AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY TO ASSESS THE

EFFECTIVENESS OF VIDEO ASSISSTED TEACHING

PROGRAMME ON BREAST SELF-EXAMINATION AMONG
WOMEN AT REPRODUCTIVE AGE GROUP IN FEROKE
MUNICIPALITY, KOZHIKODE

BY

ALEENA DEVASSY

ALEESHA THOMAS

ALPHY VARKEY

ANJU SATHEESH

ARDRA RAJEEV

ASISHA SEBASTIAN

ASWATHI. M

RED CRESCENT COLLEGE OF NURSING, KOZHIKODE

PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN

NURSING

KERALA UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCE

2023
 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY TO ASSESS THE
EFFECTIVENESS OF VIDEO ASSISSTED TEACHING
PROGRAMME ON BREAST SELF EXAMINATION AMONG
WOMEN AT REPRODUCTIVE AGE GROUP IN FEROKE
MUNICIPALITY, KOZHIKODE.

BY

ALEENA DEVASSY

ALEESHA THOMAS

ALPHY VARKEY

ANJU SATHEESH

ARDRA RAJEEV

ASISHA SEBASTIAN

ASWATHI. M

Project submitted to the

KERALA UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCE

THRISSUR

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING

Under the guidance of

Mrs. ANU THOMAS (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR), DEPARTMENT OF

OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGICAL NURSING

Mrs. BABITHA. N (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR), DEPARTMENT OF

COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING

Mrs. SREEREJINI V.V (LECTURER), DEPARTMENT OF OBSTETRICS

AND GYNECOLOGICAL NURSING

RED CRESCENT COLLEGE OF NURSING, KOZHIKODE.

 DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

We hereby declare that this project entitled “An experimental study to assess the

effectiveness of video assissted teaching programme on breast self-examination

among women at reproductive age group in Feroke Municipality, Kozhikode,” is

a bonafide and genuine research work carried out by us under guidance of Mrs. Anu

Thomas (Assistant Professor), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecological Nursing,

Mrs. Babitha. N (Assistant Professor), Department of Community Health Nursing,

Mrs. Sreerejini V.V (Lecturer), Department of obstetrics and gynecological Nursing,

Red Crescent College of Nursing, Kozhikode.

Signature of candidates:

ALEENA DEVASSY

ALEESHA THOMAS

ALPHY VARKEY

ANJU SATHEESH

ARDRA RAJEEV

ASISHA SEBASTIAN

ASWATHI. M

Place : Kozhikode

Date : 16-12-2023
 CERTIFICATE BY THE GUIDE

Mrs. Anu Thomas Mrs. Babitha. N Mrs. Sreerejini V.V

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor Lecturer

Department of Obstetrics Department of Community Department of Obstetrics

and Gynecological Nursing Health Nursing and Gynecological Nursing

Red Crescent College of Red Crescent College of Red Crescent College of

Nursing, Kozhikode Nursing, Kozhikode Nursing, Kozhikode

This is certify that this project entitled “An experimental study to assess the

effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme on breast self-examination

among women at reproductive age group in Feroke Municipality, Kozhikode,” is

a bonafide research work done by Aleena Devassy, Aleesha Thomas, Alphy Varkey,

Anju Satheesh, Ardra Rajeev, Asisha Sebastain and Aswathi. M in partial fulfillment

of the third year degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing under Kerala University Of

Health And Science Thrissur.

Signature of the guide:

Place : Kozhikode

Date : 16-12-2023
 ENDORSEMENT BY THE PRINCIPAL OF THE INSTITUTION

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “An experimental study to assess the

effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme on breast self-examination

among women at reproductive age group in Feroke Municipality, Kozhikode” is

a bonafide research work done by Aleena Devassy, Aleesha Thomas, Alphy Varkey,

Anju Satheesh, Ardra Rajeev, Asisha Sebastian, Aswathi M in partial fulfillment of

the degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing under the guidance of Mrs. Anu

Thomas, Assistant professor, Department of obstetrics and gynecological nursing

Mrs. Babitha N, Assistant Professor, Department of Community Health Nursing, Mrs.

Sreerenjini V, Lecturer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecological Nursing, Red

Crescent College Of Nursing, Kozhikode.

Signature of the principal

Dr Nisha S
Principal
Red crescent college of
Nursing, Kozhikode

Place: Kozhikode

Date :16-12-2023
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“The beginning of all wisdom is the acknowledgement of facts”

With heartfelt thanks to Lord Almighty for his abiding grace, love, compassion and

immense showers of blessing on us, which gave us the strength and courage to

overcome all difficulties and whose salutary benison enabled us to achieve this target.

It is our privilege to express heartfelt thanks to Dr. P.A Nasar, Managing Director,

Red Crescent Hospital and Red Crescent College of Nursing, Kozhikode for granting

us the administrative sanction for the successful completion of this study.

The investigators express the sincere gratitude to Dr. Nisha. S, Principal, Red

Crescent College of Nursing, Kozhikode, for her valuable support for the successful

completion of this study. The word of appreciation and encouragement she bestowed

on us kindled our spirit and enthusiasm to go ahead and to accomplish this study

successfully.

The investigators gratefully appreciate and we are appreciative to Mrs. Anu Thomas,

Assistant Professor, Red Crescent College of Nursing, Kozhikode for timely

guidance, constructive criticism, academic counsel, encouragement, and significant

support throughout the investigation.

We are indebted our co-guiders Mrs. Babitha. N Assistant Professor, Red Crescent

College of Nursing, Kozhikode and Mrs. Sreerejini V.V, Lecturer, Red Crescent

College of Nursing, Kozhikode for their inspiration, support, encouragement,

suggestions, during the entire course of study.

Sincere gratitude is expressed to Mr. Muhammed Rafi. I, Associative Professor,

Red Crescent College of Nursing, Kozhikode ,for his extended arm in carrying out the

statistical analysis of the data.

The investigators express their heartful thanks to Mr. secretary of Feroke

Municipality for giving us the permission for the administrative sanction for the

study.

We render our thanks to all experts who validated tools and provided constructive and

vulnerable opinions.

We also accord our respect and gratitude to all the office staff, non-teaching staffs

and especially to Mrs. Rejini, Librarian of Red Crescent College of Nursing,

Kozhikode, for their assistance, cooperation and support throughout the study.

Our sincere thanks to all our parents for their ideas, constant support and ever

memorable help throughout the study.

Last but not least, we would sincerely thank all the members and colleagues who

have directly or indirectly helped us in the successful completion of the study.

ALEENA DEVASSY

ALEESHA THOMAS

ALPHY VARKEY

ANJU SATHEESH

ARDRA RAJEEV

ASWATHI M

ASISHA SEBASTIAN

Place : Kozhikode

Date : 16-12-2023
 ABSTRACT

The present study was conducted among 30 women at reproductive age group,

Feroke municipality, Kozhikode to determine the effect of a video assisted teaching

programme on knowledge regarding breast self-examination. The objectives of the

study is to assess the pre-test and post-test level of knowledge regarding breast self-

examination among women at reproductive age group in Feroke Municipality,

Kozhikode, to evaluate the effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme on

level of knowledge regarding breast self-examination among women at reproductive

age group in Feroke Municipality, Kozhikode, to find out the association between pre-

test knowledge score on breast self-examination among women at reproductive age

group with selected socio demographic variable. The research design used was one

group pretest posttest design. The entire subject was given a pretest, received

treatment and given a post test. A nonprobability purposive sampling technique was

used. To assess the knowledge of women at reproductive age group regarding breast

self-examination a structured questionnaire was used. The study result shows that the

pretest mean score knowledge was 8.63 and the standard deviation was 2.02, the post-

test knowledge score was 13.6 and the standard deviation was 3.16. The t value was

12, which was statistically significant intervention is effective to improve knowledge

level among samples. There was no statistically significant association found between

pretest score of knowledge and demographic variables such as age, religion,

education, occupation, monthly income, types of family, marital status, number of

children, previous knowledge and previous experience in performing breast self-

examination.

Keywords : effectiveness, knowledge, breast self-examination, women at

reproductive age group, video assisted teaching programme.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.

Ⅰ INTRODUCTION 1-13

Ⅱ REVIEW OF LITERATURE 14-19

Ⅲ METHODOLOGY 20-30

Ⅳ ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 31-35

Ⅴ RESULTS 36-39

Ⅵ DISCUSSION,SUMMARY,CONCLUSION 40-45

Ⅶ REFERENCES 46-50

Ⅷ APPENDIX 50-60
 LIST OF TABLES

SL PAGE
TITLE
No. No.
1 Frequency and percentage distribution of pre and post-test

level of knowledge of women regarding breast self-

52
examination.

2 53

3 55-57
 LIST OF FIGURES

Sl No Title
Page no.

1 Schematic representation of study design 36

2 Distribution of samples based on age in years 42

3 Distribution of samples based on religion 43

4 Distribution of samples based on education 44

5 Distribution of samples based on occupation 45

6 Distribution of samples based on income in rupees 46

7 Distribution of samples based on type of family 47

8 Distribution of samples based on marital status 48

9 Distribution of samples based on number of children 49

10 Distribution of samples based on previous knowledge 50

regarding breast self-examination

11 Distribution of samples based on previous experience of 51

performing breast self-examination.

 LIST OF APPENDICES

Sl No Title Page no.

1 Informed consent 71

2 Questionnaire 72-79
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

“An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure”

-Benjamin Franklin

Health is wealth goes the saying. Health is an essential factor for a happy

contended according to Newman’s system model; health is a condition in which the

parts and sub parts of the whole person are in harmony.1

Based on the Alma-Ata declaration, much emphasize is being placed on

promotion and preventive healthcare. Encouraging people to adopt healthy life style

and appropriate coping strategies are the key aim in the health promotion.1

Medical advances have shown that one third of all cancers are preventable and a

further one third, if diagnosed sufficiently early, is potentially curable. This

observation demands that cancer control should be of increasing priority in the health

care programme of developing country. Breast cancer affects so many lives today.

The peak incidence of breast cancer is the fifth and sixth decades of the life. 1

Cancer is the leading cause of death for women between the age of 35 and 54

years and breast cancer are the leading site of cancer incidence and cancer mortality

for women between the age of 15 and 54. Breast cancer death rate and survival rate

have not changed in the last 2 decades. One of the most effective self-investigation for

the diagnosis of breast cancer is breast self-examination. Cancer diagnosed at earlier

stages has a better prognosis and are easier to treat.2

 According to American cancer society, about 287,850 women was diagnosed with

breast cancer annually in 2022. In India the rate of cancer in 2022 was 107.0 per

100,000; among them 221,757 were breast cancer.3

Women breasts are constantly changing. They change throughout the menstrual

cycle, breast feeding, during pregnancy and in menopause. Most breast changes are

not cause for cancer. But the women should know how her breast look and feel

normally, so that any changes that might indicate a problem can be identified through

the regular breast self-examination.1

Breast problems usually are benign, such as fibrocystic changes, cyst (fluid filled

scars), or fibro adenomas (solid lumps). Most women have lumps or changes in their

breasts that fluctuate during their menstrual cycles. This is normal, as is a firm ridge

along the bottom of each breast. Breasts also may feel different in different places.1

One potentially important strategy in reducing breast cancer mortality is the use of

screening to achieve earlier detection of cancer. This is very important because an

excellent prognosis is directly associated with the stage at which the tumor is detected

and how localize the lesion is. Early diagnosis usually results in treatment before

metastasis and signifies a better outcome of management. At earliest stage, breast

self-examination is a technique that all women can use to assess their own breasts.

