Nicholas Murray Butler

Nicholas Murray Butler (April 2, 1862 – December

7, 1947) was an American philosopher, diplomat, and Nicholas Butler
educator. Butler was president of Columbia
University,[1] president of the Carnegie Endowment for
International Peace, a recipient of the Nobel Peace
Prize, and the late James S. Sherman's replacement as
William Howard Taft’s running mate in the 1912
United States presidential election. The New York
Times printed his Christmas greeting to the nation for
many years during the 1920s and 1930s.[2][3][4][5]

Early life and education

Butler, great-grandson of Morgan John Rhys,[6] was
born in Elizabeth, New Jersey, to Mary Butler and
manufacturing worker Henry Butler. He enrolled in Butler c. 1902
Columbia College (later Columbia University) and
12th President of Columbia University
joined the Peithologian Society. He earned his bachelor
In office
of arts degree in 1882, his master's degree in 1883 and
January 6, 1902 – October 1, 1945
his doctorate in 1884. Butler's academic and other
achievements led Theodore Roosevelt to call him Preceded by Seth Low
"Nicholas Miraculous". In 1885, Butler studied in Paris Succeeded by Frank D. Fackenthal (acting)
and Berlin and became a lifelong friend of future Personal details
Secretary of State Elihu Root. Through Root he also
Born April 2, 1862
met Roosevelt and William Howard Taft. In the fall of
Elizabeth, New Jersey, U.S.
1885, Butler joined the staff of Columbia's philosophy
department. Died December 7, 1947 (aged 85)
New York City, New York, U.S.
In 1887, he co-founded with Grace Hoadley Dodge,[7] Political party Republican
and became president of, the New York School for the Spouses Susanna Edwards Schuyler
Training of Teachers, which later affiliated with
Columbia University and was renamed Teachers Kate La Montagne

College, Columbia University, and from which a co- Education Columbia University (BA, MA,
educational experimental and developmental unit PhD)
became Horace Mann School.[8] From 1890 to 1891, Signature
Butler was a lecturer at Johns Hopkins University in
Baltimore. Throughout the 1890s, Butler served on the
New Jersey Board of Education and helped form the College
Entrance Examination Board. During the 1890s Butler edited The
Great Educators book series for Charles Scribner's Sons.[9]

Presidency of Columbia University

In 1901, Butler became acting president of Columbia University
Butler in 1916
and, in 1902, formally became president. Among the many
dignitaries in attendance at his investiture was President
Roosevelt. Butler was president of Columbia for 43 years, the longest tenure in the university's history,
retiring in 1945. As president, Butler carried out a major expansion of the campus, adding many new
buildings, schools, and departments. These additions included Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, the
first academic medical center in the world.

In 1919, Butler amended the admissions process to Columbia in order to limit the number of Jewish
students (it became the first American institution of higher learning to establish an anti-Jewish quota).
Butler's policy was successful and the number of students hailing from New York City dropped from 54%
to 23% stemming "the invasion of the Jewish student".[10][11] This is one of the reasons why Butler has
been called an anti-semite.[12]

In September 1931, Butler told the freshman class at Columbia that totalitarian systems produced "men of
far greater intelligence, far stronger character, and far more courage than the system of elections."[13]: 204

In 1937, he was admitted as an honorary member of the New York Society of the Cincinnati.[14]

In 1941, the Pulitzer Prize fiction jury selected Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls. The
Pulitzer Board initially agreed with that judgment, but Butler, ex officio head of the Pulitzer board, found
the novel offensive and persuaded the board to reverse its determination, so that no novel received the
prize that year.[15]

During his lifetime, Columbia named its philosophy library for him; after he died, its main academic
library, previously known as South Hall, was rechristened Butler Library. A faculty apartment building on
119th Street and Morningside Drive was also renamed in Butler's honor, as was a major prize in
philosophy.

A polemical attack on Butler's time at Columbia University appeared in The Goose-Step: A Study of
American Education, by Upton Sinclair.

Political activity
Butler was a delegate to each Republican National Convention from 1888 to 1936; when Vice President
James S. Sherman died six days before the 1912 United States presidential election, Butler was
designated to receive the electoral votes that Sherman would have received: the Republican ticket won
only 8 electoral votes from Utah and Vermont, finishing third behind the Democrats and the Progressives.
Butler tried to secure the 1916 Republican presidential nomination for Elihu Root. Butler also sought the
nomination for himself in 1920, without success.[16]
Butler believed that Prohibition was a mistake, with negative effects on the country. He was active in the
successful effort for Repeal Prohibition in 1933.[17]

He credited John W. Burgess along with Alexander Hamilton for providing the philosophical basis of his
Republican principles.[18]

In June 1936, Butler traveled to the Carnegie Endowment Peace Conference in London where, at the
meeting, fundamental problems of money and finance were explored.[19]

Attitude towards Fascism and Nazism

According to historian Stephen H. Norwood, Butler failed to "grasp the nature and implications of
Nazism... influenced both by his antisemitism, privately expressed, and his economic conservatism and
hostility to trade unionism."[20] Butler was a longtime admirer of Benito Mussolini. He compared the
Italian Fascist leader to Oliver Cromwell[21] and, in the 1920s, he noted "the stupendous improvement
which Fascism has brought".[22]

In November 1933, months after the Nazi book burnings began, he welcomed Hans Luther, the German
ambassador to the United States, to Columbia and refused to appear with a notable German dissident
when the latter visited the university. Butler was criticized for his "remarkable silence" and complicity
towards Hitler's regime until the late 1930s.[12][23]

Internationalist
From 1907 to 1912, Butler was the chair of the Lake Mohonk
Conference on International Arbitration. Butler was also
instrumental in persuading Andrew Carnegie to provide the initial
$10 million funding for the Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace.

Butler became head of international education and

communication, founded the European branch of the Endowment
headquartered in Paris, and was President of the Endowment from
1925 to 1945. For his work in this field, he received the Nobel
Peace Prize for 1931 (shared with Jane Addams) "[For his
Autochrome portrait by Auguste
promotion] of the Kellogg-Briand pact" and for his work as the
Léon, 1921
"leader of the more establishment-oriented part of the American
peace movement".

In December 1916, Butler, Roosevelt and other philanthropists, including Scottish-born industrialist John
C. Moffat, William Astor Chanler, Joseph Choate, Clarence Mackay, George von Lengerke Meyer, and
John Grier Hibben, purchased the Château de Chavaniac, birthplace of the Marquis de Lafayette in
Auvergne, to serve as a headquarters for the French Heroes Lafayette Memorial Fund,[24][25] which was
managed by Chanler's ex-wife, Beatrice Ashley Chanler.[26][27]
Butler was President of the Pilgrims Society, which promotes Anglo-American friendship.[28] He served
as President of the Pilgrims from 1928 to 1946.[29] Butler was president of The American Academy of
Arts and Letters from 1928 to 1941[30] and was an early member of the academy.[31]

Personal life
Butler married Susanna Edwards Schuyler (1863–1903) in 1887 and had one daughter from that
marriage. Susanna was the daughter of Jacob Rutsen Schuyler (1816–1887) and Susannah Haigh
Edwards (born 1830). His wife died in 1903 and he married again in 1907 to Kate La Montagne,
granddaughter of New York property developer Thomas E. Davis.[32]

In 1940, Butler completed his autobiography with the publication of the second volume of Across the
Busy Years.[33]

Butler became almost completely blind in 1945 at age 83. He resigned from the posts he held and died
two years later.[34] He is interred at Cedar Lawn Cemetery, in Paterson, New Jersey.

Butler was not universally liked. In 1939, a former student of Butler, Rolfe Humphries, published in the
pages of Poetry an effort titled "Draft Ode for a Phi Beta Kappa Occasion" that followed a classical
format of unrhymed blank verse in iambic pentameter with one classical reference per line. The first
letters of each line of the resulting acrostic spelled out the message: "Nicholas Murray Butler is a horses
[sic] ass". Upon discovering the "hidden" message, the irate editors ran a formal apology.[35] Randolph
Bourne lampooned Butler as "Alexander Macintosh Butcher" in "One of our Conquerors", a 1915 essay
he published in The New Republic.[36]

Butler wrote and spoke voluminously on all manner of subjects ranging from education to world peace.
Although marked by erudition and great learning, his work tended toward the portentous and overblown.
In The American Mercury, the critic Dorothy Dunbar Bromley referred to Butler's pronouncements as
"those interminable miasmas of guff".[37]

