Internet of Things

Introduction
Definitions, Characteristics, Applications

Department of Software Engineering,

“I have no special talent. I am only passionately curious.” – Albert Einstein

 Why IoT?
We want to receive more data
We want to control stuff
We want to automate
We want to things faster

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 IoT Stack
 The basic IoT system consist of the
following components:

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 What is IoT?
 Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of smart physical objects
 physical objects (e.g. devices, vehicles, buildings, etc.) embedded with
sensors/actuators, computation unit, memory unit, power source, and network
connectivity,
 which enables the physical object to collect and exchange data,
 analyze the collected data to extract new insight and respond accordingly.

 Goal of IoT is to “connect the unconnected”

 “Things” or “objects” that were not supposed to be connected to the Internet

 IoT did the technology transition in traditional computer

networks

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Cont…
• Unifications of technologies:
• Embedded systems,
• Low power and low rate network,
• Internet,
• Big data,
• Data analytics,
• Cloud computing,
• Edge Intelligence
• Software defined networks,
• Network and data security
• Etc.

• Alternate Definition:

“The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects that contain
embedded technology to communicate and sense or interact with their
internal states or the external environment.” – Gartner Research*
* https://www.gartner.com/en/information-technology/glossary/internet-of-things

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 Brief History of IoT
 The term "Internet of things" was likely coined by Kevin Ashton of Procter & Gamble,
later MIT's Auto-ID Center, in 1999.
 “In the 20th century, computers were brains without senses —they only knew what
we told them.” Now in the 21st century, computers are sensing things for themselves!
– Kevin Ashton

 Early1980s at the Carnegie Melon University, a group of students created a wayto get
their campus Coca-Cola vending machine to report on its contents through a network in
order to save them the trek if the machine was out of Coke.

 In 1990, John Romkey, developer of the first TCP/IP stack for IBM PC in 1983,
connected a toaster to the internet for the first time.

 In 1991, a group of students at the University of Cambridge used a web camera to report
on coffee available in their computer labs coffee pot.

 At the beginning of the 21st Century, LG Electronics introduced the world’s first
refrigerator connected to the internet

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Cont…
 The popularity of the term IoT did not accelerate until 2010/2011 and reached
mass market in 2013-14.

 Definition of the IoT has evolved over time.

2010 onwards
Early 2000
Post 1993
1990

Evolutionary Phases of the Internet

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 IoT and Digitization
 IoT focuses on connecting “things,” such as objects and machines, to
a computer network, such as the Internet.

 IoT For example, in a shopping mall where Wi-Fi location tracking has
been deployed, the “things” are the WiFi devices. WiFi location
tracking is simply the capability of knowing where a consumer is in a
retail environment through his or her smart phone’s connection to
the retailer’s Wi-Fi network. Tracking real-time location of WiFi
clients provides a specific business benefit to the mall and shop
owners. In this case, it helps the business understand where
shoppers tend to congregate and how much time they spend in
different parts of a mall or store. Analysis of this data can lead to
significant changes to the locations of product displays and
advertising, where to place certain types of shops, how much rent to
charge, and even where to station security guards
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 IoT and Digitization
 Digitization is the conversion of information into a digital format.
Digitization can mean different things to different people but
generally encompasses the connection of “things” with the data
they generate and the business insights that result.
 For example, the whole photography industry has been digitized.
Pretty much everyone has digital cameras these days, either
standalone devices or built into their mobile phones. Almost no
one buys film and takes it to a retailer to get it developed. The
digitization of photography has completely changed our experience
when it comes to capturing images.
 Other examples
 Purchase/ rental of videos/DVD
 Transportation like Uber

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 Benefits of IoT
• Automation
o Machines can assemble parts with more precision and speed, resulting in
fewer errors during assembly
o Robots can rapidly detect faults that may not be detected by the human eye
• Predictive Maintenance
o Continuous monitoring of systems and processes to identify key indicators of
problems before they result in downtime or system failure
• Process / Efficiency Improvement
o Process improvement affects every aspect of an operation’s bottom line
• Cost Reduction
o When an organization can improve system uptime, automate processes, reduce
the risk of failure and gain insights that support better decision making, and
reduce resource usage, the result is efficiency and cost savings
• Improved/ New Insights
o IoT systems often act as the eyes and ears on remote, hard-to-reach, or widely
distributed equipment and processes.
• Adaptability
o The ability to adapt to new business requirements, customer needs, and
changing conditions, or scale the deployment in response to business growth 10 or
 IoT vs. WSN
• Wireless Sensor Network (WSN):

– WSN refers to a group of specialized dedicated sensors with a

communications infrastructure.

– WSN is primarily used for monitoring and recording the physical

environment conditions like temperature, sound, pollution levels,
humidity, wind, and so on.

– It is designed to acquire, process, transfer, and provide data/information

extracted from the physical world.

– In a WSN, there is no direct connection to the internet. Instead, the various

sensors connect to some kind of router or central node.

• WSN: Resource constraint sensor nodes + wireless network to connect the

nodes + gather some data by sensing the environment.

• IoT: WSN + Internet + App + Cloud computing + Data Analytics + etc…

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 IoT vs. M2M
• Machine-to-Machine (M2M): It is a concept where two or more than two
machines communicate with each other without human interaction using a
wired or wireless mechanism.

Basis of IoT M2M

Connection type via (IP) Network and using various Mainly point-to-point
communication types.
Communication IP based protocol Proprietary protocols
protocol
Internet Internet connection is required not dependent on the Internet
Data Sharing Data is shared with other Data is shared with only the
applications (if required) communicating parties.
Open API Supports Open API integrations. There is no support for Open
API’s
Scalability More devices, more scalable due to Limited devices, less scalable
cloud based architecture than IoT
App. Example Smart home, Smart wearables, etc. Sensor telemetry, ATMs in Bank

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Communication Architecture
• The existing TCP/IP and OSI model

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Physical Layer
• Functions required to carry a bit streams
• Mechanical and electrical specifications of the interface
• functions for physical devices

The physical layer is responsible for movements of

individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

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Physical Layer
• Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium
• Representation of bits
• Data rate
• Synchronization of bits
• Line configuration
• Physical topology
• Transmission Mode

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Data Link Layer
• The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one
hop (node) to the next

Main responsibilities:
• Framing
• Physical addressing
• Flow Control
• Error Control
• Access Control
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NETWORK Layer
• The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual
packets from the source host to the destination host

Main responsibilities:
• Logical addressing
• Routing

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Transport Layer
• The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a
message from one process to another

Main responsibilities:
• Service point addressing, Segmentation and Reassembly, Connection Control
• Flow Control
• Error Control
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Session Layer
• The session layer is responsible for dialog control and
synchronization.

Main responsibilities:
• Dialog Control
• Synchronization
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Presentation Layer
• The presentation layer is responsible for translation,
compression, and encryption

Main responsibilities:
• Translation
• Encryption
• Compression
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Application Layer
• The application layer is responsible for providing services to
the user

• Network Virtual Terminal

• File transfer, access and management
• Mail services
• Directory Services 21
Summary

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TCP/IP suit addresses

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TCP/IP suit addresses
• Physical address

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TCP/IP suit addresses
• Logical/IP address

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TCP/IP suit addresses
• Port address

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Growth of IoT Devices

IoT Analytics’prediction
Source: https://iot-analytics.com/state-of-the-iot-2020-12-billion-iot-connections-surpassing-non-iot-for-the-first-time/ 27
Where is IoT?
Wearable
Tech Devices

Smart Appliances

It’s everywhere!

Industry Automation
and Monitoring
Healthcare
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 Global IoT Market Share
14% Smart Homes Retail < 2%

3%
Wearables Smart Utilities
& Energy
4%

7%
Industrial IoT
Connected Cars
24%

20%* Healthcare 20%*

Personal Health
Smart Cities 26%
Source: https://growthenabler.com/flipbook/pdf/IOT%20Report.pdf

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Global Spending on IoT

Source: https://iot-analytics.com/iot-market-size/
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Smart City

Source: https://depositphotos.com/126025652/stock-illustration-smart-city-concept-and-internet.html 31
 Smart Home

Source: https://medium.com/@globalindnews/north-america-accounted-for-major-share-in-the-global-smart-home-healthcare-market-in-2015-cc9cc1974ac5 32
Smart Healthcare

Source: http://iot.fit-foxconn.com/
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Industrial IoT

Source: https://www.winmate.com/Solutions/Solutions_IoT.asp 34
Connected Cars

Source: Vehicular K. Ziadi, M. Rajarajan, “Internet:

Security & Privacy Challenges and Opportunities”,
Future Internet 2015, 7(3), 257-275.

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Google’s Self-Driving Car

Source: https://www.google.com/

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Smart Agriculture

Source: https://in.pinterest.com/pin/515380751093603767/?lp=true

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Livestock Management

Source: https://data-flair.training/blogs/iot-applications-in-agriculture/ 38
Many More ….

Source: Rajiv Ranjan et. al., “Integrating the IoT

and Data Science” IEEE Cloud Computing, 2018

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 Main Challenges in IoT
Sensors Scale Privacy Security
• Limited resources • millions of devices • which personal • “things” becomes
• Limited types of are connected to data to share connected, so
sensors form IoT with whom security becomes
• how to control complex

Low Power Big data and

Network Data analytics
• Devices should remain connected to the • massive amount of sensor data
Internet for years • different sources and various forms
• High network latency • extract intelligence form the data

Interoperability
• various protocol, various architecture
• unavailability of standardized platform
• different technology leads to interoperability issue
• Recent IoT standards are minimizing this problem

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Lessons Learned

 Learned about what is IoT

 Learned the genesis of IoT

 Understand the benefits of IoT

 Learned about the market share of IoT

 Understand the real world applications of IoT

 Understand various challenges IoT implementation is facing

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Figures and slide materials are taken from the following Books:

1. David Hanes et al., “IoT Fundamentals: Networking Technologies, Protocols,

and Use Cases for the Internet of Things”, 1st Edition, 2018, Pearson.

2. Mayur Ramgir, “Internet of Things: Architecture, Implementation and Security”,

1st Edition, 2020, Pearson.

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