First Aid

Module 1
Lowering the Risk for Infection
Once you have recognized that an emergency exists and are taking action, follow the
emergency action steps: CHECK—CALL—CARE.
Your risk of catching a disease when giving first aid care is very low. Handwashing and
using personal protective equipment (PPE), such as latex-free disposable gloves and
breathing barriers, reduces your risk even further.
1
Washing your hands with soap and warm or cold water for at least 20 seconds is the best
approach to lowering your risk for infection. Remember to wash your hands before giving
care, if possible, and as soon as possible after giving care. If soap and water are not
available, you may use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer to decontaminate 净化去污 your
hands.
2
Using PPE, such as latex-free disposable gloves, CPR breathing barriers, face masks and
eye protection (as necessary) can also lower your risk for infection. When wearing gloves,
avoid touching your mouth, eyes and other surfaces, because germs can transfer from the
gloves to other areas or surfaces. Also, remove gloves using proper technique to avoid
contaminating the wearer’s own skin.
Note: If PPE isn’t available, don’t wait until you have PPE to take action. Remember, your
risk for infection is very low so you can provide care without PPE. Just make sure to wash
your hands as soon as possible after giving care and avoid touching your mouth and eyes.
3
If you are exposed to blood or other bodily fluids, report the incident to your employer and
contact your healthcare provider right away.
Alert
When giving care in real-life situations, you should wear appropriate PPE, if possible!
Recognizing Emergencies and Gaining Confidence to Act
Use Your Sense of Sight
Unusual appearances or behaviors:
Person who is moaning, staggering 摇晃, appearing unresponsive or clutching 紧抓紧握 their
throat.
Use Your Sense of Smell
Unusual odors:
Chemical or other noxious smell.
Use Your Sense of Hearing
Unusual noises:
Screaming, crashing or crying.
Emergency Action Steps: CHECK—CALL—CARE
Step 1: CHECK
1. Check the scene for safety.
2. Check the person.
 Form an initial impression. (Does the person appear unresponsive or appear
to have life-threatening bleeding or another life-threatening condition?)
 Obtain consent from the person or parent/guardian.
  Check the person who appears unresponsive (use shout, tap, shout and check
for breathing, life-threatening bleeding or another obvious life-threatening
condition). Tap adult’s arm, Tap infant’s foot. Check no more than 5-10
seconds.
 Continue to check the person who is experiencing non-life-threatening illness
or injury (ask questions using SAM and do a focused check).
S: Signs and symptoms
A: Allergies
M: medications and medical conditions.
Note: If, during the initial impression, you determine that the person appears to be
experiencing a life-threatening sudden illness, immediately call 9-1-1, get the equipment
and give general care for the condition found. Then, continue your check (as appropriate)
to determine if additional care is needed.
Step 2: CALL
1. Call or send someone to call 9-1-1 for a person who is:
 Unresponsive or responsive but not fully awake.
 Not breathing.
 Experiencing life-threatening bleeding or another life-threatening condition
(e.g., difficulty breathing, choking).
Note: When you ask someone to call 9-1-1 for you in an emergency situation, look directly at
one person and say, “You, call 9-1-1” so that you know who made the call and that help is on
the way.
2. Get or send someone to get an AED, a first aid kit and a bleeding control kit (if
necessary).
Step 3: CARE
Give care consistent with your knowledge and training as needed. Most of the time, you
will call first and then give care. But if you are alone, you may have to give care first in
some situations.
If you are alone and do not have a cell phone, you will usually follow the normal steps of
check, call and care. However, for a few conditions you will need to give immediate care,
then go to call 9-1-1 and get equipment. These conditions include:
 An unresponsive infant or child younger than about 12 years whom you did not see
collapse.
 A responsive person who is choking.
 A person who is experiencing a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) and has an
epinephrine 肾上腺素 auto-injector.
 A person who has life-threatening bleeding.
Giving care in an emergency is stressful. After giving care, you may want to talk about
your feelings with family members, consult with your human resources department about
your company’s employee assistance program or consult with your personal healthcare
provider for counseling or referral to a professional.
Alert
Always check the scene for safety and don’t enter a scene that is not safe!
The Pros Know
If the person who appears unresponsive is face-down, check for responsiveness, call 9-1-1
or tell someone to do so and then roll the person onto their back to check for breathing.
A first aid responder should ask questions using SAM and do a focused check in order to
determine the care the person may need.
Also, as time goes on the person may be less able to say things. You may be able to gather
information that others may not be able to later.
Recovery Position
A recovery position is used if the person is:
 Unresponsive but breathing.
 Responsive but not fully awake.
A recovery position is used to lower a person’s risk for choking and aspiration 误吸.
Step 1
Extend the person’s arm that is closest to you above their head.
Step 2
Roll the person toward you onto their side so that their head rests on their outstretched
arm.
Step 3
Bend both of the person’s knees to stabilize the person’s body.