Honors
Knight Grand Commander in the Order of the Redeemer.[38]
Order of Saint Sava.
Grand Cross of the Order of the White Lion on 1926-07-14.[39]
Grand cordon of the Order of Leopold.
Knight Grand cross in the Order of the Crown of Italy.
Commander in the Order of the Red Eagle.
Knight Grand cross in the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus.
Doctor honoris causa - University of Szeged (Hungary) in 1931.
 Elected member of the American Philosophical Society in 1938.[40]

Works
———— (1896). Introduction. Regeneration: A Reply to Max Nordau (https://archive.org/det
ails/regenerationare00butlgoog). By Hake, Alfred Egmont. New York City: G. P. Putnam's
Sons. LCCN 22018013 (https://lccn.loc.gov/22018013). OCLC 2886930 (https://search.worl
dcat.org/oclc/2886930). OL 6647134M (https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6647134M).
Retrieved March 24, 2022 – via Internet Archive.
———— (1907). True and False Democracy (https://archive.org/details/truefalsedemocra00
butliala). New York City: The Macmillan Company. OCLC 1085980194 (https://search.worldc
at.org/oclc/1085980194). Retrieved July 6, 2017 – via Internet Archive.
———— (March 4, 1908). Philosophy (https://archive.org/details/philosophy00butlgoog)
(Third Thousand ed.). New York City: Columbia University Press (published 1911).
OL 20542028M (https://openlibrary.org/books/OL20542028M). Retrieved March 24, 2022 –
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———— (1912). The International Mind: An Argument for the Judicial Settlement of
International Disputes (https://archive.org/details/internationalmin00butliala). New York City:
Charles Scribner's Sons. OCLC 1047511494 (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1047511494).
Retrieved July 6, 2017 – via Internet Archive.
———— (1912). Why Should we Change our Form of Government? Studies in Practical
Politics (https://archive.org/details/whyshouldwechang00butliala). New York City: Charles
Scribner's Sons. OCLC 1158379286 (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1158379286).
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———— (October 1914). The Great War and Its Lessons (https://archive.org/details/greatw
aritslesso00butl). New York City: American Association for International Reconciliation.
LCCN 21003338 (https://lccn.loc.gov/21003338). OCLC 1158379286 (https://search.worldc
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———— (1914). "The United States of Europe" (https://archive.org/stream/unitedstatesofeu
00butl) (Interview). Interviewed by Marshall, Edward. New York City: Carnegie Endowment
for International Peace. OCLC 1086146230 (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1086146230).
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———— (1914). "The United States as a World Power" (https://archive.org/details/unitedsta
tesaswo01butl) (Interview). Interviewed by Marshall, Edward. New York City: Carnegie
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86146637). OL 13497116M (https://openlibrary.org/books/OL13497116M). Retrieved
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———— (April 25, 1916). The Building of the Nation (https://archive.org/details/buildingofna
tion00butl). New York City: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. LCCN 16014796
(https://lccn.loc.gov/16014796). OCLC 1041645865 (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/104164
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———— (1918). The Basis of Durable Peace: Written at the Invitation of The New York
Times (https://archive.org/details/basisofdurablepe00butl). New York City: Charles
Scribner's Sons. LCCN 24003441 (https://lccn.loc.gov/24003441). OCLC 1041043446 (http
s://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1041043446). Retrieved July 6, 2017 – via Internet Archive.
———— (February 11, 1919). Problems of Peace and After-Peace (https://archive.org/detail
s/5925391upenn). Paterson, New Jersey. OCLC 181661998 (https://search.worldcat.org/ocl
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 ———— (February 21, 1921). Making Liberal Men and Women; Public Criticism of Present-
day Education; The New Paganism; The University, Politics and Religion (https://archive.or
g/details/makingliberalmen00butluoft). New York City: Columbia University.
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———— (1921). Scholarship and Service: The Policies of a National University in a Modern
Democracy (https://archive.org/details/scholarshipservi00butliala). New York City: Charles
Scribner's Sons. OCLC 1084595889 (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1084595889).
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———— (1923). Building the American Nation: an Essay of Interpretation (https://archive.or
g/details/buildingtheameri013132mbp). New York City: Charles Scribner's Sons.
OL 14798157M (https://openlibrary.org/books/OL14798157M). Retrieved March 24, 2022 –
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———— (1924). The Faith of a Liberal: Essays and Addresses on Political Principles and
Public Policies (https://openlibrary.org/books/OL14125156M/The_faith_of_a_liberal). New
York City: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 24030512 (https://lccn.loc.gov/24030512).
OL 14125156M (https://openlibrary.org/books/OL14125156M). Retrieved March 24, 2022.
———— (1934). Between Two Worlds: Interpretations of the Age in Which We Live (https://
openlibrary.org/books/OL6303958M/Between_two_worlds). New York City: Charles
Scribner's Sons. LCCN 34010046 (https://lccn.loc.gov/34010046). OCLC 1124951 (https://s
earch.worldcat.org/oclc/1124951). OL 6303958M (https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6303958
M). Retrieved March 24, 2022.
———— (1939). Across the Busy Years: Recollections and Reflections (https://archive.org/d
etails/acrossbusyyearsr01butl). Vol. 1. New York City: Charles Scribner's Sons.
OCLC 1038753871 (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1038753871). OL 13530857M (https://o
penlibrary.org/books/OL13530857M). Retrieved July 6, 2017 – via Internet Archive.
———— (1940). Across the Busy Years: Recollections and Reflections (https://archive.org/d
etails/acrossbusyyearsr02butl). Vol. 2. New York City: Charles Scribner's Sons.
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via Internet Archive.

See also
Educational Review
Institute of International Education
Jerome Klein

Notes
1. Pringle, Henry F. (October 17, 1928). Bellamy, Francis Rufus (ed.). "Publicist or Politician? A
Portrait of Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler" (https://archive.org/details/sim_new-outlook_1928-10-
17_150_7/page/971). The Outlook. Vol. 150, no. 7. New York City. p. 971. ISSN 2690-1811
(https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2690-1811). OCLC 5361126 (https://search.worldcat.org/oc
lc/5361126). Retrieved March 23, 2022 – via Internet Archive.
2. "TimesMachine: Saturday December 24, 1927 - NYTimes.com" (http://timesmachine.nytime
s.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1927/
12/24/issue.html). The New York Times. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
3. "Dr. Butler's Christmas Message" (http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.cont
ent-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1930/12/23/118394853.html?page
Number=20). The New York Times. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
 4. "DR. BUTLER URGES FAITH.; Christmas Message Asks Courage in Face of World Ills" (htt
p://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.ny
t.net/timesmachine/1933/12/24/105834761.html?pageNumber=3). The New York Times.
Retrieved August 8, 2023.
5. "DR. BUTLER'S HOLIDAY CARD; His Christmas Message Defines Five Fundamental
Human Institutions" (http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us
-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1928/12/21/95686626.html?pageNumber=22).
The New York Times. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
6. "Morgan J. Rhees papers, 1794–1968" (http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/archival/collection
s/ldpd_4079832/). Columbia University Libraries. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/202
01127204903/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/archival/collections/ldpd_4079832/) from the
original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2019. "Abolitionist, Welsh republican
radical, publisher, Baptist minister, pioneer and adventurer Morgan J. Rhees… was the
great grandfather of Nicholas Murray Butler, President of Columbia University."
7. "A Tribute to Grace Hoadley Dodge" (http://www.tc.columbia.edu/news.htm?articleID=3006).
Teachers College, Columbia University. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210917201
305/https://www.tc.columbia.edu/articles/2000/december/a-tribute-to-grace-hoadley-dodge/)
from the original on September 17, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
8. "A Long Tradition" (https://www.horacemann.org/our-school/a-long-tradition). Horace Mann
School. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210625120639/https://www.horacemann.or
g/our-school/a-long-tradition) from the original on June 25, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
9. Thomas Davidson, Aristotle and Ancient Educational Ideals (https://www.gutenberg.org/cach
e/epub/40552/pg40552-images.html), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1892, title page.
Retrieved February 8, 2024.
10. Ballon, Hillary (January 2002). "The Architecture of Columbia: Educational Visions in
Conflict" (https://archive.org/details/ldpd_12981092_043/page/136). Columbia College
Today. Vol. 28, no. 3. p. 14. ISSN 0572-7820 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0572-7820).
OCLC 12357245 (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12357245). Retrieved March 23, 2022 –
via Internet Archive.
11. Kingston, Paul W.; Lewis, Lionel S. (January 1, 1990). High Status Track, The: Studies of
Elite Schools and Stratification (https://books.google.com/books?id=jh-oHk85EO8C&dq=%2
2the+invasion+of+the+Jewish+student%22+columbia&pg=PA81). State University of New
York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-0912-2.
12. Wills, Matthew (December 10, 2021). "Silence in the Face of Intellectual Conflagration" (http
s://daily.jstor.org/silence-in-the-face-of-intellectual-conflagration/). JSTOR. Retrieved June 2,
2022.
13. Schlesinger, Arthur Meier (1957). The Crisis of the Old Order, 1919-1933 (https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=UAjls3YykzgC&pg=PA204). New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
(published 2003). ISBN 978-0-618-34085-9.
14. "Honorary Members" (http://nycincinnati.org/HonoraryMembers.htm). New York State
Society of the Cincinnati. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214651/http://nyci
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2022.
15. McDowell, Edwin (May 11, 1984). "Publishing: Pulitzer Controversies" (https://www.nytimes.
com/1984/05/11/books/publishing-pulitzer-controversies.html). The New York Times.
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16. Shapiro, Gary (December 29, 2015). "Ask Alma's Owl: Butler for President" (https://news.col
umbia.edu/news/ask-almas-owl-butler-president). Columbia University. Archived (https://we
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17. "DRY LAW CHANGE NEAR, SAYS BUTLER; Thinks Senate Debate Initiates Movement
Which Must End in Prohibition Reform. CALLS FAILURE COLOSSAL Columbia Head Holds
Attempt Was Immoral -- Contends the Tide Has Now Turned. DRY LAW CHANGE NEAR,
SAYS BUTLER" (http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-ea
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18. Butler, Nicholas Murray (1939). Across the busy years: recollections and reflections (https://
archive.org/stream/acrossbusyyearsr01butl#page/362). New York City: Charles Scribner's
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19. "DR. BUTLER URGES ECONOMIC PARLEY; Calls for World Meeting on Fundamental
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e/1936/07/20/85410707.html?pageNumber=17). The New York Times. Retrieved August 8,
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20. Wills, Matthew (December 10, 2021). "Silence in the Face of Intellectual Conflagration" (http
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21. Elon, Amos (February 23, 2006). "A Shrine to Mussolini" (https://www.nybooks.com/articles/
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22. "FOREIGN NEWS, ITALY: Axis (1936-1943)" (https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/articl
e/0,33009,774563-4,00.html). Time Magazine. September 20, 1943. Retrieved June 2,
2022.
23. Stephen H. Norwood, "The Expulsion of Robert Burke: Suppressing Campus Anti-Nazi
Protest in the 1930s". Journal for the Study of Antisemitism 4:1 (2012): 89-114.
24. "Lafayette Memorial" (http://www.chateau-lafayette.com/Lafayette-Memorial.html). Lafayette
- Château Musée. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210509041523/http://www.chate
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bin/bostonsh?a=d&d=BOSTONSH19170106-01.2.14) from the original on April 20, 2021.
26. Hart, Albert Bushnell, ed. (1920). Harper's Pictorial Library of the World War (https://books.g
oogle.com/books?id=oZEVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA110). Vol. 7. New York City: Harper. p. 110.
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28. Seabury, Paul (May 29, 1966). "The Establishment Game: Nicholas Murray Butler Rides
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p://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//arch-timesmachine-fe-prd-40741-2-575473780.us-east-
1.elb.amazonaws.com/timesmachine/1946/04/04/93070671.html?pageNumber=25). The
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30. "Nicholas Murray Butler" (https://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbia
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C&pg=PA216). World Almanac and Encyclopedia 1919. New York: The Press Publishing
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32. "Dr Butler wed Miss La Montagne" (https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1907/0
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6/106742751.pdf) (PDF) from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
33. Butler, Nicholas Murray (1940). Across the Busy Years: Recollections and Reflections (http
s://archive.org/details/acrossbusyyearsr02butl). Vol. 2 (1st ed.). New York City: Charles
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34. "The Nobel Peace Prize 1931" (https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1931/butler/biograp
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35. Gamaliel. "Nicholas Murray Butler" (http://everything2.com/?node_id=1091716).
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m/?node_id=1091716) from the original on May 15, 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2011.
36. Juvenis (September 4, 1915). "One of Our Conquerors" (https://archive.org/details/sim_new
-republic_1915-09-04_4_44/page/121). The New Republic. Vol. 4, no. 44. p. 121.
ISSN 0028-6583 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-6583) – via Internet Archive.
37. Bromley, Dorothy Dunbar (1935). "Nicholas Murray Butler—Portrait of a Reactionary" (http
s://archive.org/details/sim_american-mercury_1935-03_34_135/page/286). The American
Mercury. Vol. 34, no. 135. p. 298. ISSN 0002-998X (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9
98X). Retrieved March 23, 2022 – via Internet Archive.
38. Coon, Horace (1990) [1938]. Money to Burn: Great American Foundations and Their Money
(https://openlibrary.org/works/OL4785924W/Money_to_burn). New York City: Longmans
Green. ISBN 0887383343. LCCN 89020465 (https://lccn.loc.gov/89020465). OL 2199648M
(https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2199648M) – via OpenLibrary.
39. "Československý řád Bílého lva 1923–1990" (https://www.prazskyhradarchiv.cz/file/edee/vyz
namenani/cs_rbl.pdf) [Czechoslovak Order of the White Lion 1923–1990] (PDF). President
of the Czech Republic (in Czech). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220323221453/h
ttps://www.prazskyhradarchiv.cz/file/edee/vyznamenani/cs_rbl.pdf) (PDF) from the original
on March 23, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
40. "APS Member History" (https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Nicholas+Mu
rray+Butler&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode
=advanced). search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved May 18, 2023.

Further reading
Alogdelis, Joanna. "A Critical Evaluation of Selected Educational Speeches of Nicholas
Murray Butler" (PhD dissertation, University of Iowa; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,
1949. 10991965).
Comte, Edward Le (1986). "Dinner with Butler and Eisenhower". Commentary. Vol. 81,
no. 1. ISSN 0010-2601 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-2601). OCLC 488561243 (htt
ps://search.worldcat.org/oclc/488561243).
Hewlett, Charles F. (1983). "Nicholas Murray Butler and the American Peace Movement".
Teachers College Record. 85 (2). ISSN 0161-4681 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-46
81). LCCN 92645723 (https://lccn.loc.gov/92645723). OCLC 1590002 (https://search.worldc
at.org/oclc/1590002).
 Hewlett, Charles F. (1987). "John Dewey and Nicholas Murray Butler: Contrasting
Conceptions of Peace Education in the Twenties". Educational Theory. 37 (4): 445–461.
doi:10.1111/j.1741-5446.1987.00445.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-5446.1987.0044
5.x). ISSN 0013-2004 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-2004).
Marrin, Albert (1976). Nicholas Murray Butler. Twayne's World Leader Series. Vol. 52.
Boston: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 978-0-805777-06-2.
Rosenthal, Michael (2006). Nicholas Miraculous: The Amazing Career of the Redoubtable
Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-29994-3.
Sokal, Michael M. (May 2009). "James McKeen Cattell, Nicholas Murray Butler, and
Academic Freedom at Columbia University, 1902–1923" (https://psycnet.apa.org/record/200
9-06968-004). History of Psychology. 12 (2): 87–122. doi:10.1037/a0016143 (https://doi.org/
10.1037%2Fa0016143). ISSN 1093-4510 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1093-4510).
Retrieved March 24, 2022.
Thomas, Milton Halsey (1932). Bibliography of Nicholas Murray Butler, 1872–1932: A Check
List. New York City: Columbia University Press. OL 16551925M (https://openlibrary.org/book
s/OL16551925M).
Williams, Andrew (2012). "Waiting for Monsieur Bergson: Nicholas Murray Butler, James T.
Shotwell, and the French Sage" (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09592296.20
12.679471). Diplomacy & Statecraft. 23 (2): 236–253. doi:10.1080/09592296.2012.679471
(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592296.2012.679471). ISSN 0959-2296 (https://search.world
cat.org/issn/0959-2296). S2CID 153505243 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1535
05243). Retrieved March 24, 2022.
Akhund, Nadine; Tison, Stéphane, eds. (2018). En guerre pour la paix. Correspondance
Paul d'Estournelles de Constant et Nicholas Murray Butler (1914–1919) [At war for peace.
Correspondence between Paul d'Estournelles de Constant and Nicholas Murray Butler
(1914–1919)] (in French). Translated by Akhund, Nadine. Paris: Alma éditeur. ISBN 978-2-
362792-63-2. OCLC 1101112844 (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1101112844).

External links
Nicholas Murray Butler (https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/497) on Nobelprize.org
Davis, Linda. "Nicholas Murray Butler" (https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/155). Find a
Grave. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
Works by Nicholas Murray Butler (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/40475) at
Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Nicholas Murray Butler (https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28s
ubject%3A%22Butler%2C%20Nicholas%20Murray%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Butler%
2C%20Nicholas%20M%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Butler%2C%20N%2E%20M%2
E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Nicholas%20Murray%20Butler%22%20OR%20subject%
3A%22Nicholas%20M%2E%20Butler%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22N%2E%20M%2E%2
0Butler%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Butler%2C%20Nicholas%22%20OR%20subject%3
A%22Nicholas%20Butler%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Nicholas%20Murray%20Butler%
22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Nicholas%20M%2E%20Butler%22%20OR%20creator%3
A%22N%2E%20M%2E%20Butler%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22N%2E%20Murray%20B
utler%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Butler%2C%20Nicholas%20Murray%22%20OR%20cr
eator%3A%22Butler%2C%20Nicholas%20M%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Butler%2
C%20N%2E%20M%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Butler%2C%20N%2E%20Murra
y%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Nicholas%20Butler%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Butle
r%2C%20Nicholas%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Nicholas%20Murray%20Butler%22%20O
R%20title%3A%22Nicholas%20M%2E%20Butler%22%20OR%20title%3A%22N%2E%20
M%2E%20Butler%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Nicholas%20Butler%22%20OR%20descripti
on%3A%22Nicholas%20Murray%20Butler%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Nicholas%2
 0M%2E%20Butler%22%20OR%20description%3A%22N%2E%20M%2E%20Butler%22%2
0OR%20description%3A%22Butler%2C%20Nicholas%20Murray%22%20OR%20descriptio
n%3A%22Butler%2C%20Nicholas%20M%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Nichola
s%20Butler%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Butler%2C%20Nicholas%22%29%20OR%
20%28%221862-1947%22%20AND%20Butler%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:softw
are%29) at the Internet Archive
Nicholas Murray Butler (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1039570/) at IMDb
Newspaper clippings about Nicholas Murray Butler (http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/
002834) in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
Nicholas Murray Butler papers, 1891-1947 (https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-r
b/ldpd_4078570) at the Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University, New York,
NY
Works by Nicholas Murray Butler (http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Search/Home?lookfor=%22Bu
tler,%20Nicholas%20Murray,%201862-1947.%22&type=author&inst=), at Hathi Trust
CEIP archive at Columbia University (http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/rbml/collection
s/carnegie/index.html)
"Nicholas Murray Butler, ca. 1930" (http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/images/detail/nicholas-
murray-butler-3432). Archives of American Art. Archived (https://archive.today/20220324045
114/https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/items/detail/nicholas-murray-butler-3432) from the
original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
"Portrait of Nicholas Murray Butler: Augustus Vincent Tack" (http://www.phillipscollection.org/
collection/browse-the-collection/index.aspx?id=1924). The Phillips Collection. Washington,
D.C. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210516103908/https://www.phillipscollection.o
rg/collection/portrait-nicholas-murray-butler) from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved
March 24, 2022.
"John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Letter to Nicholas Murray Butler" (https://archive.org/download/355
897-1932-rockefeller-to-buttler-letter/355897-1932-rockefeller-to-buttler-letter.pdf) (PDF).
New York City. June 6, 1932. Retrieved March 24, 2022 – via Internet Archive.
"Address by Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler to the members of the Union League of
Philadelphia" (http://digital.library.villanova.edu/Item/vudl:356778). November 27, 1915.
Retrieved March 24, 2022 – via Digital Library@Villanova University.
Thorkelson, Jacob (August 19, 1940). "Documented in the United States of America
Congressional Record, Proceedings and Discussions of the 76th Congress, Third Session,
Remarks of Hon. J. Thorkelson of Montana, in the House of Representatives, Aug. 19, 1940:
Steps Toward British Union - a World State and International Strife--Part IV (Page 12)" (http
s://archive.org/stream/CongressionalRecordRegardingBritish-khazarZionistWorldGovernme
ntAndTha/CongressionalRecordRegardingBritish-khazarZionistWorldGovernmentAndThaUs
-1940_djvu.txt). Congressional Record. Retrieved March 24, 2022 – via Internet Archive.

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