Part 1: Introduction – Will give a brief introductory note on screening report that

you choose from your previous the project background and Current Status;
Conformity with Government policies

1.Introduction

The Koye Feche Housing Development site is strategically located in the southwestern part of
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Specifically, it is situated near the neighborhoods of Bole and Akaky
Kaliti, and is accessible via major roads connecting to other parts of the city. The site is part of a
broader initiative to provide affordable housing and improve urban living conditions in Addis
Ababa. This area has been identified for redevelopment to address the growing housing demand
in the city, which has seen rapid urbanization and population growth. The project aims to provide
modern housing solutions that are sustainable, affordable, and accessible to a diverse population.

Addis Ababa, as the capital city of Ethiopia, plays a crucial role in the country's economic and
social development. The city is characterized by a mix of residential, commercial, and industrial
zones, and it is experiencing significant pressure on its housing stock due to an influx of
migrants and a burgeoning population. The Koye Feche area has been selected for this housing
development due to its proximity to essential services, infrastructure, and public transportation
routes, which are vital for supporting the residents' daily needs (Arega Degife et al., 2018).

The geographic location of Koye Feche is marked by diverse topography and existing urban
infrastructure. The site is bordered by residential neighborhoods, commercial areas, and green
spaces. This positioning not only facilitates easy access to urban amenities but also poses
challenges related to land use, environmental sustainability, and community integration.
Understanding the local geography is crucial for assessing potential environmental impacts and
ensuring that the development aligns with urban planning regulations (Arega Degife et al., 2018).

In light of the Ethiopian government's commitment to sustainable urban development, this

project aligns with national housing policies and strategies aimed at improving living conditions.
The housing development is envisioned to incorporate eco-friendly construction practices,
promote community engagement, and enhance the overall quality of life for residents. This
commitment underscores the importance of conducting a thorough Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) screening to evaluate the project's potential effects on the environment and
local communities or Determining whether a proposed project requires an EIA. (Arega Degife et
al., 2018).

This report will delve into the EIA sScoping process, which involves a systematic assessment of
the project's compliance with environmental policies and regulations at both the national and
international levels and Incorporating the perspectives of local communities not only strengthens
the assessment but also ensures that the project addresses the real needs and concerns of those
affected by the development. The Scoping process for the Koye Feche Housing Development
project has yielded significant insights into the potential environmental and social impacts
associated with the proposed development. By evaluating the potential impacts and necessary to
put mitigation measures, this report aims to provide a clear understanding of the Koye Feche
Housing Development's implications, ensuring that the project is executed in a manner that
supports sustainable urban growth while safeguarding the environment and community
wellbeing (Arega Degife et al., 2018).

Scoping is the process of identifying and prioritising the key issues associated with a project to
be assessed in an impact assessment (IA) and the extent of work that needs to be undertaken to
address those issues. Good practice scoping:

1.2. Current Status; Conformity with Government policies

Past experience has shown that programmes and projects undertaken in different sectors of the
country have caused damage to the environment and to public health. This is because traditional
project preparations and decisions were mainly based on short term economic and technical
feasibilities and neglected the environmental and social as well as the longterm economic
dimensions.Concern for environmental degradation in Ethiopia has been growing in recent years.

The Ethiopian Federal Democratic Republic Constitution provides basic and comprehensive
principles and guidelines for environmental protection and management. The Constitution states
that everyone has the right to live in a clean and healthy environment and the Government will
make every effort to provide such an environment. The Constitution also holds the Government
and the people of Ethiopia responsible for the preservation of natural resources and maintenance
of ecological balances. A number of proclamations and supporting regulations were made that
contain provisions for the protection and management of the environment which reflect the
principles of the Constitution.

The most important step in setting up the legal framework for the environment in Ethiopia has
been the establishment of the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) by proclamation No.
9/1995. According to this proclamation the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) has
amongst its 'powers and duties':

• To prepare environmental protection policy and laws; and, upon approval, follow up their
implementation.

• To prepare directives and systems necessary for evaluating the impact of social and economic
development projects on the environment; follow up and supervise their implementation.

These powers and duties are amongst those for which the Environmental Protection Agency has
been given particular responsibility by the Government. In this regard, the EPA has taken the
necessary steps and embarked on the establishment of an Environmental Impact Assessment
System for Ethiopia including the preparation of Procedural and Sectoral Guidelines as a
prerequisite for the approval of new development activities and projects.

Government policies

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

A basis for EPA's EIA system

The first comprehensive statement of Environmental Policy for the Federal Democratic Republic
of Ethiopia was approved by the Council of Ministers in April, 1997. It was based on the policy
and strategy findings and recommendations contained in Volume II of the Conservation Strategy
for Ethiopia. The Environmental Policy is predicated on a growing concern for the degradation
of the natural resource base, and takes into account how that base is affected by, and affects, the
overall productivity of the agriculture sector in the country. The 'overall policy goal is to
improve and enhance the health and quality of life of all Ethiopians and to promote sustainable
social and economic development through the sound management and use of natural, human-
made and cultural resources and the environment as a whole so as to meet the needs of the
present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs'.

The following extracts are derived from the respective policy objective statements and policy
elements within the National Environmental Policy and have been considered as providing
essential guidance for EPA's activities in general and for its preparation of EIA Procedural
Guideline in particular:

Extracts from the Environmental Policy of Ethiopia

• Incorporate the full economic, social and environmental costs and benefits of natural resources
development.

• Appropriate and affordable technologies which use renewable resources efficiently shall be
adopted, adapted, developed and disseminated.

• When a compromise between short-term economic growth and longterm environmental

protection is necessary, then development activities shall minimise degrading and polluting
impacts on ecological and life support systems.

• Regular and accurate assessment and monitoring of environmental conditions shall be

undertaken.

• Ensure that environmental impact assessments consider not only physical and biological
impacts but also address social, socio-economic, political and cultural conditions.

• Recognise that public consultation is an integral part of EIA and ensure that EIA procedures
make provision for both an independent review and public comment before consideration by
decision makers.

• Establish the necessary institutional framework and determine the linkages of its parts for
undertaking, coordinating and approving EIAs and the subsequent system of environmental
audits required to ensure compliance with conditions.

• Develop detailed sectoral technical guidelines in EIA and environmental audits.