The best time to do a breast self-examination is on a monthly basis usually about three

to five days after the end of your periods, when the breasts are less tender or swollen.

If women do not have a period, try to remember to do the examination on the same

day every month. Breast self-examinations are an option for women starting in her

twenties. They are not a substitute for regular screening mammograms or clinical

breast examinations to detect breast cancer.1

 According to the American cancer society, women in their 20s and 30s should

have a clinical breast examination at least once every three years. Beginning at age

40, women should have a clinical breast examination and screening mammogram

every year. Women at high risk of developing breast cancer should add magnetic

resonance imaging screening to their yearly mammogram.1

Women familiar with their own normal breast characteristics can easily notice the

development of abnormalities early. Each women and girls should be aware of her

own risk factors with regular breast self-examination; malignancy may be discovered

early and effectively treated. Regular monthly breast self-examination is an essential

health maintenance activity.1

Background of the study

Breast cancer is the most common and leading cause of death among worldwide.

The incidence rate breast cancer is rapidly increasing across worldwide. 4 This is

mainly due to poor community awareness about breast cancer and its screening

practices.5

The low survival rate in developing countries can be related to the lack of suitable

screening programme resulting in high percentage of women presenting with

advanced stage diseases as well as by lack of adequate treatment and screening

facilities.5

Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignancy among female populations and is

responsible for the second largest number of cancer related death in American

women.5 The need for early detection has manifest several screening initiatives intend

on curtaining morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. The breast self-
examination was initially proposed as an inexpensive, non-invasive and universally

accessible means of promptly identified early stage breast neoplasm.5

Early diagnosis affords a better chance of survival and better prognosis in absence

of an exact etiological agent for breast cancer. The most appropriate way of

controlling it, will be early detection and treatment. Mammography is the method of

choice but its use is limited due to high cost and unavailability.5

At present a simple inexpensive and early implant for the detection of breast

cancer is breast self-examination. It is one of the simplest and most important health

programmes to promote early detection. Regular breast self-examination can identify

an abnormal change in breast to establish good prognosis. If the young group of

women are targeted with accurate information and encouragement, they will learn to

examine themselves and detect every minute changes early in their later life. 5

Breast cancer is a non-existent entity for the majority of population until their

closed ones are affected. Hence naturally this results in most people presenting only

when the disease become symptomatic on an average, most symptomatic cancers are

stage 2b and beyond. Breast cancer cannot tend to survive for a long time if the cancer

is detected at the last stage because the tumor size at the time of diagnosis has a

significant impact on survival rate even with effective treatment. Frequent breast self-

examination has been shown to have favorable clinical outcome among breast cancer

patient.10

In 2020, there were 2.3 million women diagnosed with breast cancer and 6,85,000

deaths globally.7 Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer in women and

first common cancer.5 Breast cancer is the most common cancer in most cities in India

and second most common in rural areas. There were over 2 million new cases in
2018. If need to be noted that breast cancer is leading in age group of 15-34 years

which is a cause of concern as this denotes the need for education and awareness

programme targeting middle aged women of the society to implement early practices

of breast examination.8 Breast self-examination is an inexpensive, risk free method to

detect breast cancer. When lumps are discovered at an early life stages, they have

better chance for long term survival.8

Suwarna Madhukumar (2017) conducted a cross sectional study on awareness

about breast carcinoma and practice of breast self-examination among a well-known

basic science college, Bangalore. After the pre-test questionnaire, an awareness talk

was given about breast cancer and breast self-examination. A post-test questionnaire

was administered. The data of pre and post-test were collected and analyzed using

SPSS. Pre-test and post-test were collected from 1030 students. The age of the study

participants was ranged between 18 and 23 years. Most of them were aware of breast

cancer. But half of them thought breast cancer affect elderly. Regarding different

aspects studied, 58% had knowledge of the least one of the symptoms and 59% knew

at least one of the risk factors for breast cancer. Only 185 (18%) women knew about

breast self-examination and 107 women practice it. This study concluded that the

awareness of the breast cancer was good but the knowledge about signs of breast

cancer and breast self-examination was poor, which is utmost important for early

detection and in reduction of mortality.8

Breast cancer is disintegrated from other type of cancer by the fact that it occurs in

a visible organ and we detected and treated at an early stage. The 5-year survival rate

is 50%. The low survival rate in less developed countries can be attributed to the lack

of early detection as well as inadequate diagnosis and treatment facilities. 7

 Recommended preventive technique to reduce the breast cancer mortality and

morbidity include breast self-examination, clinical breast examination and

mammography. Clinical breast examination and mammography require hospital visit

and specialized equipment and expertise whereas breast self-examination is an

inexpensive tool that can be carried out by women themselves. Breast self-

examination benefits women in two ways, women become familiar with both the

appearance and feel their breast and detect any change in their breast as early as

possible.11

Breast self-examination can be used as a measure to improve self-care among

women. It is shown to increase the awareness regarding breast abnormalities and risk

factor which reduces the effective use of screening tests. Raising awareness may also

empower women to follow healthy behavior and health promotion activities. Health

motivation and improving confidence are two important factors which improve

preventive health behavior.

Breast self-examination is considered to be simple in expensive, quick, non-

invasive, non-hazardous intervention.12 This would be useful measure for early

identification of breast cancer. As per international agency for research on cancer,

around 1.78 lakh new cases of breast cancer were reported in India alone in 2020.5

According to a 2019 study, conducted by NGO caritas in India, among 3041

women in the age group of 18-60 in Kerala, 66.1% said; they are assured of breast

self-examination check-up and its importance. But 46.4% do not practice this, which

indicate awareness not being transformed into practice.9

Breast self-examination, a simple quick and cost-free procedure which is not only

appropriate and acceptable technique of early detection of breast cancer, but also help
child bearing women to be involved in the preventive health. Despite the many

benefits of breast self-examination, only a few child bearing women practice it due to

poor knowledge about screening method.

The knowledge and practice level of breast self-examination at the community

level is unknown and most of the studies have been conducted in women of

reproductive age group. Many women miss the early detection as well as treatment

opportunity due to poor practice level of breast self-examination. Thus, the

knowledge about breast cancer plays an important role in increasing the risk reduction

behavior, promoting the timely cancer screening, enhancing early care detection and

ultimately reducing the cancer burden. Hence the study of video assisted structured

teaching programme is planned to evaluate the breast self-examination knowledge

level among women of reproductive age group.

Need and significance of the study

The world health organization (who) has predicted that by 2020 the number of

breast cancer cases will jump to an alarming figure and one in every eight women

should run the risk of developing the disease in her life time. The Indian council

reveal to conclude that over the 400 decades there has a steep rise in the statistics

pertaining to women being diagnosed with breast cancer.13

Breast cancer screening and detection is the key strategy in reducing breast cancer

related mortality and distant complication and signifies a better outcome. Breast self-

examination is an important method of early detection of breast cancer depending on

a women’s age especially women of reproductive age group. Breast self-examination

is one of the cheapest screening methods for early detection that women can do
themselves, in private and in their own schedule and more than 90% of themselves

identified through breast self-examination.13

Shubhangini Sachdheva in 2021 conducted study on knowledge attitude and

practices of breast self-examination among Indian women. A validated questionnaire

consisting of 35 questions measuring ‘knowledge attitude and practice through breast

self-examination’ was widely circulated amongst 1000 females throughout India and

responses were collected for duration of three weeks, from 2 nd September 2020 to 23rd

September 2020. Despite having the knowledge about the technique of performing

breast self-examination, the respondents did not have a positive attitude towards it and

were reluctant to practice breast self-examination.14

The highest incidence of breast cancer in India is seen in cities like Delhi,

Kolkata, Trivandrum, Bangalore, Mumbai as well as north eastern states like

Mizoram. In India 3 states namely Kerala, Punjab, Tamil Nadu have the highest

disability adjusted life years rates for breast cancer. The main aim is to understand

knowledge, attitude, and practice of breast self-examination among Indian women

aged 30 years and above.18

A community based cross sectional study was conducted by Sherin Ishaaque

(2019) in rural north Kerala, among 206 women aged 25 years regarding knowledge

attitude practice on breast self-examination. They are selected by cluster sampling.

Data was collected using a semi structured questionnaire. The respondents had good

attitude regarding breast self-examination but knowledge and practice on breast self-

examination were poor. Among the 206 participants,12% had good knowledge while

10.6% knew the correct technique of doing breast self-examination and only 0.06%

knew that the breast self-examination must be performed once a month. Educational
status has an influence on the knowledge and practice while family history did not

have any influence.15

A population-based case control study was conducted by P. Parameshwari (2013)

on breast cancer and the associated risk factors among all the breast cancer cases in

the Arpookara panchayat of Kottayam district in Kerala. 20 cases of breast cancer

cases were paired with age matched controls from the same geographic area with a

total of 100 study participants using a pretested structured questionnaire. On

conclusion, awareness about symptoms of breast cancer and breast self-examination

were lacking in the study population.16

Even though breast self-examination is a simple, quick, and cost-effective

procedure, the practice of breast self-examination is low and varies in different

countries. Several reasons like lack of time, lack of self confidence in their ability to

perform the technique correctly, fear of possible discovery of a lump and

embracement associated with manipulation of the breast have been listed as reasons

for not manipulating breast self-examination.17

Hemalatha Kumaraswamy (2021) conducted a cross sectional study among a total

sample of 80 women in rural community of Idukki district, Kerala. The participants

were interchanged by using structured knowledge questionnaire to obtain information

on their socio demographic characteristics, awareness on breast cancer, and

knowledge, attitude and practice of breast self-examination. Descriptive and

inferential statistics were used to analyses the data. Majority,57.5% of sample were

having an average level of knowledge, and 8.7% of the samples have poor knowledge

and 7.5% was having excellent level of knowledge. A significant association was

observed between the knowledge and education.19

 Based on the related literature review researchers felt that a video assisted

teaching about breast self-examination help the women to perform breast self-

examination which will further help to detect any abnormalities at the earliest.
Statement of the problem

“An experimental study to assess the effectiveness of video assisted teaching

programme on level of knowledge regarding breast self-examination among women

at reproductive age group in Feroke Municipality, Kozhikode.”

Objectives

1) To assess the pre-test and post-test level of knowledge regarding breast self-

examination among women at reproductive age group in Feroke

Municipality, Kozhikode.

2) To evaluate the effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme on level

of knowledge regarding breast self-examination among women at

reproductive age group in Feroke Municipality, Kozhikode.

3) To find out the association between pre-test knowledge score on breast self-

examination among women at reproductive age group with selected socio

demographic variable.

Operational definition

Effectiveness: In the study effectiveness refers to the extent to which video assisted

teaching programme improves the knowledge scores regarding breast self-

examination among women at reproductive age group in Feroke Municipality,

Kozhikode.

Knowledge: In the study knowledge refers to the level of understanding of women at

reproductive age group regarding breast self-examination, its significance, techniques

and ideal timing as determined by their scores based on their responses to the items on

structured knowledge questionnaire.

Breast self-examination: In the study breast self-examination refers to inspection

and palpation by women of her breasts to detect any abnormality at the earliest.

Women at reproductive age group: In the study, it refers to the all women belongs

to the age group of 20-45 years in Feroke Municipality, Kozhikode.

Video assisted teaching programme: In the study, it refers to a teaching programme

using a sequentially organized video programme on breast self-examination of about

9-10 minutes including the significance, importance and time duration regarding

breast self-examination.