Module 2
Recognizing Cardiac Arrest
When the Heart Stops Beating
Cardiac arrest occurs when the heart stops beating or beats too ineffectively to keep blood
flowing to the brain and other vital organs.
Cardiac arrest frequently happens suddenly, without any signs and symptoms.
Cardiac arrest may also occur due to effects of:
Heart Attack
Drowning
Breathing Emergencies
Trauma 心理创伤
Alert： A person in cardiac arrest is not responsive, not breathing (or only has gasping 喘气
breaths 呼吸困难急促) and has no heartbeat.
Take Action
If you think a person is in cardiac arrest:
1 Call or instruct someone to call 9-1-1 or the designated emergency number immediately
and get the AED and first aid kit.
2 Begin CPR immediately.
3 Use an AED 自动体外除颤器 as soon as possible.
Components of High-Quality CPR
High-quality CPR can double or triple a person’s chance of survival if it is provided in the
first few minutes of a person experiencing cardiac arrest.
Compression rate: 100 to 120 per minute
Compression depth: at least 2 inches for adults
Chest position between compressions: returns to normal position
Minimize necessary interruptions in chest compressions to: less than 10 seconds
Breaths: last about 1 second; chest begins to rise
Giving CPR
Begin CPR Right Away
1
Giving Chest Compressions:
1. Position of Person
Ensure that the person is on their back on a firm, flat surface.
2. Body Placement
Kneel beside the person with your knees near the person’s body and spread about shoulder
width apart.
3. Hand Placement
Place the heel of one hand in the center of the person’s chest, with your other hand on top.
Interlace your fingers and make sure the fingers are up off the chest.
4. Body Position
Position your body so that your shoulders are directly over your hands and lock your
elbows to keep your arms straight.
5. Compression Rate and Depth
Keeping your arms straight, use your body’s weight to compress the center of the chest to a
depth of at least 2 inches and a rate of between 100 and 120 compressions per minute, or
one about every half second. After each compression, let the chest return to its normal
position.
2
Give Breaths
To Give Breaths with a Face Shield:
First, place the face shield over the person’s face, ensuring the one-way valve is over their
mouth.
Open the airway to a past-neutral position using the head-tilt/chin-lift technique.
Pinch the nose shut, take a normal breath and make a complete seal over the person’s
mouth.
Blow into their mouth for about 1 second, while looking to see that the chest begins to rise.
Allow the person’s chest to fall and the air to exit while you take another breath, make a
seal and give a second breath.
To Give Breaths with a Pocket Mask:
Place the mask over the person’s nose and mouth; it should not go past the chin.
Seal the mask to the face with your hands.
Lift the person’s face into the mask and open the airway to a past-neutral position.
Maintain a good seal.
Take a normal breath and make a complete seal over the mask valve with your mouth.
Blow into the one-way valve for about 1 second, while looking to see that the chest begins to
rise.
Allow the person’s chest to fall and the air to exit while you take another breath, make a
seal and give a second breath.
The Pros Know
When you lean down to the person to give each breath, maintain an open airway in the
past-neutral position, being careful not to push the head down.
If the chest does not rise with breaths…
If the chest does not begin to rise on the first breath, reopen the airway and give a 2nd
breath.
If the chest does not begin to rise after reopening the airway and giving a breath, an object
might be blocking the airway; that is, the person may be in cardiac arrest due to choking.
You will learn about caring for an unresponsive person who is choking in the choking
module.
3. Give CPR Cycles
Each CPR cycle consists of 30 chest compressions and 2 breaths.
30 Compressions
Push hard and fast at a rate of 100 to 120 compressions per minute and a depth of at least 2
inches.
Allow the chest to return to a normal position between each compression.
2 Breaths
Each breath should last about 1 second and make the chest begin to rise. Pause between the
breaths to allow the person’s chest to fall and the air to exit.
REMEMBER...
Smoothly transition between compressions and breaths.
Minimize interruptions to as short as possible, taking less than 10 seconds.
Continue giving CPR cycles until:
 You notice an obvious sign of life, like breathing.
 An AED is ready.
 Another trained responder is available to take over compressions.
 EMS personnel arrive and begin their care of the person.
 You are alone and too tired to continue.
 The scene becomes unsafe.
The Pros Know
When drowning is the suspected cause of cardiac arrest, the responder should give 2 initial
breaths before starting CPR cycles of 30 compressions and 2 breaths.

Keep in mind...
If more than one responder is available and trained in CPR, the additional responder
should switch with the original responder whenever the original responder giving
compressions indicates that they are tiring or after every five cycles of CPR (about every 2
minutes).
REMEMBER...
Switching responsibility for CPR frequently reduces responder fatigue, which improves the
quality of chest compressions and leads to a better chance of survival for the person.
Compression-Only CPR
If you are unable or unwilling for any reason to perform full CPR (chest compressions with
breaths), give continuous chest compressions at a rate of 100 to 120 per minute after calling
9-1-1.
Continue giving chest compressions until:
 You notice an obvious sign of life, like breathing.
 An AED is ready.
 A trained responder is available to take over compressions.
  EMS personnel arrive and begin their care of the person.
 You are alone and too tired to continue.
 The scene becomes unsafe.
Safe and Effective Use of AEDs
Use an AED As Soon As Possible: For someone in cardiac arrest, deciding to act is the
most important first step. Calling 9-1-1 or the designated emergency number, starting CPR
immediately and using an AED as soon as possible gives the person the best chance for
survival.
Alert
Use the AED as soon as possible, but do not delay compressions to find or use the AED!
Review the Steps to Using an AED
 1Turn on AED.
 2Remove clothing covering the chest and wipe chest dry if necessary.
 3Place pads correctly.
 4Plug the pad connector cable into the AED if necessary.
 5CLEAR everyone from touching the person while AED analyzes the heart rhythm.
 6CLEAR everyone from touching the person if a shock is advised. 电击
 7Push the shock button to deliver a shock.

 8After the shock is delivered, immediately start CPR beginning with compressions.
The Pros Know
 When using an AED, you should always refer to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Continue giving chest compressions until:

 You notice an obvious sign of life, like breathing.
 The AED prompts you to analyze again.
 Another trained responder is available to take over compressions.
 EMS personnel arrive and begin their care of the person.
 You are alone and too tired to continue.
 The scene becomes unsafe.
AED Fact Check
In an adult, one AED pad must be placed on the upper right side of the person’s chest
and one must be placed on the lower left side of the person’s chest.

Pediatric AED pads should never be used on anyone over 8 years of age or weighing more
than 55 pounds (25 kilograms).

A person must be removed from water (puddle or body of water) before using the AED.
 It is safe to use an AED on pregnant women, in rain and snow, and when the person is
lying on a metal surface.
An AED is also safe to use on a person with an implantable medical device (e.g.,
pacemaker) but the AED pads should not be placed directly over the device.

It is not necessary to shave a person’s chest hair before applying the AED pads nor
remove jewelry or piercings before using the AED.

Using an AED: Two or More First Aid Responders

When using an AED and there are two or more first aid responders, keep in mind the
following points:
Teamwork minimizes interruptions to CPR and increases the person’s chances of
survival.
One person does CPR while the other operates the AED = no pause of CPR.
Switch roles but remain in position after pushing the shock button or if no shock is
advised (about every 2 minutes). This role switch should take less than 10 seconds.

Module 3 Pediatric CPR and AED

Pediatric Cardiac Arrest
Causes of Cardiac Arrest in Children and Infants
The most common causes of cardiac arrest in children and infants include: Breathing
emergencies, such as asthma, bronchiolitis, drowning and choking. 哮喘、细支气管炎、溺水和窒息。
Shock 休克. Abnormalities in heart structure or function from birth. 先天性心脏结构或功能先天畸形.
Responding to cardiac arrest for a child is similar to responding to cardiac arrest for an
adult and uses all the skills you have already learned with a few differences, which will be
explained later in this module.

Defining Children and Infants

An adolescent 青少年 is defined as someone from the onset of puberty through adulthood.
When giving care, follow adult techniques and use appropriately sized equipment.

A child is defined as someone from the age of 1 to the onset of puberty, as evidenced by
breast development in girls and underarm hair development in boys (usually around the
age of 12). When giving care, follow child techniques and use appropriately sized
equipment. The use of pediatric versus adult AED pads is slightly different and, for
children, varies by age and weight.

An infant is defined as someone under the age of 1. When giving care,

follow infant techniques and use appropriately sized equipment.

Giving CPR to Children

High-Quality CPR for Children
The components of high-quality CPR for children are the same as for adults with a few key
differences. You will learn about the differences in giving high-quality CPR for children
compared to adults in this topic.
Chest Compressions Differences
Giving chest compressions to children is similar to giving compressions to an adult with
key differences in the depth of compressions and possible hand usage.
Giving Chest Compressions to Children
Review the proper hand positioning and correct rate and depth of compressions to use
when giving CPR to a child.
1. Hand Placement and Body Position
Hand placement and body position is the same for a child as for an adult (however, for a
small child, a one-hand technique may be used; see below). (1) Kneeling beside the child
with knees near the child's body and spread about shoulder width apart. (2) One hand on
top of the other with fingers interlaced and off the chest, centered on the chest. (3)
Shoulders directly over hands with elbows locked to keep arms straight.
2. Compression Rate
The compression rate of 100 to 120 per minute is the same for a child as for an adult.
3. Compression Depth
The depth of compression, however, is different. For an adult, compress the center of the
chest at least 2 inches; however, for a child, compress only slightly less, about 2 inches.
The Pros Know
Compressing the chest and allowing it to fully return to its normal position moves blood
carrying oxygen to the brain and other vital organs.

One-Hand CPR Technique

For a smaller child, you may use one hand to give compressions if you can compress deep
enough.
1 Only use with a small child.
2 Only use if you can compress deep enough.
3 Use one hand instead of two.
4 Place the heel of one hand in the center of the chest.
5 Compress the center of the chest about 2 inches.
Breaths Differences
Giving breaths to children is similar to giving breaths to an adult with a difference in
positioning.
Use the head-tilt/chin-lift technique but tilt the head back to a slightly past-neutral
position, which is a little less than for an adult.
The Pros Know
Studies have shown that breaths in combination with chest compressions increase a child’s
chance of survival and minimize brain injury.
The technique for giving breaths to a child in cardiac arrest is the same for adults. Give
smooth, effortless breaths that last about 1 second and make the chest begin to rise.
When giving care to a child, it is essential that you use appropriately sized equipment:
 If you are using a pocket mask, make sure it is sized appropriately.
 Some pocket masks are one-size-fits-all for adults and children. And, with some
masks, you can rotate so that the narrow end fits over the child’s chin.
  In other instances, separate pocket masks are available for use with children.
If the chest does not begin to rise...
 Remember, if the chest does not begin to rise after reopening the airway and giving
a second breath, an object may be blocking the airway, which means that the
unresponsive child may be in cardiac arrest due to choking.
 You will learn about caring for an unresponsive choking child in Module 4.
Each CPR cycle consists of 30 chest compressions and 2 breaths.
30 Compressions
 Push hard and fast at a rate of 100 to 120 per minute and a depth of about 2 inches.
 Allow the chest to return to a normal position between each compression.
2 Breaths
 Each breath should last about 1 second and make the chest begin to rise.
Smoothly transition between compressions and breaths.
Minimize interruptions to as short as possible, taking less than 10 second.
Remember, you should continue giving CPR cycles until:
 You notice an obvious sign of life, like breathing.
 An AED is ready.
 Another trained responder is available to take over compressions.
 EMS personnel arrive and begin their care of the person.
 You are alone and too tired to continue.
 The scene becomes unsafe.
The Pros Know
 When drowning is the suspected cause of cardiac arrest, the responder should give 2
initial breaths before starting CPR.

Keep in mind...
 If more than one responder is available and trained in CPR, the additional
responder should switch with the original responder whenever the original
responder giving compressions indicates that they are tiring or after every five
cycles of CPR (about every 2 minutes).
REMEMBER...
Switching responsibility for CPR frequently reduces responder fatigue, which improves the
quality of chest compressions and leads to a better chance of survival for the person.
When giving chest compressions, the goal is to do which of the following?
Push hard and fast

Giving CPR to Infants

Give Chest Compressions

Encircling Thumbs Technique

Review how to give chest compressions to infants using the encircling thumbs technique
(also known as the two-thumb/encircling hand technique).
1. BODY POSITION
Stand or kneel to the side of the infant, with your hips 臀部 slightly angled 倾斜.
2. HAND PLACEMENT
Place both thumbs (side-by-side) on the center of the infant’s chest just below the nipple
line. Use other fingers to encircle the infant’s chest toward the back, providing support.
3. COMPRESSION RATE
Compress at a rate of 100 to 120 per minute.
4. COMPRESSION DEPTH
Compress to a depth of about 1 ½ inches.
The Pros Know
When giving compressions to an infant, ensure that they are on their back on a firm, flat
surface such as the ground or a stable tabletop. If they are in stroller or on a soft surface,
carefully move them to a firm, flat surface.

Two-Finger Technique
Review how to give chest compressions to infants using the two-finger technique, which
may be used as an alternative to the encircling thumbs technique.
1. Body Position
Stand or kneel to the side of the infant.
2. Finger Placement
Place two fingers on the center of the infant’s chest just below the nipple line.
3. Hand Placement
Place other hand on the infant’s forehead to keep the airway open.
4. Compression Rate
Compress at a rate of 100 to 120 per minute.
5. Compression Depth
Compress to a depth of about 1 ½ inches.
The Pros Know
If you are not able to compress the infant’s chest about 1 ½ inches using either the
encircling thumbs technique or the two-finger technique, you can use the one-hand
technique that was described previously for a child.

Give Breaths
When giving breaths to infants:
 Use the head-tilt/chin-lift technique to open the infant’s airway to a neutral position.
 If choosing to use a breathing barrier, use an infant-sized pocket mask, if available
or alternatively you can use a face shield.
 When giving breaths with a face shield, cover the infant’s nose and mouth with your
mouth. When giving breaths with a pocket mask, make a complete seal over the
infant’s nose and mouth.
Alert
When opening the infant's airway, do not tilt their head back too far; overextending their
airway can block it.
If the chest does not begin to rise...
Remember, if the chest does not begin to rise after reopening the airway and giving a
second breath, an object may be blocking the airway, which means that the unresponsive
infant may be in cardiac arrest due to choking.

Give CPR Cycles

Each CPR cycle consists of 30 chest compressions and 2 breaths.
30 Compressions
Push hard and fast at a rate of 100 to 120 per minute and a depth of about 1 1/2 inches.
Allow the chest to return to a normal position between each compression.
2 Breaths
Each breath should last about 1 second and make the chest begin to rise.

Safe and Effective Use of AEDs in Children and Infants

Although cardiac arrest in children and infants is less common than in an adult, the use of
an AED remains a critical component of child and infant cardiac arrest care and can be
lifesaving.
The Pros Know
Remember...when there are two or more trained responders, one person will give CPR
while the other person sets up the AED. They will switch roles after pushing the shock
button or after the AED says that no shock is advised, which is about every 2 minutes.

AED Pad Choice and Placement

Children older than 8 years of age and/or weighing more than 55 pounds (25 kg):
Pad choice: Always use adult pads.
Pad placement: One pad on the upper right side of the chest and the other on the lower left
side of the chest, a few inches below the left armpit.

Children up to 8 years of age and/or weighing less than 55 pounds (25 kg):
Pad choice: Use pediatric pads if available. If there are no pediatric pads available, it is ok
to use adult pads.
Pad placement: One pad on the upper right side of the chest and the other on the lower left
side of the chest, a few inches below the left armpit OR, if pads touch in this position, one
pad in the middle of the chest and the other on the back, between the shoulder blades.
Alert
AED pads should never touch each other when applied.

Infants
Pad choice: Use pediatric pads if available. If there are no pediatric pads available, it is ok
to use adult pads.
Pad placement: Always use front/back placement. One pad in middle of the chest and the
other on the back, between the shoulder blades.

Module 4 choking
Choking occurs when the airway becomes either partially or completely blocked by a
foreign object (e.g., a piece of food, a small toy, or body fluids, such as vomit or blood).
Recognizing Choking
Anyone Can Choke
Choking occurs when the airway becomes either partially or completely blocked by a
foreign object (e.g., a piece of food, a small toy, or body fluids, such as vomit or blood).
Choking is especially common in young children and older adults, but a person of any age
can choke.
Choking is a common cause of injury and death in children younger than 5 years.
Very young children explore by putting things in their mouths, which increases their risk
for choking.
Children younger than 4 years often lack the skills needed to chew certain types of foods
thoroughly.
Common choking hazards for young children and infants include hot dogs; apples; grapes;
popcorn; peanut butter; hard, gooey, or sticky candy; teething biscuits; plastic bags;
broken or uninflated balloons; coins; buttons; magnets; marbles; toys meant for older
children, which may be small or have small parts.
A person who is choking can become unresponsive and, if left untreated, can go into
cardiac arrest. By taking action and providing immediate care, you can save a life.
Review the Signs of Choking
Remember, as in all emergency situations, first you should always:
 Check the scene for safety.
 Form an initial impression (check the person for signs of choking) and obtain
consent.
1. HOLDING THE NECK
The person may hold their neck with one or both hands.
2. FACIAL EXPRESSION
The person may look panicked, confused or surprised.
3. SKIN COLOR
The person may be turning blue.
4. SOUNDS OR NO SOUNDS
You may hear coughing, high-pitched squeaking noises, or see them trying to cough, speak
or cry but hear nothing at all.
The Pros Know
A choking person with a blocked airway will soon become unresponsive unless the airway
is cleared. This is a life-threatening emergency requiring immediate action!

Caring for a Choking Adult or Child

Caring for a Responsive Choking Adult or ChildHide
Remember, a choking adult or child who is making high-pitched noises or is unable to
speak, cry or cough forcefully has a blocked airway and will soon become unresponsive
unless the airway is cleared. Therefore, you must act immediately. Care for a responsive
choking adult or child consists of giving:
 5 back blows
 5 abdominal thrusts.
Give Back Blows
To give back blows:
 1Position yourself to the side and slightly behind the choking person.
 2Place one arm diagonally across the person’s chest.
 3Bend the person at the waist so that their upper body is as parallel to the ground as
possible.
 4Firmly strike the person to give 5 back blows between the shoulder blades with the
heel of your hand. Each back blow should be separate from the others.

Give Abdominal Thrusts

Find the person’s navel with two fingers. Above the navel
Move behind the person.
Place your front foot in between the person’s feet with your knees slightly bent to provide
balance and stability.
Make a fist with your other hand and place the thumb side against the person’s stomach,
right above your fingers.
Take your first hand and cover your fist with that hand.
Pull inward and upward to give 5 abdominal thrusts. Each of the abdominal thrusts should
be separate from the others.

The Pros Know

When giving care to a choking child who is small, you might need to kneel behind them to
provide effective back blows and abdominal thrusts.
Remember...
Continue giving sets of 5 back blows and 5 abdominal thrusts until the adult or child can
cough, cry or speak, or they become unresponsive.
Give Chest Thrusts
If the person is pregnant, too large to stand behind and reach around or if the person is in
a wheelchair and you are unable to give abdominal thrusts, give chest thrusts.
To give chest thrusts:
 1Make a fist with one hand.
 2Place the thumb side of your fist on the center of the person’s chest.
 3Grab your fist with the other hand.
 4Give 5 quick thrusts into the chest.
Caring for an Unresponsive Choking Adult or Child
If the choking person becomes unresponsive while you are giving care, the care you give is
different.
1If the choking person becomes unresponsive while you’re giving care, carefully lower
them to a firm, flat surface.
2Then immediately begin CPR, beginning with compressions.
3Before attempting breaths, open the mouth and look for an object. If you see an object,
remove it with a finger sweep.
Alert
Never do a finger sweep if you don't see an object because you might push the object
further back!
Remember...
1If breaths go in, resume the normal CPR sequence of 30 compressions and 2 breaths and
use of an AED.
2If breaths do not go in, that is, the chest does not begin to rise, continue with cycles of
compressions followed by looking in the mouth and then trying to give breaths.
Alert
Never attempt more than 2 breaths during each cycle!

Caring for a Choking Infant

Caring for a Responsive Choking Infant
Remember, a choking infant who is making high-pitched noises or who is unable to cry or
cough forcefully has a blocked airway and will soon become unresponsive unless the airway
is cleared. Therefore, you must act immediately. Care for a responsive choking infant
consists of giving:
 5 back blows
 5 chest thrusts
Giving Back Blows
To give back blows:
Place the infant’s back along your forearm.
Place your other forearm on the infant’s front, supporting the infant’s jaw with your
thumb and fingers.
Turn the infant to a face-down position and hold them along your forearm using your thigh
for support and keeping the infant’s head lower than their body.
Use the heel of your hand to give 5 firm back blows between the infant’s shoulder blades.
Each back blow should be separate from the others.
The Pros Know
When holding the infant in a face-down position to give back blows, make sure your fingers
are on the sides of the head and not blocking the mouth! When giving back blows, keep
your fingers up to avoid hitting the infant’s head or neck!

Giving Chest Thrusts

Position the infant between your forearms, support the head and neck, and turn the infant
face-up.
Lower the infant onto your thigh with their head lower than their chest.
Place two fingers in the center of the infant’s chest, just below the nipple line.
Give 5 quick chest thrusts about 1 ½ inches deep. Each chest thrust should be separate
from the others.
Let the chest return to its normal position between each chest thrust, keeping your fingers
in contact with the chest.
The Pros Know
Remember to support the infant’s head, neck and back while giving chest thrusts!
Remember...
Continue giving sets of 5 back blows and 5 chest thrusts until the infant can cough or cry,
or the infant becomes unresponsive.