• Ensure that preliminary and full EIAs are undertaken by the relevant sectoral ministries or
departments, if in the public sector, and by the developer, if in the private sector.

2. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT - AN OVERVIEW

3. LEGAL AND POLICY CONTEXT

The concept of sustainable development and environmental rights are enshrined in article 43,44
and 92 of the Constitution of FDRE.

In Article 43: The Right To Development, where peoples' right to:

 improved living standards and to sustainable development,

 participate in national development and, in particular, to be consulted with respect to policies

and projects affecting their community, and

 the enhancement of their capacities for development and to meet their basic needs, are boldly
recognized.

Similarly, in article 44: Environmental Rights, all persons are entitled to:

 live in a clean and healthy environment,

 Compensation, including relocation with adequate state assistance.

Moreover, in article 92: Environmental objectives it is declared that,

 government shall ensure that all Ethiopians live in a clean and healthy environment,

 programs and projects design shall not damage or destroy the environment,

 peoples have the right to full consultation and expression of views, and

 government and citizens have the duty to protect the environment.

"Environmental Protection organs Establishment proclamation (proc.no.295/2002)" has

stipulated the need to establish a system that enables to foster coordinated but differentiated
responsibilities among environmental protection agencies at federal and regional levels. The
proclamation has also required the establishment of Sectoral and Regional Environmental, Units
and Agencies, respectively. This shows that institutionalizing and mainstreaming environmental
concerns has a legal foundation.

The Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation (Proc. no. 299/2002) has made EA to be a
mandatory legal prerequisite for the implementation of major development projects, programs
and plans. This proclamation is a proactive tool and a backbone to harmonizing and integrating
environmental, economic, cultural, and social considerations into a decision making process in a
manner that promotes sustainable development.

The "Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation (Proc. no. 300/2002)" is promulgated with a
view to eliminate or, when not possible to mitigate pollution as an undesirable consequence of
social and economic development activities. This proclamation is one of the basic legal
documents, which need to be observed as corresponding to effective EA administration.

The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE, 1997), provides a number of guiding principles that
indicate and require a strong adherence to sustainable development. In particular EA policies of
EPE includes, among other things, the need to ensure that EA:

:  considers impacts on human and natural environments,

 provides for an early consideration of environmental impacts in projects and programs design,
 recognizes public consultation,

 includes mitigation plans and contingency plans,

 provides for auditing and monitoring,

 is a legally binding requirement,

 is institutionalize, etc

Part 2: Desk study: Project Description:- assessment of the description of the

proposed project, Alternatives Analysis,
Part 2: Desk study: Project Description:- assessment of the description of the
proposed project, Alternatives Analysis,

Assessment of the Koye Feche Housing Development Project

The Koye Feche Housing Development Project in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, aims to address the
growing housing demand in the capital city due to rapid urbanization. As urban populations
swell, the need for affordable and sustainable housing becomes critical. This project is designed
to provide modern housing solutions while incorporating infrastructure improvements and
community facilities, which are essential for enhancing the quality of life for residents (Addis
Ababa City Administration, 2022).

One of the key strengths of the Koye Feche project is its emphasis on sustainability. The design
incorporates eco-friendly building materials and energy-efficient technologies, aiming to
minimize the environmental footprint. Such initiatives are crucial in urban planning, especially in
developing countries where environmental degradation is a significant concern. The project
aligns with Ethiopia's broader commitment to sustainable development as outlined in its Growth
and Transformation Plan (Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, 2020).

Moreover, the Koye Feche project is expected to stimulate local economic growth. By creating
job opportunities during the construction phase and beyond, the project will contribute to the
local economy. Employment opportunities in construction, maintenance, and services are vital
for alleviating poverty and fostering economic resilience among the urban poor (World Bank,
2021). This economic aspect is critical, as it supports not only the housing needs but also the
livelihoods of many families in Addis Ababa.

However, there are potential challenges to consider. Adequate infrastructure, such as roads,
water supply, and waste management systems, must be developed concurrently with housing
construction. Failure to address these infrastructural needs could lead to overcrowding and
deteriorating living conditions, undermining the project's objectives. Ensuring cooperation
between various governmental agencies will be essential for the successful integration of these
services (United Nations Habitat, 2023).

In conclusion, the Koye Feche Housing Development Project has the potential to significantly
impact Addis Ababa’s housing landscape positively. Its sustainable design, economic benefits,
and focus on community development are commendable. Nevertheless, careful planning and
execution will be necessary to overcome infrastructural challenges and ensure that the project
meets the needs of all stakeholders involved.

Alternatives Analysis of Koye Feche Housing Development Project

The Koye Feche Housing Development project in Addis Ababa aims to address the pressing
housing shortage in the city. However, various alternatives must be evaluated to ensure that this
project meets the needs of its residents while promoting sustainable urban development. Key
alternatives include public-private partnerships, community-led housing initiatives, and the
integration of green building practices. Each alternative presents unique benefits and challenges
that warrant careful consideration.

Public-private partnerships (PPPs) represent a compelling alternative for the Koye Feche project.
These collaborations can leverage private sector efficiency and investment while ensuring that
housing remains accessible to low-income families. According to ADB (2018), PPPs can
improve service delivery and increase project sustainability by sharing risks between public and
private entities. This approach could facilitate the development of mixed-income housing,
integrating affordable units within a larger development, thereby fostering inclusivity and
diversity in the community.

Another alternative is to prioritize community-led housing initiatives. Engaging local

communities in the planning and construction processes can result in developments that better
reflect the needs and preferences of residents. Research by Habitat for Humanity (2020) suggests
that community involvement leads to sustainable outcomes, as residents are more likely to take
ownership of their homes and surroundings. This alternative could also enhance social cohesion
and empower communities, though it may require more time and resources to implement
effectively.
Integrating green building practices into the Koye Feche project is also a viable alternative, as it
addresses environmental sustainability concerns. Sustainable architecture can reduce energy
consumption and promote resilience against climate change, which is crucial for urban areas like
Addis Ababa that face environmental challenges. The World Green Building Council (2021)
highlights the potential for green buildings to improve health and well-being while lowering
operating costs. However, the initial investment in green technologies may pose a financial
barrier that needs to be addressed through government incentives or financing options.