Assumptions

 Women at reproductive age group may have some knowledge regarding breast

self-examination

 Video assisted teaching programme will be effective in improving the

knowledge regarding breasrt self-examination among women at reproductive

age group in Feroke Municipality, Kozhikode.

Hypothesis

H1: The mean post-test knowledge score will be significantly higher than mean pre-

test knowledge score on breast self-examination among women at reproductive age

group in Feroke Municipality, Kozhikode.

H2: There is a significant association between pre-test knowledge regarding breast

self-examination among women at reproductive age group with selected socio

demographic variables in Feroke Municipality, Kozhikode.

 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

“A literature review is an account of what has been already established or

published on a particular research topic by an accredited scholars and researchers.”

-Taylor, 2001

The source to obtain more information on the selected topic were internet,

published journals, unpublished journals and books for the purpose of logical

sequence the chapter is divided into three:

 Literature related to prevalence of breast cancer.

 Literature related to knowledge regarding breast self-examination.

 Literature related to effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme

on breast self–examination.

Prevalence of breast cancer

Ravi Mehrotra (2022) prepared a review on breast cancer in India by examining

the available literature to understand the factors that contributed to the high burden of

breast cancer in the country. According to this review breast cancer is the commonest

malignancy among women globally. It has now surpassed lung cancer as the leading

cause of global cancer incidence in 2020, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases,

representing 11.7% of all cancer cases. Epidemiological studies have shown that the

global burden of breast cancer is expected to cross almost 2 million by the year 2030.

In India, the incidence has increased significantly, almost by 50%, between 1965 and

1985. The estimated number of incident cases in India in 2016 was 118000 (95%

uncertainty interval, 107000 to 130000), 98.1% of which were females, and the

prevalent cases were 526000 (474000 to 574000). Over the last 26 years, the age-
standardized incidence rate of breast cancer in females increased by 39.1% (95%

uncertainty interval, 5.1 to 85.5) from 1990 to 2016, with the increase observed in

every state of the country. As per the Globocan data 2020, in India, BC accounted for

13.5% (178361) of all cancer cases and 10.6% (90408) of all deaths with a cumulative

risk of 2.81.20

Jeremiah Jacob Tom, Clint Vaz (2020) conducted a cross sectional study among

women in three districts of Kerala (Ernakulam, Thrissur, Malappuram) to assess the

prevalence of breast cancer and other benign breast pathology and to determine the

associated factors of these disease. In this study the data comprised of 858 women.

Individually their relevant medical history was noted and both breasts were examined

along with their detailed general and systemic examination by a clinician. In this

study, the result was a total of 858 women attended screening of which 79 women

underwent mammogram screening as advised by a doctor after physical examination.

These reports focus on the study population who needed mammogram screening. The

mean age was 47.35+/- 7.6 years. Majority of reports (40.5%) showed BIRADS I

while 38% showed BIRADS II; 19% showed BIRADS III and 2.5% showed BIRADS

IV. In the conclusion, based on the mammogram screening, 57% had benign or

probably benign lesions while 2.5% had lesions suspicious of malignancy. This posits

the need for community-based screening to detect malignant lesions early and to

differentiate malignancy from benign lesions.21

Bera Banerjee (2019) conducted a retrospective study among the women

admitted at N.R.S medical college and hospital, Kolkata, west Bengal, India to

evaluate the epidemiology and prevalence of breast cancer. In this study they have

analyzed 4172 newly diagnosed breast carcinoma cases, registered at N.R.S medical

college and hospital, Kolkata. Demographic and clinic pathological profile and
management offered to the breast cancer patient were recorded from the medical

record file. The staging was performed by using American joint committee on cancer

tumor, node and metastasis classification staging system. The result of the study was;

majority of the breast carcinoma patient presented with stage ii and iii diseases.

Approximately 99% cases were infiltrating ductal carcinoma. The most common site

of metastasis was lung (33%), bone (26%), liver (23%) and brain (14%). In

conclusion, majority of the breast carcinoma patients presented with stage II and stage

III, approximately 99% cases were infiltering carcinoma. The government needs to

urgently strengthen and augment the existing facilities including screening, which is

inadequate to handle the current breast cancer load in India.22

Milad Nasrollahzadeh (2018) conducted a cross sectional study among women

of Guilan province, north of Iran to evaluate prevalence epidemiology and screening

results of breast cancer. In this study the sample comprised of 300 women. The data

were collected by a breast screening questionnaire. The result of the study was, the

estimated prevalence was 1.7%. This is lower than in other areas, which may be due

to the selection of women with lower economic income and lower social status. The

study also found the severity of agreement between sonography and mammoplasty at

63% which is statistically well within the range but a large sample size study is

suggested to determine the sensitivity and specificity these two modalities.23

S. John, r. Jose (2018) conducted a cross sectional study among women of

Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala to evaluate the prevalence of known risk factors of

breast cancer. In this study the sample comprised of 2000 women. A semi structured

pro forma was used to collect the data. The result of the study was increased

prevalence of major known risk factors of breast cancer like positive family history,

low breast-feeding duration, late age at menopause are found. Majority of the study
participants have never undergone any breast cancer screening. Breast cancer risk

calculator showed a fairly high prevalence of study participants in high risk and

moderate risk category and therefore women need to be motivated to undergo regular

screening.24

Knowledge regarding breast self-examination

Mosammat Beauty Begum, Fahima khatun, Dipali, Rani Mallick (2023)

conducted descriptive correlational study among women in Bangladesh regarding the

knowledge, attitude and practice of breast self-examination. In this study 172 sample

were selected from Dhaka medical college hospital, Dhaka and data were collected by

the researcher using face to face interview with a standard breast self-examination

scale of 43 items in 3 dimension of breast self-examination knowledge, attitude and

practice. The result shows that majority (95.9%) had poor breast self-examination

knowledge. The study shows breast self-examination knowledge, attitude and practice

was not satisfactory. Majority women did not know about breast self-examination

procedure, importance and exact time to do breast self-examination.25

Shubhagini Sachdeva, Sridhae Mangalesh, Sharmila Dudani (2021) conducted a

cross sectional study among Indian women above 30 years of age regarding the

knowledge, attitude and practice of breast self-examination. In this study 1000 female

sample were collected. Data were collected by the researcher using validated

questionnaires consisting 35 questions through online platform. Despite having

knowledge about the technique of performing breast self-examination, the

respondents did not have a positive attitude towards it and were reluctant to practice

breast self-examination.14

Abdullah Nasser Alomair, Dania Ghaze Felimban (2020) a cross sectional study

among Saudi female students at king Saudi university (KUS) in Riyadh regarding
knowledge, attitude and practice of breast self-examination towards breast cancer. In

the study 422 female samples were selected from KUS and data were collected by the

researcher using self-structured questionnaires. The result of this study majority of

participants (57, 4%) had moderate level knowledge. Most of the female students had

a poor practice and less knowledge of breast self-examination.26

Sasmita Nayak, Nibedita, Prativa ray (2020) conducted a descriptive cross-

sectional study among rural women in Odessa regarding the knowledge, attitude and

practice on breast self-examination. In this study 450 rural women of reproductive age

group (18-49) are selected as the study sample. Data were collected by the researcher

using semi structured interview. It concluded that educational programs to create

awareness about breast cancer and its occurrence, risk factor, screening including

breast self-examination, symptoms, the need of early help seeking, diagnoses and

treatment modalities.27

Sherin Ishaaque, Nandini Gopalamenon (2019) conducted a community based

cross sectional study among rural area women in north Kerala regarding knowledge,

attitude and practice on breast self-examination. In this study 206 women were

selected as study sample. Data were collected using semi structured questionnaire.

This study concludes that respondents had good attitude but have poor knowledge and

practice on breast self-examination. Educational status influences on the knowledge

and practice in family.15

Effectiveness of video assisted teaching on breast self-examination

Langpoklakpam Nirmala Devi (2021) conducted a study to assess the

effectiveness of video assisted teaching on breast self-examination among adolescent

girls in selected college, Guwahati, Assam. In this study, pre-experimental one group

pre-test post-test design was adopted, 60 adolescents were selected by using non-
probability simple random sampling technique. The tools used were demographic

variables, knowledge questionnaire and video on breast self-examination. The

analysis was done by using descriptive and inferential statistics in terms of frequency

distribution, percentage, mean, standard deviation, paired ‘t’ test and chi-square. The

study revealed that the post-test knowledge score (18.67) was significantly higher

than pre-test knowledge score (8.33) as evidenced by t=26.72 (P<0.05) and table

value of t59 was 2.00, which showed that there was effectiveness of video assisted

teaching on breast self-examination. There was significant association between pre-

test knowledge score and selected demographic variables of family history of breast

cancer and source of information on breast self-examination. On the basis of the

findings, the researcher concluded that video assisted teaching was found to be

effective on teaching breast self-examination among adolescent girls.28

M. Porselvi, M. Muthamizh (2021) conducted an experimental study among

women in a selected rural area at Villupuram district, Tamilnadu to evaluate the

effectiveness of video assisted teaching on knowledge regarding breast self-

examination. 30 samples were selected using non probable- purposive sampling

technique. Pre-test and post-test research design was adopted. Result shows that 25

(83.4%) had inadequate knowledge, 26.6% had moderate knowledge and 73% had

adequate knowledge.29

Padma Priya (2020) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of video

assisted teaching programme on self-breast examination among women in selected

hospital in Chennai. A quantitative study was adopted for assessing effectiveness of

video assisted teaching programme on self-breast examination among women. 100

samples who fulfilled the inclusion criteria was selected, using non probability

purposive sampling technique. The data collection was carried out in three phases as
pre assessment, intervention and post assessment phase. In the pre assessment phase.

The pre-test level of existing knowledge was assessed using a self-structured

questionnaire consisted of 25 questions. In phase II, the women who completed

pertest were given video assisted teaching program on breast self-examination using

video which lasted for about 20minutes which included the signs and symptoms and

steps of breast self-examination. In phase III, a post test was conducted after 7 days

from the day of video assisted teaching program with the same self-structured

questionnaire which was given in pre-test. This table shows the frequency and

percentage distribution of level of knowledge on breast self-examination among

women. The pre-test data illustrated that 90 (90%) of them had inadequate

knowledge, 10 (10%) of them had moderate knowledge and none of them had

adequate knowledge in post-test of women 88 (88%) had adequate knowledge, 12

(12%) had moderate knowledge and none of them had inadequate knowledge. Thus,

the study concluded that video assisted teaching program has an effect on improving

the knowledge on breast self-examination among women.30

Rawhia Salah Dogham, Asmaa Saber Ghaly (2019) conducted a study on effect

of using Video Based Training on university student’s knowledge and attitude

regarding breast self-examination. One group pre-test post-test research design was

adapted. 63 students were selected using convenient sampling technique from

different colleges in kingdom Saudi Arabia. The data were entered into SPSS system

files (SPSS package version 22) using personal computer and analysis and

interpretation of data were conducted. The mean post-test knowledge score was

higher than the mean pre-test knowledge score with a significance difference between

pre-test and post-test score. Most of the students (95.2%) agreed that the breast self-

examination video was very effective educational tool.31

 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

“Research methodology include the steps, procedure, strategy for gathering

and analyzing data in research investigation”

Methodology is the systemic, theoretical analysis of the method applied to a

field of study. It comprises the theoretical analysis of the body of methods and

principles associated with a branch of knowledge. Typically, it encompasses concepts

such as paradigm, theoretical model, phases and quantitative or qualitative techniques.

