvis Zalian sasiamovnoa es samsjavro da udidesi siamayis momgvreli: amiT yvela gaigebs, rom mxolod Cveni wyalobiT moxerxda moRalatisa da tiranis mospoba... ase, rom kidevac rom sikvdili Segvxvdes, siamovnebiT mivegebebiT mas... vinaidan gzaze wagvyveba imis Segneba, rom kolxebis batonebad romaelebi davtoveT~. rustikes es didmpyrobeluri sityva politikurad sruliad Seuferebeli iyo kolxeTis mefis gubazis mkvlelobiT garTulebuli bizantia-kolxeTis urTierTobisaTvis. is am situaciaSi miuRebeli iyo rogorc bizantiis, aseve kolxeTisaTvis. iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT wamgebiani iyo rustikes sityvis sxva nawilic, romelic faqtobrivad wayenebuli bral- 145 -

debisagan Tavis dacvas ki ar isaxavda miznad, aramed warmoadgenda kolxebis da, saerTod, romaelebisagan gansxvavebuli yvela xalxis dacinvas. rustike eTanxmeba kolx bralmdeblebs mtris cnebis gansazRvraSi, igi miuTiTebs: `bralmdeblebi samarTlianad amboben, rom mtris saxelwodeba Seefereba ara imas, vinc moSorebiT ucxoeTSi cxovrobs, aramed imas vinc Tumca Tvistomia, magram mtrisaTvis sasiamovno saqmes akeTebs... gubazi Cveni mteri iyo, xolo Tu es damtkicebuli iqneba am gziT, naTelyofili iqneba isic, rom is mokluli iqna sruliad marTebulad~. magaram rustikes es mosazreba iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT uazrobas warmoadgens. imis dasamtkiceblad, rom gubazi mteri iyo, rustike exeba ara TviT gubazs, rogorc am SemTxvevaSi samarTlis konkretul subieqts, romlis mier Cadenili moqmedebis mixedviT igi SeiZleba mtrad iqnes miCneuli, aramed mTel kolx xalxs, rogorc barbaross, romelic, rustikes azriT, yovelTvis `iswrafvis gadatrialebisa da ajanyebisaken. gubazi yvela am TvisebiT iyo aRWurvili; is xom warmoSobiT barbarosi iyo da am modgmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mzakvrobiT iyo dasneulebuli~. garda amisa, gubazi rom mtrad warmoaCinos, rustike bralad sdebs moklul mefes, rom mas romaelTa mimarT mtruli ganzraxvebi hqonda, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom rodesac Cven mtrebs vebrZodiT, gubazi amjobinebda Sin mjdariyo TvistomebTan, Tvalyurs adevnebda Cvens brZolas mtrebTan da ainteresebda, rogor damTavrdeboda igi. Cvens gamarjvebas xSirad bedisweras miawerda, barbarosebSi avrcelebda xmas, rom `romaelebi cudi meomrebi arian, barbarosebi maT amarcxeben~ da a. S. gubazi Cvens gankargulebas ar emorCileboda, metic, `man warmoidgina Tavi TiTqos marTlac mefe yofiliyo da TiTqos mis xelT yofiliyos Tavisi nebisaebr emarTa~. rustikes es mtkiceba aSkarad laxavda kolxTa erovnul Rirsebas. man sasamarTlos sxdomaze romaelebi, romlebsac xelSekruleba hqondaT kolxebTan, rogorc damoukidebel saxelmwifosTan, warmoaCina dampyroblebad, rac ewinaaRmdegeboda bizantiis samefo xelisuflebis oficialur ideologias. - 146 -

ufro didi uaryofiTi emociebi mohyva sasamarTloze rustikes mtkicebas, TiTqos saqmis ganxilvisa da braldebis iuridiuli Sefasebis dros mniSvneloba ara aqvs damamtkicebel sabuTebs da amitom unda `Tavi davaneboT sabuTebs, miTiTebebs da saeWvo mtkicebebs; yuradReba mivaqcioT mxolod saqmeTa viTarebas~. qarTveli bralmdeblebis mier gubazis mkvlelobisadmi wayenebuli mTavari braldeba rustikem Tavidanve pasuxgaucemeli datova, TiTqos ar arsebobda, da Seecada `braldebis wonis~ (onus probandi), razec sagangebod laparakobs agaTia sqolastikosi, Semsubuqebas. am mTavar braldebas warmoadgenda berZeni sardlebis mier bizantiis imperatoris iustinianes werilobiTi gankargulebis uxeSi darRveva. brZanebis Tanaxmad, sardlebs winadadeba unda miecaT gubazisaTvis, rom piradad xleboda bizantiis imperators. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gubazi xelidan gausxltebodaT da ieriSs miitanda berZeni strategosebis winaaRmdeg, es iqneboda damamtkicebeli sabuTi misi mtruli ganzraxvisa. amis Semdeg SeiZleboda gubazi CaTvliliyo mtrad da misi mokvla, rogorc mtrisa, ukanono aqtad ar CaiTvleboda. rustikem ki zedmetad CaTvala imperatoris werilis Cveneba gubazisaTvis da, rogorc TviTon ambobs, darwmunda ra gubazis veragul ganzraxvaSi, mokla kolxeTis mefe, riTac bolo mouRo `mTel rig aseT ubedurebas, arsebulsa da mosalodnels~. imperator iustinianes werilSi naTqvami iyo, rom gubazi moeklaT ara im SemTxvevaSi, roca sardlebi darwmundebodnen mis moRalatur ganzraxvaSi, aramed mxolod maSin, rodesac gubazis mtruli, moRalaturi ganzraxva Sesabamisi moqmedebiT iqneboda gamoxatuli, magram gubazs ar dauwyia amgvari moqmedeba da cxadia, marto ganzraxviT da isic dausabuTebeli ganzraxvis arsebobisas iustinianes gankarguleba gamoricxavda gubazis mokvlis nebarTvas berZeni sardlebis mier. rustikem kargad icoda, rom gubazis ukanono mkvelelobis iuridiuli kvalifikaciis dros arc gamocdil berZen mosamarTles aTanasis da arc maRali iuridiuli ganaTlebis mqone kolx swavlul iuristebs mxedvelobidan ar gamoeparebodaT werilSi gadmocemuli iustinianes sagangebo - 147 -

gankarguleba, romelic gansazRvravda imas, Tu ra viTarebaSi SeeZlo berZen sardlebs gubazis mokvla. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, iustiniane nebas iZleoda, gubazi moeklaT berZen sardlebs mxolod erT SemTxvevaSi, kerZod Tuki gubazi uars ganacxadebda xleboda bizantiaSi iustinianes, sardlebs xelidan gausxlteboda da metic, winaaRmdegobas gauwevda, Seutevda berZen sardlebs. gubazis amgvari moqmedebis iuridiuli kvalifikacia am SemTxvevaSi safuZvels Seqmnida mtkicebisaTvis, rom mas aqvs danaSaulebrivi ganzraxva da igi bizantiis aSkara mteria. iustinianes am gankargulebis Seusruleblobis gamo, rustikem mosamarTles ganucxada, rom nu dagvZraxav Tuki ver SevasruleT werilSi moxseniebuli davaleba. imTaviTve CvenTvis cnobili gaxda, rom werili iustinianes gamogzavnili hqonda gubazis gamosacdelad, kerZod, Seasrulebda Tu ara igi `Tavisi nebiT brZanebas da kanonierad moiqceoda~. gamocdilebiT vicodiT, ganagrZobs rustike, rom gubazi Cvens araviTar moTxovnas ar asrulebda. `qarTveli bralmdeblebi gvisayvedureben, rom aucilebeli iyo samarTalSi migveca gubazi, magram amis saSualebas ar iZleoda Seqmnili kritikuli mdgomareoba. saqme isaa, rom sparselebi aqve iyvnen darazmulni da gamzadebulni imisaTvis, rom mTeli kolxeTi egdoT xelT imis ( gubazis) daxmarebiT~. rustike kvlav imeorebs, rom gubazi iyo bizantiis mteri da radgan igi moRalate iyo, sul erTi ar aris `kolxebisaTvis, Cven movklavdiT mas, Tu sxvebi? gonieri mosazreba marto xelisuflebis mqoneT ki ar ebadebaT da moudiT xolme, aramed yovel msurvels, Cemis azriT, ufleba aqvs da SeuZlia gamoeqomagos saxelmwifos, romelSiac is moRvaweobs da SeZlebisamebr izrunos sazogado keTildReobisaTvis~. rogorc Cans, rustikem imperatoris werili formalur dokumentad aqcia da gubazis moRalateobis dasasabuTeblad Semdeg garemoebaze miapyro mosamarTlis yuradReba: `sparselebs hqondaT dapyrobili onogurisis cixe, romelic maT CamoeglijaT arqeopolisis midamoebidan, da CvenTvis autanel sircxvils warmoadgenda is, rom mtris jari mtkiced - 148 -

Camjdariyo zRudis SigniT Cvens miwa-wyalze~. sardlebma moviTaTbireT, ganagrZobs rustike, rom mTeli Cveni armiiT gagvedevna sparselebi, amis misaRwevad ki saWiro iyo gubazis xelmZRvanelobiT kolxebis daxmareba. magram aseT kritikul momentSi man ukmexi uari SemogviTvala da saWirodac ar CaTvala misi dasabuTeba. rustike askvnis: `yvelaferi amis Semdeg gana saWiro iyo metis dayovneba Cveni mxriT? gana gvecada ufro meti sabuTebisaTvis da gveCvenebina mefis werili, raTa bizantionSi wasuliyo im dros, rodesac sakuTari miwa-wylis farglebSi raRac mokle manZilis gamovlasac ki ar kadrulobda? mere da, gana SesaZlebeli iqneboda mogvexerxebina agrerigad Cvens winaaRmdeg ganwyobili gubazis gagzavna bizantionSi ise, rom amas ar gamoewvia aTasnairi Sinauri ajanyeba, mravali xocva-Jleta, aSkara gadadgoma, sparselTa moulodneli SemoWra?~. kolxis swavluli iuristebis mier berZeni sardlebis sawinaaRmdegod wamoyenebul braldebaTa damajereblobisa da dasabuTebulobis miuxedavad, rustikes sityvam Caafiqra mosamarTle da `aTanasi... kargad Sexvda rustikes sityvebs~. WeSmaritebis dasadgenad saWiro gaxda orive mxaris monawileobiT ganmeorebiTi sasamarTlo sja _ paeqroba, mosamarTlis mier sxva garemoebebis gamokvleva da maTi iuridiuli Sefaseba. samwuxarod, arc kolxi bralmdeblebis, arc berZen strategosTa sityvebi da arc TviT agaTia sqolastikosis cnobebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ris safuZvelze `gamoikvlia yvelaferi da aswon-daswona~ mosamarTlem, CvenTvis cnobili ar aris. arc is viciT, rogor warimarTa mxareTa ganmeorebiTi sasamarTlo paeqroba da a. S. magram dabejiTebiT viciT, rom CvenTvis kargad cnobilma masalebma da, pirvel rigSi, kolx swavlul iuristTa braldebebma naTeli gaxada, rom `mkvleloba Cadenili iyo usamarTlod da kanonis winaaRmdeg~. rac Seexeba rustikes braldebebs gubazis moRalateobisa da tiranobis Sesaxeb, is ar damtkicda. sasamarTlo sja _ paeqrobis Sedegad gairkva, rom `onogurisze laSqrobaSi monawileobis miRebaze medizmis gamo ki ar ambobda uars gubazi, aramed imitom, rom gajavrebuli iyo strategosebze imis gamo, rom maT dakarges onogurisi Tavisi ugunurobisa da daudevrobis wyalobiT~. - 149 -