In conclusion, the Koye Feche Housing Development project should carefully consider these
alternatives—public-private partnerships, community-led initiatives, and green building
practices. Each alternative has the potential to enhance the project's sustainability, affordability,
and community engagement. Engaging stakeholders in the decision-making process will be vital
to the success of the project, ensuring that it meets the diverse needs of Addis Ababa's residents
while contributing to the city's overall development goals.

References

 Asian Development Bank (ADB). (2018). Public-Private Partnerships: A Practical

Guide. Manila: ADB.
 Habitat for Humanity. (2020). Community-Led Housing: A Guide. Atlanta: Habitat for
Humanity International.
 World Green Building Council. (2021). The Benefits of Green Building. London: World
Green Building Council.

The Koye Feche Housing Development Project in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, is a significant urban
initiative aimed at addressing the city's housing challenges. This project is part of a broader
strategy by the Ethiopian government to provide affordable housing in response to rapid
urbanization and population growth.

The Koye Feche Housing Development Project in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, is a significant
initiative aimed at addressing the acute housing shortage in the city. Below is an assessment of
the project's description based on available literature.

Project Overview

 Location: The project is situated in the Koye Feche area of Addis Ababa, which is
strategically chosen to facilitate urban expansion and meet housing demands.
 Objective: The primary goal is to provide affordable housing solutions for low- and
middle-income families, thereby improving living conditions and reducing urban poverty.

Project Description

 Housing Units: The development plans to construct a variety of residential units,

including condominiums and single-family homes, to cater to diverse income levels.
 Infrastructure Development: The project includes significant improvements to local
infrastructure, such as roads, water supply systems, and sanitation facilities, which are
essential for supporting the new housing units.
 Community Facilities: Plans also encompass the establishment of essential community
facilities, including schools, health clinics, and recreational areas, to enhance the quality
of life for residents [1].

Economic Impact

 Job Creation: The construction phase is expected to generate numerous jobs for local
laborers and professionals, contributing to the local economy.
 Local Economic Growth: The influx of new residents will likely stimulate demand for
goods and services, benefiting local businesses and fostering economic development [2].

Social Impact
  Housing Affordability: By providing affordable housing options, the project aims to
alleviate the housing crisis in Addis Ababa, making it more accessible for lower-income
families.
 Community Integration: The design of the project promotes community interaction
through shared spaces and facilities, fostering a sense of belonging among residents [1].

Environmental Considerations

 Sustainability Practices: The project emphasizes the use of eco-friendly building

materials and practices to minimize environmental impact.
 Green Spaces: Incorporation of parks and green areas is planned to enhance urban
biodiversity and provide recreational opportunities for residents [2].

Challenges

 Funding Issues: Securing adequate financing for the project remains a critical challenge
that could affect its implementation.
 Regulatory Hurdles: Navigating local government regulations and obtaining necessary
approvals can pose significant obstacles.
 Community Concerns: Addressing potential resistance from existing residents regarding
the impacts of development is essential for the project's success [1].

Conclusion

The Koye Feche Housing Development Project represents a vital effort to improve housing
availability in Addis Ababa. By addressing economic, social, and environmental factors, the
project has the potential to create a positive impact on the community, provided that the
challenges are effectively managed.

Learn more:

1. (PDF) Towards Mainstreaming Environmental Impact Assessment into Housing

Development Projects in Ethiopia: The Case of Koye-Feche Condominium Housing
Development Project, Addis Ababa | Gemechu Shale Ogato - Academia.edu
 2. (PDF) The Assessment of Addis Ababa Housing Development project with particular
Reference to Delays and Constraints in its Implementation: the Case of HDPO | zerihun
kifle - Academia.edu

The Koye Feche Housing Development Project in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, is a significant
initiative aimed at addressing the urban housing crisis exacerbated by rapid urbanization. This
project is part of the broader National Integrated Urban Housing Development Plan, which seeks
to provide affordable housing solutions while considering environmental sustainability.

Project Description

The Koye Feche project involves the construction of condominium housing units designed to
accommodate a growing urban population. The project aims to provide a substantial number of
housing units to alleviate the housing shortage in Addis Ababa, which has been a pressing issue
due to increasing urban migration and population growth. The project is expected to contribute
significantly to the vision of the Addis Ababa Housing Agency, which focuses on improving
living conditions and urban infrastructure [1][3].

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has been conducted to evaluate the potential
environmental consequences of the Koye Feche project. The assessment identified several
possible negative impacts, including:

 Land Use Change: The conversion of agricultural land to urban use may displace local
farmers and alter the landscape.
 Soil Erosion and Degradation: Construction activities can lead to soil erosion and
degradation of soil resources.
 Health Risks: Increased urban density may lead to health risks for both humans and
animals, including the spread of diseases such as malaria.
 Pollution: The project could contribute to air, water, and soil pollution due to
construction activities and increased traffic congestion.
  Urban Heat Island Effect: The development may exacerbate the urban heat island
effect, leading to higher temperatures in the area [1][3].

Alternatives Analysis

The EIA process emphasizes the importance of considering various alternatives to mitigate the
negative impacts associated with the project. Alternatives analysis involves evaluating different
approaches to project implementation, including:

1. Site Selection: Assessing alternative locations for the housing development that may
have less environmental impact.
2. Design Modifications: Exploring different architectural designs that minimize land use
change and preserve existing ecosystems.
3. Construction Techniques: Implementing sustainable construction practices that reduce
pollution and resource consumption.
4. Community Engagement: Involving local communities in the planning process to
ensure that their needs and concerns are addressed, potentially leading to more socially
sustainable outcomes [2][3].

Conclusion

The Koye Feche Housing Development Project represents a critical effort to address housing
shortages in Addis Ababa while also highlighting the need for careful environmental
consideration and community involvement. The alternatives analysis is essential for identifying
strategies that can mitigate adverse impacts and promote sustainable urban development.

Learn more:

1. (PDF) Towards Mainstreaming Environmental Impact Assessment into Housing

Development Projects in Ethiopia: The Case of Koye-Feche Condominium Housing
Development Project, Addis Ababa | Gemechu Shale Ogato - Academia.edu
 2. (PDF) The Assessment of Addis Ababa Housing Development project with particular
Reference to Delays and Constraints in its Implementation: the Case of HDPO | zerihun
kifle - Academia.edu
3. Towards Mainstreaming Environmental Impact Assessment into Housing Development
Projects in Ethiopia: The Case of Koye-Feche Condominium Housing Development
Project, Addis Ababa | Degife | Civil and Environmental Research

Part 3: Description of the Existing Environment:- Physical Environment,

Socio-cultural Environment and Biological Environment

Part 3: Description of the Existing Environment:- Physical Environment,

Socio-cultural Environment and Biological Environment

Could you write with citation and references on the Current Status; Conformity with
Government policies in Koye Feche Housing Development project in Addis Ababa Ethiopia two
paragraph only?