The chapter briefly explains the research approach, design, setting of study,

population, samples and sampling techniques, research tool, data collection and plan

for data analysis. The present study was aimed at assessing the effectiveness of video

assisted teaching programme on level of knowledge regarding breast self-examination

among women at reproductive age group in a selected area of Feroke Municipality.

Research approach

Quantitative approach was selected to assess the effectiveness of video

assisted teaching programme on level of knowledge regarding breast self-examination

among women at reproductive age group in a selected area of Feroke Municipality.

Research design

Research design is the master plan specifying the methods and procedures for

collecting and analyzing the needed information in a research study. In the study one

group pre-test post-test research design is used.

Variables

Variables of the study are:

 Independent variable: video assisted teaching programme on breast self-

examination

 Dependant variable: knowledge regarding breast self-examination among

women at reproductive age group in Feroke Municipality, Kozhikode.

 Demographic variables: age, religion, education, occupation, monthly income,

family, marital status, number of children, previous knowledge, previous

experience.


 Design Population Setting
One group pre-test Women in the age Selected samples of
post test research group of 20-45 Feroke
design years Municipality

Sample and sampling

Tool technique
Structured 30 women in the age
Pre test knowledge group of 20-45years
questionnaire and purposive sampling
regarding breast technique is used
self-examination

Intervention Outcome
Video assisted Increased
teaching Post test knowledge on
programme breast self
regarding breast examination
self-examination

Demographic variable
Age, religion, education,
occupation, monthly
income, family, marital
status, number of
children, previous
knowledge, previous
experience

Figure 1: schematic representation of study

Setting of the study

The setting of the study is the location in which the research is conducted.

Feroke Municipality was selected for conducting the study. The criteria for selecting

the setting were geographical proximity and feasibility of conducting study.

Population

Population means the entire set of individuals or objects having some common

characteristics. In the present study, the population is women in the age group of 20-

45 years in Feroke Municipality, Kozhikode.

Sample

A sample is a representative unit of a target population which is to be worked

upon by researches during this study. In this study investigator selected 30 women

between the age group of 20-45 years from Feroke. Municipality.

Sampling technique

The sampling technique uses randomization to make sure that every element of

population gets an equal chance to be part of the selected sample. In this study

purposive sampling technique was used.

Inclusion criteria

The study includes women at reproductive age group in Feroke Municipality

 Who are in the age group of 20-45 years

 Who understands Malayalam

 Who are available at the time of study

Exclusion criteria

The study excludes women at reproductive age group in Feroke Municipality

 Who are diagnosed with breast cancer and are under the treatment

 Who are not willing to participate in the study

Research tool

Research tool is the procedures or instruments used by the researcher to

observe or to measure the key variables in the research problem. The research tool

used in the study is structured knowledge questionnaire to assess the level of

knowledge of women at reproductive age group between 20-45 years on breast self-

examination. The tool consist of two sections:

Section A: Socio-demographic performa.

Section B: Structured knowledge questionnaire

Development of the tool

Tool development is a complex and time consuming process. It consist of

defining the construct to be measured, formulating the items, assessing the items for

content validity, developing instructions for the respondents pretesting estimating the

reliability and conducting the pilot study.

Based on the objectives of the study in order to assess the effectiveness of video

assisted teaching programme on the level of knowledge regarding breast self

examination among women at reproductive age group, a demographic tool and

knowledge questionnaire were prepared. The following steps were carried out for

preparing the tool.

  Review of literature from books, journals, and internet search.

 Expert opinion from nurse educators in the department of medical surgical

nursing and obstetrics and gynecology were taken into account while

developing tool.

 Development of blue print and draft tool.

 Construction of demographic proforma.

 Construction of knowledge questionnaire to assess the level of knowledge

regarding breast self examination among women at reproductive age group.

 Content validity and modification as per suggestions given by experts.

 Pretesting

 Reliability testing.

 Preparation of final tool

Description of the tool

The tool consist of two sections

Section A: demographic proforma. It consist of questions seeking information about

age, religion, education, occupation, monthly income, family, marital status, number

of children, previous knowledge, previous experience.

Section B: Structured knowledge questionnaire consist of 20 mutiple choice questions

with regard to breast cancer and breast self-examination. Total score is 20.

Scoring key for section B is as follows

16-20 : Excellent
11-15 : Good
6-10 : Average
0-5 : Poor
Content validity
Content validity refers to the extent to which a measuring instrument provides

adequate coverage of the topic under study

To establish the content validity of the data collection tool, the prepared

instrument along with the research proposal and criteria checklist designed for

validation were send to 7 experts in the field of nursing. They were requested to give

their opinion and suggestion about the content of the tool. There was 100% agreement

for all items in the baseline proforma. Structured knowledge questionnaire to assess

the level of knowledge regarding breast self examination consisted of 20 multiple

choice questions. The video assisted teaching programme was given to the experts for

content validation. The experts agreed to all items. Based on the suggestions of the

experts, tool was modified and the entire tool was finalized with the help of guide.

Reliability of the tool

Reliability of the instrument is defined as the extend to which the instrument

yield the same results on repeated measures. It is the degree of consistency and

accuracy with which an instrument measures the attribute for which it is designed to

measure.

The reliability of the tool was established by administering the tool to women

between the age group 20-45 years in Feroke Municipality. Reliability of knowledge

questionnaire was established by using split half method and calculated by using Karl

Pearson’s correlation coefficient r = 0.76. This indicated that structured knowledge

questionnaire was reliable.

Pilot study
 Pilot study is a small scale version or trial run of the major study. After getting

permission from the Secretary of Feroke Municipality, Kozhikode, 10 members from

Feroke Municipality (between 20-45 years of age) who met the inclusion criteria were

selected as study sample using purposive sampling technique. The subjects were

clearly explained about the study, assured about the anonymity and confidentiality of

the information given by them. On 05/11/2023 we conducted the Pilot study. After

obtaining the informed consent, the demographic data was collected from the

participants using demographic proforma. Structured knowledge questionnaire was

used to assess the pre-test level of knowledge of study participants regarding the

breast self-examination and among the samples. The level of knowledge of 6

participants were poor. After the video presentation the post-test was carried out using

the same structured knowledge questionnaire and among the samples, 8 participants

performed excellently. This show the effectiveness of video assisted teaching

program. Upon the completion of Pilot study, the feasibility and practicability of the

tool was assessed. The tool were found to be feasible to collect the required

information. Based on the Pilot study result, changes were made.

 CHAPTER 4

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

This chapter deals with the analysis and interpretation of data collected from

30 samples to determine the effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme on

knowledge regarding Breast Self-examination. Analysis is defined as the process of

systematically applying statistical and logical techniques to describe, summarize and

compare the data. The data were organized, tabulated and subjected to descriptive and

inferential statistical analysis. The findings of the study are presented under the

following headings.

Section A: Socio-demographic variables of women at reproductive age group.

Section B: Level of knowledge regarding Breast self-examination before and after

video assisted teaching programme among women at reproductive age group.

Section C: Analysis of the effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme on

level of knowledge regarding Breast self-examination among women at reproductive

age group.

Section D: Description of association between pre-test level of knowledge regarding

Breast self-examination and selected socio-demographic variables among women at

reproductive age group.

Section A: Distribution of samples based on their socio-demographic variables.

The section deals with the distribution of samples according to their

characteristics such as age, religion, education, occupation, monthly income, family,

marital status number of children , previous knowledge, previous experience.

The data obtained from 30 women at reproductive age group are analyzed and

presented in terms of frequency and percentage.

Frequency and percentage distribution of samples according to age in years.

AGE IN YEARS

30%
frequency

27% 27%

16%

20-26 27-33 34-40 >40

Age in years

Figure 2: distribution of samples based on age in years

The figure 2 shows that 8 (26.7%) of samples are in the age group of 20-26, 9

(30%) of samples are in the age group of 27-33, 8 (26.7%) of samples are in the age

group of 34-40, 5 (16.60%) of samples are in age group of >40.

Frequency and percentage distribution of samples according to religion

RELIGION

57%
frequency

43%

0% 0%

Hindu Christian Muslim others

Religion

Figure 3: Distribution of samples based on religion

The figure 3 shows that 17 (56.7%) of samples belongs to religion Hindu and

13 (43.3%) of samples belongs to religion Muslim and none of them belongs to

Christian religion.
Frequency and percentage distribution of samples according to education

EDUCATION

50%
frequency

20% 30%
0%

Primary
High School
Higher
Secondary UG/PG

Education

Figure 4: Distribution of samples based on education

The figure 4 shows that 15 (50%) of samples are educated up to high school

level, 6 (20%) up to higher secondary level and remaining 9 (30%) are qualified with

graduation or above.
Frequency and percentage distribution of samples according to occupation

OCCUPATION

7% 3%

44%

43%

unemployed house wife professional self employed

Figure 5: Distribution of samples based on occupation

The figure 5 shows that 13 (43.3%) of samples are housewife, 14 (43.7%) of

samples are unemployed, 2 (6.7%) of samples are professional and remaining 1

(3.30%) of sample is self-employed.

Frequency and percentage distribution of samples according to monthly income

in rupees

MONTHLY INCOME IN RUPEES

13.30
%
6.70
% <=10,000
10,001-20,000
13.30% 20,001-30,000
66.70 >30,000
%

Figure 6: Distribution of samples based on income in rupees

The figure 6 shows that 20 (66.7%) of samples have monthly income <=

Rs.10,000/-, 4 (13.3%) of samples have monthly income between Rs.10001-20000/-,

4 (13.3%) of samples have monthly income between Rs.20001-30000/- and 2 (6.7%)

of samples have monthly income > Rs.30,000/-.

Frequency and percentage distribution of samples according to the type of
family

TYPE OF FAMILY

30%
nuclear family
joint family
extended family
other

70%

Figure 7: Distribution of samples based on type of family

The figure 7 shows that 21 (70%) of samples belongs to nuclear family, 9

(30%) of samples belongs to joint family.

Frequency and percentage distribution of samples according to marital status

MARITAL STATUS

0%
widow
MARITAL STATUS

0%
divorced

3%
unmarried

97%
married

Figure 8: Distribution of samples based on marital status

The figure 8 shows that 29 (97%) of samples are married and 1 (3%) is

unmarried.
Frequency and percentage distribution of samples according to number of

children

NUMBER OF CHILDREN

30% 33%
30%
Percentage

7%

0 1 2 >2

Number of Children

Figure 9: Distribution of samples based on number of children

The figure 9 shows that 2 (6.6%) of samples have no children, 9 (30%) of

samples have 1 child, 10 (33.3%) of samples have 2 children, 9 (30%) of samples

have >2 children.

Frequency and percentage distribution of samples according to previous

knowledge regarding breast self-examination

PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE REGARDING

BREAST SELF-EXAMINATION

36.60
%
yes
no
63.30
%

Figure 10: Distribution of samples based on previous knowledge regarding

breast self-examination

The figure 10 shows that 19 (63.3%) of samples have previous knowledge

regarding Breast self-examination. 10 (52.7%) samples got knowledge from internet,

6 (31.5%) got knowledge from health workers and 3 (15.8%) samples got knowledge

from health magazines and 11 (36.6%) have no previous knowledge regarding breast

self-examination.
Frequency and percentage distribution of samples according to previous

experience of performing breast self-examination

PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE ON PERFORMING

BREAST SELF-EXAMINATION

26.70%

73.30%

yes no

Figure 11: Distribution of samples based on previous experience of performing

breast self-examination.