sasamarTlom sikvdiliT dasaja mkvlelebi da sxva damnaSaveni ise, rogorc amis Sesaxeb imperator iustinianes werilSi iyo miTiTebuli. anonimma qarTvelma swavlulma iuristebma warmatebiT Seasrules bralmdeblis movaleoba. maT imperator iustinianes mier daniSnuli didmoxelis aTanases xelmZRvanelobiT Catarebul sasamarTloze, romelic gubazis mkvlelTa saqmes ixilavda, ara erovnuli, aramed romauli samarTlis mixedviT, Tavi gaarTves urTules saqmes, kerZod, iuridiuli mecnierebis ganviTarebis imdroindeli donis mixedviT naTelyves kolxeTis saxelmwifoSi imperatur iustinianes mier strategosebad daniSnuli berZnebis _ rustikesa da ioanes mier Cadenili mZime danaSauli da misi Znelad gamosakvlevi mxareebi, samarTlis mecnierebis urTulesi institutebi da kategoriebi miusadages da gamoiyenes damnaSaveTa bralis dasadgenad. imperatorma iustinianem berZeni sardlebis gasamarTleba kolxeTSi romauli samarTlis `wesiTa da garegnuli morTulobiT brZana... imitom, rom aq myof barbarosebisaTvis kvexniT eCvenebina romauli wesebi da gaekvirvebina isini amiT~. sasamarTlos sxdoma marTlac garegnulad SiSismomgvrel sanaxaobas warmoadgenda. sasamarTlos moxeleebma (boxxmiani mauwyebelni, gammaTraxebelni) moitanes damnaSaveTa sawamebeli iaraRebi (rkinis jaWvebi, borkilebi, badesakravebi da a. S.). SeiZleba sasamarTlos amgvari garegnuli forma STabeWdilebas axdenda sxdomis zogierT monawileze, magram kolxi swavluli iuristebi da kolxebi ar gaukvirvebia romis samarTals da misi wesebiT mowyobil sasamarTlo process, piriqiT, inkviziciuri sasamarTlo procesis wesebis Sesabamisad, rodesac sikvdilmisjilebs `yelebi gadauWres, maSin yvelani sibraluliT aRivsen da brazobas Tavi daanebes~. rac Seexeba kolx swavlul iuristebs, maT sasamarTlo procesze gamoamJRavnes romis samarTlis romael strategosebze ufro Rrma codna da misi SemoqmedebiTi gamoyenebis unari. kolxi swavluli iuristebi ufro jansaRad afaseben sasamarTlos Catarebas ara kolxeTis samarTlis, aramed romis samarTlis mixedviT. kolxi swavluli iuristebi, berZnebi- 150 -

sagan gansxvavebiT, sasamarTlos miuTiTeben: `Cven vfiqrobT, rom axlandeli samsjavroc xalxis saerTo didebisaTvis moawyveT, raTa yvelas gaego, rom Tqven arasdros ar gdomebiaT, kolxebs aseTi saSineli Zaladoba ganecadaT~. kolxi swavluli iuristebi safuZvlianad icnoben imdroindeli msoflios samarTlis sistemebs, erTmaneTisagan asxvaveben sxvadasxva qveynis samarTals da mis Taviseburebebs, gvaZleven samarTlis normebis mecnierul klasifikacias da mis kriteriumebs. samarTlis sistemaSi arsebuli gansxvavebis warmosaCenad, isini miuTiTeben normebis klasifikaciis Semdeg or kriteriumze: pirveli, samarTlis normebi maTi erovnuli kuTvnilebis mixedviT; meore, samarTlis normebi maTi bunebis, Sinaarsisa da gadmocemis formebis mixedviT. erovnuli kuTvnilebis mixedviT samarTlis normebi iyofa or kategoriad: pirveli _ romis samarTali da meore _ barbarosTa samarTali, anu mamapapuri samarTlis normebi. samarTlis am klasifikaciaze laparakoben ara marto kolxi swavluli iuristebi, aramed berZnebic. kolxi swavluli iuristebi berZeni mosamarTlis yuradRebas amaxvileben romaul samarTalsa da barbarosTa samarTals Soris gansxvavebaze, kerZod, isini amboben: `kanoni Tqveni an barbarosebisa~. agaTia sqolastikosi wers, rom imperatori iustiniane swored am gansxvavebas emyareboda, roca gasca brZaneba ber-Zeni sardlebis saqme garCeuliyo romauli samarTlis mixedviT; am gansxvavebaze warmodgenas gvaZlevs pirvel rigSi TviT agaTia sqolastikosis, da, agreTve, kolxi swavluli iuristebis miTiTebebi, saidanac Cans, rom romauli (berZnuli) sasamarTlo procesi aris inkviziciuri (gamoiyeneba wameba) da amasTan SejibrebiTi, sajaro. kerZod, `orive mxriT kamaTi gaimarTeboda, romlis drosac sasamarTlos mosamsaxureebi aqeT-iqiT ivlidnen, moawesrigebdnen, raTa TiToeul momTxovnTagans wesrigi daecva~. kolxeTSi sasamarTlo procesi ki imarTeboda `saidumlod, barbarosTa wesiT~. garda amisa, romis samarTali, romlis damuSaveba saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi xdeboda gamoirCeoda mwyobri sistemiT. `romaelTa kanonebis simwyobre~ ganasxvavebs mas barbarosTa adaTwesebisagan. - 151 -

bizantiis saxelmwifo cdilobs samarTlebrivi zemoqmedeba moaxdinos kolxeTze, miaRwios imas, rom sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi wesrigdebodes ara kolxuri, aramed romauli samarTlis mixedviT. am niadagze mimdinareobs brZola erovnul, qarTul da bizantiur samarTals Soris. bizantia cdilobda zemoqmedeba moexdina kolxTa sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze da yvela zomas iRebda imisaTvis, rom `isini ufro metad SeCveodnen romaelTa mmarTvelobas~. Tavisuflebismoyvare kolxebisaTvis Zneli Sesaguebelia ucxo samarTlis mixedviT cxovreba, amitom isini cdiloben Tavi daaRwion ucxoelTa batonobas, awyoben ajanyebebs da a. S. agaTia sqolastikosi, gadmoscems ra kolxTa am ganwyobilebas, wers: `mTeli es barbarosuli modgma, Tumca is romaelTa qveSevrdomia, magram Tavisi SexedulebiT Zalian daSorebulia maT... is iswrafvis gadatrialebisa da ajanyebisaken. sanam sxvis xelqveiT aris, mas ar SeuZlia mSvidad cxovreba~. kolxi swavluli iuristebi kargad erkvevian romis samarTlis niuansebSi, moxerxebulad iyeneben romis samarTlis dadgenilebebs da wesebs rustikesa da ioanes braldebis dasasabuTeblad. kolxi swavluli iuristebi sasamarTlo procesze acxadeben, rom `Cven mier Sesrulebuli iqneba kanoniT dawesebuli... magram Tqveni kanonebis mixedviT TviT aSkara da udides ukanono moqmedebaTa Sesaxebac ki miuRebelia, rom ganaCeni ar iqnes gamotanili, sanam saqme ar iqneba garCeuli sityvieri paeqrobis mixedviT~. amrigad, kolxi swavluli iuristebis SexedulebiT, samarTlis klasifikaciis pirveli kriteriumis, e. i. erovnuli kuTvnilebis mixedviT samarTali dayofili unda iyos Semdegnairad: pirveli, romauli samarTali, romelic moqmedebs kolxeTis saxelmwifosTan politikurad dakavSirebul bizantiaSi da, meore, sxva qveynebis samarTali, anu, bizantiis didmpyrobeluri ideologiis mixedviT, danarCeni barbarosuli qveynebis da, kerZod, kolxeTis samarTali, anu mamapapuri adaT _ wesebi. samarTlis am or saxes, romis samarTalsa da erovnuls, am SemTxvevaSi kolxeTis samarTals Soris urTierTdamokidebulebis gansazRvrisas, TiToeuli xalxisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs erovnul, mamapa- 152 -

pur samarTals, radgan igi Camoyalibebulia mocemuli qveynis sazogadoebriv-politikuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis safuZvelze, asaxavs am qveynis xalxis Sexedulebebs da warmodgenebs da a. S. kolxis swavluli iuristebi miuTiTeben, rom iq, sadac `mSobliuri wesebi miviwyebulia,... yvelaferi uwesrigod mimdinareobs~. zemoaRniSnuli samarTlis orive sistema mudam viTardeba da srulyofili xdeba. mis ganviTarebaze zegavlenas ax-dens ara marto mocemuli qveynis saSinao faqtorebi, aramed mezobeli qveynis samarTali da misi progresuli institutebi. amitom, yvela qveynis samarTals, kerZod, romaul da kolxur samarTals Soris yovelTvis SeimCneva saerTo niSnebi, kerZod, erTnairi institutebis arseboba. yvela saxis samarTalSi gvxvdeba iuridiuli aqsiomebi, romelTa moTxovnebs aRiareben da icaven xalxebi. am iuridiul aqsiomebze miuTiTeben anonimi kolxi iuristebi: `romeli kanoni _ Tqveni an barbarosebisa moiwonebs aseT mdgomareobas, rom jer ganaCeni gamoutano adamians, da mere wauyeno braldeba?~ aseTive iuridiul aqsiomas warmoadgens danaSaulisa da sasjelis Tanabarzomiereba, romelzec sagangebod miuTiTeben kolxi iuristebi. ar SeiZleba danaSauli dausjeli darCes, magram damnaSaves unda Seefardos mxolod is sasjeli, romelic kanonSia miTiTebuli, da, saerTod, sasjelis gansazRvrisas unda gamovideT Cadenili danaSaulis sazogadoebrivi saSiSroebidan. sasamarTlo procesze isini mosamarTlis yuradRebas miapyroben imas, rom gubazis mkvlelebs sasamarTlom unda Seufardos `Rirseuli sasjeli~, usamarTloba iqneba damnaSaveebma `Cveni Cvili xasiaTiT isargeblon da ufro naklebi sasjeli miiRon, vidre maT mier Cadenil saqciels Seefereba~ (mux. 11). kolxi swavluli iuristebi sasamarTlo procesze iyeneben ara marto sayovelTaod gavrcelebul iuridiul aqsiomebs, aramed sasamarTlo sja _ paeqrobaSi konkretuli SemTxvevis samarTlebrivi kvalifikaciisas aviTareben cnobili institutebis Sinaarss da am institutTa Taobaze mowinaaRmdegeTa mier Camoyalibebul Sexedulebebs kritikulad - 153 -