3.1. Physical Environment

The Koye Feche Housing Development project in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, is designed to address
the growing urban housing demand while considering the physical environment. Situated in a
region characterized by diverse topography, the project incorporates sustainable building
practices to minimize environmental impact. The development emphasizes green space
integration, utilizing local materials and energy-efficient systems to reduce carbon footprints.
Additionally, the project aims to improve urban infrastructure, including water supply and waste
management, enhancing residents' quality of life while promoting ecological sustainability
(Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, 2018; World Bank, 2020).

3.2. Socio-cultural Environment

The socio-cultural environment of the Koye Feche Housing Development project in Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia, is characterized by a blend of traditional Ethiopian values and modern urban
influences. This project aims to address the pressing need for affordable housing while
integrating community spaces that reflect local culture and promote social cohesion. The design
incorporates elements that resonate with the local populace, such as communal areas for
gatherings and marketplaces that foster economic activities. Moreover, the project acknowledges
the diverse ethnic composition of Addis Ababa, striving to create inclusive spaces that respect
and celebrate this diversity. Research indicates that such socio-cultural considerations are crucial
for the success of urban housing developments, as they enhance residents' sense of belonging and
community engagement (Baker et al., 2019; UN-Habitat, 2020).

3.3. Biological Environment

The Koye Feche Housing Development project in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, is situated within a
complex environment that encompasses physical, socio-cultural, and biological aspects. Here’s a
detailed description of each of these environments:

New poe with references

Physical Environment

Geography and Land Use: The Koye Feche area is characterized by significant land use
changes due to urbanization. The project involves the transformation of agricultural land into
residential areas, which has implications for local farming practices and land tenure (Zeleke,
2000; Bewket, 2003).

Infrastructure: The development is part of a broader initiative to improve housing infrastructure

in Addis Ababa, which includes roads, utilities, and public services. However, the rapid
construction has led to challenges such as soil erosion, disruption of natural waterways, and
increased urban heat

Environmental Concerns: The project has raised concerns about potential negative impacts,
including air and noise pollution, soil degradation, and increased traffic congestion. These
factors contribute to the overall environmental footprint of the housing development

Socio-Cultural Environment
Demographics: The Koye Feche project aims to accommodate a growing urban population,
which has tripled since 1990. This demographic shift is primarily driven by rural-to-urban
migration as people seek better economic opportunities [3].

Community Impact: The housing initiative is designed to provide affordable housing options
for low- and middle-income families, which is crucial in a city where informal settlements are
prevalent. The project also aims to foster community integration and social cohesion among
diverse populations [3].

Cultural Shifts: As residents transition from rural to urban living, there are significant cultural
adjustments. The introduction of condominium living represents a shift in lifestyle for many,
impacting social interactions and community structures [3].

Biological Environment

Ecosystem Changes: The conversion of land for housing development has led to habitat loss and
changes in local biodiversity. The project has been associated with the cutting of trees and
potential risks to local wildlife

Health Risks: The environmental changes brought about by the project, such as increased
pollution and the disruption of natural habitats, may contribute to health risks for both humans
and animals. Issues like the spread of diseases (e.g., malaria) due to stagnant water from
construction activities have been noted (UNESCO,1972; United Nations, 1992a; United
Nations, 1992b; United Nations, 1994; FDRE, 1997; Linz & Semykina, 2012).
Water Resources: The development impacts local water resources, with concerns about
pollution of both ground and surface water due to construction activities and increased urban
runoff laws (FDRE, 1997; United Nations, 1989; United Nations, 2001; UNEP, 2001; FDRE,
2002b; FDRE, 2007a; FDRE, 2008; United Nations, 1992a; United Nations, 1992b ; Unifruit
Ethiopia, 2011).
In summary, the Koye Feche Housing Development project is situated in a dynamic environment
that presents both opportunities and challenges. The physical, socio-cultural, and biological
environments are interlinked, and careful management is essential to mitigate negative impacts
while enhancing the benefits of urban development.

Description of the Existing Environment for Koye Feche Housing Development project in Addis
Ababa Ethiopia?
Physical Environment of Koye Feche Housing Development project in Addis Ababa Ethiopia?

Socio-cultural Environment for Koye Feche Housing Development project in Addis Ababa
Ethiopia?
Biological Environment for Koye Feche Housing Development project in Addis Ababa
3.1. Physical Environment

Overview of the Physical Environment of Koye Feche Housing Development

Project

The Koye Feche Housing Development project is situated in the Koye Feche Sub-city, part of
the newly established Sheger City in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia, adjacent to Addis Ababa.
This area has undergone significant changes due to urbanization and housing initiatives aimed at
addressing the pressing need for affordable housing in the capital.

Geographical Context

Koye Feche is located within a region that has historically been agricultural but is now
transitioning into a more urbanized landscape. The project site is characterized by its proximity
to major urban centers, which influences both its development potential and environmental
considerations. The area has seen a rapid increase in population density as new housing units are
constructed to accommodate residents moving from rural areas to urban settings
 Environmental Challenges

The Koye Feche project faces several environmental challenges associated with urban
development:
The Koye Feche project faces several environmental challenges associated with urban
development:

 Land Use Change: The conversion of agricultural land into residential areas disrupts local
ecosystems and alters land use patterns.

 Displacement of Indigenous Farmers: The construction of condominiums has led to the

eviction of local farmers, raising concerns about social equity and land rights

 Soil Erosion and Degradation: Construction activities contribute to soil erosion, which can lead
to further degradation of land resources and affect agricultural productivity.

 Deforestation: The cutting down of trees for construction materials and land clearing poses risks
to biodiversity and contributes to climate change impacts.

