CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

The rapid growth of technology has drastically changed the living standards of modern
society. The 21st century is the era of smart technology. It was said that modern life is
unimaginable without electricity but it this saying has changed. Now we say daily life is
unimaginable without internet. Modern technology has advanced to another level of automatic
and smart systems. There is no need to introduce the advancement of technology in modern
times. As we know, the advancement has gone a long way and almost has reached to its peak of
modernization. Today innovation has turned into a coordinated piece of individuals' lives. It has
and keeps on affecting numerous parts of day by day life and has permitted better social
association, simplicity of transportation, the capacity to enjoy excitement and media and has
helped in the advancement in pharmaceutical. One of the most important devices of modern
times is Smartphone. Another important element of modern age is the internet. The key to step
into the world of automatic control system is the combination of Smartphone and the internet.
Therefore, with the help of these two and microcontrollers home automation was possible. If we
look few years back, people have been using washing machine, water heaters, hair dryer etc. for
household chores. Not in every house in Bangladesh but in western countries these machines are
used daily for household chores. it can be consider these machines as the starting of home
automation. Now we are able to control TV, light, fan refrigerator etc. with Android phones. This
project is about easy and cheap home automation system and security system.

Android Smartphone became the top operating system in the market in the present time
worldwide and it became the most popular operating system known to man. This is making
android phone the most needed element of today’s life. Home automation was possible with the
help of this small device. The fast development of remote correspondence inspired us to utilize
cell phones to remotely control a household appliance. Android controlled home system is not
common in most rural area in Nigeria but is available in some offices to some extent. The fast
development of remote correspondence inspired us to utilize cell phones to remotely control a
household appliance. There is no actual definition of embedded system. Computer controlled

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devices can be termed as embedded systems. With the presentation of better equipment and
better programming, cell phones have turned out to be capable gadgets and have turned into an
imperative piece of individuals' day by day lives. As per Li et al. (2016) there are three ages of
home computerization Firstly, wireless technology with proxy server. Example: Next Zigbee
automation.

1.2 Problem Statement

Technology has advanced so much in the last decade or two that it has made life more
efficient and comfortable. The comfort of being able to take control of devices from one
particular location has become imperative as it saves a lot of time and effort. Most people
inevitably tend to leave their lights, fans and other appliances (ON) when leaving their homes
resulting in energy wastages and inefficiencies. It is not always feasible to be physically around
the home environment but whatever be the case much should be done to moderate energy
wastage. Technologies need to be widened to eliminate or reduce these wastages in electricity
usage. Negligence with regards to leaving lights and other electrical appliances (ON) can lead to
outrageous electricity bills, wastage of limited power supply (electrical energy) and shorter life
span of electrical devices or appliances used at homes. Therefore, microcontroller based smart
home automation system becomes a solution to these problems.

1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study

This project focuses on the design of a home automation system.. The objectives of the project
are as follows:

i. To design and construct a microcontroller-based system that effectively controls and

monitors devices in the home system.
ii. To develop a remote control system that enables data transfer through wireless transfer
medium
iii. To interface the system with a web browser enabling cross platform control
iv. To design a system that is user friendly and easy to use

1.3 Significance of the study

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 This project can also be used in the” SMART CITY”. This project is very helpful in
controlling and monitoring of home and appliances. IoT based smart home automation is very
useful for smart cities in diverse aspects, Real time action and interfacing, development of the
smart automation system based on the actual needs, cost reduction and resource optimization,
effective is part of the significance of this project.

1.4 Methodology

To achieve the project's goals and objectives, both hardware and software frameworks are
used. The system's hardware components are linked together to form a system, and the software
program used is Micro C for programming and encoding the operation of the microcontroller,
which serves as the system's control unit.
The system use wireless protocol to connect all appliances, the control is done using a
standard control algorithm code which connect both the hardware and software section together.
The appliances connected will all be allocated to a specific address on the system dashboard, this
address will be the scope and link for switching and controlling operations.
1.5 Scope of Study

The aim of this project is to design an open source, easy-to-use and affordable smart
home automation system. For this reason the microcontroller is used, acting as the main
controller for the system by sending signals to control electronic appliances. The project will be
limited to a home model for prototyping purposes. GSM interface will works as the user
interface while a standard wireless network is used as the medium between the system and the
microcontroller.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Historical Background of the Study

The history of the smart home goes back a long way, to the invention of remote control
The first example of remote control was demonstrated by Nikola Tesla in New York’s Madison
Square Garden in 1898. Using a small, radio-transmitting control box, he maneuvered a model
ship around a pool of water and even flashed its running lights, without any connection between
the boat and controller. Few people at the time were even aware that radio waves existed, so his
demonstration sparked a lot of interest in how else remote control could be used Then, during the
industrial revolution in the early 1900s, the first vacuum cleaners were invented, followed by
clothes dryers, washing machines, refrigerators and electric dishwashers. Although they were not
really “smart” devices, this new wave of home appliances made a big difference to people’s
lives.
The most significant event in the history of the smart home system happened in 1966 when
James Sutherland designed and built the first integrated smart home system.

In 1971 the invention of the micro-controller brought large price reductions to

electronics, making the technology more affordable and electronic devices became commonplace
around the home. Then, in 1973, Bob Metcalfe invented Ethernet, to connect multiple computers
and, in 1974, Vic Hayes, known as the “father of WiFi,” created the communication standard
IEEE 802.11 – the standard on which today’s Wi-Fi is based, both of which were key events in
the history of the smart home. But WiFi, the industry standard that would enable wireless
connectivity and automation in the home, wasn’t introduced until 1997. Since then, people have
invented other standards for connected devices, such as Zigbee to Z-Wave. These low-cost
wireless networks are similar to WiFi and are considered more stable, use less data, and can have
a more extensive range. Z-Wave can even support a wireless mesh network to allow devices to
talk to each other but, it’s a closed standard owned by Silicon Labs. By contrast, Zigbee, which
works in a similar way, is open source, and not owned by anyone. Zigbee products need to be
within 60 feet of each other. Z-Wave goes all the way to 500 feet! Today, with the proliferation
of more stable routers, WiFi has become the most common communications system for most

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smart home networks. Having access to the vast online processing power of Google and Amazon
– and access to their voice recognition systems – is an obvious advantage.

2.1.1 Review of Home Automation

Home automation or smart homes can be described as introduction of technology within

the home environment to provide convenience, comfort, security and energy efficiency to its
occupants [4]. There are many other projects done on home automation in different countries.
They are all different from each other in designs; features, devices, elements and algorithm. They
were designed according to specific needs and availability of components in the respective areas.
Some of them are cheap; some of them are very expensive. Availability of both hardware and
software is necessary to work. After a long searching, we have found a lot of articles. Searching
for security purpose articles, we also found some projects done for garage security. These are
mainly done in western countries. Many projects are done only for security purpose with
Arduino or Raspberry Pi. Again, the projects are done only for controlling home appliances
using Arduino or Raspberry Pi. There are few projects on Fingerprint recognition module for
strong home security issues. One of the projects used biometric method for next generation E-
passport.

The e-passport, as it is sometimes called, represents a bold initiative in the deployment

of two new technologies: Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) and biometrics [7].
Furthermore, there are projects done on fingerprint recognition module describing the methods
how to identify the fingerprints. A wide variety of systems requires reliable personal recognition
schemes to either confirm or determine the identity of an individual requesting their services.
The purpose of such schemes is to ensure that the rendered services are accessed only by a
legitimate user and no one else. Those papers didn’t mention about how to use it for home
security using any kind of microcontrollers [10]. Face recognition is another excellent and smart
way that serves security purpose. We have found projects for door security using face
recognition using Raspberry Pi. We avoided this part for the security purpose because error
occurs more in face recognition than fingerprint recognition. Fingerprint has high accuracy [11].
They didn’t explicitly mention about the security purpose or Raspberry Pi. They have only
mentioned about the techniques of recognition. Different people have described the procedure of

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recognition in different ways. Basically all of them have tried to minimize errors for computer to
recognize face [12] [13]. Three researchers of Malaysia proposed a web-based indoor air quality
system with GSM and Arduino. The system consists of gas sensor, temperature and humidity
sensor, particle dust sensor and wireless sensor network (WSN) node as a wireless transmitter. A
desktop computer acts as the base station [14].

According to Chen Shih-Chung, the systems proposed by him is designed that can be
easily be adapted for various applications such as control of machines in machining industries,
automotive industry, navigating mobile wireless nodes, automating offices etc. [15]. There are
few home automation systems that use ZigBee or Bluetooth for the wireless connection. With the
help of Wi-Fi and due to the introduction of IPv6the connection of almost unlimited number of
embedded devices is possible. In Bangladesh, we use IPv4. Isa Elina and Sklavos Nicolas
proposed cameras and sensors inputs based system operates on different levels of user’s access
control, based on passwords policies. The system works through SMS communication via the
available GSM network [19]. Al-Ali and Al-Rousan [6] presented a design and implemented
Java-based automation system through World Wide Web. It has got a standalone embedded
system board integrated into a PC-based server at home [20].

Andrew, the writer of the book “Raspberry Pi Home Automation with Arduino”,
introduced Raspberry Pi and hoe to use it for home automation. He described the use of
Raspberry Pi with Arduino for Linux operating system. The book describes some home
appliances automatic control. First he described how to install all the necessary equipment and
all required conditions. Firstly, he gave the history of Arduino and Raspberry Pi with all sockets,
required shield specifications and all necessary ports with power supply. We were able to find
necessary data of Arduino since were used it. Good examples of thermometer, opening and
closing of curtain based on light and temperature data are given. On the other hand, he didn’t
show any example related to security of home [21]. Annan Zhu, Peijie Lin and Shuying Cheng of
Fuzhou University of China described the remote control system of home appliances using
android phone through GSM network (2012 International Conference on Control Engineering
and Communication Technology).They 8 focused on the design of Android terminal, the
communication between ARM and GSM module. Minimizing the difficulty in supplying the
appropriate low-voltage DC for MCU and wireless module by a single live wire was also one of

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the tasks. Here we have found only the controlling of appliances using android, nothing more
than that [22].

2.2 Review of Past Study

2.2.1 Smart Bin system

According to [11], in solid waste bin monitoring system garbage bin set the public place
then Camera set for garbage bin location. The camera captured image for garbage bin. Radio
Frequency Identification (RFID), GPS and GIS send image for work station. The RFID reader
and camera are mounted in the truck, when truck comes closer to the bin RFID reader
communicated RFID tag. & send all information. The System is use controlling Hut. This
Controlling Hut is SMS Technology. The GPS and GPRS mapping server to analyzing data of
various location. The control station compiled all the information and stored in the system
database. The bin status and waste truck was monitored.

2.2.2 Waste Bin Monitoring System Using Zig Bee and Global Mobile Communication
System (GSM)

In waste bin monitoring system using zig bee and Global mobile communication system
(GSM).The sensors are place in the common garbage bins placed at the public place when the
garbage reaches the level of the sensors. Then that indicated will give in indication to the driver
by ARM7 they sending SMS using GSM technology. The range of communication of the zig bee
is almost 50 meter. They use for range GSM Module, analyzing the image we get an idea about
level of garbage. The zig bee and GSM system would be able to monitor the solid waste
collection process. This technique overcomes some disadvantages which are use of minimum
route, low cost, fuel use, clean environment. [2] The waste management is built around several
elements. Waste item, domestic bin, trash bags, collective containers and collecting vehicles. The
waste flow starts from the waste item and the domestic bin to end in the collecting vehicles. Use
the waste identification for sorting process. Base on RFID technology new trash bag is added in
a collective container. The technology use Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Smart
vehicular and TrashBag. They only identify RFID tags garbage bins, Low data speed, high cost.
The zig bee and GSM system would be able to monitor the solid waste collection process. This

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technique overcomes some disadvantages which are use of minimum route, low cost, fuel use,
clean environment. [3] A single directional cylinder is suspended next to the lid of dustbin.

The piston is free to move up and down vertically inside the dustbin to a certain level. A
plate is attached to the cylinder for compressing the garbage. The shape of this plate depends
upon the shape of the dustbin. The compressing plate consists of a side hole through which the
leaf switch is suspended upside down. Technology use Piston, Switch, microcontroller, the single
directional cylinder, smart dustbin. Only use for smart dustbins, they are not provide garbage
collection. Smart Dustbins can prevent the accumulation of the garbage along the roadside to a
great extent thereby controlling the widespread of many diseases. It can prevent pollution and
also prevent the consumption of the spread out garbage by the street animals.

A laser diode is a p-n junction diode which produces a narrow beam of light that is
intense, focused and coherent. In a LASER diode a mirrored resonant chamber is used to
reinforce the light waves so that the light emitted by the device is at a single frequency and of the
same phase. A photo detector is a device that converts light signals into electrical signals, which
can be amplified and processed. Technology use Dustbins, LASER Diode, Photo Detector
Diode, Road Side Units (RSU), and Garbage Collecting Vehicle (GCV).Only support for
simulation of Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), routing and multicast protocols over wired.
The dynamic routing of GCV compared with static solution is much more efficient and will be
much effective when more than one dustbin fills up at the same time. The initial planned route is
saved so that when real-time data is received only portion of the planned path may be changed.
For the garbage detection, weight sensor can be used. It gives the weight of the garbage in the
dustbin. But it doesn’t provide any information about the level of the garbage in the dustbin.
Hence author used Infrared (IR) sensor for garbage detection. IR sensor radiates light which is
invisible to the human eye because it is at infrared wavelengths, but it can be detected by
electronic devices.IR transmitter consists of LED which send the IR beam. Technology use
Infra-red sensor (IR), Microcontroller, Global System for Mobile (GSM), graphical user
interface (GUI).Infrared sensor (IR), Global System for Mobile (GSM).They only use GSM
network. Power and internet supply continue on.

2.2.3 Smart Garbage Management System Using IR Sensor, Microcontroller and GSM
Module

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 According to [13], this system assures the cleaning of dustbins soon when the garbage
level reaches its maximum. Arduino is best described as a single-board computer that has
deliberately been designed to be used by people who are not experts in electronics, en-Gingering,
or programming. It is inexpensive, cross-platform (the Arduino software runs on Windows, Mac
OS X, and Linux), and easy to program. Both Arduino hardware and software are open source
and extensible. Arduino is also powerful: despite its compact size, it has about as much
computing muscle as one of the original navigation computers from the Apollo Programmers,
designers, do-it-yourselves, and artists around the world take advantage of Arduino’s power and
simplicity to create all sorts of innovative devices, including interactive sensors, artwork, and
toys.

2.2.4 Bio Degradable Oxy Bags

The first essential step to manage waste is packing garbage properly with bags so that it
becomes easier to carry for further process. In that case, bio degradable oxy bags for household
consumers would be the effective choice for packing garbage. Biodegradable bags that is fit for
being deteriorated by bacteria or other living organisms. Household consumers will pack waste
with biodegradable bags and bags will be picked by the volunteers on right time. This packing
system will make everything flexible for management as no stench will spread and waste will
remain in ordered form.

2.2.5 Using of Smart Bins

In this management system, smart bins will play the vital role to start the processing in an
organized way. There will be several bins in areas under one large regional office. Sonar sensor
will be used in every bin to detect the level of waste. If the wastes cross a certain predetermined
level of bin, it will notify employees to collect the waste. Smart bins will also be able to
determine the types of wastes. Virtual machines will be programmed to identify 3 types of
wastes such as biodegradable, metal-plastic and glass. This differentiated information will later
help Recycle Partners recycle the wastes. All information from bins will be saved in a .JSON file
and sent to the Regional Office when a bin is full.

2.2.6 Smart Transport System

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All wastes from smart bins will be collected by Regional Waste Collection Office. After
collecting wastes, all information or data will be sent to Central Control Centre (CCC) in every 6
hours. Based on these data, CCC will assign trucks and employees. CCC will also have last 10
years data in its database to assign man power and transportation for every month as wastes
amount depend on seasons. To predict the amount of waste and scheduling man-power, Machine
Learning Algorithm (MLA) and Decreasing Time Algorithm (DTA) will be used successively.

2.2.7 Recycling Waste

Recycling is the process of converting waste materials into new materials and objects. If
the recycling process is used properly on our waste, country will get benefited economically.
Example can be given like based on the given data from Regional Office, Recycling Partners will
differentiate and separate biodegrading, metal-plastic and glass from wastes. After separating
wastes, they can send waste types to predetermined factories for further process or recovery. If
waste type is metal and plastic, then above process can be used to recycle metal and plastic. For
other types, digitalized recycling processes are now available to recycle waste.

or evacuation. Sensors may also transmit information to various safety devices, such as motion
detectors for the opening and closing of doors and windows, or safety triggering instruments [3].

2.3 Past Methods and Applications

2.3.1 Motion was timing sensors

Motion sensors are devices that use various forms of technology to detect movement. The
technology typically found in motion sensors to trigger an alarm includes infrared, ultrasonic,
vibration and contact. Dual technology sensors combine two or more forms of detection in order
to reduce false alarms as each method has its pros and cons. Traditionally motion sensors are an
integral part of a home security system. "These devices are typically installed to cover a large
area as they commonly cover up to 40ft with a 135° field of vision."

2.3.2 Vibration (shaker) or inertia sensors

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These devices are mounted on barriers and are used primarily to detect an attack on the structure
itself. The technology relies on an unstable mechanical configuration that forms part of the
electrical circuit. When movement or vibration occurs, the unstable portion of the circuit moves
and breaks the current flow, which produces an alarm. The technology of the devices varies and
can be sensitive to different levels of vibration. The medium transmitting the vibration must be
correctly selected for the specific sensor as they are best suited to different types of structures
and configurations.

A rather new and unproven type of sensor uses piezo-electric components rather than mechanical
circuits, which can be tuned to be extremely sensitive to vibration.

i. Pros: Very reliable sensors, low false alarm rate and middle place in the price range.
ii. Cons: Must be fence mounted. The rather high price deters many customers, but its
effectiveness offsets its high price. Piezo-electric sensors are a new technology with an
unproven record as opposed to the mechanical sensor which in some cases has a field
record in excess of 20 years.

2.3.3 Passive magnetic field detection

This buried security system is based on the Magnetic Anomaly Detection principle of operation.
The system uses an electromagnetic field generator powered by two wires running in parallel.
Both wires run along the perimeter and are usually installed about 5"/12 cm apart on top of a
wall or about 12"/30 cm below ground. The wires are connected to a signal processor which
analyzes any change in the magnetic field.

This kind of buried security system sensor cable could be embedded in the top of almost any
kind of wall to provide regular wall detection ability, or can be buried in the ground. They
provide a very low false alarm rate, and have a very high chance of detecting real burglars.
However, they cannot be installed near high voltage lines, or radar transmitters.

2.3.4 E-field

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 This proximity system can be installed on building perimeters, fences, and walls. It also has the
ability to be installed free standing on dedicated poles. The system uses an electromagnetic field
generator powering one wire, with another sensing wire running parallel to it. Both wires run
along the perimeter and are usually installed about 800 millimetres apart. The sensing wire is
connected to a signal processor that analyses:

i. amplitude change (mass of intruder),

ii. rate change (movement of intruder),
iii. Preset disturbance time (time the intruder is in the pattern).

These items define the characteristics of an intruder and when all three are detected
simultaneously, an alarm signal is generated.

The barrier can provide protection from the ground to about 4 metres of altitude. It is usually
configured in zones of about 200 metre lengths depending on the number of sensor wires
installed.

i. Advantage: concealed as a buried form.

ii. Disadvantage: expensive, short zones which mean more electronics (more money), high rate
of false alarms as it cannot distinguish a cat from a human. In reality it does not work that
well, as extreme weather causes false alarm.

Barriers

i. Advantage: low cost, easy to install, invisible perimeter barrier, unknown perimeter limits
to the intruder.
ii. Disadvantage: extremely sensitive to weather as rain, snow and fog for example would
cause the sensors to stop working, need sterile perimeter line because trees, bushes or
anything that blocks the beam would cause false alarm or lack of detection.

2.3.5 Microphonic systems

Microphonic based systems vary in design but each is generally based on the detection of an
intruder attempting to cut or climb over a chain wire fence. Usually the microphonic detection

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systems are installed as sensor cables attached to rigid chain wirefences; however some
specialized versions of these systems can also be installed as buried systems underground.
Depending on the version selected, it can be sensitive to different levels of noise or vibration.
The system is based on coaxial or electro-magnetic sensor cable with the controller having the
ability to differentiate between signals from the cable or chainwire being cut, an intruder
climbing the fence, or bad weather conditions.

The systems are designed to detect and analyse incoming electronic signals received from the
sensor cable, and then to generate alarms from signals which exceed preset conditions. The
systems have adjustable electronics to permit installers to change the sensitivity of the alarm
detectors to the suit specific environmental conditions. The tuning of the system is usually
accomplished during commissioning of the detection devices.

i. Advantage: very cheap, very simple configuration, easy to install.

ii. Disadvantage: some systems have a high rate of false alarms because some of these
sensors might be too sensitive. Although systems using DSP (Digital Signal Processing)
will largely eliminate false alarms on some cases.

2.3.6 Taut wire fence systems

A taut wire perimeter security system is basically an independent screen of tensioned tripwires
usually mounted on a fence or wall. Alternatively, the screen can be made so thick that there is
no need for a supporting chainwire fence. These systems are designed to detect any physical
attempt to penetrate the barrier. Taut wire systems can operate with a variety of switches or
detectors that sense movement at each end of the tensioned wires. These switches or detectors
can be a simple mechanical contact, static force transducer or an electronic strain gauge.
Unwanted alarms caused by animals and birds can be avoided by adjusting the sensors to ignore
objects that exert small amounts of pressure on the wires. This type of system is vulnerable to
intruders digging under the fence. A concrete footing directly below the fence is installed to
prevent this type of attack.

i. Pros: low rate of false alarms, very reliable sensors and high rate of detection.
ii. Cons: Very expensive, complicated to install and old technology.

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2.3.7 Fibre optic cable

A fibre-optic cable can be used to detect intruders by measuring the difference in the amount of
light sent through the fibre core. If the cable is disturbed, light will 'leak' out and the receiver unit
will detect a difference in the amount of light received. The cable can be attached directly to a
chain wire fence or bonded into a barbed steel tape that is used to protect the tops of walls and
fences. This type of barbed tape provides a good physical deterrent as well as giving an
immediate alarm if the tape is cut or severely distorted. Other types work on the detection of
change in polarization which is caused by fiber position change.

i. Advantage: very similar to the Microphonic system, very simple configuration, easy to
install.
ii. Disadvantage: high rate of false alarm or no alarms at all for systems using light that
leaks out of the optical fiber. The polarization changing system is much more sensitive
but false alarms depend on the alarm processing.

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 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Theory Relating to Study

The Smart Home Automation System is a very innovative system which will help to
monitor and safeguard home and appliances. This system monitors and control all connected
appliances with effective communications. The system uses GSM/Android interface as the
communication medium. This circuit is designed to monitor, and control all appliances
connected with prompt operations and communication.

This project consist of different sections, the hardware sections comprises of the
hardware components connected together to form a complete system such as Esp32
(Microcontroller), Relay, Socket, Vero board, Led indicator, Step-down transformer, Resistors,
Capacitor, Indicator, Regulator, Rectifier, while the software section focus on the encoding of
the microcontroller and the interfacing of the system with the mobile/android device to be used.

3.2 Design Analysis

The system uses GSM signal system which allows its users to effectively control their
house/office appliances simply by calling the device. The call receive by the device is processed
by a microcontroller to perform an ON/OFF operations. The type of the operation performed is
based on the nature of the GSM signal sent. An encoded GSM signal is generated and sent from
the GSM base station to the device.
The Design and implementation of a smart home automation system include two sections:

i. The hardware section consists of the hardware components used in achieving the system
such as; GSM Module, Capacitors, Relay Power Supply, Microcontroller, which is use in
the development of the hardware part of the system, the software section consists of the
programming language used in command and
ii. The software section is the module where the microcontroller used in controlling the
system operation, the system is been programmed using Micro C programming language
for encoding the interface and communications between the appliances and the system.

There are lots of remote controls methodology like infrared, RF, SMS and more but in

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 this project the process is carried out using GSM network. SMS control system uses the
GSM network as well but the problem with it is that SMS sometimes does not arrive on
time. In the design methodology, GSM network was used because of its wider coverage.
The relay driver is used to drive the relay circuits which switches the different appliances
connected to the output of the project.
3.3 Block by Block Description of the System

The figure shown above is the schematic diagram of our project. It is a simple illustration of
how we have implemented our project and the various parts involved in it. From the above
representation, the first Mobile station is used as a transmitting section from which the
subscriber makes a call which is the command or instruction for the second mobile station.
A SIM card is inserted in the receiver cell phone.

Fig. 3.1: System Architecture Diagram

3.3.1 The Microcontroller (Esp32)
The microcontroller used in this project is the Esp32. Its pins are shown below. The process to
operate this project is first make a mobile to mobile connection wirelessly or with a single
mobile onboard wired. But here we are using two mobiles to make a wireless application.
Start with making a connection with the onboard mobile from a remote distance, then when
connection is established lets control the project with the data as follows:

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To control appliances, make a “CALL”, to switch ON, and also, to switch OFF again, make
another “CALL”. This ON/OFF condition of the device is through the Relay, where switching
is very fast and accurate.

3.3.2 Transformer

This project involves using power for activation of operations, hence the need for a
transformer to regulate the amount of incoming power rate is important. The step down
transformer is an electrical device that steps down voltage and current in a circuit. It
receives its input power source from the 220v ac mains supply and steps it down to 12v. The
transformer primary is shown connected only to the line cord and plug in which the first block
diagram represents. This power supply is double-insulated.
3.3.3 Regulation Unit
Regulation is a measure of the difference in voltage provided by the transformer's
secondary winding when it is on load and off load. It is expressed as a percentage relative to the
full load voltage and, basically, the lower the value, the less the voltage difference. Strictly
speaking, the transformer's datasheet (or supplier) should state the output voltage when the
transformer is under its full rated load. Later tests proved that the output voltage dropped to
less than 11.4 volts when presented with a load of just 2 Amps. At best, this is a regulation
of around 14% even at just 2 Amps. The disadvantage of using a transformer with too high an
output voltage is that the regulator will need to work harder and dissipate even more surplus
energy and, as the maximum off load voltage will be higher, the voltage monitoring circuit will
need to take the higher voltage into account.
3.3.3 Relay
Relay is the main control switch that shutdown the house appliances when a call is
made. A relay is an electromagnetic operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the
relay creates a magnetic field, which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The coil
current can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and they are double throw
switches. To prevent damage to the relay a diode must be connected across the relay coil.
The relay’s switch connections are usually labeled COM, NC and NO.

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3.3.5 Flowchart of the system

Fig: 3.11: Flowchart of the system

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 Fig: 3.112: Circuit Diagram of the system

3.4 Principle of Operation

This system uses GMS module and network layers for interconnection between the
system and the appliances, this is used to generate a connection and interchange process for
program execution and instruction activations. The ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module is a self-contained
SOC with integrated TCP/IP protocol stack that can give any microcontroller access to your Wi-
Fi network. TheESP8266 is capable of either hosting an application or offloading all Wi-Fi
networking functions from another application processor. Each ESP8266 module comes
preprogramed with an AT command set firmware. The ESP8266 module is an extremely cost
effective board with a huge, and ever growing, community.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

TESTING, RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Testing

Testing is one of the important stages in the development of any new product or repair of
existing ones. Because it is very difficult to trace a fault in a finished work, especially when the
work to be tested is too complex. Primarily, test that were carried out are: two stages of testing
are involved
Primarily, test that were carried out are:

4.1.1 Hardware Testing

This is simply a stage when all the functional modules are connected by considering the
block diagram are carefully assembled on a construction base using the designed circuit diagram
as a guide. The test was carried out on module by module for verifications

4.1.2 Software Testing

The Program was written in C Programming language, when debugged and confirmed
error-free, the program was now burn into Microcontroller Integrated Circuit (IC) that is used in
the Project which is PIC18F26K22. It worked according to specified specifications.

4.2 Result
The Design and Implementation of home automation system have been achieved. It
characterized various forms of detection by using sensor of different categories, and hence is
used for monitoring and notification within a specific length or area. The system is design into
three sections, the receiver, the transmitter and the sensing units.

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Fig. 4.1: The Inner Part of the System

Fig. 4.2: The Complete System

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4.3 Discussion
This robust and scalable project involves a Web socket and JSON based communication
protocol that saves a great deal of bandwidth with terse messages exchanged and exhibits a very
low latency needed for a real-time home automation operations saving time, money and space.
Although, the actual link characteristics depend on the available Internet connection strength,
even at relatively poor connection situations, the system performance is guaranteed. While, in the
event of total Internet interruption or offline use, the embedded mini web and Web socket servers
running on the CPE suffice for continual operations

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 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusions
The project undertakes a viable solution the need of automation at the very basic level,
that is, in our homes. The project will enable us to bring every appliance at every corner of our
home under our control from a single point without having to get up and manually switch on or
off the appliance. The use of a web based system which assists the use of this system from
various locations in our house. The system is further simplified by allowing appliances to be
controlled by Hotspot.

Web and Android applications are very simple and user friendly allowing the user to
understand its functionalities in very little time. Hence, the use of android application in this
system allows a user to easily learn the process and get accustomed to the functions. Moreover,
the entire system is very flexible and scalable. Any number of appliances can be added as and
when required. Hence, the systems finds use not only in houses but also in many offices where
appliances such as fans or lights on multiple floors can be controlled by a person on any of the
floors, saving manual labor and human effort to switch on or off the electronic appliances,
thereby saving time.

5.2 Recommendations

This system, though primarily aimed to reduce human effort, will be of much importance
to old aged people and physically handicapped people. It will enable them to control their home
devices with ease, without going through much pressure or stress of moving about. Due to the
inexpensive materials used in the construction and further cost optimization if the device is taken
to the market, it finds application in a wide area. Scalability of the project would be considerably
easier as the device can be used in every building using electrical appliances and devices

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