Caring for an Unresponsive Choking Infant

If the choking infant becomes unresponsive while you’re providing care, follow the same
steps as you would for an unresponsive choking adult or child, with two slight differences.
Take Note of the Differences
1Use the encircling thumbs technique when giving 30 compressions to an unresponsive
choking infant.
2If you see an object in the infant’s mouth, use your pinky instead of a larger finger to do a
finger sweep.

Module 5 Sudden Illness

Sudden Illness Overview
What Is a Sudden Illness?
Examples of life-threatening sudden illnesses include:
  Heart attack
 Asthma attack
 Anaphylaxis
 Diabetic emergency
 Seizures
 Shock
 Opioid overdose
 Stroke
 High fever in young children and infants
 Vomiting, diarrhea and dehydration in young children and infants
Signs and symptoms of sudden illness vary widely, depending on the cause of the illness
and may include:
 Trouble breathing.
 Pain, such as chest pain, abdominal pain or a headache.
 Changes in level of responsiveness, such as being confused or unaware of one’s
surroundings, or becoming unresponsive.
 Extreme fatigue.
 Light-headedness or dizziness.
 Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or stomach cramps.
 A fever.
 Pale, ashen (gray) or very flushed skin, which may be excessively sweaty or dry, or
excessively hot or cold.
 Problems seeing or speaking (e.g., blurred vision or slurred speech).
 Numbness, weakness or paralysis.
 Seizures.
The Pros Know
Changes in skin color, including pale, gray (ashen) or flushed skin, happens in all people
and is simply a degree of change from the person’s baseline skin color. To look for changes
in skin color, it can be helpful to look at less pigmented 色素 areas of the skin, such as lips or
mucous membranes 黏膜. In addition, a person with a sudden illness will just not “look
right” and will have other signs and symptoms of sudden illness, such as sweating, trouble
breathing, nausea 恶心, and so on.
Follow the Emergency Action Steps
Check
the scene for safety and check the person.
Call
9-1-1 and get equipment or tell someone to do so if the person is experiencing a life-
threatening sudden illness.
Care
according to the condition found and your level of training.
The Pros Know
Remember, if, during the initial impression, you determine that the person appears to be
experiencing a life-threatening sudden illness, immediately call 9-1-1, get the equipment
and give general care for the condition found. Then, continue your check (as appropriate)
to determine if additional care is needed.
General Care Steps
Assist the person with their medication.
For some sudden illnesses, you can assist the person with their medications. To assist the
person with their medication:
 Explain to the person or family member what you are going to do.
 Offer to get their medication.
 Ask them to confirm that you have the right medication.
 Assemble the medication device, if necessary.
 Give them the medication to self-administer.
In some cases, you can administer their medications if it is allowed by state laws and
regulations and if you are trained and authorized to do so.
Position the person as appropriate.
 Unresponsive person who is breathing or a person who responds but is not fully
awake: Place the person in a recovery position.
 Responsive person: Place the person in a position of comfort.
 A person who is actively seizing 抓住: Monitor the person until the seizing has
stopped. Turn them onto their side into a recovery position if it is possible to do so
without injury. If they become unresponsive, position them in the recovery position.
Keep the person from getting cold or overheated and monitor and reassure them until
EMS arrives, if you had to call them.
Alert
Do not administer medications unless it is allowable by state laws and regulations and you
are trained and authorized to do so. But, remember, assisting with medications is always
allowed.

Recognizing and Caring for Specific Sudden Illnesses

Check, Call, Care for Specific Sudden IllnessesHide
If, during your check, you recognize signs and symptoms of a sudden illness that is
potentially life threatening, such as stroke, shock, asthma attack, anaphylaxis, heart attack,
opioid overdose, diabetic emergency or high fever, vomiting, diarrhea or dehydration in
young children and infants, call 9-1-1 and get equipment or tell someone to do so.
 Then give care according to the signs and symptoms that you find and your level of
training.
 For some sudden illnesses, giving first aid care may involve assisting a person or
their family member with their medication.
Examples of medications that you may assist with when the person is experiencing a
sudden illness include:
 Aspirin for heart attack
 Quick-relief (rescue) medications for asthma
 Epinephrine 肾上腺素 for anaphylaxis
 Naloxone 纳洛酮 for an opioid overdose
 Sugar or glucose tablets, gel or liquid for diabetes
High Fever in a Young Child or an Infant
Fever is defined as an elevated body temperature above the normal range of 100.4° F (38°
C).
With the onset of a fever, children and infants can have something called a febrile seizure 热
性惊厥, which is due to a sudden rise in temperature.

Consult a healthcare provider if:

 The infant is younger than 3 months and has a fever of 100.4° F (38° C) or greater.
 The child is younger than 2 years and has a fever of 102.5° F (39.2° C) or greater.
 The child or infant has a febrile seizure.
 The fever is associated with change in behavior or activity, neck pain, poor feeding,
decreased urination, trouble breathing, abdominal pain, pain with urination or back
pain or a rash.

Vomiting, Diarrhea and Dehydration in Young Children and Infants

In all people, but more so in children and especially younger children and infants,
vomiting, diarrhea or both can lead to dehydration (too little fluid in the body) and shock.
Young children and infants are at especially high risk for dehydration because they tend to
lose more fluid, and at a faster rate, than adults do and often do not have the ability to
obtain fluids themselves.

Priority care is to give fluid. Examples include:

Oral rehydration solutions designed specifically for children and infants
Water
Popsicles 冰棒
Consult a healthcare provider if:
 The diarrhea or vomiting persists for more than a few days.
 The child or infant is not able to keep fluids down.
 The child has not urinated for more than 6 hours.
 The infant has not had a wet diaper in 3 or more hours.
 The diarrhea is bloody or black.
 The child is unusually sleepy or irritable.
 The child has associated abdominal pain that is sharp or persistent.
 The child cries without tears or has a dry mouth.
 There is a sunken appearance to the child’s abdomen, eyes or cheeks (or, in a very
young infant, the soft spot at the top of the infant’s head).
 The child’s skin remains “tented” if pinched and released.

Stroke
Know the Signs and Symptoms Signs and symptoms of stroke include:
 Facial weakness on one side of the body
 Arm or grip weakness on one side of the body
 Speech disturbances
 Time note
Know the Care
Care for the person with stroke:
 After calling 9-1-1, note the time when the signs and symptoms first started.
 Stay with the person and provide reassurance until help arrives.
  If the person is responsive but not fully awake, drooling or having trouble swallowing put
them the person in the recovery position.
 Monitor the person until EMS arrives and begins their care.
The Pros Know
It is important to note the time when signs and symptoms of stroke first started because this is
important information to give to EMS professionals. Some of the medications and procedures
used to treat stroke in the hospital are only effective within a certain time frame after the onset of
signs and symptoms.

Shock 休克
Knowing how to recognize and give care for shock can save a person’s life.
Common causes of shock include:
 Life-threatening bleeding
 Infection
 Anaphylaxis
 Any serious injury or illness
Know the Signs and Symptoms Signs and symptoms of shock include:
 A rapid, weak heartbeat
 Rapid breathing
 Pale (grayish), cool, moist skin
 Changes in levels of consciousness ranging from unresponsive to confused, restless or
irritable
 Nausea or vomiting
 Excessive thirst
Know the Care
Care for the person in shock:
 Give care according to your training for the condition causing the shock.
 Have them assume a position of comfort or have them lie flat on their back.
 Maintain body temperature.
 Don’t give them anything to eat or drink.
 Provide reassurance.
 Continue to monitor the person’s condition.

Asthma Attack
Know the Signs and Symptoms Signs and symptoms of an asthma attack include:
 Wheezing or coughing
 Rapid, shallow breathing or trouble breathing
 Being unable to talk without stopping for a breath in between every few words
 Anxiety and fear
 Change in behavior, including being unresponsive
 Sweating
Know the Care
Care for the person experiencing an asthma attack by assisting with administering quick-
relief medication via an inhaler:
 First, follow the general care steps for assisting with medication administration.
  Shake the inhaler.
 Remove the mouthpiece cover and attach a spacing device if necessary.
 Give the device to the person.
 Encourage the person to use it as directed by their healthcare provider.
The Pros Know
More than one dose of medication may be needed to stop the asthma attack. The
medication may be repeated after 10 to 15 minutes.

Anaphylaxis
Know the Signs and Symptoms Signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis include:
 History of an allergy
 Signs of an allergic reaction (e.g., hives, nausea, vomiting)
 Swelling of the face, neck, tongue or lips
 Trouble breathing
 Shock
 A change in responsiveness
Know the Care
Care for the person experiencing anaphylaxis by assisting with administering epinephrine
via an auto-injector:
 First, follow the general care steps for assisting with medication administration.
 Hold the person’s leg firmly to limit movement.
 Encourage them to use the epinephrine auto-injector as directed by their healthcare
provider.
 Massage or have the person massage the injection area for 10 seconds.
The Pros Know
Help the person administer a second dose of the medication if they are still having signs
and symptoms 5 to 10 minutes after administering the first dose and EMS has not arrived.

Heart Attack
Know the Signs and Symptoms Signs and symptoms of a heart attack include:
 Persistent chest pain, pressure or squeezing
 Isolated, unexplained discomfort in the arms, neck, jaw, back or stomach
 Dizziness or light-headedness
 Trouble breathing, including shortness of breath
 Pale, gray or bluish skin
 Nausea or vomiting
 Extreme fatigue
 Sweating
 A feeling of anxiety or impending doom
 Unresponsiveness
Alert
Women may experience the signs and symptoms of heart attack differently than men. For
example, in women, the classic signs of a heart attack, like chest pain or pressure may be
milder or accompanied by more of the general signs and symptoms, like dizziness,
shortness of breath, extreme fatigue and so on.
Know the Care
Care for the person experiencing a heart attack by assisting with aspirin:
 Make sure the person is awake, can follow simple commands, and can chew and
swallow.
 Follow the general care steps for assisting with medication administration.
 Give the person two to four 81-milligram low-dose aspirin tablets OR one 325-
milligram regular-strength aspirin tablet.
 Tell the person to chew the aspirin completely.
If the person takes a prescribed medication for chest pain, such as nitroglycerin 硝酸甘油,
assist them with it.

Opioid Overdose
Know the Signs and Symptoms Signs and symptoms of an opioid overdose include:
 Decreased breathing effort, for example, breathing slowly and perhaps only a few
times a minute
 Unresponsiveness
 Bluish or greyish colored skin
 Cardiac arrest
Know the Care
 If the person with a suspected opioid overdose is unresponsive and not breathing
(cardiac arrest), immediately begin CPR!
 Then, as soon as possible, assist family members with administering or, if allowed
and trained, administer naloxone.
You may assist a family member with administering naloxone to temporarily reverse the
effects of opioids.
Naloxone may be given via the nose using a nasal atomizer or nasal spray or via injection
using an auto-injector.

Diabetic Emergency
Know the Signs and Symptoms Signs and symptoms of a diabetic emergency include:
 Trouble breathing
 Fast and/or deep breathing
 Feeling weak or different or unresponsive
 Sweating
 Fast heartbeat
The Pros Know
If you recognize signs and symptoms of a diabetic emergency and the person is not fully
awake and alert during their check of the person, you should always call 9-1-1 and get
equipment before giving care. If the person is awake and alert, you can get equipment and
give them oral sugar before calling 9-1-1. However, if the person’s symptoms don’t
improve after giving sugar, then you need to call 9-1-1. If you are unsure, the safest
approach is always to call 9-1-1 and then get equipment and give care.
Know the Care
Care for the person with diabetes who is experiencing a diabetic emergency by giving
sugar:
 Make sure the person is awake, can follow simple commands and can chew and
swallow.
  Follow the general care steps for assisting with medication administration.
 Give the person 15 to 20 grams of sugar. The recommended amount of sugar is 20
grams for adults and 15 grams for children. If possible, give glucose tablets, liquid
or gel. Other acceptable forms of sugar include: 7 ounces of orange juice, 14 ounces
of milk, Candy with fructose 果糖 or sucrose 蔗糖 such as 20 to 25 skittles, 2 strips of
fruit rolls, or 10 to 20 jelly beans. 比如 20 到 25 个彩虹糖，2 条水果卷，或者 10 到 20 个果冻豆。

Module 6 Life-Threatening Bleeding

Recognizing Life-Threatening Bleeding
To recognize life-threatening bleeding, look at the amount of blood (volume) and how it
moves (flow)
Volume = Amount of blood present
Bleeding may be life-threatening when the amount of blood present is equal to about half of
what a soda can contains.
Flow = Movement of blood
Blood that is spurting and/or flowing continuously are signs of life-threatening bleeding.
The Pros Know
In a small child or an infant, bleeding may be life-threatening when the amount of blood
loss is even less than about half of what a soda can obtains.
Act FAST!
When you recognize that an adult, child or infant has life-threatening bleeding, it is
important to do two things immediately:
 1Call 9-1-1 or tell someone to do so.
 2Get a bleeding control/first aid kit and an AED or tell someone to do so.
The Pros Know
An adult, child or infant with life-threatening bleeding can lose their life before EMS
arrives. By taking action and providing immediate care, you can save a life!