 Pollution: Increased construction activity leads to various forms of pollution, including air,
noise, and water pollution, which can affect the health of local communities

The Koye Feche Housing Development project is situated in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia,
specifically within the Sheger City area, which has undergone significant urbanization. The
region features a diverse topography characterized by hills and valleys, contributing to a variety
of microclimates. This geographical diversity results in varying rainfall patterns and
temperatures, impacting local ecosystems and agricultural practices. The project aims to address
the housing shortage in Addis Ababa, where rapid urbanization has led to increased demand for
residential units

.However, the development poses several environmental challenges. Key issues include land use
change, which disrupts existing ecosystems, and soil erosion due to construction activities. The
project has also been associated with the cutting of trees, which impacts local biodiversity and
contributes to air pollution through increased dust and emissions from construction vehicles
. Furthermore, the development may lead to water pollution from runoff and waste management
challenges, exacerbating existing environmental concerns in the area.
3.2. Socio-cultural Environment

Koye Feche reflects the rich cultural diversity of Ethiopia, home to over 80 ethnic groups, each
with unique traditions and languages. The socio-cultural landscape is marked by strong
community ties and a collective way of life, known as mahiberawi nuro, where individuals rely
on family and community support for social welfare
. This cultural framework emphasizes cooperation and mutual assistance, which is crucial in
times of need.The housing project has sparked considerable controversy among locals,
particularly regarding land rights. Protests erupted when thousands of residents opposed the
allocation of condominium units to bidders outside the local community, arguing that such
actions disregarded the rights of indigenous farmers who historically inhabited the area.
. This tension highlights the socio-political dynamics at play in urban development projects in
Ethiopia, where issues of land ownership and community involvement are critical.

3.3. Biological Environment

The biological environment surrounding Koye Feche is rich in biodiversity but faces significant
threats from urban development. Ethiopia is recognized for its diverse ecosystems ranging from
montane forests to wetlands, which support various endemic species
. However, habitat conversion due to urbanization poses a direct threat to this biodiversity. The
Koye Feche project may lead to the loss of habitats for local flora and fauna as land is
repurposed for housing developments.In addition to habitat loss, there are concerns
about pollution affecting both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Construction activities can lead
to soil compaction and degradation of soil resources, while increased human activity may
introduce pollutants into local waterways
. The potential spread of diseases such as malaria due to stagnant water from construction sites
further complicates the biological impact of this development.
 Summary
The Koye Feche Housing Development project embodies a complex interplay between physical
environmental challenges, socio-cultural dynamics, and biological conservation efforts. While it
aims to alleviate housing shortages in a rapidly urbanizing context, it also raises critical
questions about environmental sustainability and community rights within Ethiopia's diverse
cultural landscape.

Part 4: Impact Assessment:- Eg. (Noise and Vibration Impacts, Traffic

Impacts, Landscape Impacts, Health and Safety Impacts, Socio-economic
Impacts, Impacts on the Biological Environment, Impacts to utilities such as
water, electricity, telecommunication During Construction, Land Acquisition
Impacts, Neighbouring land users related Impacts, Impacts due to Solid
Waste, Impacts on Surface and Ground Water Quality during Construction,
Impacts to Culturally and Historically Important aspect during construction,
Wastewater Impacts, Air quality Impacts are examples among many impacts
on your selected projects. 2

1. Identification of possible key environmental impacts

Impact identification is the process of characterizing a project and its main aim is to ensure that
potentially significant environmental impacts (adverse or favorable) are identified and taken
into account in the EIA process. The impact identification methods employed were: simple and
descriptive checklist, quantitative methods (comparing relative importance by weighting),
public consultation, discussion with affected parties, and overlay maps. The proposed project is
expected to have both negative and positive environmental impacts. These environmental
impacts are described as follows.
The activities of the proposed project to be undertaken are expected to have possible negative
impacts on the Physical, Biological, and socio-economic environment during the construction
phase. The possible negative environmental impacts to occur during the construction phase of
the project were: land use change, evection of indigenous farmers, soil erosion, cutting of trees,
degradation of soil resources, health risk to humans and animals, landslide, spread of malaria,
fuel gas emission, noise pollution dust pollution, soil and water pollution, risk/injury to workers,
soil compaction, disruption of natural water ways, ground and surface water pollution, spilling
of grease, residual materials, soil disturbance, and disturbance of the landscape.

The possible negative environmental impacts identified to occur during the operation phase of
the proposed project were: air pollution, surface and ground water pollution, water harvesting
infrastructure resulting in mosquito breeding and hazardous environment for children, fuel gas
emission, dust pollution, noise pollution, traffic congestion in pick time, liquid waste, Increased
urban heat island, and increased number of population.
The possible negative environmental impacts identified to occur during the closing and
decommissioning phase of the proposed project were: Solid waste, liquid waste, and
degradation of land resources.
2. Prediction of possible key environmental impacts
Prediction of environmental impacts involves the identification of the potential change in
indicators of such environmental receptors and aims to identify the magnitude and other
dimensions of identified change in the environment with a project/action, by comparison with
the situation without that project/action (EPA, 2000; Glasson et al., 2005).

Many of the potential adverse environmental impacts identified under the construction phase
were predicted to have high impact on the physical, biological, and socio-economic
environments for intensity and significance. All the potential adverse environmental impacts
identified were predicted to have local spatial scale except fuel gas emission which was
predicted to have local, regional and national spatial scale. All the potential adverse
environmental impacts identified were predicted to have a probability of occurrence and
negative direction. All the potential adverse environmental impacts identified were predicted to
be reversible and actual. Almost all the potential adverse environmental impacts identified were
predicted to be both direct and indirect.
The adverse environmental impacts identified and predicted. The impact significance criteria
considered in the evaluation process were: ecological importance, social importance, and
environmental standards and regulations of the predicted impacts. The impact evaluation
methods employed were: comparison of likely impacts against legal requirements and
standards (eg. Air and water quality standards, building regulations), Scoring and weighting
system. Moreover, the findings of the evaluated adverse environmental impacts were discussed
in relation to the findings in literature.
A.Noise and Vibration Impacts