The figure 11 shows that 8 (26.6%) of samples have previous experience of

performing breast self-examination and 22 (73.3%) of samples do not have previous

experience of performing breast self-examination. Because 6 (27.2%) sample have

lack of time, 8(36.4%) samples have lack of knowledge and remaining 8 (36.4%)

have anxiety.
Section B: Analysis of level of practice of sample before and after intervention.

The section deals with analysis and comparison of pre-test level of knowledge

and post-test level of knowledge regarding breast self-examination among 30 women

at reproductive age group. The knowledge is assessed using a structured knowledge

questionnaire consisting 20 items. Each correct response is given a score of “one”.

The knowledge score was categorized as excellent, good, average and poor.

Sl.no Level of Respondent level of knowledge

knowledge
Pre test Post test

f % f %

1 Excellent 0 0% 9 30%

2 Good 6 20% 15 50%

3 Average 23 76.7% 6 20%

4 Poor 1 3.33% 0 0%

Table 1: Frequency and percentage distribution of pre and post-test level of

knowledge of women regarding breast self-examination.

The above table shows that in pre-test, 20% of them have good level of

knowledge, 76.7% of them having average level of knowledge and 3.33% of them

have poor level of knowledge. Whereas in post-test, none of them had poor

knowledge.
 SI Type of Mean Standard Differenc Difference t Table

No Assessment Deviation e in mean in value value

standard

deviation

1. Pre-test 8.63 2.02

4.97 1.14 12 2.05

2. Post-test 13.6 3.16

Section C: Analysis of the effectiveness of video assisted teaching on level of

knowledge among selected samples

This section deals with the analysis of effect of video assisted teaching

programme on level of knowledge of women regarding breast self-examination using

paired ‘t’ test. In order to find out the statistical significance, the null hypothesis was

stated and tested at 0.05 level of significance. Which means that the mean post-test

knowledge score is significantly higher than the mean pre-test score.

Table 2: Effectiveness of video assisted teaching program among selected sample.

Table 2 shows that in the pre-test mean knowledge score was 8.63 and

standard deviation was 2.02. The difference in pre-test and post- test mean score was

4.97 and differential standard deviation was 1.14.

H1- there will be significant difference in level of knowledge before and after

video assisted teaching program regarding breast self- examination among women at

reproductive age group. This hypothesis is accepted because the t value is 12, which is

statistically significant at the level of P<0.05. This indicate that the video assisted
teaching program increases the level of knowledge among the women regarding

breast self-examination.

The P value is less than the calculated t value at 0.05 level of significance, so the null

hypothesis is rejected and research hypothesis is accepted.

Section D: association between pretest levels of knowledge among samples with

their socio demographic variables.

This section deals with the association between the pretest level of knowledge score

of women of reproductive age group regarding breast self-examination and selected

demographic variables.

n=30

Sl.no Characteristics Level of knowledge ꭓ2value Table

Excellent Good Average Poor value

1 Age in years

20-26 0 2 6 0

27-33 0 3 5 1
5.341 16.92
34-40 0 1 7 0

>40 0 0 5 0

2 Religion

Hindu 0 5 11 1

Christian 0 0 0 0
3.19 16.92
Muslim 0 1 12 0

Others 0 0 0 1

3 Education

Primary 0 0 0 0

High school 0 0 8 1
5.5314 16.92
Higher secondary 0 4 8 0

UG/ PG 0 2 7 0
 n=30
Sl Characteristics Level of knowledge ꭓ2valu Table

no Excellent Good Average Poor e value

4 Occupation

Nil 0 6 10 0

Housewife 0 0 11 1
6.568 16.92
Professional 0 1 1 0

Self employed 0 0 1 0

5 Monthly income

<10,000 0 3 17 0

10,001-20,000 0 1 3 0
12.402 14.68
20,001-30,000 0 1 1 0

>30,000 0 1 2 1

6 Type of family

Nuclear 0 5 15 1

Joint 0 1 8 0
1.17 14.68
Extended 0 0 0 0

Others 0 0 0 0
 Sl no Characteristics Level of knowledge ꭓ2value Table

Excellent Good Average Poor value

7 Marital status

Married 0 5 23 1

Unmarried 0 1 0 0
4.1296 14.68
Divorced 0 0 0 0

Widow 0 0 0 0

8 Number of children

Nil 0 1 1 0

1 0 2 6 1
5.3 14.68
2 0 2 8 0

>2 0 1 8 0

9 Previous knowledge

Yes 0 5 14 0
2.51 7.82
No 0 1 9 1

10 Previous experience

Yes 0 0 8 0
3.28 7.82
No 0 6 15 1

Table 3: Association between pre-test score and socio demographic variables.

 H2: there will be a significant association between pre-test level of knowledge

regarding breast self-examination among women of reproductive age group with their

socio demographic variables. Here research hypothesis is rejected in case of all socio-

demographic variables. So, there is no association between pre-test level of

knowledge regarding breast self-examination among women at reproductive age

group with their socio demographic variables.

 CHAPTER 5

RESULTS

The study intends to find out the effect of video assisted teaching programme

on knowledge of women at reproductive age group regarding breast self-examination

and association of knowledge with selected socio-demographic variable. The findings

of the present study are discussed with reference to objectives and hypothesis stated.

This chapter deals with the study findings.

Objectives

 To assess the pre-test and post-test level of knowledge regarding breast self-

examination among women at reproductive age group in Feroke Municipality,

Kozhikode.

 To evaluate the effectiveness of video assisted teaching program on level of

knowledge regarding breast self-examination among women at reproductive

age group in Feroke Municipality, Kozhikode.

 To find out the association between pre-test knowledge score on breast self-

examination among women at reproductive age group with selected socio

demographic variables.

Hypothesis

H1: the mean post-test knowledge score will be significantly higher than mean

pre-test knowledge score on breast self-examination among women at reproductive

age group in Feroke Municipality, Kozhikode.

 H2: there is a significant association between pre-test knowledge score

regarding breast self-examination among women at reproductive age group with

selected socio demographic variable in Feroke Municipality, Kozhikode.

Level of knowledge of samples before and after intervention

Analysis of level of knowledge of sample before and after intervention

showed that, there is significant variation in the pre-test knowledge and post-test

knowledge of women at reproductive age group.

Section A: Description of socio-demographic variables among women at

reproductive age group.

In the study, 30% of women belong to age group 27-33 years and 16.6% of

women belongs to the age group above 40 years. Most of the samples belongs to

Hindu religion (56.7%) and none of them belongs to Christian religion. 50% of them

are educated up to high school level and none of them have below primary education.

43.7% of the samples are unemployed and only 3.30% is self-employed. Majority of

the samples (66.7%) belongs to the monthly income category of <10,000 Rs. whereas

samples with > Rs. 30,000 was the least (6.7%). About 70% of them belongs to

nuclear family and rest of them (30%) belongs to joint family. Most of the samples

(97%) were married and only 3% of the samples are unmarried. 33.3% of them have 2

children while only 6.60% have no child. Majority of them (63.30%) had previous

knowledge regarding breast self-examination. Among these, the knowledge mainly

got from internet (52.7%). Most of them (73.3%) didn’t had previous experience of

performing breast self-examination mainly because of lack of knowledge (36.4%) and

anxiety (36.4%).
Section B: Analysis of the level of knowledge regarding Breast self-examination

before and after video assisted teaching programme among women at

reproductive age group.

In pre-test, 20% of them have good level of knowledge, 76.7% of them having

average level of knowledge and 3.33% of them have poor level of knowledge.

Whereas in post-test, 50% have good level of knowledge, 30% have excellent level of

knowledge, 20% have average level of knowledge and none of them had poor

knowledge.

Section C: Analysis of the effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme on

level of knowledge regarding Breast self-examination among women at

reproductive age group.

In the pre-test, the mean knowledge score was 8.63 and standard deviation was

2.02. The difference in pre-test and post- test mean score was 4.97 and differential

standard deviation was 1.14. Here the research hypothesis is accepted because the t

value is 12, which is statistically significant at the level of P<0.05. This indicate that

the video assisted teaching program increases the level of knowledge among the

women regarding breast self-examination.

Section D: Description of association between pre-test level of knowledge

regarding Breast self-examination and selected socio-demographic variables

among women at reproductive age group.

The P value is less than the calculated t value at 0.05 level of significance. So,

the research hypothesis is rejected in case of all socio- demographic variables. So,

there is no association between pre-test level of knowledge regarding breast self-

examination among women at reproductive age group with their socio demographic

variables.
 CHAPTER 6
DISCUSSION, SUMMARY, CONCLUSION

The chapter gives a brief account of the major findings of the present study

and discussions in relation to similar studies conducted by other reasons. It also

involves summary, conclusion, implication, limitation, suggestion and

recommendation of study.

Discussion

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of video assisted

teaching program on level of knowledge regarding breast self-examination among

women at reproductive age group. One group pre-test post-test design and purposive

sampling technique was used to select 30 women. Data was collected using

sociodemographic and structured knowledge questionnaire.

The present study shows that, in pre-test 76.6% of samples have average level

of knowledge, of 3.33% samples have poor level of knowledge and 20% have good

level of knowledge regarding breast self-examination.

After the interventions in post-test 30% of samples shows excellent level of

knowledge, 50% shows good level of knowledge, 20% shows average level of

knowledge and no one shows poor level of knowledge regarding breast self-

examination.

The result shows that there was difference between pretest and post-test level

of knowledge regarding breast self-examination among women at reproductive age

group. Thus, it concludes that video assisted teaching programme was effective in

improving the knowledge regarding the breast self-examination among women at

reproductive age group.

 These findings parallel the results of another study conducted by M. Porselvi,

M. Muthamizh (2021) among women in a selected rural area at Villupuram district,

Tamilnadu to evaluate the effectiveness of video assisted teaching on knowledge

regarding breast self-examination. 30 samples were selected using non probable-

purposive sampling technique. Pre-test and post-test research design was adopted.

Result shows that 25 (83.4%) had inadequate knowledge, 26.6% had moderate

knowledge and 73% had adequate knowledge.

There is no association between pre-test level of knowledge regarding breast

self-examination among women at reproductive age group with their socio

demographic variables.

Summary

The present study aimed to evaluate the level of knowledge regarding breast

self-examination among women at reproductive age group in Feroke municipality,

Kozhikode.

The objectives of the study were;

 To assess the pre-test and post-test level of knowledge regarding breast self-

examination among women at reproductive age group in Feroke Municipality,

Kozhikode.

 To evaluate the effectiveness of video assisted teaching program on level of

knowledge regarding breast self-examination among women at reproductive

age group in Feroke Municipality, Kozhikode.

 To find out the association between pre-test knowledge score on breast self-

examination among women at reproductive age group with selected socio

demographic variable.
The following hypothesis was tested at P<0.05 level of significance.

The study was based on the effectiveness of video assisted teaching program

and quantitative approach was considered for the present study. The research design

adopted for the present study was one group pretest posttest design. There were 30

samples used for the study and structured knowledge questionnaire was used for the

pretest and post-test. The pretest was conducted and video assisted teaching was

provided and then post-test was done for 30 women of reproductive age group, Feroke

municipality, Kozhikode.

Major findings

The study reveals that

 30% of the participants belongs to the age category of 27-33 years old, 26.6%

of the participants belongs to the age category of 20-26 years, 26.6% of the

participants belongs to the age category of 34-40 years and only 16.6%

belongs to the age category above 40 years.

 56.6% of the women belongs to Hindu religion while 43.3% belongs to

Muslim religion.

 50% of them have high school education, 30% of them are under graduate and

20% of them have higher secondary education.

 46.6% are employed, 43.3% are house wife, 6.6% are professionals, 3.3% are

self employed

 66.6% have monthly income of 10,000/- rupees, 13.3% have monthly income

between 10,001-20,000 rupees, 13.3% have monthly income between

>30,000/- rupees, 6.6% have monthly income between 20,001-30,000/-

rupees.
  Most (70%) of them belongs to nuclear family and 30% of them belongs to

joint family.

 Most (96.6%) of them are married and 3.3% unmarried.

 33.3% have 2 children, 30% have 1 child, 30% have >2 child and 6.6% have

no child.

 63.3% have previous knowledge mostly from internet (52.7%) and 36.6%

have no previous knowledge regarding breast self-examination.

 Most (73.3%) of them were not performing breast self-examination mainly

because of lack of knowledge and (36.4%) anxiety (36.4%) and 26.6% of

them were performing breast self-examination.

There is an increase in the post-test score after providing video assisted teaching

and help to improve the level of knowledge of women regarding breast self-

examination.

Conclusion

The present study was done with the aim to evaluate the effectiveness of video

assisted teaching program regarding breast self-examination among women of

reproductive age group, Feroke municipality, Kozhikode.

The study concluded that video assisted teaching programme was effective in

improving the knowledge of women at reproductive age group and there was no

significant association between pretest knowledge score with selected socio-

demographic variable.

The study findings reveal that there is inadequate knowledge regarding breast

self-examination among women at reproductive age group.

Nursing implication

Nursing practices:

It indicates that concentrated efforts should be taken by health professionals in

educating women regarding breast self-examination, its technique, advantages and

create awareness about the same.

The finding of the study helps to evaluate the level of knowledge of women

regarding breast self-examination. Nurse can provide effective teaching on breast self-

examination for women of reproductive age group, Feroke municipality, Kozhikode.

Sufficient knowledge regarding breast self-examination help to detect

abnormalities of breast at earliest. Nurses can utilize the study findings to strengthen

the nursing services and adopt necessary measures to enhance the quality of care by

providing breast self-examination. Nurses can educate people regarding breast self-

examination in community levels.

Nursing administration:

Nursing administrator should develop clear cut policy guidance to give

relevant information for the nursing practice and educate the different strategies that

can be used for training nursing personnels regarding breast self-examination.

Teaching sessions can be arranged in the ward to orient the women on breast

self-examination and techniques. Conducting in-service education for the novice

midwives on breast self-examination may be useful. Necessary administrative support

should be provided to conduct educational programs.

Nursing education:
 Nurses has to update and increase their practice skills regarding breast self-

examination for early detection of abnormalities of breast. A curriculum incorporating

the recent trends and demands of the changing society is needed for the purpose of

nursing education. The curriculum should prepare the nurses to provide better

information to the women at reproductive age group regarding breast self-

examination.

Students must have a good level of practice regarding breast self-examination.

Though breast self-examination techniques, advantages are included in the

curriculum, students should develop skills to teach others the same.

Nursing research:

The result of the study provides useful information for the general public. The

study will be valuable for further research.

The findings of the study would help to expand the significant body of professional

knowledge upon which further research can be conducted.

The health professional can also make use of video assisted teaching program

for delivering their services.

These findings are useful for the students, the educators and practicing nurses to

conduct more interventional studies in this area thereby encouraging more women to

practice breast self-examination regularly.

Limitations

Lack of time and difficulty to obtain the working women as samples.

Recommendation

The study can be conducted in different settings. The study can be replicated with

different section with more duration of teaching.

 The study can be replicated on large sample and different settings

 Comparative study can be conducted between different communities on same

problem.

 The study can be conducted among women above 50 years.

 A correlational study can be conducted between the knowledge and the

practice regarding breast self-examination.

 Reference
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0094;year=2015;volume=1;issue=2;spage=71;epage=74;aulast=Sujindra

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356246423_KNOWLEDGE_REGARDINGBREAST_CANCER_AND_BREAST_SELF_EXAMINATIO

N_AMONG_FEMALES

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346096639_Breast_Cancer_Screening_among_Women_in_Central_Kerala_India_A_Multic

entric_Study

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24. https://ascopubs.org/doi/abs/10.1200/jgo.18.48200

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368605970_Knowledge_Attitude_and_Practice_of_Breast_Self-

Examination_amongWomen_in_Bangladesh
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28. https://s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/ijmer/pdf/volume10/volume10-issue6(5)/

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346096138_Effectiveness_of_video_assisted_teaching_programme_on_self-

breast_examination_among_women

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334615028_The_Effect_of_Using_Video_Based_Training_on_University_Students'_Knowl

edge_and_Attitude_regarding_Breast_Self-Examination
 സമ്മതപത്രം

കോഴിക്കോട് ഫറോക്ക് റെഡ് ക്രെസന്റ് നഴ്സിങ് കോളേജിലെ മൂന്നാം വർഷ ബിരുദ

വിദ്യാർഥിനികളായ അലീഷ തോമസ്, അലീന ദേവസ്സി, അഞ്ചു സതീഷ്, ആർദ്ര രാജീവ്, ആശിഷ

സെബാസ്റ്റ്യൻ, അശ്വതി എം, ആൽഫി വർക്കി, തുടങ്ങിയവർ പഠനത്തിന്റെ ഭാഗമായി

നടത്തുന്ന ഗവേഷണത്തിൽ (സ്വയം സ്തന പരിശോധനയെ കുറിച്ച് മനസിലാക്കുന്നതിനും,

ഇതിനെക്കുറിച്ചുള്ള അറിവ് വർധിപ്പിക്കുന്നതിനും വീഡിയോ ഉപയോഗിച്ചുള്ള

പഠനം) എന്നെ വിധേയയാകുന്നതിന് സമ്മതമാണെന്ന് ഞാൻ ഇവിടെ ഒപ്പ് വയ്ക്കുന്നു.

പഠനത്തെ സംബന്ധിച്ചു എനിക്കുണ്ടാകുന്ന സംശയങ്ങൾ സാധൂകരിക്കേണ്ടത്

മേൽപറഞ്ഞവരുടെ അടുക്കലാണെന്ന് ഞാൻ മനസിലാക്കുന്നു.

പഠനവിധേയ എന്ന നിലയ്ക്ക് എപ്പോൾ വേണമെങ്കിലും ഈ പഠനത്തിൽ നിന്ന് പിൻമാറാൻ

ഉള്ള അവകാശം എനിക്ക് ഉണ്ടെന്നും പഠനത്തിന് നൽകുന്ന വിവരങ്ങൾ പഠനാവശ്യത്തിന്

മാത്രം ഉപയോഗിക്കുവെന്നും മറ്റൊരാളോടും വെളിപ്പെടുത്തുകയില്ലെന്നും

ഉറപ്പുതന്നിരിക്കുന്നു.

എന്ന് ,

സ്ഥലം : പേര് :

തിയതി : ഒപ്പ് :

വിലാസം :
നിർദ്ദേശങ്ങൾ

 എല്ലാ ചോദ്യങ്ങൾക്കും ഉത്തരം നൽകുക

 ഉത്തര കടലാസ്സ് ഗവേഷകന് തിരികെ നൽകുക

 നിങ്ങൾക് ശരി എന്ന് തോന്നുന്ന ഉത്തരത്തിന് നേരെ ( ) അടയാളം

രേഖപ്പെടുത്തുക

SECTION A

സാമൂഹിക വ്യക്തിഗത വിവരങ്ങൾ

1. വയസ്സ്

a. 20-26

b. 27-33

c. 34-40

d. >40

2. മതം

a. ഹിന്ദു

b. ക്രിസ്ത്യൻ

c. മുസ്ലീം

d. മറ്റുള്ളവ

3. വിദ്യാഭ്യാസ യോഗ്യത

a. പ്രാഥമിക വിദ്യാഭ്യാസം വരെ

b. ഹൈസ്കൂൾ

c. ഹൈർസെക്കന്ഡറി

d. ബിരുദം/ ബിരുദാനന്തരം

4. തൊഴിൽ

a. തൊഴിൽ രഹിത

b. വീട്ടുജോലി

c. പ്രൊഫഷണൽ

d. സ്വയം തൊഴിൽ
5. കുടുംബത്തിന്റെ മാസവരുമാനം

a. <10,000 രൂപ

b. 10,001-20,000 രൂപ

c. 20,001-30,000 രൂപ

d. >30,000 രൂപ

6. കുടുംബ പശ്ചാത്തലം

a. അണുകുടുംബം

b. കൂട്ടുകുടുംബം

c. വിസ്‌തൃത കുടുംബം

d. മറ്റുള്ളവ

7. വൈവാഹിത സ്ഥിതി

a. വിവാഹിത

b. അവിവാഹിത

c. വിവാഹമോചിത

d. വിധവ

8. കുട്ടികളുടെ എണ്ണം

a. ഇല്ല

b. 1

c. 2

d. 2 ൽ കൂടുതൽ

9. സ്വയം സ്തന പരിശോധനയെ കുറിച്ചുള്ള അറിവ് മുൻപ് ലഭിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ടോ?

a. ഉണ്ട്

b. ഇല്ല
10. ഉണ്ടെങ്കിൽ എവിടെനിന്നാണ് വിവരം ലഭിച്ചത്

a. ദൃശ്യമാധ്യമങ്ങൾ/ ഇന്റർനെറ്റ്

b. ആരോഗ്യ പ്രവർത്തകർ

c. ആരോഗ്യ മാസിക പത്രങ്ങൾ

d. കുടുംബ അംഗങ്ങളിൽ നിന്നും/ സുഹൃത്തുക്കളിൽ നിന്നും

11. മുൻപ് സ്ഥിരമായി സ്വയം സ്തന പരിശോധന ചെയ്യാറുണ്ടോ?

a. ഉണ്ട്

b. ഇല്ല

12. ഇല്ലെങ്കിൽ എന്തുകൊണ്ട് ?

a. സമയക്കുറവ്

b. അറിവില്ലായ്മ

c. ആകുലത

d. ആവശ്യമില്ല എന്ന തോന്നൽ

SECTION B

1. കേരളത്തിലെ സ്ത്രീകളിൽ കൂടുതലായി കാണപ്പെടുന്ന അർബുദം ഏത്?

a. സ്തനാർബുദം

b. ഗർഭാശയമുഖ അർബുദം

c. ശ്വാസകോശ അർബുദം

d. രക്താർബുദം

2. സ്തനാർബുദം കൂടുതലായി കാണപ്പെടുന്ന പ്രായ പരിധി എത്ര?

a. 10-19 വയസ്സ്

b. 20-29 വയസ്സ്

c. 30-39 വയസ്സ്

d. 40 വയസ്സിന് മുകളിൽ
3. സ്തനാർബുദത്തിന്റെ ആരംഭ ലക്ഷണം ഏത്?

a. സ്തനത്തിലുള്ള വലുപ്പ വ്യത്യാസം

b. സ്തനത്തിൽ മുഴകൾ കാണപ്പെടുന്നു

c. സ്തനത്തിൽ ചുവപ്പ് നിറം

d. സ്തനത്തിൽ വേദന അനുഭവപ്പെടുന്നു

4. സ്തനാർബുദത്തിനുള്ള അപകട ഘടകം അല്ലാത്തത് ഏത്?

a. ജനിതകം

b. മദ്യപാനം

c. ഈസ്ട്രോജന്റെ ദീർഘകാലത്തെ ഉപയോഗം

d. മുലയൂട്ടൽ

5. നേരത്തെയുള്ള സ്തനാർബുദ രോഗ നിർണയത്തിന്റെ പ്രാധാന്യം എന്ത്?

a. പ്രത്യുൽപാദനത്തെ ബാധിക്കുന്നു

b. ചികിത്സാചിലവ് കുറയ്ക്കുന്നു

c. ചൊറിച്ചിൽ തടയാൻ സഹായിക്കുന്നു

d. അർബുദം വ്യാപിച്ചാൽ രോഗശമനം ഇല്ലാത്തതിനാൽ

6. സ്തനാർബുദം കണ്ടെത്താൻ ഏറ്റവും എളുപ്പവും ലാഭകരവുമായ

പരിശോധനാരീതി ഏത്?

a. രക്തപരിശോധന

b. സ്വയം സ്തന പരിശോധന

c. മാമോഗ്രാം

d. എക്സ് റേ

7. എന്താണ് സ്വയം സ്തന പരിശോധന?

a. എന്തെങ്കിലും അസ്വാഭാവികത സ്തനത്തിലുണ്ടോ എന്നറിയാൻ സ്വയം

നിരീക്ഷിക്കുന്നത്

b. എന്തെങ്കിലും അസ്വാഭാവികത സ്തനത്തിലുണ്ടോ എന്ന് സ്വയം

സ്പർശനത്താൽ മനസിലാക്കുന്നത്

c. എന്തെങ്കിലും അസ്വാഭാവികത സ്തനത്തിലുണ്ടോ എന്ന്

നിരീക്ഷണത്താലും സ്പർശനത്തലും മനസിലാക്കുന്നത്

 d. എന്തെങ്കിലും അസ്വാഭാവികത സ്തനത്തിലുണ്ടോ എന്ന്

ആരോഗ്യപ്രവർത്തകർ പരിശോധിക്കുന്നത്

8. സ്വയം സ്തന പരിശോധന ആരംഭിക്കേണ്ടത് ഏത് വയസ്സ് മുതലാണ്?

a. 20 ന് താഴെ

b. 20 മുതൽ

c. 25 മുതൽ

d. 30 ന് ശേഷം

9. സ്വയം സ്തന പരിശോധനയുടെ പ്രാധാന്യം എന്ത് ?

a. സ്തനമുഴ നേരത്തെ കണ്ടുപിടിക്കാൻ സഹായിക്കുന്നു

b. സ്തനത്തിന്റെ ആകൃതിയും വലുപ്പവും അറിയാൻ സഹായിക്കുന്നു

c. സൗന്ദര്യവർദ്ധനവിന്

d. ഇതൊന്നുമല്ല

10. സ്വയം സ്തന പരിശോധന ചെയ്യേണ്ടത് എപ്പോഴാണ് ?

a. ദിവസേന

b. ആഴ്ചയിൽ

c. മാസവാരം

d. ഇതൊന്നുമല്ല

11. ആർത്തവ ചക്രത്തിന്റെ ഏത് ദിവസങ്ങളാണ് സ്വയം സ്തന പരിശോധനക്ക്

അഭികാമ്യം ?

a. ആർത്തവത്തിന് ഒരാഴ്ച്ച മുൻപ്

b. ആർത്തവത്തിന് ഒരാഴ്ച്ചക്ക് ശേഷം

c. എപ്പോൾ വേണമെങ്കിലും

d. ആർത്തവത്തിന്റെ തുടക്കത്തിൽ

12. സ്വയം സ്തന പരിശോധന കുളിക്കുന്ന സമയത്ത് ചെയ്യുന്നതാണ് അഭികാമ്യം

എന്ന് പറയുന്നത് എന്തുകൊണ്ട്?

a. മുല വൃത്തിയാകാൻ

b. ആകൃതിയിലുള്ള വ്യത്യാസം തിരിച്ചറിയാൻ

c. ചെറിയ മുഴ പോലും തിരിച്ചറിയാൻ

 d. മുകളിൽ കൊടുത്തിരിക്കുന്നതൊന്നുമല്ല

13. കൈയ്യുടെ ഏത് ഭാഗമാണ് സ്തനങ്ങൾ പരിശോധിക്കാൻ ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നത്?

a. ഉള്ളം കൈ

b. കൈത്തണ്ട

c. വിരൽ പാദം

d. നഖം

14. സ്വയം സ്തന പരിശോധനയിൽ എത്ര ഘട്ടങ്ങൾ ഉൾപ്പെടുന്നു ?

a. 3

b. 2

c. 5

d. 4

15. സ്വയം സ്തന പരിശോധന ചെയ്യുമ്പോൾ കൈകളുടെ സ്ഥാനം താഴെ പറയുന്നവയിൽ

ഏതു രീതിയിലാവരുത് ?

a. വശങ്ങളിലോട്ട്

b. നെഞ്ചിൽ

c. ഇടുപ്പിൽ

d. തലയ്ക്കുമുകളിൽ

16. സ്വയം സ്തന പരിശോധന ചെയ്യുമ്പോൾ കൈവിരലുകൾ ഏത് രീതിയിൽ

ചലിപ്പിക്കണം?

a. വൃത്താകൃതിയിൽ

b. മുകളിലും താഴോട്ടും

c. ഇരുവശങ്ങളിലും

d. മുകളിൽ പറഞ്ഞതെല്ലാം

17. സ്തനത്തിലെ “12 o’clock “ സ്ഥാനം ഏത്?

a. നിങ്ങളുടെ ഇടതു സ്തനത്തിന്റെ മുകളിലെ പുറം ഭാഗത്തിന്

അഭിമുഖമായി

b. നിങ്ങളുടെ ഇടതു സ്തനത്തിന്റെ മുകളിലെ ഉൾഭാഗത്തിന്

അഭിമുഖമായി
 c. നിങ്ങളുടെ ഇടതു സ്തനത്തിന്റെ താഴത്തെ പുറം ഭാഗത്തിന്

അഭിമുഖമായി

d. നിങ്ങളുടെ ഇടതു സ്തനത്തിന്റെ താഴത്തെ ഉൾഭാഗത്തിന്

അഭിമുഖമായി

18. സ്വയം സ്തന പരിശോധന ചെയ്യുമ്പോൾ പ്രത്യേകം ശ്രദ്ധിക്കേണ്ട

ശരീരഭാഗം ഏതാണ്?

a. കക്ഷം

b. സ്തനത്തിന്റെ പുറംഭാഗം

c. മുലക്കണ്ണ്

d. തോൾ

19. സ്വയം സ്തന പരിശോധന നടത്താൻ എത്ര വിരലുകൾ ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നു ?

a. 2

b. 3

c. 4

d. 1

20. സ്വയം സ്തന പരിശോധന ചെയ്യുമ്പോൾ തലയുടെ പിന്നിൽ കൈകോർക്കുമ്പോൾ

ഏറ്റവും സാധാരണമായി കാണുന്ന ലക്ഷണം ഏതാണ്?

a. സ്തനത്തിലെ ചർമം ഉൾവലിയുക

b. ആകൃതിയിലുള്ള വ്യത്യാസം

c. വലുപ്പത്തിലുള്ള വ്യത്യാസം

d. സ്തനത്തിലുള്ള വേദന
Answer Key

1) a

2) d

3) d

4) d

5) d

6) b

7) c

8) b

9) a

10) c

11) b

12) c

13) c

14) c

15) d

16) d

17) a

18) a

19) b

20) a
SCORING

16-20 = മികച്ചത്

11-15 = നല്ലത്

6-10 = ശരാശരി

<5 = മോശം
 LESSON PLAN ON
BREAST SELF EXAMINATION

GUIDE
RESEARCHERS
Mrs. Anu Thomas
Aleena Devassy (Assistant Professor),

Aleesha Thomas Department of Obstetrics

and Gynecological Nursing
Alphy Varkey
Mrs. Babitha. N (Assistant
Anju Satheesh
Professor), Department of
Ardra Rajeev Community Health Nursing

Asisha Sebastian Mrs. Sreerejini V.V

(Lecturer), Department of
Aswathi M
obstetrics and gynecological
Nursing

Red Crescent College of

Nursing, Kozhikode
സമയം നിർദിഷ്ട ഉള്ളടക്കം അധ്യാപകന്റെ പഠിതാവിന്റെ മൂല്യനിർണയം
ലക്ഷ്യം പ്രവർത്തനം പ്രവർത്തനം

 ആമുഖം

അസാധാരണമായ സ്തന കോശങ്ങൾ നിയന്ത്രണാതീതമായി വളരുകയും

ട്യൂമർ രൂപപ്പെടുകയും ചെയ്യുന്ന ഒരു രോഗമാണ്

സ്തനാർബുദം. ട്യൂമർ പരിശോധിച്ചില്ലെങ്കിൽ ശരീരത്തിൽ

ഉടനീളം വ്യാപിക്കുകയും മാരകമാവുകയും ചെയ്യും.

കേരളത്തിൽ ഏറ്റവും കൂടുതലായി കണ്ടുവരുന്ന അർബുദമാണ്

സ്തനാർബുദം. 40 വയസ്സിനു മുകളിലുള്ള സ്ത്രീകളിലാണ്

ഇത് സാധാരണയായി കണ്ടുവരുന്നത്. സ്തനങ്ങൾ

പരിശോധിക്കാൻ ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്ന ഘട്ടം ഘട്ടമായുള്ള ഒരു

രീതിയെയാണ് സ്വയം സ്തന പരിശോധന എന്ന് പറയുന്നത്. ഈ ഒരു

രീതി, സ്തനങ്ങളുടെ അസാധാരണതകൾ കണ്ടെത്താൻ

സഹായിക്കുന്നു .

 എപിഡെമിയോളജി

ഇന്ത്യയിൽ പുതിയ സ്തനാർബുദത്തിന്റെ കണക്ക് പ്രതിവർഷം

1,15,000 ആണ്.ഇത് 2015-ഓടെ പ്രതിവർഷം 2,50,000 എണ്ണമായി

സമയം നിർദിഷ്ട ഉള്ളടക്കം അധ്യാപകന്റെ പഠിതാവിന്റെ മൂല്യനിർണയം
ലക്ഷ്യം പ്രവർത്തനം പ്രവർത്തനം

വർധിക്കുമെന്നാണ് പ്രതീക്ഷ. 2023-ൽ ആഗോള തലത്തിൽ 23

മില്യൺ സ്ത്രീകളിലാണ് സ്തനാർബുദം സ്ഥിതീകരിച്ചത്.

ഇതിൽ 6,85,000 മരണങ്ങളും റിപ്പോർട്ട് ചെയ്തിട്ടുണ്ട്.

