CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that “Silica Mangal and

Chahat Jain” a student of class
XII Humanities has successfully completed
her project on topic PATRIARCHY AND
FEMALE SUBJUGATION as prescribed by “Ms.
Puneet Kaur During the academic year 2022
-23. As per the guidelines given by CBSE.

Teacher’s Signature
External’s Signature
 ACKNOWLEDGE
MENT
I would like to convey my heartfelt gratitude to
Ms. Puneet for her Tremendous support and
assistance in the completion of my project and
for providing me with this wonderful opportunity
to work on the report entitled PATRIARCHY AND
FEMALE SUBJUGATION. The completion of the
Project would not have been possible without his
help and insights. I Would like to acknowledge
the motivation and support my family and friends
provided while finalizing the project. I would like
to Acknowledge that this project was completed
entirely by me and not by someone else.
Index
CHAPTER I
1.1 Abstract
1.2 Introduction
CHAPTER II
2.1 Objective
2.2Methodology
2.3 Review of Literature
CHAPTER III
3.1 What Is Patriarchy?
3.2 Origin of Patriarchy
3.3 The Six Structures of Patriarchy
3.4 Women Subjugation
3.5 Resolutions
CHAPTER IV
4.1 Reflections
4.2 Conclusions
4.3 References
 PATRIARCHY AND FEMALE
SUBJUGATION
Silica Mangal and Chahat Jain (XII Humanities)
Dass And Brown World School (2022-23)

CHAPTER I
Abstract
Women are consistently excluded from key
political or economic positions. activities,
that their responsibilities as moms and
wives are associated with inferior
responsibilities compared to men's roles.
The conclusion that follows is that all
modern societies are to some extent ruled
by men, even though the amount and type
of female Sexual asymmetry is currently an
ubiquitous reality of human social life,
despite the wide variations in
subordination. Women have historically
been the targets of oppression and
subjugation. Almost every society in the
world has institutionalised this oppression.
The outcome of the institutionalisation of
this process has been facilitated by the
exclusion of women from positions of
authority. This essay’s goal is to examine
how deeply ingrained patriarchy and
female oppression are almost everywhere.
What are the causes of this, and how did
femininity come to be regarded as “lesser”
than masculine characteristics?

Introduction
Patriarchy is the term used to describe a society
in which men hold the throne of absolute power.
Since most communities accept such a structure,
it supports the biological distinction between
genders. The main barrier to women’s
development and advancement is patriarchy. The
general dogmas, that men are in charge—remain
the same despite variations in levels of
dominance. This control could have a different
nature. As we examine various areas, cultures,
societies, and classes, patriarchy gradually takes
on a new shape and colour. It is always being
reshaped. With the general enslavement of
women and their disempowerment that
patriarchy typically entails, India was and still is a
patriarchal culture. In this type of social
organisation, in the family or tribe, the father is
the highest authority, and descent is determined
by the male line, with the offspring falling under
the father’s clan or tribe. Negatively, it might be
claimed that patriarchy is a societal structure in
which men hold power through cultural traditions
and customs while denying women access to
opportunities. In line with Aristotle - He felt that
the husband should exercise political control over
the wife since he considered women as inferior to
slaves but still subordinate to males. He believed
that women differed from men in a number of
ways, including being more impulsive, emotional,
whiny, and cunning. He placed equal importance
on the happiness of men and women, and he
claimed in his rhetoric that society could not be
content until women were content as well. While
Plato was open to the possibility of gender
equality, he stated that women should be
educated and permitted to work in the ideal
Republic since they were equal to males in terms
of reason and professional capacity, but not in
terms of strength and virtue. Aristotle seems to
have disagreed with him. According to Aristotle’s
conception of inheritance, the father gave the kid
an active, ensouling element with the form of the
human species, while the mother gave the child a
passive material element.
Patriarchy there creates barriers for women to
advance in society in the modern world, where
women succeed on the basis of their merits.
Because women’s subordinate or secondary
status is a result of patriarchal structures and
social relations. Men are given total dominance in
patriarchal society, and women’s human rights
are also somewhat constrained. Male dominance
in both the public and private arenas is referred
to as patriarchy. Thus, the purpose of this study
is to theoretically analyse the idea of patriarchy
and the submissiveness of women.

CHAPTER II
Objectives
The objectives of the study are to answer the
following questions:

• First is to identify the Patriarchal Culture

reflected in our society.
• The second is to describe the effect of
Patriarchal Culture to the Female characters.
• The last is to describe the act women
characters do to fight against patriarchy.
Methodology
As this study was inductive in nature, a
Qualitative in-depth approach was adopted. The
research sought to investigate the impact of
patriarchy on women in India. This research has
been made by the sources of secondary data,
such as newspaper articles, and my personal
views on this topic. The sources used to gather
the data are reputable ones.
 Review of Literature
The Effect of Patriarchal Culture to the
Female Characters in Family is a
undergraduate thesis which discusses about
patriarchal culture in nuclear family that leaves
an oppression and trauma to the female
character. In this study, that has the same idea
about the characterization of male character
which is father. On the other hand, he also points
that women position is always inferior and they
accept their position because they rely on their
husband as financial supporters.
The Oppression towards Men and Women in
a patriarchal culture is a thesis which
highlights how patriarchal culture oppresses the
character of a women. This study shows that
women are vulnerable of violence without any
chances of fighting back and they cannot do
anything about that violence. The suffering that
the women characters feel is because of the role
of father is the family. This study also analyses
that women are not strong enough to fight
against one man whose power is dominating
almost every aspect of their life.
Another important ‘socialist feminist view’ has
been Presented by Mies (1988) in a paper
entitled, The Social Origins of The Sexual
Division of Labour. She puts forward some
ideas Regarding the possible reasons for and the
sequence of historical Developments leading to
the origin of gender hierarchy or Patriarchy. In
this paper, she says, whatever the ideological
Differences between the various feminist groups,
they are united in Their rebellion against this
hierarchical relationship between men And
women, which is no longer accepted as biological
destiny. Their enquiry into the social foundations
of this inequality and Asymmetry is the necessary
consequence of their rebellion.
According to Lerner (1989), patriarchy was not
one event But a process developing over a period
of almost 2500 years (from Approximately 3100
BC to 600 BC) and a number of factors and
Forces that were responsible for the
establishment of male Supremacy as we see it
today. Gerda Lerner (1989), begins by
Emphasizing the importance of women
history in women’s struggle Against
patriarchy and for equality. According to her,
patriarchy, in Fact, preceded the formation of
private property and class society.

CHAPTER III
What Is Patriarchy?
Patriarchy is the term for the male predominance
in both public and Private domains. The term
“patriarchy” is mostly used by feminists to Depict
the dynamic of power between men and women.
Thus, Feminists refer to patriarchy as an idea
rather than just a word. And like other notions, it
serves as a tool to aid in understanding. Reality
for women. Different thinkers have defined the
term “patriarchy” in various Diverse methods.
Psychologist Mitchell, a feminist, uses the term
Kinship systems in which males trade roles is
referred to be patriarchy.”. According to Walby,
“patriarchy is a system.” Of

social norms and practises where men

predominate and oppress And mistreat women.
She characterises patriarchy as a System.
Patriarchy, in its broadest sense, is the presence
of Establishment of male supremacy over women
in institutions Family children and the expansion
of men’s control over women in society at large.
It indicates that “women are denied access to
such power” and that “men hold power in all
significant institutions of society.” It does not,
however, imply that “women” Are completely
devoid of rights, influence, or authority, or both.
Scholars, particularly feminist Scholars, use the
term “patriarchy” to describe how the world is
organised according to ideas about gender,
particularly those that relate to men and women.
Patriarchy holds that men should be in charge
and women should follow and carry out what men
want, and there are many different ways that this
is manifested. A type of mental, social, spiritual,
economic, and political inequality is patriarchy.
Societal organization/structuring brought forth by
the institutionalisation of sex Based on political
relationships established, upheld, and
strengthened by numerous institutions working
closely together to come to agreement on the
inferior status of women and their
responsibilities.
These organisations collaborate with one another
to strengthen the States that only serve the
wants and interests of a select group of powerful
males are the result of frameworks of male
dominance over women, as well as other
exclusionary, oppressive, and dominating
systems based on actual or perceived distinctions
between humans. Patriarchal Ideology
emphasises biological distinctions between men
and Women, making sure that men always have
the dominating, or Masculine, roles, and women
always have the inferior or Feminine ones.
Because of the strength of this belief, “men are
typically Able to obtain the apparent permission
of the very women they Oppress”. They
accomplish this “via organisations like the
academy, The family and the church, each of
which supports and reinforces Women’s
subjection to men.

Origin of Patriarchy
The term “patriarchy,” which originally referred
to a certain social structure, literally means “the
reign of the father” or “the patriarch.” An
example of a “male-dominated family” is a big
patriarchal household where the head of the
household dominated over slaves, domestic staff,
children, women, and subordinate males. It is
now Referred to more broadly as “to refer to
male dominance, to the power dynamics through
which men rule women, and to characterise a
system by which women are kept submissive in a
variety of ways.Traditionalists do believe that
men are born to rule and that patriarchy exists
because of this. They hold that this hierarchy has
always existed, will continue to exist, and, like
other natural laws, cannot be altered. Others
disagree with these viewpoints. They assert that
patriarchy may be altered because it is not a
natural phenomenon.
Aristotle advanced comparable “theories” and
Referred to as males active and females passive.
Female was “mutilated” for him. A male without a
soul is referred to as “female”. In his opinion, the
The biological inadequacy of women makes them
inferior in her reasoning skills, and thus, her
decisionmaking. As a result of man’s superiority
over woman, She is to be dominated

and he is to rule. The courage of a man, he

asserted, “is shown in Requiring submission from
a woman”
In his book The Origins of the Family, Private
Property, and the State published in 1884,
Frederick Engels provided a crucial justification
for the development of patriarchy. The
emergence of private property, in Engels’ view,
marked the beginning of women’s servitude and
the end of the female sex as a dominant gender
throughout history. