University of Sabratha
Sabratha Faculty of engineering
Chemical Engineering Department
Unit Operation I CHE431
Experiment 4
Friction Loses In Pipe
Report delivery date: 14/2/2024
Prepared by:
Name: Rayan Salem Alejil
Registration Number: 2111110136
Supervised by:
Dr. Ezadin Alkateb
Introduction:
Friction losses in pipes are a common occurrence in fluid flow systems and
can have a significant impact on the overall efficiency and performance of
the system. Understanding and quantifying these losses is crucial for
engineers and designers to optimize the design and operation of piping
systems. In this report, we will explore the factors that contribute to friction
losses in pipes, the methods used to calculate and measure these losses, and
strategies for minimizing their effects. By gaining a deeper understanding of
friction losses in pipes, we can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of
fluid flow systems in various industries.
Objective:
1. To determine the amount of energy lost due to friction as a fluid flows through a
pipe, which is important for calculating the pressure drop along the pipe.
2. To understand and predict the flow characteristics of a fluid in a pipe, such as
velocity, flow rate, and pressure distribution.
3. To optimize the design and operation of piping systems by minimizing friction
losses and ensuring efficient fluid flow.
4. To calculate the required pump power and size for overcoming friction losses in
order to maintain adequate flow rates and pressures in a system.
5. To ensure that piping systems are designed and operated within safe limits to
prevent damage or failure due to excessive friction losses
Theory of Bernoulli's Theorem Experiment:
The energy loss in a pipe can be determined by applying the energy equation to a
section of a straight pipe with a uniform cross section:
The pressure difference (Pout-Pin) between two points in the pipe is due to the
frictional resistance, and the head loss hL is directly proportional to the pressure
difference.
The head loss due to friction can be calculated from the Darcy-Weisbach equation:
where:
: head loss due to flow resistance
f: Darcy-Weisbach coefficient
L: pipe length
D: pipe diameter
v: average velocity
g: gravitational acceleration
For laminar flow, the Darcy-Weisbach coefficient (or friction factor f ) is only a
function of the Reynolds number (Re) and is independent of the surface roughness
of the pipe, i.e.:
For turbulent flow in a smooth pipe, a well-known curve fit to the Moody diagram
is given by:
The average velocity, v, is calculated from the volumetric flow rate (Q ) as:
Length of test pipe = 36 cm,
Diameter of test pipe = 0.755 cm or 0.1033
Equipment Description:
Friction losses in pipes occur when fluid flows through a pipe and encounters
resistance from the walls of the pipe. This resistance causes a loss of energy in the
form of heat, which can affect the overall efficiency of a system.
Figure 1: Schematic drawing of the energy-loss in pipe
Figure2: Minor Losses Apparatus with hydraulic bench
Calculations:
N V (m³) t (sec) Q v (m/s) Re h1 h2 hf F
1 0.0004 23.2 0.0000172 0.385113 3100.325 0.468 0.426 0.042 0.044875
2 0.00072 21.7 0.0000332 0.741121 5966.339 0.46 0.415 0.045 0.024984
3 0.00092 26 0.0000354 0.79037 6362.82 0.454 0.403 0.051 0.026551
4 0.00092 25 0.0000368 0.821985 6617.333 0.448 0.39 0.058 0.029034
5 0.00136 35.1 0.0000387 0.86546 6967.339 0.442 0.382 0.06 0.028526
6 0.00104 25.6 0.0000406 0.907423 7305.14 0.435 0.369 0.066 0.029928
7 0.001175 27.7 0.0000424 0.94749 7627.694 0.428 0.357 0.071 0.030834
8 0.00108 24.5 0.0000441 0.984362 7926.708 0.423 0.346 0.077 0.032178
9 0.00142 31.4 0.0000452 1.010125 8131.934 0.415 0.334 0.081 0.032995
10 0.00146 31.2 0.0000468 1.045236 8414.599 0.409 0.321 0.088 0.034643
Table1: Laminar flow calculations
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
f
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
Re
0
-0.45 -0.4 -0.35 -0.3 -0.25 -0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
log hf
-0.8
-1
-1.2
-1.4
-1.6
log v
• Transition flow
V (m³) t (sec) Q v (m/s) Re h1 h2 hf F Log v Log hf
0.00097 13.8 7.02899E-05 0.894958 9542.777 0.449 0.406 0.043 0.029259 -0.0482 -1.36653
0.00098 12.6 7.77778E-05 0.990297 10559.36 0.44 0.391 0.049 0.027231 -0.00423 -1.3098
0.00118 14.5 8.13793E-05 1.036154 11048.32 0.431 0.374 0.057 0.028935 0.015424 -1.24413
0.00158 18.3 8.63388E-05 1.0993 11721.63 0.422 0.36 0.062 0.027961 0.041116 -1.20761
0.00132 14.7 8.97959E-05 1.143317 12190.98 0.414 0.345 0.069 0.028768 0.058167 -1.16115
0.001215 11.8 0.000102966 1.311005 13979.01 0.403 0.325 0.078 0.024733 0.117604 -1.10791
0.00138 13.9 9.92806E-05 1.26408 13478.65 0.396 0.314 0.082 0.027968 0.101775 -1.08619
0.0013 12.3 0.000105691 1.3457 14348.96 0.387 0.302 0.085 0.025581 0.128948 -1.07058
0.00106 10 0.000106 1.349634 14390.9 0.376 0.284 0.092 0.027527 0.130216 -1.03621
0.0017 15.3 0.000111111 1.414711 15084.8 0.369 0.268 0.101 0.027503 0.150668 -0.99568
Table2: Transition flow calculations
0.0295
0.029
0.0285
0.028
0.0275
0.027
f
0.0265
0.026
0.0255
0.025
0.0245
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000
Re
0
-0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
log hf
-0.8
-1
-1.2
-1.4
-1.6
log v
