Ilva H.S.

School

Sexual Transmitted Diseases

Mrs. Sanchita
Naifa Sayyad
XII A
12318
 This is to certify that Miss
Naifa Sayyad, student of class
XII (Science) has successfully
completed the research
project on the topic
“SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED
DISEASE” under the guidance
of subject teacher Mrs.
Sanchita during the year
2024-25 from Ilva H.S School
in partial fulfillment of
practical examination
conducted by CBSE.

Signature Signature
(Examiner) (Teacher)
Acknowledgement
The success and outcome of this
project required a lot of guidance
and assistance from many people
and I am extremely fortunate to
have gotten this all along the
completion of my project work.
The work I have done is due to
such guidance and assistance and I
would not forget to thank them.
I respect and thank Mrs.
Sanchita, for allowing me to do
this project work and providing us
all support and guidance which
made me complete the project on
time. I would like to express my
gratitude to my parents for
encouraging me throughout the
completion of this project.
1. Introduction
• STDs
2. Mode of transmission
3. Cure for STD
4. Symptoms
5. Prevention
6. STDS caused by bacteria
• Syphilis
• Gonorrhoea
• Chlamydia
7.
STDs caused by Viruses
• Genital Herpes
• Genital Warts
• AIDS/HIV
• Hepatitis B
8. STDs caused by Nematode
• Enterobiasis
9. Conclusion
10. Bibliography
 Introdution

Diseases or infections which are

transmitted through sexual
intercourse with infected persons are
collectively called Sexually
Transmitted Diseases (STDs) or
venereal diseases (VD) or
reproductive tract infections (RTI).

STDs are usually caused

by:
1. Bacteria
2. Viruses
3. Protozoa
4. Nematodes
5. Ectoparasites
6. Fungi
Mode of transmission:
STDs are transmitted by:
1. Sexual intercourse with infected
persons.
2. Sharing of injection needles,
surgical instruments etc.
3. Transfusion of blood from an
infected mother to the fetus.
Cure for STD:
➢ Except HIV infection, hepatitis B and
genital herpes all other STDs are
completely curable if detected early
and treated properly.
Common symptoms:
➢ Early symptoms of most of these
diseases are itching, fluid discharge,
swelling, slight pain etc.

Consequences of Delayed Treatment:

➢ If proper and timely treatment is not
given STD may lead to complication
such as pelvic inflammatory diseases
(PID), abortion, still birth, infertility or
even cancer of reproductive tract.
STDs are a major threat to a healthy
society. prevention or early detection
and cure of these probabilities of
these diseases are very high among
persons in the age group of 15-24
years.

Prevention of STD:
1. Avoid sex with unknown
partner/multiple partners.
2. Use condoms during coitus with
unknown persons.
3. Whenever there is doubt, visit a
qualified doctor for early detection and
complete treatment of the disease.
1.STDs caused by Bacteria

a) Syphilis

✓ Symptoms:
1) In the first stage there is indurated infections and
painless ulcer or chancre on the genitals and swelling
of local lymph glands.
2) In the second stage, there are skin lesion, rashes,
hair loss, swollen joints and flu like illness
occasionally.
3) In the tertiary stage chronic ulcers appear on
palate, nose and lower leg. There can be paralysis,
brain damage, blindness, heart trouble.
✓ Diagnosis: The disease is diagnosed by clinical
symptoms, microscopic examination and antibody
detection, VDRL (Venereal Disease Research
Laboratory), ELISA test.
✓ Transmission: It is through sexual contact and
from mother to children.
✓ Incubation Period: 10-90 days
✓ Treatment: It is curable through appropriate
antibiotics.
b) Gonorrhoea