afaseben. zemoT Tqmulis naTelsayofad sakmarisia SevCerdeT iseT samarTlebriv institutze, rogoricaa ganzraxva. bizantiis imperatoris iustinianes werilSi laparakia danaSaulebriv ganzraxvaze, romelic vlindeba Sesabamis kanonsawinaaRmdego moqmedebaSi, kerZod, ganzraxvis kanonsawinaaRmdego Sinaarsis kriteriums warmoadgens danaSaulebrivi moqmedeba. mxolod ganzraxva ar iZleva piris dasjis safuZvels, igi unda gamoixatos mis moqmedebaSi, romelic moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT danaSauladaa dadgenili. braldebulebi rustike da ioane amtkiceben, rom Cvens mier gubazis mokvlis faqts ki nu aZlevT mniSvnelobas, mTavaria is ganzraxva, romliTac vxelmZRvanelobdiT, kerZod, bizantiis saxelmwifos ganmtkicebis surviliTo. kolxi swavluli iuristebis mtkicebiT, maSin, rodesac SeuZlebelia WeSmariti ganzraxvis Sinaarsis dadgena piris mier Cadenili danaSaulebrivi qmedebiT, berZeni sardlebis mier gubazis mokvlis WeSmariti ganzraxvis dadgena unda moxdes sxva kategoriebis daxmarebiT, kerZod imis garkveviT, Tu visTvis moaqvs sargebloba gubazis mokvlas _ bizantiisa Tu bizantiis mtrebisaTvis. aseTi kategoria aris sargeblianoba _ unda dadgindes, gubazis mokvla visTvis aris sasargeblo. sparseTis winaaRmdeg mZime omSi `gonier kacs moeTxoveboda ezruna imaze, rom kargi mopyrobis saSualebiT Tavisken miezida ucxo da jer kidev ucnobi erebi. amaT ki isinic romaelebis mtrebad gadaaqcies, romlebic winaT maTi maxlobeli megobrebi iyvnen~. kolxi bralmdeblebi miuTiTeben, rom swored rustikes da ioanes bralia, rom gubazis veragulad mokvliT kolxebi uars amboben bizantiis mokavSireobaze. amdenad, askvnian kolxi swavluli iuristebi, Tu rustikes da ioanes ganzraxvas `gavaSiSvlebT da gamovikvlevT, isini gamoCndebian uborotes mtrebad, sparselTa sasargeblo ganzraxvebis mqoneebad~. berZeni sardlebis _ rustikesa da ioanes mier Cadenili kanonsawinaaRmdego moqmedebis kvalifikaciis dros kolx iuristebs arc is iuridiuli aqsioma gamorCeniaT mxedvelobidan, rom ar SeiZleba jer sikvdilis ganaCeni gamoutano - 154 -

adamians, sisruleSi moiyvano igi da braldeba wauyeno mas Semdeg, rodesac igi ukve aRar aris cocxalTa Soris. kolxma swavlulma iuristebma sasamarTlos yuradReba miaqcies imas, rom berZeni sardlebi swored ase moiqcnen. isini iyvnen gubazis mtrebi da amave dros bralmdeblebi da mosamarTlenic. sayovelTaod aRiarebuli aRniSnuli iuridiuli aqsiomis Tanaxmad, berZeni sardlebi `sanam gubazs mohklavdnen, saWiro iyo, Tuki isini darwmunebulni iyvnen braldebaTa sisworeSi, saqveynod miecaT is sasamarTloSi~. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, samarTlis klasifikaciis meore kriteriums warmoadgens normebis dayofa misi dadgenisa da gadmocemis formisa da iuridiuli Zalis mixedviT. kolxi swavluli iuristebis mtkicebiT, am safuZvlis mixedviT samarTali iyofa Semdeg ZiriTad saxeebad: bunebiT samarTlad da pozitiur samarTlad. bunebiTi samarTali, romelic agaTia sqolastikosis naSromis qarTul TargmanSi yvelgan moixsenieba, rogorc bunebis kanoni, emyareba adamianTa bunebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebs. bunebiTi samarTlis moZRvrebis erT-erTi variantis mixedviT, romelmac axal droSi sruli ganviTareba hpova T. hofsis naSromebSi, adamians bunebiT aqvs Tandayolili SiSis grZnoba da igi eWvis TvaliT uyurebs mis garSemo myofT. adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli am Tvisebis gamo `mtkiced veravis daeyrdnobi da mudam eWviTa da SiSiT unda iyo aRvsili TviT Zalian kargi maxlobelebis mimarTac ki~. kolxi swavluli iuristebi sasamarTlo procesze iurudiul Sefasebas aZleven ra berZeni sardlebis mier Cadenil danaSaulebriv moqmedebas, mosamarTlis yuradRebas miapyroben adamianis bunebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel im Tvisebas, romelsac emyareba bunebiTi samarTali da miuTiTeben, rom gubazis mkvlelebi rustike da ioane `unda CavTvaloT ukidures mtrebad, romlebic Cvengan gamoTiSa bunebis kanonma, Tumca es kanoni Tqvengan xelmowerili araa~. qarTveli swavluli iuristebi mtris cnebas gansazRvraven bunebiTi kanonis Sesaxeb im dros arsebuli moZRvrebiT da sayuradReboa, rom isini miuTiTeben bunebiTi samarTlis axal mxareebze. kerZod, maTi mtkicebiT, bunebiTi samarTliT dadgenili - 155 -

qcevis wesebi adamianTa mier araa dadgenili; isini moqmedeben imisgan damoukideblad, aRiarebuli, dadasturebuli da `xelmowerilia~ Tu ara igi adamianTa mier. bunebiTi samarTali adamianTa nebisagan damoukideblad arsebobs, iurudiuli Zalis mixedviT igi umaRlesia, amitomac adamianebi asruleben da mihyvebian mis wesebs, romlebic adamianebis mier dadgenili araa, magram `Cven mainc mivyvebiT bunebis kanons da es aris, rom yvelaferSi imarjvebs~. bunebiTi samarTlis umaRlesi iuridiuli Zalis gamo adamianebi xelmZRvaneloben mis mier dadgenili qcevis wesebiT, rac gamoixateba misi moTxovnebis mixedviT saxelmwifos mier pozitiuri samarTlis normebis dadgenaSi. samarTlis meore saxe, kolxi swavluli iuristebis miTiTebiT, saxelmwifos mier dadgenili samarTalia. misi brZanebebis Sesruleba aucilebelia sazogadoebis arsebobisaTvis, aravis aqvs ufleba, sakuTari Sexedulebis mixedviT moagvaros sadavo sakiTxebi: `arc Cven, arc sxvebma amgvari ram ar unda gavbedoT, Tu saxelmwifo kanonebis safuZvelze vapirebT cxovrebas~. saxelmwifo kanonebi, anu pozitiuri samarTali, miuTiTebs saxelmwifo xelisuflebis umaRlesobaze, kerZod, mxolod saxelmwifo xelisufleba aris uflebamosili samarTlebrivi gziT moagvaros sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi. igi ukanonod acxadebs imaT moqmedebas, romlebic cdiloben samagieros gadaxdas sakuTari ZalebiT. yvela saxelmwifos, romelic adgens samarTals, igi miaCnia samarTlian samarTlad. kolxi iuristebi mimarTaven mosamarTles, rom Tqven saxelmwifos `erTgulni xarT Tqveni qceviT da uryevni, da samarTliani kanonebiTac xelmZRvanelobT~. samarTali, romliTac bizantielebi xelmZRvaneloben, aris romis samarTali. igi, rogorc berZnebi miuTiTeben agaTia sqolastikosis naSromSi, gamoirCeva mwyobri sistemiT. yvela danarCeni samarTali barbarosTa samarTalia. kolxeTis saxelmwifoSi arsebuli samarTalic barbarosulia, magram mas zogjer mamapapuri adaTis, zogjer ki mSobliuri wesebis saxeliT moixsenieben. iustiniane Tavis werilSi kolxeTis samarTals mama-papis adaTs uwodebs: `daujerebeli da - 156 -

ucnauria is, rac Tqvn macnobeT, saxeldobr, TiTqos gubazs surdes gadaudges mama-papis adaTs da Tavis Zvel, yvelaferSi erTazrovne winamZRolebs, e.i. romaelebs, da gadavides misdami mtrulad ganwyobil, sruliad ucxo da sxva sarwmunoebis mimdevar sparselTa mxareze~. rustike da ioane qedmaRlurad upirispireben romis samarTals kolxurs da mas barbarosuls uwodeben. kolxi swavluli iuristebi ki saTanadod afaseben romis samarTals, miuTiTeben mis maRal Teoriul doneze, srulebiTac ar miaCniaT misi normebis Sesruleba erovnuli Rirsebis damcirebad, magram amasTan, saTanado pativs scemen da TiToeuli qveynis xalxTa cxovrebaSi gadamwyvet mniSvelobas aniWeben mSobliur, mamapapur wesebs. humanisti kolxi swavluli iuristebi gamodian xalxTa da saxelmwifoTa samarTlebrivi Tanasworobis poziciebidan da socialuri urTierTobis sferoSi wamoWrili sakiTxebis gadaWrisas umTavres mniSvnelobas aniWeben adamianTa bunebas da misTvis damaxasiaTebel rogorc Tandayolil, aseve sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis TaviseburebaTa Sesabamisad SeZenil Tvisebebs. Sua saukuneebSi gabatonebuli religiuri warmodgenebi, ra Tqma unda, Seadgens maTi msoflmxedvelobis ganmsazRvrel mniSvnelovan nawils, magram sazogadoebrivi movlenebis axsnisas isini aranakleb mniSvnelobas aniWeben adamianis gonebas. humanizmi kolxi swavlulebis msoflmxedvelobis ganmsazRvrelia.

- 157 -

literatura T. yauxCiSvili, berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Tb, 1977. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. 2, 1973. s. yauxCiSvili, georgika, 1. misive ritorikuli ganaTlebis centrebi Zvel kolxeTSi. georgika. bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, t. 3, berZnuli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca da ganmartebebi daurTo simon yauxCiSvilma, Tbilisi, 1936.

- 158 -

adamianis uflebebi qarTul yofiT kulturaSi

levan berZeniSvili ukanasknel xanebSi praqtikulad aRaravin daobs dRevandeli qarTuli sazogadoebisa da Tanamedrove qarTuli saxelmwifos principulad dasavluri arCevanis Taobaze 1. amave dros, ukve aranair eWvs ar iwvevs is garemoebac, rom demokratiis gzaze, ukanaskneli aTwleulis manZilze gadadgmuli mokrZalebuli nabijebis miuxedavad, samoqalaqo ganviTarebisa da samoqalaqo mSeneblobis sferoSi saqarTvelo mowinave qveynad ver CaiTvleba 2. Sesabamisad, Cvens winaSe dRes iseTive aqtualobiT dgas saxelmwifo mSeneblobisa da samoqalaqo ganviTarebis saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi amocana, rogorc es idga meoce saukunis dasasruls saqarTvelos mier damoukideblobis meoce saukuneSi kidev erTxel deklarirebis dros. rac mTavaria, sabolood moxda im faqtis aRiareba, rom amgvari mSenebloba Cvens sazogadoebaSi sruliad SesaZlebelia, e.i. Teoriulad aRiarebulia, rom amgvari mSeneblobisaTvis saqarTveloSi arsebobs myari istoriuli, kulturuli da yofiTi safuZveli 3. amave dros, jerjerobiT ar mimdinareobs am fenomenis specialuri Seswavla.
1

gansxvavebebi Tavs iCenen mxolod terminologiis doneze, vinaidan

moixmareba terminebi dasavleTi~, dasavluri mimarTuleba~, evropuli integracia~, evro-atlantikuri sivrce~, aSS, rogorc strategiuli partniori~ da a. S. es gansxvavebebi mxolod dasavleTis lokalizebas exeba da
2

ara

principul

arCevans,

romelic

erTxel

da

samudamod

ukve

gakeTebulia da revizias axlo momavalSi ar eqvemdebareba. es, ra Tqma unda, evfemizmia, radgan saqarTvelo araTu mowinave qveynad ver CaiTvleba, aramed sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rogorc nawilobriv Tavisufali qveyana~ da aSkarad CamorCeba aRmosavleT evropis qveynebs Tavisi sazogadoebrivi da samoaqalo ganviTarebis donis mixedviT.
3

amgvari daskvna sul cota xnis winac ki gadaWarbebulad optimisturad

miiCneoda, magram evropuli tipis xaverdovani, vardebis revoluciis Semdeg igi aRiqmeba rogorc truizmi.

dRes ukve bevri Cveni TanamemamulisaTvis da zogierTi ucxoeli keTilis msurvelisaTvis eWvs aRar iwvevs is garemoeba, rom momavali qarTuli sazogadoebis Senoba daefuZneba istoriulad Camoyalibebul, ukve arsebul realur kulturul-socialur da samoqalaqo-politikur fundaments. amave dros, isic cxadad aris cnobili, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mSenebloba SeuZlebelia cariel adgilze, Tundac im ubralo mizeziT, rom dRevandel samyaroSi socialur sferoSi carieli adgilebi principulad aRar arsebobs. Sesabamisad, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mSeneblobas saqarTveloSic SeiZleba Sexvdes obieqturi winaaRmdegoba, rogorc es momxdara sxva qveynebSi, magaliTad, Soreuli aRmosavleTisa da, gansakuTrebiT, axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebSi. gamocdileba gvaCvenebs, rom es winaaRmdegoba gansakuTrebiT mZafria, Tu mas kulturuli da istoriuli miuReblobis xasiaTi axlavs. unda vaRiaroT, rom miuxedavad mravali Teoretikosis optimisturi koncefciisa, yvela kultura erTnair pirobebs ver uqmnis samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mSeneblobis process 4.
4

aq ar SeiZleba ar gavixsenoT futurologiuri konteqsti. meoce saukunis wlebi aRiniSna momavali samyaros ori diametrulad

ukanaskneli

gansxvavebuli koncefciis CamoyalibebiT. pirveli Tavis programul SromaSi istoriis dasasruli~ warmoadgina frensis fukuiamam (arsebobs am wignis mSvenieri qarTuli Targmani), meore ki Tavis statiaSi civilizaciaTa Setakeba~ Camoayaliba semuel hantingtonma. orive es naSromi imdenjer iyo komentirebuli, gaazrebuli da gadaazrebuli, rom maT Tavisdauneburad bipolaruli opoziciis xasiaTi SeiZines. fukuiamas azri imdenad na-Teli da gamWvirvale iyo, rom imTaviTve etyoboda, rom absoluturad swori ver iqneboda; am koncefciis mixedviT, liberalur RirebulebaTa dasavluri sistema aris universaluri da saboloo, radgan socialuri mowyobis yvela sxva alternativam, faSizmma, komunizmma da Teokratiulma saxelmwifom ideur plastSi amowures Tavisi Tavi. Tanamedrove istoria dasrulda franguli da amerikuli revoluciebiT, rodesac daibada liberaluri demokratiis idea. amis Semdeg daiwyo postistoria~, romelSic qveynebis nawili rCeboda Zvel~ istoriaSi, xolo ganviTarebuli nawili ukve postistoriaSi~. rac Seexeba hantingtons, man

160

socialuri kapitali demokratiuli procesis warmatebuli mimdinareobisaTvis aucilebelia arsebobdes sazogadoeba, romelSic istoriuli ganviTarebis Sedegad dagrovilia e.w. socialuri kapitali~. socialuri kapitali gulisxmobs socialuri organizaciis (principebis, normebis, struqturebis) im Taviseburebebs, romelTac SeuZliaT ganamtkicon sazogadoebis mier ganxorcielebul koordinirebul moqmedebaTa efeqtianoba. kapitalis sxva formebis msgavsad socialuri kapitalic sawarmoo kapitalia, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs ganvaxorcieloT garkveuli miznebi, romlebic miuRwevelia misi ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi; magaliTad, jgufs, romlis wevrebic erTmaneTs endobian, gacilebiT ufro metis gakeTeba SeuZlia, vidre jgufs, romelSic aseTi ndoba ar arsebobs. Cveni statiis mizania swored amgvari socialuri kapitalis aRmoCena~ qarTul yofiT kulturaSi, sadac igi istoriulad da stiqiurad Camoyalibda. socialuri kapitali badebs TanamSromlobisken ltolvas. misi formebis nairsaxeobas warmoadgens e. w. moraluri resursebi~, romelTa moculoba moxmarebis proTavisi naSromi gamoaqveyna 1993 wels. arian misi koncefciis didi mixedviT britaneTi,

saxelmwifo-naciebi,

rogorebic

germania,

safrangeTi, aSS, CineTi, ruse-Ti gadava meore planze da Sin wamoiweven civilizaciebi anu saxelmwifoTa blokebi, gaerTianebuli religiuri da kulturuli civilizaciebs memkvidreobis Soris. principebiT. da iqneba saxezea mudmivi omi hantingtonis azriT, konfucianuri,

islamuri, induisturi, dasavluri da marTlmadidebluri blokebi. kamaTi am or did mecniersa da maT mimdevrebs Soris erTbaSad da moulodnelad Sewyda 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers da hantingtonis, rogorc istoriis winaswar marTlad mWvretelis, reputacia Seuryeveli gaxda. magram istoriam, romelic cnobilia Tavisi ironiulobiT, koreqtivebi Seitana hantingtonis mwyobr TeoriaSi: swored amis Semdeg moxda vardebis revolucia~ saqarTveloSi, romelmac sinamdvileSi saxelmwifo-naciebis Camoyalibebis procesisa da civilizaciis blokebs Soris moZraobis (marTlmadidebulurdasavluri gadasvlis~) ideis sicocxlisunarianoba daadas-tura.

161

cesSi ki ar mcirdeba, aramed izrdeba; es resursebi amoiwureba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki isini ar gamoiyeneba. rac ufro eyrdnobian adamianebi erTmaneTs, miT ufro maRalia urTierTndobis xarisxi. socialuri kapitalis sxva formebic, rogoricaa socialuri normebi da urTierTkavSirebi, aseve Zlierdebian maTi gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi da dnebian gamouyeneblobis SemTxvevaSi. socialuri kapitalis erT-erTi specifikuri niSani isaa, rom igi Cveulebriv warmoadgens saerTo qonebas, maSin roca kapitali fuladi saxiT, rogorc wesi, kerZo pirebs ekuTvniT. rogorc atributi socialuri struqturisa, romelSic damkvidrebulia adamiani, socialuri kapitali ar warmoadgens mis mosargeble pirTa kerZo sakuTrebas. sxva sajaro sikeTis msgavsad, socialuri kapitali xSirad ar aris daculi da Senaxuli adamianTa mier. ndoba, romelic aucilebelia sazogadoebrivi integraciisa da TanamSromlobisaTvis, sulac ar aris brma. igi Tavis TavSi moicavs moqmedi pirebis saqcielis prognozs. mcirericxovan sazogadoebebSi, romelTa magaliTsac warmoadgens saqarTvelos sazogadoebac, aseTi prognozi ZiriTadad pirad nacnobobas da uSualo ndobas~ emyareba; did da ufro garTulebul sazogadoebriv sistemebSi (rogoric SeiZleba aRmoCndes Cveni sazogadoebac) saWiro xdeba ndobis iseTi arapersonaluri~ anu iribi~ formebis amoqmedebac, romlebic ar eyrdnoba pirad nacnobobas. sazogadoebrivi integraciisaTvis principuli mniSvneloba aqvs im process, romelSic piradi ndoba socialur ndobad iqceva. rTul socialur sistemebSi ndoba aRiZvreba ori urTierTdakavSirebuli wyarodan _ urTierTdamokidebulebis normebi-dan da samoqalaqo CarTulobis struqturebidan. balansirebuli urTierTdamokidebuleba gulisxmobs TanabarZalovani momsaxurebebis erTdroul gacvlas. megobroba, magaliTad, eyrdnoba saerTo urTierTdamokidebulebas _ jer kidev ciceroni aRniSnavda, rom ar arsebobs ufro mniSvnelovani vali, vidre sikeTis dabrunebaa~. 162

sazogadoebris integraciaSi gansakuTrebul rols asrulebs sanaTesao kavSirebi. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, sisxlis naTesaoba SeiZleba Sedardes samoqalaqo monawileobis horizontalur kavSirebs, magram ojaxi, rogorc socialuri movlena, gacilebiT ufro universaluria. amave dros, samoqalaqo monawileobis struqturebi Tavis TavSi moicavs sazogadoebis ufro vrcel segmentebs da amiT ganamtkiceben TanamSromlobas Temis doneze. ironia imaSi mdgomareobs, rom koleqtiur moqmedebaTa pirobebis uzrunvelsayofad Zlieri~ pirovnebaTaSorisi kavSirebi (naTesaoba, moyvroba, axlo megobroba) naklebad mniSvnelovania, vidre susti~ kavSirebi (nacnoboba da organizaciaTa erToblivi wevroba). susti kavSirebi ufro meti xarisxiT aaxloeben sxvadasxva mcire jgufebis wevrebs, maSin roca Zlieri jgufebi aerTianeben adamianebs erTi konkretuli jgufis CarCoebSi 5. qarTuli mentalitetis problemebi samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, rogorc aseTi, ar aris ucxo saqarTvelosTvis, raki misi kultura da gabatonebuli cxovrebis wesi efuZneba im civilizacias da tradicias, romlis wiaRSic Camoyalibda samoqalaqo sazogadoebis idea. amave dros, aravisTvis saidumlo ar aris, rom Cvens sazogadoebaSi arsebobs warmodgenaTa da iluziaTa mTeli sistema, romlis mixedviTac samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Rirebulebebi, SesaZloa, ucxo ar iyos elitaruli qarTuli kulturisaTvis, magram is, TiTqosda, miuRebelia qarTvelebisaTvis, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, yofiT doneze. winamdebare statia am mizansac isaxavs, am Tezisis ganmartebasac gulisxobs: swored qarTvelobis yofiT doneze Cans, rom adamianis uflebebi da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis sxva struqturuli elementebi warmoadgenen Cveni cxovrebis ara atributul, aramed substanciur da arsebiTad bunebriv Semadgenel nawils.
5

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, krebuli, redaqtorebi levan berZeniSvili da

giga bokeria, Tbilisi 1998, gv. 56.

163

upirveles yovlisa, ganvixiloT is winaaRmdegoba, rac arsebobs Cvens sazogadoebaSi daweril da dauwerel normebs, kanonsa da cxovrebas Soris. Zalian sainteresoa, rom qveyanaSi, romelsac, sul cota, ax. w. V saukunidan ukve moepoveba maRalxarisxovani rogorc Targmnili, ise originaluri literaturuli werilobiTi Zeglebi, daweril teqstsa an kanonTan SedarebiT principuli upiratesoba, zepir metyvelebas da dauwerel normas eniWeba. es Tavisebureba kulturisa imdenad TvalSi sacemia, rom Cveni sazogadoebisTvis sapatio bevri adamiani, romelsac Tamamad SeiZleba Tanamedrove termini opinionmeikeri~ (sazogadoebrivi azris Camomyalibebeli) mivusadagoT, mxolod laparakobs da ar wers _ saxezea Cveni kulturis Tavisebureba, misi artistuli, ironiuli da sokratuli xasiaTi. dawerilis da dauwerelis cnebebis gamosakveTad Cveni kulturis erT Taviseburebas unda gavusvaT xazi. es Tavisebureba, yovel SemTxvevaSi, dRevandel sinqronul WrilSi mdgomareobs Cveni kulturis mier Tavis utyuar liderad mxatvruli literaturis (sakuTari, Sida~ terminiT _ mwerlobis~), xolo eris sulier moZRvrebad mwerlebis aRiarebaSi, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, Cveni kulturis literaturacentrizmSi. Semoqmedeba, ufro zustad ki, mxatvrulliteraturuli artefaqtebi, Tavisi mniSvnelobiT saqarTveloSi imdenad aSkarad aRemateba daweril samoqalaqo kanonebs, rom amaze msjelobac ki cota xnis win arapatriotulad iTvleboda. zemoTqmuls ramdenime Sedegi aqvs da xuTaskaciani mweralTa kavSiri da mweralTa mravalricxovani alternatiuli gaerTianebebi mxolod erT-erTi Sedegia. ufro mniSvnelovani Sedegi ki is aris, rom saqarTveloSi yvela srulwlovan adamians moeTxoveba ninos cxovrebis~, SuSanikis wamebis~ da vefxistyaosnis~ sakmaod safuZvliani, me vityodi, viwro filologiuri da

164

profesiuli codna 6, magram mTel qveyanaSi arc aravis moeTxoveba da specialistebis garda arc aravin icis qarTuli kanonmdeblobis arc erTi met-naklebad mniSvnelovani Zegli. garda amisa, qveyana savsea avtomoyvarulebiT, romlebmac saerTod ar ician sagzao moZraobis wesebi da a. S. ganvixiloT ukanaskneli SemTxveva avtomoyvarulebisa da sagzao moZraobis wesebis Sesaxeb. am, erTi SexedviT, martiv faqtSi kondensirebulia uzarmazari da mravalferovani informacia qarTuli yofiTi kulturisa da saxelmwifo mowyobis Sesaxeb. am faqtidan gamomdinare, upirveles yovlisa, Cans, rom kanonisadmi damokidebuleba normaluri ar aris; garda amisa, Cans, rom qveyanaSi korufciam miaRwia ukontrolo masStabebs, raki SesaZlebelia sagzao moZraobis wesebis elementarul doneze arcodnis SemTxvevaSic ki masobrivad gaices marTvis mowmobebi; garda amisa, Cans, rom adamianebs arafrad uRirT sakuTari usafrTxoeba (amis erT-erTi niSania usafrTxoebis qamrebisadmi agdebuli erovnuli~ damokidebulebac, gaumarTavi manqanebiT moZraobis siyvarulic da a. S.); Cans, rom adamianebs arafrad miaCniaT sxvisi usafrTxoeba; Cans, rom adamianebi mzad arian ukanono gziT gadaixadon fuli imaSi, rom sakuTar da sxvis sicocxles safrTxe Seuqmnan, anu Tavi safrTxeSi Caigdon da korufciis gamoyenebiT maqsimalurad moiswrafon sicocxle da SeiZinon sikvdili~. anu, Tuki Semoqmedebis sferoSi mxatvruli nawarmoebis teqsti aRzrdisa da socializaciis procesSi aqtiurad monawileobs, samoqalaqo kanonebs socializaciis procesSi aranairi an TiTqmis aranairi mniSvneloba ar eniWeba 7. Tuki
6

magaliTad, moswavlem unda icodes, Tu ratom ver daiwereboda SuSanikis

wameba~ ama Tu im wlamde an ama Tu im wlis Semdeg, anu termini ante non et post non. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom didi mecnieruli aplombiT axalgazrdebs Caagoneben, rom es Zegli ver iqneba pirveli qarTuli nawarmoebi, radgan igi maRali xarisxisaa _ am ideebis avtorebs iliada~ da odisea~ aSkarad dabali xarisxis nawarmoebebi hgoniaT.
7

emzar

jgerenaia,

Tavisufleba

wesrigis

winaaRmdeg

qarTul

sazogadoebaSi, Tbilisi 2004 (xelnaweri).

165

gaviziarebT maqs veberis mosazrebas, rom nacionaluri xasiaTis formirebaSi religia erT-erT gadamwyvet rols asrulebs~ 8, maSin Cveni sazogadoebis dRevandeli yofisTvisac marTlmadideblobis erTgvar uformobas~ da socialur filosofiaSi mis ganufenlobas~ arsebiTi mniSvneloba unda hqondes 9. Cveni samoqalaqo cxovrebis Tavisebureba, upirveles yovlisa, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Cveni xelisufleba Tavis mierve miRebul kanonebs principulad ar asrulebs da arc apirebs Seasrulos; metic, rodesac igi amzadebs, wers da bolos procedurebis dacviT an amgvarTa daucvelad iRebs ama Tu im kanons, man ukve kargad icis, rom am kanonebs ar Seasrulebs. saxezea Cveni sazogadoebis mTavari Tavisebureba, misi farisevloba, romelic istoriulad Camoyalibda, rogorc sruliad gasagebi TavdacviTi meqanizmi. me darwmunebuli var, rom am movlenas mxolod sabWoTa axsna ar gaaCnia. arc mxolod rusuli imperializmia sakmarisi argumenti qarTuli farisevlobis gasagebad. swored ise, rogorc winaresabWoTa da winarerusul epoqaSi, magaliTad, Cveni ganaTlebuli mefis, vaxtang meeqvsis epoqaSi, dResac qveynis biurokratiuli marTva efuZneba ara formalur wesebs, aramed am wesebis uwesobaSi transformirebas, maTi Sinaarsidan wesrigis ideis gamodevnas, maT gapoeturebas, gamiTebas, verbalizacias, gasityvebas~, gamowesebas~, gadaazrebas~, maT miTopoetur gadatanas iseT formatSi, romel8

Cemi azriT, es debuleba aris istoriuli, anu TavisTavad swori, magram ara

universaluri. evropeli xalxebis nacionaluri xasiaTis formirebaSi religiam marTlac Seasrula erT-erTi gadamwyveti roli, rodesac es xasiaTi droulad Camoyalibda; magram igive debuleba aSkarad usafuZvlo SiSs unergavs e.w. dagvianebul~ sazogadoebebs, romlebic, rogorc meaTerTmete Jamis muSakni, mainc ewevian demokratiis sasufevelsa cisasa.
9

iqve. e. jgerenaias es moxseneba Cafiqrebulia rogorc proeqtis nawili, mizans Seadgens Tavisuflebisa da wesrigis Sesaxeb Cvens

romlis

sazogadoebaSi arsebuli narativebis da diskursuli praqtikebis kvleva. Tavad is faqti, rom am sakiTxs aseTi seriozuli sociologiuri kvleva eZRvneba mis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobaze metyvelebs.

166

Sic formalur wesebs ukve ara aqvT gadamwyveti mniSvneloba da davebi wydeba vieTTame moyvrobiT, vieTTame megobrobiT, vieTTame moridebiT, vieTTame RvTis uridvelobiT, vieTTame miRebiTa qrTamiTa~. axla ufro gasagebi xdeba, poeturi, samwerlobo, Teatraluri, metaforuli, anu ufro ganzogadebulad rom vTqvaT, iracionaluri diskursi ratom iyo dRemde erTaderTi SesaZlebeli diskursi saqarTveloSi. swored zemoTqmulis gamo mTavari qarTuli saazrovno formati aris literaturuli Tema, romelsac xangrZlivi mecadineobiT rogorc mTavar nacionalur yalibs unergaven aRsazrdelebs formalurad qarTuli enisa da literaturis, sinamdvileSi ki Zveli qarTuli ideologiis (kanonebisadmi daumorCileblobisa da nacionaluri gamorCeulobis) maswavleblebi. Cven araerTgzis gvinaxavs, Tu rogor asrulebdnen am dausrulebel Tematur~ variaciebs Cveni dargobrivi da saxelmwifo ministrebi Cvenive aw ukve yofili prezidentis meTaurobiT e. w. mTavrobis oTxSabaTis sxdomebze. qarTuli yofiTi kulturis daxasiaTebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom saskolo da sauniversiteto ganaTlebis kerebidan aTvisebuli saliteraturo Tema, rogorc azrovnebis wesi, seriozul rols asrulebs saxelmwifo da zogierTi kerZo mediis diskursSi, romelSic esTetikuri da subieqturi informacia mniSvnelovnad aRemateba semantikursa da obieqturs 10. am SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia diskursebis aRreva; magaliTad, saxelmwifo televizii10

igulisxeba esTetikuri da semantikuri informaciis dayofa, romelic

SemogvTavaza frangma mecnierma a. molma. molis mixedviT, semantikuria is informacia, romelic informaciis mimRebSi moqmedebas aRZravs, xolo esTetikuri _ is, romelic mxolod emociebs aRZravs; magaliTad, amindis prognozi safrangeTSi frangisTvis semantikuri informaciaa (wvimiani amindis prognozirebisas parizeli sawvimars Caicvams da qolgiT SeiaraRdeba), xolo qarTvelisTvis _ esTetikuri (SeuZlia warmoidginos kapucinebis bulvari wvimaSi).

167

saTvis Cveulebrivi movlenaa axali ambebisa (niusis diskursi) da maradiuli Temebis (religiuri diskursi) aRreva. yovelive zemoTqmulma Tanamedrove saqarTvelos istoriis matarebelze erTgvari dagvianeba~ gamoiwvia. Tuki gaviziarebT o. kontis Tvalsazriss, romlis Tanaxmadac yvela sazogadoeba evropuli tipis sazogadoebisken miiswrafvis, Cvenma sazogadoebam am mimarTulebiT swrafi nabijebi unda gadadgas da daCqareba~ da daweva~ Cveni qveynis gadarCenis erTaderTi saSualebaa. ganaTlebuli kaci mravalgzis aRniSnula, rom saqarTveloSi ganaTleba rCeba erT-erT umniSvnelovanes erovnul Rirebulebad. ganaTlebuli kaci~ Cvens sazogadoebaSi moqalaqisaTvis SesaZlebeli da dasaSvebi statusia. garkveuli gagebiT, ganaTlebuli kaci~ konkurenciasac ki uwevs erovnul RirebulebaTa skalaze erT-erT yvelaze maRal statuss, kacur kacs~ (xSirad aRniSnavs swored imas, rom adamiani megobrobas, naTesaobas, nacnobobas da, ubralod, iracionalur kacobas~ da dauwerel gagebas~ daweril kanonebze da saxelmwifoze maRla ayenebs). garda imisa, rom qarTuli sazogadoeba adasturebs ganaTlebuli adamianisadmi Tavis pativiscemas, igi mzadaa, ganaTlebaSi Tavisi finansebic daabandos. cnobilia, rom Cvens sazogadoebas fulis gadaxda saerTod ar uyvars, Tuki moqmedeba restoranSi ar xdeba, magram ganaTleba is sferoa, sadac aseTi ram principulad SesaZlebelia: utyuari faqtia, rom qarTveli mSoblebi solidur Tanxebs ixdian Svilebis ganaTlebaSi. es xdeba zogad-saganmanaTleblo skolaSi, daqiravebul repetitorebTan, umaRles saswavleblebSi. sazogadoebis mdgomareobis safuZvlianad gasaanalizeblad gansakuTrebiT tevadia is informacia, rom mSoblebis didi nawili mzadaa ara mxolod daafinansos swavla, anu gadaixados swavlis qira, aramed fuli gadaixados Svilebis umaRles saswavlebelSi mowyobaSic~. metic, umaRles saswavlebelSi swavlis gagrZeleba saqarTveloSi ara imdenad abiturientis, ramdenadac abiturientis mSoblis Rirsebisa 168

da kacobis (sazogadoebrivi reitingis) saqmea. Svilisadmi siyvarulisa da mamaSviluri an dedaSviluri movaleobis Sesrulebis motiviT mSobeli danaSauls Cadis da fuls uxdis ganaTlebis korumpirebul muSaks im mizniT, rom am ukanasknelma codnis xarisxi ki ar Seamowmos, aramed fuli daiTvalos da bavSvi~ universitetSi (kolejSi, institutSi, prestiJul skolaSi, sabavSvo baRSi) Caricxos. Sesabamisad, paradoqsia, magram faqtia, rom mSobeli uxvad afinansebs sakuTari Svilis gaunaTleblobas da farulad ebrZvis erovnul sibrZnes, romelic RaRadebs, rom is urCevnia mamulsa, rom Svili sjobdes mamasa~. ukanaskneli ormoci wlis manZilze korufciam umaRles saswavleblebSi arnaxul gaqanebas miaRwia 11. am saganmanaTleblo diskursSi Camoyalibda sruliad axali terminologia, romelmac sazogadoebis arainicirebuli~ wevri SeiZleba daabnios kidec: reqtoris sia~ (profanebisTvis: es aris abiturientebis sia, romelic garkveuli angarebiTi an uangaro kacuri~ motiviT Seadgina umaRlesi saswavleblis reqtorma; es abiturientebi raRac manqanebiT, magari an rbili korufciuli meqanizmebis amoqmedebiT aucileblad gaxdebian studentebi); paroli~ (profanebisTvis: es aris teqsti 12, an teqnikuri miniSneba 13, romlis mixedviTac mosyidulma gamsworebelma mravalTagan 14 unda amoicnos sasur11

sagamocdo

korufciis

maRali

done

mxatvrul

literatura-Si

samocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisSi daadastura nodar dumbaZem romanSi nu geSinia, deda~. kerZod aq popularuli eniTaa axsnili, ras niSnavs didi fuli (Svidasi maneTi) samedicino institutis abiturientisTvis (mag fuliTo, erTi personaJi uxsnis abiturientis soflidan Camosul babuas, stadionTan mzesumzira iyideo. ese igio, Svidasi maneTi sasacilod cotaao ganaTlebis sistemis korumpirebuli muSakebisTviso). sainteresoa, rom am antisabWoTa~ gamoxtomisTvis mwerals Tavs daeca momavali parlamentari da ukve maSin mwerali revaz miSvelaZe da Tavis kritikul~ opusSi nodar dumbaZe SesaniSnavi sabWoTa sinamdvilis borot damaxinjeba-Si amxila~. 12 magaliTad, ar arsebobs mwerali, romelic...~
13 14

magaliTad, meore striqonis mesame sityvaSi gadaxazuli aso a~. teqnikur enaze maT ewodebaT upatrono~ Temebi.

169

veli abiturientis naSromi); kidev vis ecodineba komisiaSi?~ (am kiTxvas mSoblis mier mosyidvis procesSi aucileblad svams komisiis wevri, rom Tanabrad da samarTlianad~ gaanawilos korufciuli Sroma sagnobriv komisiaSi); qarTuli da istoria ki, magram samarTalmcodneoba?~ (teqstis mixedviT, es sagani ufro Zneli Casawyobia, magram mainc ewyoba); Cemamde moitanon~ (mosyiduli komisiis wevri ver uzrunvelyofs parolis meSveobiT teqstis amocnobas, magram Tuki am Sromas vinme sxva wevri gaswevs, is mzadaa, teqstze imuSaos~) igive pasta~ (abiturientma Tavisi pasta unda dautovos gamsworebels, romlis arsenalSi am saweri kalmis garda aucileblad Sedis Txeli samarTebeli, e. w. britva~ da teqstTan muSaobis xangrZlivi gamocdileba). miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, bolo xanebSi aSkarad gamoikveTa principuli cvlilebebic am sferoSi. im socialuri fenebis warmomadgenlebSi, romelTac sxvadasxva, maT Soris aSkarad korufciuli saSualebiT, gauCndaT fuli, sul ufro popularuli xdeba SvilebisTvis namdvili ganaTlebis micemis idea: bevri aseTi moqalaqis Svili sakmaod maRali xarisxis ganaTlebas ucxoeTis umaRles saswavleblebSi iRebs yovelgvari Cawyobisa~ da pedagogiuri korufciis gareSe. garda amisa, icvleba ganaTlebisadmi damokidebuleba axalgazrdebSic. sabWoTa droSi ganaTlebulad, upirveles yovlisa, miiCneoda adamiani, romelsac zogadi ganaTleba hqonda, anu cot-cota icoda yvelaferze, Tumca am yvelaferSi~ aSkarad Warbobda msoflio codnis humanitaruli nawili. amave dros, bevri, sabWouri gagebiT ganaTlebuli adamiani, rogorc wesi, sakuTar dargSi saSualo Tanrigis profesiul codnasac ar flobda. Sesabamisad, Tqven SeiZleba mogmsaxurebodaT taqsis mZRoli, romelmac icoda vefxistyaosani, magram kargad ver erkveoda qalaqis geografiaSi da ver agnebda TqvenTvis sasurvel quCas. me piradad kargad vicnobdi filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtors da profesors, romelic brwyinvaled erkveoda msoflio sportSi, magram realuri warmodgena ar hqonda im saganze, romelsac wlebis manZilze aswavlida. amJamad amgvari damokidebuleba 170

gacilebiT ufro pragmatulad ganwyobil axalgazrdebSi icvleba profesiuli codnis sasargeblod, rasac TavisTavad axlavs zogadi gaunaTleblobis axali paradoqsebic, magram mTlianobaSi unda vaRiaroT, rom sazogadoeba am TvalsazrisiT ganviTarebis swor gzaze dgas. aseve umniSvnelo ar unda iyos, rom im Rirebulebebs Soris, romelic politikosebs unda axasiaTebdes mravali gamokiTxvis mixedviT sazogadoebam ganaTlebac daasaxela. ukanasknel xanebSi icvleboda ganaTlebis miRebis miznebic da saSualebebic. gansakuTrebiT TvalSi mosaxvedria rusuli enis rolis daknineba da inglisuri enis rolis ganuxreli~ (komunistebis sayvareli termini iyo) zrda. ganviTarebis erT etapze, romelic saqarTvelom, sabednierod, ukve gaiara, inglisurisa da kompiuteris codna (ra Tqma unda, orive SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeboda minimaluri codna) ganaTlebulobis erTaderT kriteriumadac iqca. sabolood Camoyalibda azri, rom inglisuri enac da kompiuteruli, qseluri da sakomunikacio da teqnologiebic mxolod saSualebaa namdvili ganaTlebis dasaufleblad. Zalian saintereso cvlilebebi xdeba ganaTlebis sferoSi adamianis uflebebis SeWris TvalsazrisiT. rogorc cnobilia, adamianis uflebaTa deklaraciis 26-e muxlis sami punqti asea Camoyalibebuli: 1) yovel adamians aqvs ganaTlebis ufleba. ganaTleba ufaso unda iyos sul mcire, dawyebiT da zogad doneze. dawyebiTi ganaTleba unda iyos savaldebulo. teqnikuri da profesiuli ganaTleba unda iyos sayovelTaod xelmisawvdomi, umaRlesi ganaTleba ki _ erTnairad xelmisawvdomi yvelasaTvis maTi unaris Sesabamisad. 2) ganaTleba mimarTuli unda iyos adamianis pirovnebis sruli ganviTarebisa da adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa pativiscemis gaZlierebisaken. ganaTlebam xeli unda Seuwyos yvela xalxis, yvela rasobrivi Tu religiuri jgufis urTierTgagebas, Semwynareblobasa da megobrobas da gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis moRvaweobas mSvidobis SesanarCuneblad. 3) mSoblebs aqvT TavianTi mcirewlovani SvilebisaTvis ganaTlebis arCevis prioriteti. 171

Cvenma sazogadoebam rogorc politikosebis, ise sazogado moRvaweebis aqtiobis Sedegad miaRwia imas, rom ganaTleba formalurad ufasoa dawyebiT da zogad doneze 15. ra Tqma unda, dRevandel saqarTveloSi umaRlesi ganaTleba erTnairad xelmisawvdomi ar aris yvelasaTvis maTi unaris Sesabamisad, magram sazogadoebrivi azri Cvens qveyanaSi swored amgvar standarts moiTxovs, anu yofiTi kulturis doneze dafiqsirebulia swored is standarti, romelic adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciiT aris moTxovnili. ukanasknel xanebSi qarTul yofiT kulturaSi mkvidrdeba azri, rom mSoblebma meti monawileoba unda miiRon Svilebis ganaTlebis saqmeSi. yalibdeba mSobelTa da maswavlebelTa asociaciebi, mSoblebi cdiloben meti gavlena moaxdinon skolis marTvaze da a. S. zemoTqmuli ormag mogebas pirdeba sazogadoebas: upirveles yovlisa, umjobesdeba ganaTlebis sitema masSi realurad dainteresebuli mSoblebis fenis CarTviT da, meorec, mSoblebi Tavisi aqtiobiT samoqalaqo ganaTlebis ufro maRal statuss aRweven. qarTuli sufris fenomeni yofiTi kulturis Tavisebureba kargad vlindeba im fenomenebSi, romlebic met-naklebi regularobiT vlindeba da, faqtobrivad, aSenebs am kulturas. qarTveli adamianis yofaSi seriozulad mniSvnelovani dro da adgili uWiravs sufras, rogorc erovnuli yofierebis aucilebel Semadgenel nawils. ara mgonia, romelime xalxis yofiT kulturaSi iseTi mniSvneloba hqondes sufras, rogorc es qarTul yofiT
15

formalurobaSi igulisxmeba is, rom sinamdvileSi Svilebis swavla zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolaSi mSoblebis biujets mZime

saSualo

tvirTad awveba. aq erTdroulad moqmedebs rogorc sa-Sualo ganaTlebis sistemis realuri finansuri kraxi, ise korufciuli garemo, romelic am sferoSi Camoyalibda da mZime kvals am-Cnevs rogorc aRmzrdelebis, ise aRsazrdelebis zneobas.

172

kulturaSia. qarTul sufras, kacma rom Tqvas, TiTqmis araferi aqvs saerTo sakvebis miRebis procesTan, romelic mTavari komponentia nebismieri xalxis sufris sistemaSi. qarTul sufras aqvs pretenzia aRematebodes ara mxolod Wamas, rogorc mdabal fiziologiur process, aseve smas, Tuki mas saTanado, mravalsaukunovani~ wesrigi ar axlavs. qarTuli yofiTi kulturis zepirmetyvelebiTi, oraluri orientacia imaSic vlindeba, rom `sufra~, `magidasTan jdoma~, `drois mokvla~ dResac did siqveled miiCneva. `sufra~ Cvens SemTxvevaSi garkveuli tipis `mnemoteqnikaa~, gaxsenebisa da damaxsovrebis adgilia. `sufraze~ unda gamovlindes damswreebis sruli `ganswavluloba~ da `ganaTlebuloba~. moaruli fraza, rom qarTuli sufra aris akademia, swored amaze mianiSnebs. qarTuli sufrisadmi sazogadoebis damokidebuleba dRes, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, ambivalenturia. rogorc calkeulma mecnierebma da sazogado moRvaweebma, aseve samoqalaqo sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebma urTierTgamomricxavi mosazrebebi gamoTqves am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, rac, TavisTavad, am fenomenis maRal sazogadoebriv da erovnul mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs. mSvidobis, demokratiisa da ganviTarebis kavkasiuri institutis TaosnobiT Catarda qarTuli arasamTavrobo organizaciebis sakmaod warmomadgenlobiTi Sekrebac, romelic specialurad mieZRvna am sakiTxs. Zalian rom gavamartivoT mecnierTa da analitikosTa sakmaod rTuli da safuZvliani daskvnebi, sul cota, ori Tvalsazrisi Camoyalibda: 1) qarTuli sufra xels uSlis samoqalaqo Rirebulebebis Camoyalibebas; 2) qarTulma sufram istoriuli roli Seasrula saxelmwifoebriobisa da liberaluri Rirebulebebis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi. bevri mkvlevrisTvis sruliad aSkaraa, rom qarTul sufraze xdeboda gauqmebuli saxelmwifoebrivi instituciebisa da politikuri cxovrebis uawmyoo nostalgiur-imediani simulireba. mniSvnelovani mgonia, rom sufra Zalian xSirad korelirebs drosTan. sufra aris dro, romelic unda mokvdes. qarTuli sufris dro sinamdvileSi aris uJamo Jami~, 173

anu dro, romelic ar aris awmyo. swored amitom qarTuli sufris iseTi substanciuri xasiaTis struqturuli Semadgeneli elementi, rogoricaa sadRegrZelo, arasodes ar miemarTeba awmyos, samagierod zRapruli simsubuqiT apelirebs warsuliT an momavliT. gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas qarTul sufraze iZens mTlianad da mkacrad determinebuli diskursi, romelSic dadgenil mosawyen raobas (sadRegrZeloTa mimdevrobaSi, rogorc wesi, informatiuloba nulovania; magaliTad, kargad aris cnobili, rom mSvidobis sadRegrZelos mohyveba mSoblebisa da dedmamisSvilebis sadRegrZeloebi, xolo wasulebis sadRegrZelos swrafad mohyveba metaforuli sicocxlis, magaliTad, bavSvebis sadRegrZelo da a.S.) feradovnebas aniWebs Tamadis mWevrmetyveluri rogoroba. Tamada qarTuli sufris umniSvnelovanesi struqturuli elementia. Tamadoba adamians unda sTxovon~. mkacrad aris dadgenili kontingenti, romelmac es Txovna unda ganaxorcielos. aseve kargad aris cnobili im adamianTa wre, romelTa Soris SeiZleba moiZebnos Tamada. seriozul sufrebze, rogorc wesi, Tamadis arCeva-daniSvna winaswar SeTanxmebulia asarCev-dasaniSnav pirovnebasTan, romelic saTamado dRisTvis specialur momzadebas gadis 16. momzadeba gulisxmobs rogorc fizikur momzadebas organizmisTvis misayenebeli rTuli fiziologiuri stresis SedarebiT iolad gadasatanad, ise sainformacio trenings 17 (gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZenen sadRegrZelebeli pirovnebebis saxelebi, biografiis reliefuri detalebi), musikalur da deklamatorul gavarjiSebas, da, ra Tqma unda, mWevrmetyvelur momzadebas, romelSic Tamadis arsenalSi ukve arsebul mravalricxovan lirikul Sedevrebs, istoriul aluziebs, ena16

aq aseve igulisxmeba bevri Rvinis dalevisa da ardaTrobisaTvis saWiro bunebrivia, bevri Tamada muSaobs mnemoteqnikis saocrebis, e. w. gamoyenebiT, potenciur magram Tamadisadmi sazogadoebaSi apriori es kritikulad TamadaTa gansakuTrebuli

fiziologiuri teqnikuri arsenalis amoqmedeba.

17

Spargalkis ganwyobil

mowonebiT ar aRiqmeba.

174

moswrebul xumrobebs, TiTqosda uneblie wamocdenebs da poetur formulebs emateba axali, swored am sufrisTvis momzadebuli specifikuri metaforistika. rogorc vxedavT, es uaRresad erovnuli fenomeni Tavis TavSi aSkarad atarebs saSinao davalebis~ (houmvorkis~) niSnebs, romelic TiTqosda spontanur da eqspromtul garemos gaazrebul da racionalizebul Sinaarss aniWebs. iseve rogorc qcevis normebi, kerZebis raoba da rogoroba, iseve rogorc maTi sufraze gamoCenis drouloba winaswar umkacresad aris gansazRvruli. materialuri mosazrebidan gamomdinare, sufras SeiZleba daakldes romelime komponenti (principulad rom vTqvaT, nebismieri komponenti puris, Rvinisa da marilis garda), magram moiZebnebian kritikosebi, romlebic am garemoebas ara mxolod simultanurad, aramed mravali wlis Semdegac aRniSnaven, rogorc struqturulad mniSvnelovans (magaliTad, ama Tu im disertantis desertaciaze~ ar iyo warmodgenili Semwvari goWis xorci, an, rac kidev ufro dramatuli da Tavzardamcemia, xaWapuri). iseve rogorc Cinur sufraze moxarSuli carieli~ brinjis jami aris sufrisa da stumrobis dasasrulis niSani, qarTuli sufris dasasrulis konotireba xdeba tkbileulisa da xilis intensiuri SemosvliT. am process, bunebrivia, Tamada aregulirebs 18. yvelaferTan erTad qarTuli sufra aris sanaxaoba, Taviseburi koncerti, romelsac xSirad axlavs momReralTa mier xmebis Sewyobis, mocekvaveTa mier idealuri partniorebis gamovlenis, Tavis gamoCenisa da saerTo harmoniis Ziebis procesi. imis gamo, rom Rvino da simTvrale adamians SiSisgan aTavisuflebs, qarTuli sufra xSirad qceula sajarod gamoTqmuli gmiruli da Tavisufali sityvis asparezad. am TvalsazrisiT erovnuli cxovrebis es aucilebeli da, xSir
18

sufris dasasrulis niSnad tortis gamoCenisas SeiZleba moxdes warsulis

gamoCenili Tamadebis pirdapiri an iribi citireba: sufram tortmani daiwyo~.

175

SemTxvevaSi, TiTqmis sakmarisi komponenti istoriulad didad uwyobda xels liberaluri Rirebulebebis Camoyalibebas. amave dros, kargi Tamada aucileblad ar ikavebda saTanado~ adgils socialur ierarqiaSi da misi ufrosoba, sufris gaZRola da Tamadoba xSirad axdenda misi socialuri kompleqsebis neitralizacias, anu qarTuli sufra garkveul rols asrulebda faruli Tu Ria konfliqtebis daregulirebis saqmeSi, Tumca, amave dros, Tavad warmoadgenda uamravi konfliqtisa da gaugebrobis saTavesac 19. ukanasknel xanebSi SeimCneva qarTuli sufris desakralizaciis tendencia. mxedvelobaSi maqvs ara mxolod TviT sufris daCixuloba, kulturis `alafurSetizacia~, aramed sufris miaxloeba saWmlis miRebis fiziologiur procesTan: nebismier maRalxarisxian restoranSi moiZebneba gulmokluli oficianti, romelic aRniSnavs, rom alkoholuri sasmeli saTanado raodenobiT ar ismeba, an saerTodac ar ismeba. qarTul kulinarul da gastronomiul kulturaSi adgils imkvidrebs swrafi kvebis fiziologiurad SedarebiT mavne, magram socialurad demokratiuli institutebi. Zalian sainteresoa, rom swrafi kvebis (fast fudis~) idea ar darCa makdonaldsis an romelime misi magvari ucxouri institutis doneze da man SeiZina erovnuli xasiaTi. big makisa da analogiuri kerZebis gverdiT gastronomiul cxovrebaSi adgili daimkvidres xaWapurma da sxva erovnulma kerZebma. qarTuli sufris desakralizaciaSi Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs sasmelis Tavisufal arCevans. sruliad SesaZlebeli gaxda sufrebi, romlebic mxolod aryis, mxolod ludis, an ludisa da aryis kombinaciiT aRiniSneba da romelzec Rvino saerTod ar aris warmodgenili. arsebobs alkoholuri pluralizmis gamovlinebac, sadac sufraze mravali saxeobis alkoholuri da ualkoholo sasmelia
19

cnobilia, rom bevr Cvens Tanamemamules sufraze gamovlenili es

Tavisufleba Zvirad dasjdomia. magaliTisTvis tician tabiZis bedis gaxsenebac ikmarebda.

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warmodgenili. garda amisa, restornebSi meinaxeTa sul ufro meti nawili iRebs monawileobas momavali trapezis profilis gansazRvraSi. Cndeba meniusTan urTierTobisa da kelnerTan gabaasebis axali sasiamovno kultura. aSkarad icvleba damokidebuleba kelnerebisa Tu oficiantebis mimarT. zogierT restoranSi da swrafi kvebis punqtSi izrdeba kerZebis xarisxic da klientis momsaxurebis kulturac. qarTuli sufrisa da mTeli nacionaluri azrovnebis desakralizaciaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seaqvs ama Tu im TariRiT markirebuli kerZebis desakralizacias. aq SeiZleba ganvixiloT e.w. saSobao guruli Rvezelis SemTxveva. rogorc cnobilia, naxevarmTvaris formis es kerZi, romelic imeruli xaWapuris nairsaxeobas warmoadgens _ mis SigTavsSi yvelTan erTad figurirebs moxarSuli kvercxic, adre mxolod saSobaod mzaddeboda dasavleT saqarTvelos tradiciul qarTul ojaxebSi. misi, Tu SuiZleba ase iTqvas, unikaluri da sakulto xasiaTi gansazRvruli iyo sxva periodSi misi damzadebisa da mirTmevis akrZalvis dauwereli kanoniT. amJamad sxvadasxva xarisxisa da zomis es Rvezeli uamrav saxaWapureSi SegiZliaT SeiZinoT laridan larnaxevris farglebSi. igive bedi ewia Semwvar goWs, romelic ukve naWrebad daWrili da vakuumian celofanSi gaxveuli SegiZliaT SeiZinoT nebismier met-naklebad mniSvnelovan supermarketSi. zemoTqmulis garda, am dargis desakralizacia da aSkara demokratizacia SeimCneva gamarTlebul da gaumarTlebel kulinarul eqsperimentebSi. magaliTad, farTo bazarze arsebobs aWaruli xaWapuri 20 winaswar moxarSuli da ara CaxarSuli kvercxiT, aseve arsebobs aWaruli xaWapuri ara imeruli yveliT, aramed sulguniT da metic, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, Sebolili sulguniTac ki. Cveulebrivi movlenaa sufris saxeldaxelo gawyoba supermarketidan motanili kerZe20

maRalmTiani aWara saerTod ar icnobs e.w. aWarul~ xaWapurs; iq misi

adgili ra xania uWiravs fenovan xaWapurs aCma-makarinas~.