 സ്തനാർബുദത്തിന്റെ അപകട ഘടകങ്ങൾ

 അമിതവണ്ണം

 പ്രായം

 മദ്യപാനം

 ഹോർമോൺ ചികിത്സ

 റേഡിയേഷൻ

 കുട്ടികൾ വൈകി ഉണ്ടാകുകയോ ഉണ്ടാകാതിരിക്കുകയോ

ചെയ്‌താൽ

 കാൻസർ മുൻപ് സ്ഥിതീകരിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ടെങ്കിൽ

സമയം നിർദിഷ്ട ഉള്ളടക്കം അധ്യാപകന്റെ പഠിതാവിന്റെ മൂല്യനിർണയം
ലക്ഷ്യം പ്രവർത്തനം പ്രവർത്തനം

 ജനിതകം

 കാരണങ്ങൾ

 ഗർഭനിരോധന മരുന്നുകളുടെയും മറ്റ്

മരുന്നുകളുടെയും ഉപയോഗം

 തൈറോയ്ഡ് ഗ്രന്ഥിയുടെ അമിത പ്രവർത്തനം

 മെനിഞ്ചൈറ്റിസ് പോലുള്ള ചില മസ്തിഷ്ക രോഗങ്ങൾ

 മുലക്കണ്ണിന് ചുറ്റുമുള്ള ഇരുണ്ട ഭാഗത്ത്

ഉണ്ടായേക്കാവുന്ന മുഴ

 ചിക്കൻ പോക്സ് വൈറസ് മൂലമുണ്ടായേക്കാവുന്ന

സമയം നിർദിഷ്ട ഉള്ളടക്കം അധ്യാപകന്റെ പഠിതാവിന്റെ മൂല്യനിർണയം
ലക്ഷ്യം പ്രവർത്തനം പ്രവർത്തനം

ഷിംഗിൾസ്

 നെഞ്ചിൽ എന്തെങ്കിലും ശസ്ത്രക്രിയ നടത്തിയാൽ

 മറ്റ് രോഗങ്ങൾ ( കുഷിങ് സിൻഡ്രോം,കരൾ

രോഗം,കിഡ്നി രോഗം,സാർകോയിഡോസിസ്)

 ലക്ഷണങ്ങൾ

 മുഴകൾ

 സ്തനത്തിന്റെയോ മുലക്കണ്ണിന്റെയോ ആകൃതിയിൽ

പെട്ടെന്നുള്ള വ്യത്യാസം

 മുലക്കണ്ണിൽ നിന്നുള്ള ചലം

 മുലക്കണ്ണിൽ നിന്ന് രക്തം പൊടിയുന്നത്

 കക്ഷത്തിലോ സ്തനത്തിലോ നിരന്തരമായി

വേദനിക്കുന്നത്

 സ്തനത്തിന് ചുവപ്പ് നിറം

സമയം നിർദിഷ്ട ഉള്ളടക്കം അധ്യാപകന്റെ പഠിതാവിന്റെ മൂല്യനിർണയം
ലക്ഷ്യം പ്രവർത്തനം പ്രവർത്തനം

 സ്തനത്തിന്റെ തൊലി പൊളിയുന്നത്

 രോഗനിര്‍ണ്ണയം

 സ്വയം സ്തന പരിശോധന: നിരീക്ഷണത്തിലൂടെയും

സ്പന്ദനത്തിലൂടെയും സ്തനത്തിന് എന്തെങ്കിലും

അസ്വാഭാവികത ഉണ്ടോ എന്നറിയാൻ ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്ന

ഏറ്റവും മികച്ചതും ചിലവ് കുറഞ്ഞതുമായ

സമയം നിർദിഷ്ട ഉള്ളടക്കം അധ്യാപകന്റെ പഠിതാവിന്റെ മൂല്യനിർണയം
ലക്ഷ്യം പ്രവർത്തനം പ്രവർത്തനം

രീതിയാണിത്.

 മാമോഗ്രാം: സ്തനാർബുദം സ്ഥിതീകരിക്കാൻ

ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്ന രീതി

 കംപ്യൂട്ടഡ് ടോമോഗ്രഫി

 എം ആർ ഐ

 അൾട്രാസൗണ്ട് സോണോഗ്രഫി

 ബയോപ്‌സി

 സ്വയം സ്തന പരിശോധന

നിരീക്ഷണത്തിലൂടെയും സ്പന്ദനത്തിലൂടെയും സ്തനം

പരിശോധിക്കാനുള്ള ഘട്ടം ഘട്ടമായ രീതിയെയാണ് സ്വയം

സ്തന പരിശോധന എന്ന് പറയുന്നത്.

 സ്വയം സ്തന പരിശോധനയുടെ പ്രാധാന്യം

സാധാരണയായി ലിംഫ് ഗ്രന്ധികളിലൂടെയാണ് സ്തനാർബുദം

വ്യാപരിക്കുന്നത്. സ്വയം സ്തന പരിശോധനയിലൂടെ

സ്തനത്തിലെ അസ്വാഭാവികത നേരത്തെ തന്നെ

കണ്ടുപിടിക്കാൻ സാധിക്കുകയും,അതുവഴി മറ്റു

സമയം നിർദിഷ്ട ഉള്ളടക്കം അധ്യാപകന്റെ പഠിതാവിന്റെ മൂല്യനിർണയം
ലക്ഷ്യം പ്രവർത്തനം പ്രവർത്തനം

അവയവങ്ങളിലേക്ക്‌ അർബുദം പടരുന്നത് തടയുകയും

ചെയ്യുന്നു.

 സ്വയം സ്തന പരിശോധന ചെയ്യാനുള്ള സമയം

എല്ലാ മാസവും സ്വയം സ്തന പരിശോധന ചെയ്യണം. സാധാരണയായി

ആർത്തവത്തിന് 10 ദിവസത്തിന് ശേഷമാണ് ഇത് ചെയ്യേണ്ടത്.

ഓരോ മാസവും ആർത്തവ ചക്രത്തിൽ ഹോർമോണിന്റെ അളവ്

മാറിക്കൊണ്ടിരിക്കുന്നു. ഇത് സ്തന കോശങ്ങളിൽ മാറ്റം

വരുത്തുന്നു. അതുകൊണ്ടുതന്നെ ആർത്തവം അവസാനിച്ചതിന്

ശേഷമുള്ള ആദ്യ ആഴ്‌ചയാണ് സ്വയം സ്തന പരിശോധന

നടത്താനുള്ള ഏറ്റവും നല്ല സമയം.

20 വയസ്സ് മുതൽ സ്വയം സ്തന പരിശോധന ചെയ്യാൻ

ആരംഭിക്കണം. കുളിക്കുന്ന സമയത്ത് ചെയ്യുന്നതാണ്

ഏറ്റവും ഉചിതം. കാരണം ചെറിയ മുഴകൾ പോലും കണ്ടെത്താൻ

നനവ് സഹായിക്കുന്നു.

 സ്വയം സ്തന പരിശോധനയുടെ ഉദ്ദേശ്യം

 സ്തനത്തിനെ കുറിച്ചുള്ള അവബോധം

വർധിപ്പിക്കുന്നു.

 സ്തനത്തിലെ അസ്വാഭാവികത തിരിച്ചറിയാൻ

സമയം നിർദിഷ്ട ഉള്ളടക്കം അധ്യാപകന്റെ പഠിതാവിന്റെ മൂല്യനിർണയം
ലക്ഷ്യം പ്രവർത്തനം പ്രവർത്തനം

സഹായിക്കുന്നു. അതായത് :

o സ്തനത്തിൽ നിന്ന് ചോരയോ ചലമോ വരുന്നത്

o ആകൃതിയിലോ വലുപ്പത്തിലോ ഉള്ള വ്യത്യാസം

o സ്തനത്തിൽ മുഴകൾ രൂപപ്പെടുന്നത്

o സ്തനത്തിന്റെയും മുലക്കണ്ണിന്റെയും

ചർമ്മത്തിലുള്ള ചുവപ്പ്

 സ്വയം സ്തന പരിശോധനയുടെ ഘട്ടങ്ങൾ

5 ഘട്ടങ്ങളാണ് സ്വയം സ്തന പരിശോധനക്ക് ഉള്ളത്

 ഒന്നാമത്തേത്: കുളിക്കുമ്പോഴോ തുണി മാറുമ്പോഴോ

കണ്ണാടിയിലൂടെ സ്തനം നിരീക്ഷിക്കുക. രണ്ടു

കൈകളും ഇടുപ്പിന് മുകളിൽ

വയ്ക്കുക.സ്തനത്തിന്റെ ആകൃതിയിലോ രൂപത്തിലോ,

വലുപ്പത്തിലോ ഉള്ള വ്യത്യാസം, നിറവ്യത്യാസം

എന്നിവയുണ്ടോയെന്ന് നിരീക്ഷിക്കുക.

 രണ്ടാമത്തേത് :രണ്ടു കൈകളും തോളിനു മുകളിലൂടെ

ഉയർത്തി ഇത് ആവർത്തിക്കുക

 മൂന്നാമത്തേത് : സ്‌പന്ദനം. വൃത്താകൃതിയിൽ

സമയം നിർദിഷ്ട ഉള്ളടക്കം അധ്യാപകന്റെ പഠിതാവിന്റെ മൂല്യനിർണയം
ലക്ഷ്യം പ്രവർത്തനം പ്രവർത്തനം

വശങ്ങളിൽ മുകളിലോട്ടും താഴോട്ടും സ്പന്ദനം

ചെയ്യാം. ഇതിനായി ആദ്യം ഇടത് കൈ മുകളിലേക്ക്

ഉയർത്തി വലതുകൈ ഉപയോഗിച്ച് ഇടതുവശം സ്പന്ദനം

ചെയ്യുക. വലതുവശം പരിശോധിക്കാൻ ഇടതുകൈ ഇതുപോലെ

ഉപയോഗിക്കുക.

പരിശോധനക്കായി ഡയൽ ഓഫ് ക്ലോക്ക് അല്ലെങ്കിൽ

മോഷൻ ഓഫ് ക്ലോക്ക് രീതി ഉപയോഗിക്കാം. ഇത്

ചെയ്യുന്നത് പുറത്തുനിന്ന് അകത്തേക്ക് 12 o’

ക്ലോക്ക് രീതിയിൽ സ്പന്ദനം ചെയ്യുക.

തുടക്കത്തിൽ മൃദുവായ സ്പന്ദനം

ചെയ്യുക.പിന്നീട് അല്പം സമ്മർദ്ദം ചെലുത്തി

സ്പന്ദനം ചെയ്യുക.ഇത് ചെറിയ മുഴകൾ പോലും

കണ്ടെത്തുന്നു.

 നാലാമത്തേത് : ഈ ഘട്ടത്തിൽ മുലക്കണ്ണും

ചുറ്റുമുള്ള ഇരുണ്ട സ്ഥലവും പരിശോധിക്കുക.

വിരലുകൾ ഉപയോഗിച്ചും നിരീക്ഷിക്കുക .

 അഞ്ചാമത്തേത് : അവസാനമായി സ്തനപരിശോധനയോടൊപ്പം

അവിടെയുള്ള ലിംഫ് ഗ്രന്ഥികളും കക്ഷവും

സമയം നിർദിഷ്ട ഉള്ളടക്കം അധ്യാപകന്റെ പഠിതാവിന്റെ മൂല്യനിർണയം
ലക്ഷ്യം പ്രവർത്തനം പ്രവർത്തനം

പരിശോധിക്കുക. കാരണം അവിടെ അർബുദം

കാണപ്പെടുന്നത് സാധാരണയാണ്.

 ഉപസംഹാരം

സ്തനങ്ങൾ പരിശോധിക്കാൻ ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്ന ഘട്ടം

ഘട്ടമായുള്ള ഒരു രീതിയെയാണ് സ്വയം സ്തന പരിശോധന എന്ന്

പറയുന്നത്. 5 ഘട്ടങ്ങളാണ് സ്വയം സ്തന പരിശോധനക്ക്

ഉള്ളത്. ഇത് സ്തനത്തിനെ കുറിച്ചുള്ള അവബോധം

വർധിപ്പിക്കാനും സ്തനത്തിലെ അസ്വാഭാവികത

തിരിച്ചറിയാനും സഹായിക്കുന്നു.
iversity Students’ Knowledge and Attitudregarding Bre