CHAPTER 1: Philosophy - Plato believed that our soul is

divided into three parts:

Philos – love 1. Appetite – physical urge
Sophia – wisdom 2. Will/Spirit – emotion we feel
Philosophy – answer the fundamental 3. Reason - gives us the
questions about existence faculty to make sound
judgments
Ancient Philosophy Medieval Philosopher
- philosophy in antiquity, or before  St. Augustine
the end of the Roman Empire -known as the Dark Ages
- deeply rooted in religious traditions St. Augustine – a Catholic bishop
- the human person can only
The Ancient Greek Philosophers: achieve enlightenment and true
 Socrates - the wondering knowledge of the self by seeking
philosopher God first
-believes that he is wiser than most people
because he admits that he doesn‘t know Modern Philosophy
 Plato – student of Socrates - Age of Enlightenment sometimes
-wrote most of Socrates‘ teachings called as the Age of Reason
 Both of them are concerned about the - the time of the guiding intellectual
nature of man movement

Socrates Rene Descartes: The Rationalist

- Believed that the self exists in two - believe that truth can only be
parts: derived through independent
1. Tangible/Immortal rational thinking
2. Immortal - idea of God
- He also dons the idea that man is - method of Doubting
innately good and that evilness - SELF IS A THINKING
stems from not knowing the Self BEING/THING
- believes that a person who is self- - the mind (which is governed by the
aware can maximize his/her laws of reason) surpasses the
potential and use that potential to physical self (governed by laws of
do things that are true to his nature nature)
– which is good
Plato The British Empiricists:
- believes that the self is composed  John Locke
of body and soul (mind)  David Hume
- Plato’s Theory of Forms  Immanuel Kant
- All ideas or knowledge existed -they believed that an idea can only be
even before we got our physical true if it can be experienced by our
form – in the world of ideas senses.
- soul which is “perfect, infinite, and
eternal” inhabited a body that is John Locke
“limited, flawed, and corruptible” - mind is a tabula rasa or blank slate
 - The self, therefore is something - considers the self as the sum of all
that is shaped by our conscious your experiences
experience of the world - product of our own human
- the self exists in space and time. experience
David Hume
- believed that “There is no self”
- there is no such thing as a self, just CHAPTER 2: Sociology and
a collection of experiences Anthropology
Immanuel Kant
- our experience is actually a Anthropology – what makes our species
continuous flowing stream of human
consciousness Sociology – how people affect other
- we have an innate mechanism people
called priori concept through this Culture - the way of life in a certain society
we are able to organize our
experience in the environment and  Sociology and the Development of
make meaning out of those Self
experiences
- we are the ones who construct the George Herbert Mead
self - believed that the development of
the self is influenced by significant
The Physicalists: persons in one’s life
 Gilbert Ryle Mead’s Developmental Stages:
 Paul Churchland 1. Preparatory Stage - child learns to
-for them there is nothing more to be imitate others, usually the primary
known than the physical care givers
2. Play Stage - children start to
Gilbert Ryle pretend play as other people
- Self is known through a person‘s 3. Game Stage - the influence of the
behavior presented to the world generalized other, or society as a
- pattern of behavior, the tendency whole
of a person to behave in certain Me
circumstances - the social self
Paul Churchland - developed through the perception
- stands in the materialistic belief of the generalized others
that nothing but matter exists I
- observing through senses - the response to the social self
- the self is the brain itself - our individual responses to what
society thinks
Contemporary Philosophy
- emphasize the importance of free  Anthropology Conception of the
will and our ability to make choices Self
for ourselves
Clifford Geertz
Maurice Merleau-Ponty: The - emphasized the importance of
Phenomenologist studying the cultural context of a
certain behavior to understand it.
 - emphasize that to understand Language – aspect that influences the
culture, it is not enough that you development of the self
study culture. One must be “in” the Cultural Diversity
culture.
Prospero Covar Cultural relativism
- Filipino Anthropologist - no culture is dominant over the
- acknowledges the importance of other
knowing the Filipino culture in Collectivist cultures
understanding the Filipino identity. - helpful to others
- “Madaling maging tao, mahirap - family takes the central role in
magpakatao.” It only takes shaping the person as a social
approximately nine months to be being
born as a human being, but Individualistic Cultures
becoming a person takes a lifetime - importance to autonomy,
of learning. independence, self-sufficiency, and
- Covar likened the Filipino identity uniqueness
to a jar:
 Labas - we witness the  Sikolohiyang Pilipino
reflection of the person‘s
experience of culture Virgilio G. Enriquez
 Loob - broad concept which - the father of Sikolohiyang Pilipino
needs to be understood deeply - according to him Filipino always
 Lalim - we get to perceive acts in relation to “others”
the totality of the human person Kapwa
- Used tambalang lapit (dynamic - the selves outside of the self
dualism) to dissect Filipino identity Two Categories of Kapwa:
 Ibang Tao – people who are
 The Self as a Product of the Social “outsider”
World  Hindi Ibang Tao – people who are
- The family plays a significant role “one of us”
in our acquisition of culture
Ibang Tao Hindi Ibang Tao
SOGIESC 101 (The Genderbread Person) Pakikitungo Pakikipagpalagayang
 Gender Identity – one’s inner Pakikisalamuha - loob
sense of self Pakikilahok Pakikisangkot
 Sexual Orientation – romantic Pakikibagay Pakikipagkaisa
or sexual attractions to other Pakikisama
people
 Sexual Characteristics –
biological difference
 Gender Expression – how
individual expresses his/her
sense of self
CHAPTER 3: Psychology
 The Self as Embedded in Culture Psychology
Culture – dynamic and always changing - science that deals with human
behavior and mental processes
Self
-how one creates a schema of Erikson’s Psychosocial Development
his/her person - Erik Erikson
Schema  Basic Trust vs. Mistrust
- pattern of thought or behavior that  Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
organizes categories of information  Initiative vs. Guilt
 Industry vs. Inferiority
 Individual Self: The Biological  Identity vs. Role Confusion
Foundations of Behavior  Intimacy vs. Isolation
Brain  Generativity vs. Stagnation
- center of all our bodily activities  Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Neurons
- receive and send the signal from  Individual Self: The Subjective
the central nervous system (brain) Being
to different parts of the body
Neurotransmitters Freud (1905) believed that the human
- chemicals that also affect our mind is divided into three levels:
behavior  Conscious Mind - thoughts that
you are aware of
 Subconcious Mind - thoughts that
The following neurotransmitters are known are not currently in present
to have a direct influence on human awareness but could easily be
behavior: remembered when needed
 Adrenaline – fight of flight  Unconcious Mind - the deepest
 Noradrenaline - concentration and the hard to access part of our
 Dopamine – pleasure mind
 Serotonin - mood The three provinces of the mind are as
 Gaba - calming follows:
 Acetylcholine - learning  Id – pleasure principle
 Glutamate - memory  Superego – morality principle
 Endorphins – euphoria  Ego – reality principle