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biT (faqtobrivad, karg supermarketSi SegiZliaT SeiZinoT qarTuli sufrisTvis aucilebeli yvela kerZi xaWapuriT, mWadiTa da RomiT dawyebuli, saciviT da mxaliT gagrZelebuli da swrafi damzadebis gayinuli xinkliTa da didi nairferovnebis tkbileuliT damTavrebuli). Zneli ar aris imis danaxva, rom yofiT kulturaSi liberaluri Rirebulebebis damkvidreba SeuZlebeli iqneboda, amgvar cvlilebebs rom arsebul kulturaSi marTlac seriozuli safuZveli ar hqonoda. msoflio liberalur da qarTul erovnul Rirebulebebs Soris met-naklebad mniSvnelovani konfliqti saqarTveloSi ukanasknel xanebSi ar dafiqsirebula, radgan sinamdvileSi amJamad Cvens qveyanaSi mimdinareobs ukve arsebuli istoriuli procesis daCqarebuli ganviTareba da ara sruliad axali procesis inicireba 21. SemiZlia moviyvano sakmaod safuZvliani argumenti isev erovnuli kulinariis sferodan: cnobilia, ra konservatiulia kulinariuli sfero saqarTveloSi. miuxedavad amisa, mxolod meoce saukuneSi baTumSi Camoyalibda e. w. aWaruli~ Ria xaWapuri, rogorc inovacia da saerTo-qar-Tveluri xaWapuris ganviTareba. Sesabamisad, is struqturuli cvlilebebi, romlebic sinqronul WrilSi xdeba qarTuli sufris sferoSi, miuTiTebs liberaluri Rirebulebebis gaZlierebasa da am RirebulebebTan qarTuli nacionaluri Rirebulebebis harmonizaciisa da erovnuli da zogadsakacobrio RirebulebaTa ioli, ukonfliqto Tavsebadobis procesze. Tbili demokratia demokratia imdenad rTuli sistemaa, rom misi zogadad da ama Tu im qveynis yofierebisgan mowyvetilad daxasiaTeba xSir SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia. amave dros, yofiT doneze
21

aq

ar

vgulisxmobT

calkeul

TviTinicirebul guram

da

umniSvnelo usaxelo

mikrokonfliqtebs, aSenebis winaaRmdeg.

magaliTad,

parlamentar

SaraZis

galaSqrebas~ makdonaldsis Senobis rusTavelis Zeglis maxloblad

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demokratia ufro xSirad vlindeba, vidre es erTi SexedviT SeiZleba warmoidginos adamianma. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs dasavleT-evropuli demokratiuli sistemebis SedarebiT analizs Tundac yofiTi kulturis doneze. rogorc cnobilia, politikuri mosazrebebisa da saerToevropuli struqturebis masSi ganlagebis gamo xSirad evropis dedaqalaqad monaTluli safrangeTis ulamazesi qalaqi strasburgi safrangeT-germaniis sazRvarze mdebareobs. regularulad moZravi saqalaqo transportiT, kerZod ki erT-erTi saavtobuso marSrutiT SegiZliaT umtkivneulod, yovelgvari sabaJo da sasazRvro kontrolis gareSe gadaxvideT mdinare rainze gadebul xidze, romelsac evropis xidi~ ewodeba da aRmoCndeT patara germanul qalaq kelSi. amgvari mogzaurobisas SegiZliaT aRmoaCinoT, rom, marTalia, evropa erTiania, formaluri sazRvrebi saxelmwifoebs Soris ar aris, magram demokratiis yofiTi portreti ukiduresad gansxvavebulia. asiode metri aSorebs erTmaneTisgan puris or maRazias, romliTac vsargeblobdi strasburgsa da kelSi. puri erTmaneTs hgavda, magram puris yidvis procesi ukiduresad gansxvavebuli iyo. germanul nawilSi Sevdiodi maRaziaSi da vambobdi, Tu SeiZleba, puri momyideT-meTqi. winadadeba damTavrebuli ar mqonda, rodesac saTanadod SefuTuli puri xelSi meWira da maRaziidan gamovdiodi. anu germanul yofiT kulturaSi puris yidva es aris procesi, rodesac ginda puri da yidulob mas. swrafad da mowesrigebulad. problemebis gareSe. amave dros, puris gamyidveli Cqarobs, daZabulia da odnav nerviulobs. bunebrivia, purs rom SeiZen, Senc grZnob, rom raRac sasargeblo saqme gaakeTe da movaleobis moxdis grZnoba ar gtovebs Tan. puris yidva xdeba erT-erTi saqme dRes gasakeTebel saqmeTa sistemaSi, romelsac aqvs sazrisi da es sazrisi aris wesrigis saTave. frangul puris maRaziaSi sul sxvagvari wesebi moqmedebs. aq principulad SeuZlebelia Sexvide, moiTxovo puri, miiRo da gamoxvide. aq puris yidva iwyeba adamianuri urTierTobebis CamoyalibebiT, urTierTndobis faqtoris TandaTanobiT 179

gaZlierebiT da Sesabamisi savaWro niadagis safuZvliani gamzadebiT. SedixarT da ambobT, dila mSvidobisa, madam~. pasuxad iRebT: o! dila mSvidobisa, mesie. rogor brZandebiT?~ sasiamovno dialogi usasrulod grZeldeba da grZeldeba da puris SeZenac, sxvaTa Soris, am dialogSi aRmoCndeba, rogorc adamianebs Soris Camoyalibebuli urTierTobis erT-erTi, magram ara erTaderTi obieqti. roca ukve puri SeZenilia, SefuTulia TqvenTan Tavazianad SeTanxmebul SesafuTav qaRaldSi, iwyeba gamomSvidobebis xangrZlivi da aseve sasiamovno rituali, romelsac maRaziaSi sxva klientis Semosvlac ki ver sZens nervul elfers. franguli demokratia SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc Tavaziani demokratia, xolo germanuli, rogorc wesieri demokratia. didi frangi poeti pol valeri ambobda, Tavazianoba SeniRbuli gulgrilobaao, magram, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ramdenad gulwrfelia igi, franguli (Tundac marTla organizebuli) Tavazianoba rom dadebiTad moqmedebs adamianis fsiqologiaze, esec didi xania gamokvleulia da obieqturad dasabuTebuli. bunebrivia, yvela xvdeba, zemoT aRweril idiliur suraTebTan SedarebiT ra saSineli suraTi elodeba Tbilisis maRaziebSi adamians. cnobilia, rom yofili sabWoTa vaWrobis sferoSi xSirad Tavs iyris uaRresad maRali agresiuli muxti; magram am SemTxvevaSi me yuradRebis miRma davtovebdi yvelasaTvis kargad cnobil Tavazianobis deficits, romelic, eqspertebis azriT, nel-nela Seivseba mzardi konkurenciis gamo da yuradRebas mivaqcevdi im garemoebas, rom myidvelsa da gamyidvels Soris, saqarTveloSi, rogorc wesi, Zalian xSirad aRiZvreba arc Tu seriozuli da xandaxan saxumaro dialogi, romelic Sors cdeba vaWrobis mdabal~ sferos da qveynis saWirboroto sakiTxebs exmianeba. magaliTad, metnaklebad cnobil sajaro pirebs araerTgzis daufiqsirebiaT puris yidvis procesSi guliTadi SekiTxva _ gveSveleba rame?~ Zalian sainteresoa, rom dabal da SedarebiT maRal socialur fenebs Soris saqarTveloSi mudmivad mimdinareobs erTi SexedviT SemTxveviTi, magram Tbili 180

dialogebi. Zneli saTqmelia, asrulebs Tu ara amgvari kontaqtebi socialuri amortizaciis funqciebs, Tu warmoadgens qveyanaze zrunvis~ diskursis simulacias. amgvari urTierTobebis saukeTeso magaliTad gamodgeba urTierToba avtomanqanebis mflobelebsa da avtosadgomebis momsaxureebs, e. w. mejoxeebs~ Soris. es adamianebi, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, Tavs iolad uyadreben~ erTmaneTs. maRal~ socialur fenebSi ar iTvleba karg tonad SedarebiT dabali socialuri fenebisadmi aristokratuli gaucxoeba. ubraloeba rCeba erT-erT yvelaze maRal Rirebulebad qarTul yofiT kulturaSi. dialogi sxvadasxva socialuri fenebis warmomadgenlebs Soris aucileblad amaRlebul politikur da zneobriv sakiTxebs exeba, riTic xazgasmulia Cveni mSenebare demokratiis Tbili xasiaTi. ukanasknel xanebSi qarTul yofiT kulturaSi mniSvnelovani roli SeiZina swored am siTbom da ubraloebam. cnobilia, rom politikuri da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweeebis daxasiaTebisas xalxi bolo xanebSi swored am Tvisebebs gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs. ama Tu im politikosis reitingsac xSir SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs swored es, erTi SexedviT, arapolitikuri~ kriteriumebi. arsebuli viTarebiT stiqiurad sargeblobs Camoyalibebadi da ganviTarebadi Sou biznesi, romlisTvisac Cveulebrivi gaxda politikosebis warmodgena ara mxolod saojaxo garemoSi, daintereseba maTi meuRleebiT da Sinauri cxovelebiT, aramed maTi `amRereba~, `acekveba~, `Ramis SouSi~ gamoyvana da a. S. mZimewoniani sazogado da politikuri figurebi teleekranebze sul ufro xSirad Cndebian `msubuq~ JanrebSi, magaliTad, exmarebian sazogadoebas saintereso egzotikuri an originaluri kerZebis damzadebaSi, monawileoben popularuli musikosebis klipebSi da a.S. mimdinareobs politikuri da sazogadoebrivi elitis `moSinaureba~, rac Tanamedrove saqarTvelos yofiTi kulturis demokratizaciis utyuari niSania.

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qarTuli paradoqsi amave dros, paradoqsuli faqtia, rom Cveni sazogadoebis realuri Zala swored iq mdebareobs, sadac obieqturi da miukerZoebeli damkvirveblebi mxolod sisustes xedaven. saukuneebis manZilze dampyroblebisa da metropoliebis kanonebisadmi xazgasmulma daumorCileblobam, maTdami agdebulma damokidebulebam marTlac Camoayaliba kanonmorCilebis dabali kultura, magram imave garemoebebma gaaZlieres rogorc Tavisuflebis xarisxi, ise qarTuli individualizmis waruSleli Rirebuleba. am TvalsazrisiT, Tanamedrove qarTuli sazogadoeba aSkarad ar aris evropuli sazogadoeba (kanonmorCilebis dabali xarisxi, intensiuri Sromis kulturis dabali xarisxi, dabali samoqalaqo ganaTleba da a.S.), magram es ar aris arc aziuri sazogadoeba (uSiSari damokidebuleba xelisuflebisadmi, gamokveTili individualizmi, sakmaod myari desakralizacia da a. S.). Sesabamisad, qarTuli sazogadoebis lokalizeba sivrceSi (orientirebi aRmosavleTi/dasavleTi) SeuZlebelia, igi mxolod droSi lokalizdeba, rogorc, pesimistebis azriT, dagvianebuli an, optimistebis azriT, kinaRam dagvianebuli sazogadoeba 22.

22

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom jer kidev guSin Tanamedrove, dRes ki ukve

revoluciamdeli qarTuli sazogadoebis simbolod gamodgeboda qarTuli kinos erT-erTi Sedevris, iyo SaSvi mgalobelis~ mTavari personaJi, romelic yvelgan TiTqos agvianebs, magram mainc aswrebs~ (Tumca swored amgvari moswrebis surviliT cudad amTavrebs qarTuli kinosTvis miTologiur adgilas, wignis maRazia saunjis~ win, operis pirdapir).

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