Caring for a Person with Life-Threatening Bleeding

What Stops Bleeding?
When a person has life-threatening bleeding, you must control the bleeding as quickly as
possible to save the person’s life.
Applying firm, continuous pressure stops bleeding. Depending on the situation and the
location of the wound, you can apply pressure using direct pressure, a tourniquet or both.
 Anyone with any type of bleeding, whether it is life-threatening or not, should have
direct pressure applied to stop the bleeding.
 Anyone with life-threatening bleeding from an arm or a leg should also have a
tourniquet applied as soon as one is available.
The Pros Know
If you have gloves, wear them and always wash your hands thoroughly after giving care!

Applying Direct Pressure

When bleeding is life-threatening and the wound is on the head, neck or trunk 躯干 use
direct pressure to stop the bleeding.
You should also use direct pressure to stop life-threatening bleeding from an arm or a leg
until a tourniquet can be applied, or if no tourniquet is available. You can use direct
pressure to stop non-life-threatening bleeding too.
Tips to Remember
1A dressing is used when applying direct pressure.
 A hemostatic dressing 止血敷料 is best!
 Otherwise, a gauze 纱布 pad or clean piece of material, such as a T-shirt, can be used.
2It takes a lot of pressure to stop life-threatening bleeding. At least 5 mins
 You need to push hard!
 It might be painful for the person, but that’s ok!

And...keep applying direct pressure until:

 The bleeding stops.
 A tourniquet is applied for life-threatening bleeding from an arm or leg.
 Another person relieves you.
 You are too exhausted to continue.
 The situation becomes unsafe.
The Pros Know
The person may have more than one wound. Find the source of any life-threatening
bleeding and care for that wound first!
Direct Pressure Stops the Bleed
Applying direct pressure the right way is important.
Take a closer look at how to apply direct pressure most effectively.
1. Use a Flat Surface
A hard, flat surface underneath the part of the body where you are applying pressure
makes applying direct pressure more effective.
2. Hand Position
Place the dressing on the wound. Ensure good contact with the bleeding surfaces of the
wound. Put one hand on top of the dressing and put your other hand on top. Press as hard
as you can, directly over the wound. Hold the pressure until the bleeding stops. This may
take at least 5 minutes and could take much longer. Do not remove the original gauze pad,
which is directly on the bleeding area!
3. Shoulder Position
Position your shoulders over your hands.
4. Elbow Position
Lock your elbows.
5. Use Your Knee
If you need your hands, use your knee to keep applying pressure.

If the Bleeding Stops

If the bleeding stops before EMS arrives, apply a roller bandage over the dressing to hold it
in place and maintain pressure on the wound...
First, check for circulation beyond the injury. Note the temperature and color of the skin
and ask the person if there is any tingling 刺痛感 or numbness 麻木感.
Place the end of a bandage on the dressing at a 45-degree angle and continue wrapping the
bandage over the dressing. Tape to secure the dressing.
Check again for circulation beyond the injury. If there is any change, the bandage may be
too tight, and you will need to carefully loosen the bandage.
The Pros Know
If a bandage is applied, it is important to do the following:
 Monitor for bleeding through the dressing.
 If bleeding recurs, do not apply an additional dressing or bandage; instead remove
the bandage and leave only the single dressing on the wound in place, and apply
direct manual pressure.
Using a Tourniquet
Use a tourniquet for life-threatening bleeding from an arm or a leg as soon as it is
available. Continue to apply direct pressure until the tourniquet is in place.
Alert
Warn the person that tightening the tourniquet may be painful, but it is necessary to
control the bleeding.

Tourniquets Save Lives

Windlass Rod Tourniquet
Only use a tourniquet for life-threatening bleeding from an arm or a leg.
Position the tourniquet at least 2 to 3 inches above the wound on the side closest to the
heart. Do not place a tourniquet directly on the wound or a joint!
When using a windlass rod tourniquet, attach the buckle or pass the end of the strap
through the buckle. Then, think PULL–TWIST–CLIP.


PULL the free end of the strap until the tourniquet is as tight as possible around the
arm or leg.
 
TWIST the rod until the bleeding stops or until you cannot twist the rod anymore.


CLIP the rod in place to prevent the rod from untwisting and to keep the tourniquet
tight.
You can apply a second tourniquet if you’ve tightened the tourniquet as much as you can
but the bleeding hasn’t stopped. Apply the second tourniquet above the first, closer to the
heart.
Once you have applied a tourniquet, do not loosen or remove it.

Special Considerations for Tourniquet Use in Children

The technique for using a tourniquet on a child is the same as for an adult. But, not all
tourniquets tighten enough to stop bleeding, especially in small children.
Keep these important points in mind…
 1Tourniquets currently are not recommended for children under approximately 2
years of age. Instead, use direct pressure to stop the bleeding.
 2Make sure to warn the child and parent or guardian that the tourniquet will be
painful and explain the reason for using the tourniquet.
  3Make sure the tourniquet you have will work. If you are unsure, try it. If you are
unable to fully tighten the tourniquet, remove it and continue applying direct
pressure.
 4Tighten the strap so that there is no room between it and the child’s limb before
activating the tightening mechanism.
 5If the tourniquet is not tight enough around the leg, it may be beneficial to move
the tourniquet closer on the limb to the body where the extremity is thicker. Twist
the rod to finish tightening the tourniquet.

Ratcheting 棘轮 Tourniquet
Remember, only use a tourniquet for life-threatening bleeding from an arm or a leg.
Remember, position the tourniquet at least 2 to 3 inches above the wound on the side
closest to the heart. Do not place a tourniquet directly on the wound or a joint!\ When
using a ratcheting tourniquet, think PULL–LIFT.


PULL tight on the loop to tighten the strap as tight as possible around the arm or
leg.


 LIFT the buckle to tighten the tourniquet. Keep lifting up on the buckle until the
bleeding stops or you cannot lift it up anymore. Ratcheting tourniquets are self-
securing.
The Pros Know
There is a pediatric version of a ratcheting tourniquet, which is designed for the smaller
limb size of young children.
Direct pressure and a tourniquet are the best way to stop this bleeding.
For life-threatening bleeding from limb, use direct pressure and tourniquet.
For non-life-threatening bleeding, use direct pressure.
For life-threatening bleeding from the abdomen, use direct pressure.