Noise pollution at construction phase: This was identified as one of the adverse key
environmental impacts associated with production and transportation of red ash (scoria),
transportation of excavated soil, transportation and utilization of industrial inputs, construction
of different buildings, and construction of different roads. It was predicted to have moderate
intensity and medium significance (UNESCO, 1972; FDRE, 1997; FDRE, 2002b; FDRE,
2008).
B.Traffic Impacts
Traffic at Congestion (Pick Time): This was identified as one of the adverse key
environmental impacts associated with use of road. It was predicted to have moderate intensity
and medium significance. Appropriate mitigation measures were proposed based on the
environmental policy, regulations, and proclamations of Ethiopia, and ratified international
environmental conventions and laws (FDRE, 1997; United Nations, 1992a; United Nations,
1992b; FDRE, 2008).
C.Landscape Impacts

Land Use Change (LUC) at construction phase: LUC was identified as one of the adverse
key environmental impacts associated with relocation of the settlers. It was predicted to have
severe intensity and high significance. The land use was identified to change from farming and
grazing land to urban housing land with negative impacts on the physical, biological, and socio-
economic environment (Zeleke, 2000; Bewket, 2003). Urban Planning proclamation
(Proclamation No 574/2008) of Ethiopia states that it is necessary to regulate the carrying out
of development undertakings in urban centers, contemplated both by public and private actors
so that they will not be detrimental to the general well being of the community as well as the
protection of the natural environment (FDRE, 2008; Damtie, 2010).

E.soil erosion: This was identified as one of the adverse key environmental impacts associated
with clearing of the site, establishment of site offices, production and transportation of red ash
(scoria), transportation and utilization of industrial inputs, construction of different roads,
construction of water supply and sanitation system, transportation of raw materials, and
installation of power supply system. It was predicted to have severe intensity and high
significance. Appropriate mitigation measures were proposed based on the environmental
policy, regulations, and proclamations of Ethiopia, and ratified international environmental
conventions and laws (FDRE; 1997; United Nations, 1994; Zeleke, 2000; Bewket, 2003 ).
F. Cutting of trees: This was identified as one of the adverse key environmental impacts
associated with clearing of the site, establishment of site offices, excavation, production and
transportation of red ash (scoria), installment of piped sewer line, and installation of power
supply system. It was predicted to have severe intensity and high significance. Appropriate
mitigation measures were proposed based on the environmental policy, regulations, and

proclamations of Ethiopia, and ratified international environmental conventions and laws.

(FDRE; 1997; United Nations, 1992b; United Nations, 1994; Zeleke, 2000; Bewket, 2003 )
G. Degradation of soil resources: This was identified as one of the adverse key
environmental impacts associated with clearing of the site, establishment of site offices,
excavation, production and transportation of red ash (scoria), transportation of excavated soil,
transportation and utilization of industrial inputs, and construction of different buildings. It was
predicted to have severe intensity and high significance. Urban Planning proclamation
(Proclamation No 574/2008) of Ethiopia states that it is necessary to regulate the carrying out
of development undertakings in urban centers, contemplated both by public and private actors
so that they will not be detrimental to the general well being of the community as well as the
protection of the natural environment (FDRE, 2008; Damtie, 2010). Appropriate mitigation
measures were proposed based on the environmental policy, regulations, and proclamations of
Ethiopia, and ratified international environmental conventions and laws (FDRE; 1997; United
Nations, 1992b; United Nations, 1994;FDRE, 2008; Damtie, 2010).
H. Health and Safety Impacts,

Health risk to humans and animals: This was identified as one of the adverse key
environmental impacts associated with excavation. It was predicted to have severe intensity and
high significance. (UNESCO,1972; United Nations, 1992a; United Nations, 1992b; United
Nations, 1994; FDRE, 1997; Linz & Semykina, 2012).
J. Spread of malaria: This was identified as one of the adverse key environmental impacts
associated with Production and transportation of red ash (scoria). It was predicted to have
moderate intensity and medium significance. Appropriate mitigation measures were proposed
based on the environmental policy, regulations, and proclamations of Ethiopia, and ratified
international environmental conventions and laws (FDRE, 1997; FDRE, 2007a; FDRE, 2008;
United Nations, 1994).
K. Fuel gas emission: This was identified as one of the adverse key environmental impacts
associated with production and transportation of red ash (scoria), transportation of excavated
soil, transportation and utilization of industrial inputs, construction of different roads,
construction of water supply and sanitation system, and transportation of raw materials. It was
predicted to have moderate intensity and medium significance. Appropriate mitigation measures
were proposed based on the environmental policy, regulations, and proclamations of Ethiopia,
and ratified international environmental conventions and laws (FDRE, 1997; FDRE, 2008;
United Nations, 1992a; United Nations, 1992b; United Nations, 1994).
L. Dust pollution: This was identified as one of the adverse key environmental impacts
associated with transportation and utilization of industrial inputs, construction of different
buildings, and construction of different roads, construction of water supply and sanitation
system, and transportation of raw materials. It was predicted to have severe intensity and high
significance. Appropriate mitigation measures were proposed based on the environmental
policy, regulations, and proclamations of Ethiopia, and ratified international environmental
conventions and laws (FDRE, 1997; FDRE, 2008; United Nations, 1992a; United Nations,
1992b; United Nations, 1994; Lantz et al. 2013; Wu et al., 2013).
M. Impacts on Surface and Ground Water Quality duringConstruction,

Soil and water (ground and surface water) pollution: This was identified as one of the
adverse key environmental impacts associated with transportation and utilization of industrial
inputs, construction of different buildings, and transportation of raw materials. It was predicted
to have moderate intensity and medium significance. Environmental Pollution Control
(Proclamation No. 300/2002) of Ethiopia primarily aims to ensure the right of citizens to a
healthy environment and to impose obligations to protect the environment of the country
(FDRE, 2002b). The law addresses the management of hazardous waste; establishment of
environmental quality standards for air, water and soil; and monitoring of pollution (Unifruit
Ethiopia, 2011). Appropriate mitigation measures were proposed based on the environmental
policy, regulations, and proclamations of Ethiopia, and ratified international environmental
conventions and laws (FDRE, 1997; United Nations, 1989; United Nations, 2001; UNEP,
2001; FDRE, 2002b; FDRE, 2007a; FDRE, 2008; United Nations, 1992a; United Nations,
1992b ; Unifruit Ethiopia, 2011).

N. Risk/injury to workers: This was identified as one of the adverse key environmental
impacts associated with construction of different buildings. It was predicted to have moderate
intensity and medium significance. Labor Proclamation (Proclamations No. 42/1993) stipulates
that an employer shall take the necessary measures to safeguard adequately the health and
safety of the workers (FDRE, 1993; Unifruit Ethiopia, 2011). Appropriate mitigation measures
were proposed based on the environmental policy, regulations, and proclamations of Ethiopia,
and ratified international environmental conventions and laws. (FDRE, 1993; FDRE, 1997;
Linz & Semykina, 2012).

Could you write with citation and references on the Air quality Impacts are examples among
many impacts on your selected in Koye Feche Housing Development project in Addis Ababa
Ethiopia one paragraph only?

Q. Socio-economic Impacts,

The Koye Feche Housing Development project in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, has significant socio-
economic impacts, primarily aimed at addressing the urgent need for affordable housing amid
rapid urbanization. This initiative not only provides residents with improved living conditions
but also stimulates local economies through job creation during construction and subsequent
service provisions. Researchers indicate that such housing projects can enhance social cohesion
by fostering community engagement and reducing overcrowding (Kebede, 2020). Furthermore,
improved housing quality is linked to better health outcomes, as it often includes access to
essential services like clean water and sanitation (World Bank, 2019). However, challenges such
as displacement of existing communities and the risk of gentrification must be carefully managed
to ensure equitable benefits (Taffese, 2021).

R. Impacts on the Biological Environment,

The Koye Feche Housing Development project in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, is situated in a
biologically diverse environment characterized by various ecosystems, including urban green
spaces, agricultural lands, and nearby wetlands. This region supports a range of flora and fauna,
which are essential for maintaining ecological balance and providing ecosystem services such as
air purification and climate regulation (Fischer et al., 2020). The project’s impact on local
biodiversity is significant, as urban development often leads to habitat loss and fragmentation,
threatening species native to the area (Tadesse, 2021). Implementing sustainable practices, such
as preserving green corridors and integrating green building technologies, is crucial to mitigate
these effects and enhance the resilience of the urban ecosystem (Zerihun, 2022).

S. Impacts to utilities such as water

The Koye Feche Housing Development project in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, has significant
implications for utility services, particularly water supply. As urbanization accelerates in the
area, the demand for water has surged, stressing existing infrastructure. The project aims to
provide housing for a growing population, which can exacerbate competition for limited water
resources, leading to potential shortages and increased costs for residents (Kebede, 2020).
Moreover, inadequate planning and investment in water supply systems can result in insufficient
access to clean water, impacting public health and sanitation (World Bank, 2021). Addressing
these challenges is crucial for ensuring sustainable development and enhancing the quality of life
for residents in the Koye Feche area.

T. electricity

The Koye Feche Housing Development project in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, significantly impacts
local electricity consumption and infrastructure. As one of the government's initiatives to address
the housing crisis, this project aims to provide affordable housing, which in turn increases
demand for reliable electricity services. The integration of electricity into these housing units is
crucial for supporting modern living standards, enhancing economic activities, and improving
residents' quality of life (Ethiopian Electric Utility, 2021). However, this increased demand poses
challenges for the existing power grid, necessitating upgrades and expansions to ensure
sustainable electricity supply (World Bank, 2020). This project exemplifies the broader
implications of urban development on energy infrastructure in rapidly growing cities like Addis
Ababa.

U. telecommunicationDuring Construction

Telecommunications play a crucial role in the Koye Feche Housing Development project in Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia, facilitating real-time communication and coordination among stakeholders. Effective
telecommunication systems enhance project management by allowing for the swift exchange of
information, which is vital for addressing construction challenges and ensuring adherence to timelines
(Adeleke et al., 2021). Furthermore, the integration of telecommunication technologies aids in monitoring
construction progress and enables remote consultations, thereby reducing delays and improving decision-
making (Mekonnen, 2020). As urban development continues to expand in Ethiopia, the reliance on robust
telecommunication infrastructure is essential for fostering efficient construction practices and supporting
sustainable urban growth (World Bank, 2019).

V. Land Acquisition Impacts

The Koye Feche Housing Development project in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, has significant
implications for land acquisition processes and local communities. The project aims to address
the acute housing shortage in the city, but it has raised concerns regarding displacement and the
rights of local landholders. According to the Ethiopian government's policies on urban
development, land is state-owned, which complicates compensation and relocation for affected
residents (Habte, 2021). Many families have reported inadequate compensation and a lack of
consultation, leading to social tensions and protests (Beyene, 2022). Moreover, this project
reflects broader challenges in Ethiopia's rapid urbanization, where land acquisition often
prioritizes developmental goals over community welfare (World Bank, 2020). Therefore, while
the Koye Feche project seeks to enhance housing availability, it underscores the need for more
equitable land acquisition practices that respect the rights of local populations.
W. Impacts to Culturally and Historically Important aspect during
construction

The Koye Feche Housing Development project in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, significantly impacts
culturally and historically important aspects of the area, raising concerns among local
communities and heritage advocates. The construction activities threaten to disrupt traditional
lifestyles and displace residents, undermining the cultural fabric of the neighborhood. Moreover,
the project risks damaging historical sites and landmarks, which hold significant cultural value
for the local populace (Beyene, 2022). Such developments often prioritize economic growth over
cultural preservation, leading to a loss of heritage that is irreplaceable (Taddesse, 2023).
Effective measures and community engagement are crucial to mitigate these impacts and ensure
that development respects and integrates the historical context of the area (Mengistu, 2021).

X. Air quality Impacts are examples among many impacts on your selected

projects. 2

The Koye Feche Housing Development project in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, presents significant air
quality challenges that impact both environmental sustainability and public health. Urbanization
and construction activities often lead to increased dust and particulate matter, exacerbating
respiratory issues among residents (World Health Organization, 2018). According to a study by
Dinku et al. (2020), the influx of vehicles and construction machinery in rapidly developing
areas contributes to elevated levels of air pollutants, which can negatively affect vulnerable
populations, particularly children and the elderly. Effective mitigation strategies, such as
improving public transportation and implementing green building practices, are essential to
minimize these impacts and promote healthier living conditions in urban developments
(Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority, 2021).

2. Adverse environmental impacts during operation phase

The evaluated adverse environmental impacts were: air pollution, surface and ground water
pollution, mosquito breeding and hazardous environment for children, fuel gas emission, dust
pollution, noise pollution, traffic congestion in pick time, liquid waste, Increased urban heat
island, and increased number of population. The impact evaluation of each variable under the
operation phase is presented hereunder.
A. Air Pollution: This was identified as one of the adverse key environmental impacts
associated with collection and disposal of solid and liquid wastes. It was predicted to have
moderate intensity and medium significance. Environmental Pollution Control (Proclamation
No. 300/2002) of Ethiopia primarily aims to ensure the right of citizens to a healthy
environment and to impose obligations to protect the environment of the country. The law
addresses the management of hazardous waste; establishment of environmental quality
standards for air, water and soil; and monitoring of pollution (FDRE, 2002b; Unifruit Ethiopia,
2011). Appropriate mitigation measures were proposed based on the environmental policy,
regulations, and proclamations of Ethiopia, and ratified international environmental
conventions and laws (FDRE, 1997; United Nations, 1989; United Nations, 1992a; United
Nations, 1992b; United Nations, 1994; United Nations, 2001; UNEP, 2001; FDRE, 2002b;
FDRE, 2008; Unifruit Ethiopia, 2011).
B. Surface and ground water pollution: This was identified as one of the adverse key
environmental impacts associated with collection and disposal of solid and liquid wastes
transportation and utilization of industrial inputs, construction of different buildings, and
transportation of raw materials (Desta et al., 2014; Regassa et al., 2011).
It was predicted to have moderate intensity and medium significance. Appropriate mitigation
measures were proposed based on the environmental policy, regulations, and proclamations of
Ethiopia, and ratified international environmental conventions and laws.
C. Mosquito breeding: This was identified as one of the adverse key environmental impacts
associated with water harvesting. It was predicted to have moderate intensity and medium
significance. Appropriate mitigation measures were proposed based on the environmental
policy, regulations, and proclamations of Ethiopia, and ratified international environmental
conventions and laws (FDRE, 1997; FDRE, 2007a; FDRE, 2008 United Nations, 1994).
D. Hazardous environment for children: This was identified as one of the adverse key
environmental impacts associated with water harvesting. It was predicted to have moderate
intensity and medium significance. Appropriate mitigation measures were proposed based on
the environmental policy, regulations, and proclamations
of Ethiopia, and ratified international environmental conventions and laws (UNESCO, 1972;
African Union Commission, 1991; United Nations, 1992a; United Nations, 1992b; FDRE,
1997; FDRE, 2003; FDRE, 2008).
E. Fuel gas emission: This was identified as one of the adverse key environmental impacts
associated with use of road. It was predicted to have moderate intensity and medium
significance. Appropriate mitigation measures were proposed based on the environmental
policy, regulations, and proclamations of Ethiopia, and ratified international environmental
conventions and laws.
F. Dust Pollution: This was identified as one of the adverse key environmental impacts
associated with use of road. It was predicted to have severe intensity and high significance.
Appropriate mitigation measures were proposed based on the environmental policy,
regulations, and proclamations of Ethiopia, and ratified international environmental
conventions and laws.
G. Noise Pollution: This was identified as one of the adverse key environmental impacts
associated with use of road. It was predicted to have moderate intensity and medium
significance. Appropriate mitigation measures were proposed based on the environmental
policy, regulations, and proclamations of Ethiopia, and ratified international environmental
conventions and laws.

H. Traffic Congestion (Pick Time): This was identified as one of the adverse key
environmental impacts associated with use of road. It was predicted to have moderate intensity
and medium significance. Appropriate mitigation measures were proposed based on the
environmental policy, regulations, and proclamations of Ethiopia, and ratified international
environmental conventions and laws (FDRE, 1997; United Nations, 1992a; United Nations,
1992b; FDRE, 2008).
I. Liquid Waste: This was identified as one of the adverse key environmental impacts
associated with use of water and sanitation facilities. It was predicted to have moderate
intensity and medium significance. Appropriate mitigation measures were proposed based on
the environmental policy, regulations, and proclamations of Ethiopia, and ratified international
environmental conventions and laws (FDRE, 1997; United Nations, 1989; United Nations,
1992a; United Nations, 1992b; FDRE, 2003; FAO & UNEP, 2005; FDRE, 2007a; FDRE,
2008).
J. Urban Heat Island Effect: This was identified as one of the adverse key environmental
impacts associated with existence of built-up environment and population growth. It was
predicted to have moderate intensity and medium significance. Proclamation for forest
development, conservation and utilization (Proclamation No 542/2007) states that forests
should be developed, conserved, and utilized wisely (FDRE, 2007b). Appropriate
mitigation measures were proposed based on the environmental policy, regulations, and
proclamations of Ethiopia, and ratified international environmental conventions and laws
(FDRE, 1997; United Nations, 1989; United Nations, 1992a; United Nations, 1992b; United
Nations, 1994; FDRE, 2007b; FDRE, 2008; Colombo & Byer, 2012; Chen et al., 2013;
Demuzere et al., 2014).
3. Possible adverse environmental impacts during closing and decommissioning phase
The evaluated adverse environmental impacts were: solid waste, liquid waste, and degradation
of land resources. The impact evaluation of each variable under the closing and
decommissioning phase is presented hereunder.
A. Solid Waste
A. Solid waste: This was identified as one of the adverse key environmental impacts
associated with demolition works, and dismantling of equipment and fixtures. It was predicted
to have moderate intensity and medium significance. Solid waste management (Proclamation
No. 513/2007) of Ethiopia states that any person shall collect waste in an especially designated
place and in a manner, which does not affect the health of the society; and no person shall
dispose solid, liquid or any other waste in a manner which contaminate the environment or
affects the health of the society (FDRE, 2007a; Unifruit Ethiopia, 2011).
B. Wastewater Impacts
Liquid waste: This was identified as one of the adverse key environmental impacts associated
with demolition works, and dismantling of equipment and fixtures. It was predicted to have
moderate intensity and medium significance. (FDRE, 1997; (FDRE, 2003; FDRE, 2007a;
FDRE, 2008).
C. Degradation of land resources: This was identified as one of the adverse key
environmental impacts associated with dismantling of equipment and fixtures. It was predicted
to have moderate intensity and medium significance. (FDRE; 1997; EPA, 2003; United
Nations, 1992a; United Nations, 1992b; United Nations; 1994; Zeleke, 2000; Bewket, 2003).
Part 5: Conclusion and Recommendations on your Scoping finding).