❑ Symptoms: The bacterium lives in genital tube,

produces pus-containing discharge, pain around
genitalia and burning sensation during urination.
It may lead to arthritis and eye infection in
children of gonorrhoea afflicted mothers.
❑ Diagnosis: It is carried out by clinical
symptoms, Gram staining of discharge and
culture.
❑ Transmission: It is spread through sexual
contact.
❑ Treatment: Effective antibiotics are
ceftriaxone, erythromycin and ciprofloxacin.
c) Chlamydia

o Symptoms: Chlamydia trachomatis is a

human pathogen that causes trachoma,
sexually transmitted and perinatal
infection. Chlamydia is obligate
intracellular pathogen.
o Diagnosis: Detection techniques are
clinical. Gram-staining of discharge,
antigen detection and nucleic acid
hybridisation.
o Transmission: It spread by sexual
contact with the infected mating partner.
o Incubation Period: About one week.
o Treatment: Antibiotics like tetracycline,
erythromycin and rifampicin are effective
but penicillin is not effective in
chlamydiosis.
2.STDs caused by Viruses

a) Genital Herpes

➢ Symptoms: There are

vesiculopustular lesions followed by
clusters of painful erythematous ulcers
over external genitalia and peri-anal
regions. Symptoms are more severe in
females. There is fever, headache,
pain, itching, vagina land urethral
discharge, with tender inguinal
lymphadenopathy. Urethral and cervix
infections also occur.
➢ Diagnosis: Detection is carried out by
clinical symptoms, antigen detection,
PCR and nucleic acid hybridisation.
➢ Transmission: The disease is
primarily transmitted sexually through
genital secretions but also contact with
viroid and genitalia.
➢ Treatment: It is also incurable STD.
b) Genital Warts- Human
papilloma virus (HPV)

❑ Symptoms: Warts develop over the

skin and mucosal surface of external
genitalia and perianal area. In
women infection may inter vagina
and cervix.
❑ Diagnosis: Diagnosis is made
through clinical symptoms, antibody
detection, culture and DNA
hybridisation.
❑ Transmission: It spreads through
sexual intercourse with carrier of
viruses of this disease.
❑ Treatment: Treatment requires
special skill especially in case of
internal warts. Cryosurgery is used to
removal of warts.
 c) AIDS/HIV
➢ AIDS stands for Acquired Immuno
Deficiency Syndrome.

✓ Symptoms: The symptoms of AIDS

include fever, lethargy, pharyngitis, weight
loss, nausea, headache, raches. Because
HIV attacks helper T-lymphocytes, the
patient gets immune deficiency and he/she
is unable to protect himself/herself against
infections.
✓ Diagnosis: AIDS can be diagnosed by
ELISA test and western blotting test.
Western Blotting test is used for
confirmation of ELISA positive cases.
✓Transmission: Virus of AIDS in
transmitted via blood and semen.
✓ Incubation Period: 6 moths to 10
years.
✓ Treatment: Although there is no cure of
AIDs. Yet use of certain drugs can prolong
the life of certain patient.
d)Hepatitis B

➢ Symptoms: Its symptoms include

fatigue, jaundice, persistent low-grade
fever, rash and abdominal pain. It can
cause cirrhosis and possibly liver cancer.
➢ Diagnosis: Hepatitis B can be
diagnosed by Australian Antigen Test
which is now also called Hepatitis B
surfage antigen (HBSAg). It also
diagnosed by ELISA.
➢ Transmission: Mode of transmission
may be blood transfusion, sexual contact,
saliva, tears, intravenous drug abuse,
tattooing, ear and nose piercing, sharing
of razors.
➢ Incubation Period: 30 to 80 days.
➢ Treatment: It is incurable STD.
3.STDs caused by Nematode

a)Enterobiasis

❑ Symptoms: The parasite causes

intense itching of the anus,
inflammation of mucous membrane of
colon and appendix, nausea,
abdominal pain and diarrhea.
❑ Transmission: The patient scratches
the affected area. The eggs easily get
under the finger nails from where they
may get into the mouth. The infection
is also through sexual contact.
❑ Treatment: Anthelminthic tablets
are recommended.
 Unsafe sex is the primary cause
Unsafe sexual practices are the most
common way to acquire STDs.

Seek medical care

If you experience symptoms of an STI, you
should seek medical attention as soon as
possible.

STIs are common

STIs are common and can be treated with
antibiotics. Most STIs can be cured without
long-term complications.

Barriers to prevention
Use barrier effectively and carefully to
prevent spread of STDs

Educate young people

Educating young people about safe sexual
practices can help reduce the spread of
STDs.
• NCERT class 12th (Bio)