Module 7 Injuries and Environmental Emergencies

Injury and Environmental Emergency Overview
Common life-threatening injuries include burns and head, neck and spinal injuries.
Common life-threatening environmental emergencies include heat stroke, hypothermia and
poison exposure.
General Approach to Injuries and Environmental Emergencies
Follow the emergency action steps, CHECK—CALL—CARE, as you have learned to do
for any emergency situation.
Step 1
Check
Check the scene for safety, form an initial impression and obtain consent.
 Note: If, during the initial impression, you determine that the person appears to be
experiencing a life-threatening emergency, immediately call 9-1-1, get the
equipment and give general care for the condition found. Then, continue your check
(as appropriate) to determine if additional care is needed (see below).
Check for responsiveness, breathing, life-threatening bleeding and other life-threatening
conditions.
 If necessary, control life-threatening bleeding using any available resources.
Continue the check of the person if they are responsive and breathing without life-
threatening bleeding (or after bleeding has been controlled) or another life-threatening
condition.
 Ask questions using SAM (Signs and symptoms, Allergies, Medications and medical
conditions) and do a focused check.
Alert
If you encounter fire, chemicals, exposed electrical wires or other hazards, even though you
wish to help, do not enter the scene. Instead immediately call 9-1-1 or tell someone to do so
and follow your facility protocol.
Step 2
Call
Call 9-1-1 and get equipment, or tell someone to do so, if the person is unresponsive, is not
breathing, is experiencing life-threatening bleeding or has a condition that is potentially life
threatening.
Note: If you suspect poison exposure it is important to contact a poison control center, but
by calling 911 they can help with this.
Step 3
Care
Care according to the condition found and your level of training. Keep the person in the
position they are found in, unless you have to move them due to the scene becoming unsafe
or you need to perform CPR. Keep the person from getting chilled or overheated and
reassure them that EMS has been called (if EMS is needed). Finally, continue to watch for
changes in the person’s condition, including breathing and level of responsiveness.

Recognizing and Caring for Specific Injuries and Environmental Emergencies

Check, Call, Care for Specific Injuries and Environmental EmergenciesHide
There are specific care actions you can take for:
 Burns.
 Head, neck and spinal injuries.
 Heat stroke.
 Hypothermia.
 Poison exposure.

Alert
If after your check of the person you suspect the person is experiencing a burn; a head,
neck or spinal injury; heat stroke; hypothermia; or poison exposure (that is potentially life-
threatening), always call 9-1-1 and get equipment or tell someone to do so before giving
care!

Burns
Know the Signs and Symptoms
Signs and symptoms of burns include:
 Burned areas can appear red, brown, black or white.
 You may see swelling 肿胀, blisters 水疱 or both.
 Burns range in severity from minor to life threatening.
Burns requiring immediate medical attention include:
 Burns that extend through deeper layers of skin or the fat, muscle or bone
underneath.
 Burns that cover more than one body part or a large percentage of the person’s
total body surface area.
 Burns that affect areas that could impair a person’s function or their ability to
breathe, such as burns on the face, hands, feet, joints or groin.
 Inhalation 吸入性 burns.
 Burns caused by electricity, chemicals, radiation or an explosion.
 Burns in people with medical conditions or other injuries.
 Burns in a young child, an infant or an older adult.

Know the Care

Give care for a burn while waiting for EMS to arrive:
 Cool the burn under clean, cool, running water.
  Cool the burn as soon as possible and for at least 10 minutes, ideally 20 minutes.
 Leave the burn uncovered unless EMS is delayed, or you are in a remote location. In
this case, cover the burn loosely with a sterile 无菌 dressing.
Alert
Never use ice, ice water or a freezing compress to cool a burn!

Head, Neck and Spinal Injuries

Know the Signs and Symptoms
Signs and symptoms of a head, neck or spinal injury include:
 Mechanism of injury
 Change in behavior or mental status (e.g., unresponsiveness, confusion, stumbling 障
碍, repeatedly asking the same questions, memory loss, nausea or vomiting, or speech
problems)
 Head, neck or back pain or a visible injury
 Loss of sensation or movement
 Seizures
 Crying
 Inability to do activities that the person could previously do
Know the Care
Give care for a head, neck or spinal injury while waiting for EMS to arrive:
 Leave the person in the position they were found
 Maintain the person’s body temperature
 Give care for other injuries that may be present

Know the Signs and Symptoms

Signs and symptoms of a concussion 脑震荡 include:
 Dizziness
 Loss of consciousness
 Headache
 Confusion
 Blurred or double vision
 Nausea
 Vomiting
 Seizures
 Memory loss
 Crying
 Inability to do activities that the person could previously do
The Pros Know
If you think a person has a concussion, advise them to stop their activity.
Know the Care
Give care for a concussion while waiting for EMS to arrive:
 Have the person rest without moving
 Maintain the person’s body temperature
 Give care for other injuries that may be present

Heat Stroke
Know the Signs and Symptoms
Signs and symptoms of heat stroke include:
 Moist, pale or flushed skin
 Absence of sweating
 Some degree of sweating
 Unresponsive
 Confusion
 Seizure
 Headache
 Nausea
 Dizziness
 Weakness
 Exhaustion
Know the Care
Give care for heat stroke while waiting for EMS to arrive. The priority is lowering the
person's body temperature:
 Immerse the person up to their neck in cold water, if you can safely do so.
 If you can’t immerse the person in cold water, apply cold, wet clothes or towels to
the skin, then apply ice packs and fan the person.
 Watch for changes in the person’s condition.

Hypothermia
Know the Causes
Hypothermia can occur:
 When the person experiences exposure to cold air temperatures, cold water or both.
 When the weather is not cold, but the person experiences prolonged exposure to a
wet or windy environment, wet clothes or sweating.

Know the Signs and Symptoms

Signs and symptoms of hypothermia include:
 Shivering (but may be absent as hypothermia worsens)颤抖
 Pale
 Cold to the touch
 Disoriented 迷失方向
Know the Care
Give care for hypothermia while waiting for EMS to arrive:
 Move the person to a warmer place.
 Remove any wet clothes, wrap them in a blanket and cover their head to slowly
warm them.
 Reassure the person until help arrives.

Poison Exposure
Know the Signs and Symptoms
Signs and symptoms of poison exposure include:
 Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
  Abnormal skin color, sweating
Life-threatening signs and symptoms of poison exposure include:
 Trouble breathing, breathing too fast, breathing too slow
 Fast or slow heart rate
 Unresponsiveness, changes in level of responsiveness, seizures, headache, dizziness,
weakness
Know the Care
If the person is responsive and alert without signs of a life-threatening problem, call the
national Poison Help hotline at 1-800-222-1222 and give care as advised.
1-800-222-1222
If they are unresponsive, not alert, there are other signs of a life-threatening condition, you
are unsure or multiple people are affected, call 911 and get equipment or tell someone to do
so.