 Individual Self: Stages of Human Collective Unconcious

Development - the ideas or thoughts we have
inherited from our ancestors
Freud’s Psychosexual Development In the collective unconscious, we can find
- Sigmund Freud the archetypes
 Oral Phase - Pleasure center is on the  Anima (feminine) - understand
mouth feminine behavior in males
 Anal Phase - focuses on the expulsion  Shadow (evil side) - Unpleasant
of bowel and socially reprehensible
 Phallic Phase - Pleasure zone is the thoughts
genitals  Animus (masculine) - understand
 Latent Phase - spends time with same masculine behavior in females
sex peers.  Persona - response to the
 Genital Phase - Maturation of sexual demands of social convention
interest
 Me-Self and I-Self: William James
 Self-esteem
Me-self - one‘s overall assessment of one‘s
- “object of experience” (self as worth as a person
object) Self-efficacy
I-self - directly correlated with self-esteem
- “subject of experience” (self as
subject)

Categorization of the Me-Self and I-Self: CHAPTER 4: The Self in Eastern

Me-Self I-Self Thought
Material Self Individual Self
Social Self Relational Self  The Self in Eastern Thoughts
Spiritual Self Collective Self - there is no single Eastern philosophy of
self
- the self is fundamentally social
 Tenets of Karen Horney’s Theory - it is connected, changeable, flexible,
(1950) committed being that is bound to others
Idealized self-image  The Self in Individualistic and
- positive picture of themselves Collective Cultures Perspective examines
Incongruence differences in expressions of the self in:
- ideal self and real self leads to self- Individualistic Cultures/Individualism
hatred - situation in which people are concerned
with themselves and close family
members only Collectivistic
 Carl Rogers’ Theory of Self Cultures/Collectivism
Concept - situation in which people feel they belong
3 Components of Self-concept to larger in-groups or collectives which
1. Self-image care for them in exchange for loyalty and
- how you view yourself vice versa
2. Self-esteem or Self-worth
- the value you assign to yourself  ASIAN TRADITION
3. Ideal-self * Hinduism
- what you desire or expect of the ‘self’ * Buddhism
* Confucianism
We have two selves: * Taonism or Daoism
 Ideal Self
- Person we want to be  HINDUISM
 Real Self - a religion
- Who we really are - a way of life
- a philosophy
Congruence - a social system
- we feel more confident - it centers on the Videc Notion of Atman
Incongruence or Soul
- there is a big gap between the real
and ideal self  Atman
- it is the true self that lies at the inner core
 Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy of man's human identity Brahman
- essentially the sacred Self-God - is the 8. Right concentration
God of the Cosmos
- the Universe  CONFUCIANISM
Confucius - born in China’s Shandong
 3 states of existence province - family name “Kung” Confucius
1. waking (Jagrta) - a Latinized version of “Kung Fu Tzu”
2. Dream (Swapna) means MASTER KING
3. Deep Dreamless Sleep (Sushupti) - important role in forming Chinese
character, behavior, and way of living -
purpose to achieve harmony, the most
 Turiya important social value
- it is another state that forms the - strongly emphasizes mercy, social
unobservable framework order, and fulfillment of responsibilities
- described as the self that is identical with Ren
the larger self - the central ethical principle, and is
equivalent to the concepts of love, mercy,
 3 forms of bodies and humanity. Confucius in the Golden
1. Causal Body (Kaarana) Rule: "Do not do to others what you do not
2. Subtle Body (Sukshma) want done to yourself."
3. Gross Body (Sthula)
 Filial Piety
 BUDDHISM - wherein the family is the center/core and
- founded in India by Gautama Siddharta comes before the individual.
known as BUDDHA means "Enlightened
One"  5 Cardinal Relations
- it is a philosophy 1. Ruler and Minister
- a way of salvation, a way of life 2. Father and Son
3. Elder and Younger brother
 4 Noble Truths 4. Husband and wife
1. Life is suffering 5. Between friends
2. The cause of suffering is desire
3. The end of suffering is achieved by  TAOISM/DAOISM
extinguishing the desire - credited to 2 Chinese philosophers, Lao
4. Nirvana is achieved by adopting a Tzu and Chuang-Tzu
series of moral attitudes, beliefs, and - accepting one self
action
 3 jewels (virtues)
 Nirvana 1. compassion, kindness, love (ci).
- means “to extinguish” 2. moderation, simplicity, frugality
(jian).
 8 Paths: 3. humility, and modesty (Bugan wei
1. Right views tian xia xian).
2. Right aims
3. Right speech
4. Right conduct
5. Right Livelihood CHAPTER 5: Physical and Sexual
6. Right effort Self
7. Right mindfulness
Physical Self - How he sees himself
- refers to the body Self-Esteem
- How he values
FACTORS INFLUENCING PHYSICAL
PERFORMANCE
 Heredity – transmission of physical TIPS TO BOOST THE BODY IMAGE by
and social chracteristics Jessie Legacy
 Nutrition – it is directly related to 1. Accept your Body
growth a. Nobody is perfect
 Environment – fresh air, sunlight b. Don’t body shame yourself
 Socioeconomic – influence on c. Build a better habit
human growth 2. Like your Body
 Health Habits – keeping the body a. Find things to like about can do
clean b. Focus on what your body can do
 Cultural – affects physical growth c. Be aware of your body
and development of human being 3. Take care of your body
 Love – very vital factor that a. Eat healthy foods
influence a person b. Get good sleep
c. Keep to a healthy weight
THEORIES OF PHYSICAL SELF
 Physiognomy – practice of Sexual Self
assessing a person’s character or - Person’s emotional state and
personality from his OUTER behavior
APPEARANCE especially the face Human Reproductive System
Cesare Lombroso - Responsible for reproduction
- Championed the notion Male Sex Chromosomes – XY
“criminality” Female Sex Chromosomes – XX
- Used the term “atauism” that
describes ape-like behavior CONGENITAL DEFECTS OF THE
 Morphopsychology REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
- developed by Louis Corman  Pseudohermaphrodites – structure
- facial shapes and body forms that do not “match” their gonads
William Herbert Sheldon Jr. –  Hermaphrodites – have both
American psychologist ovarian and testicular tissues
 Cryptorchidism – failure of the
3 BODY TYPES testes to make their normal
1. Endomorphs – rounded and descent
soft  Phimosis – narrowing of the
- “viscertonic” (relaxed,comfortable) foreskin
2. Mesomorphs – square and  Puberty – reproductive organs
muscular grow
- “somotonic” (active,dynamic)
3. Ectomorphs – thin and fined- HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
bone - Any activity solitary, between two
- “cerebrotonic” (introvert, persons
thoughtful)
Body Image Types of Sexual Behavior:
 1. Solitary Behavior 4. Chancroid
-involve one person only, usually through 5. Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
masturbation 6. Herpes Simplex Virus or Genital
2. Sociosexual Behavior herpes
-involves two or more people 7. Trichomonas Vaginalis (Vaginitis)
 Petting – varies from hugging,
kissing The most popular methods of birth control
- Expression of affection in order of most effective to least effective
 Coitus – insertion of male are:
reproduction to female  Female and male sterilization
SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE  Long-acting reversible
- Sequence of physical and contraceptives
emotional changes  Short-acting hormonal methods
 Excitement Phase  Barrier methods
-increase in pulse  Rhythm method
 Plateau Phase
-brief duration, sexual climax Natural Methods:
 Resolution Phase  Abstinence
-return to normal or subnormal  Calendar Method
physiological state  Basal Body Temperature
 Cervical Mucus Method
CATEGORIES OF SEXUAL PROBLEMS:  Symptothermal Method
 Physiological Problems  Ovulation Detection
- by-products of other injuries such as:  Coitus Interruptus
 diabetes
 heart and vascular (blood vessel) Artificial Methods:
disease 1. Contraceptives
 neurological disorders 2. Transdermal Patch
 hormonal imbalances 3. Vaginal Ring
 chronic diseases such as kidney or 4. Subdermal Implants
liver failure, and alcoholism 5. Hormonal Injections
 drug abuse 6. Intrauterine Device (IUD)
 Psychological Problems 7. Chemical Barriers
Examples of common sexual dysfunctions: 8. Diaphragm
1. Premature emission of semen 9. Cervical Cap
2. Erectile impotence 10. Male Condoms
3. Ejaculatory impotence 11. Female Condoms
4. Vaginismus 12. Surgical Methods
5. Dyspareunia

Sexually Transmitted Disease (STDs)

- Passed from one person to
another through sexual contact
Most Common Sexually Transmitted CHAPTER 6: The Material Self
Diseases:
1. Chlamydia Components of the Material Self
2. Gonorrhea
3. Syphilis
 - The material self-according to 1. Respondents to various
William James primarily is about surveys have indicated that
our: purchases made with the
 Body – inner most part of our intention of acquiring life
material self experiences make them
 Clothes – essential part of the happier than purchases
material self made with the intention of
 Immediate Family – what our acquiring material
families do or become affects us. possessions
The nearest replica of ourselves 2. Materialism impairs
 Home – earliest nest of our individuals' psychological
selfhood. It is the extension of self needs satisfaction, and in
turn decreases subjective
Nature and Role of Possessions well-being and increases
depression.
Material possessions 3. Findings indicate that
- Provide several effect on the lower-class college
individual students show high
- considered as an extension of materialism tendencies to
one‘s personal and social aspects compensate for low self-
Levi-Staruss (1965) esteem
- emphasized that possessions do 4. Materialism and self-
not just have value; they are not concept prove how
merely economic commodities insecurity motivates people
to work so hard for material
The Concept of Self-Gift possessions as the same
Three factors that reveal how self- wealth becomes their
gifts are reflection of an individual‘s source of security. Hence
materialism: the absence of these
1. Materialism - associated with self- objects means a great
centeredness (prioritizing the self) degree of emptiness and
2. Materialist - how much wealth and the feeling of deficiency.
property was amassed Celebrity worship,
3. Materialists - believe that materialism, and
happiness results from the compulsive buying were
relationship between buying and significantly related to
consumption lower self‐concept clarity
and to lower levels of well‐
The Pursuit of Happiness being.
- According to Covert et al (1985) 5. Materialism and lack of
and Levinson (1962) money engagement mean a losing
cannot buy happiness as it is, but it one‘s ability to empathize
can definitely buy something that with others as they become
will make people happy. callous to other people‘s
Here are some of the findings of these needs. Their ability to
studies: accumulate possessions
separates them from
others who they consider
as inferior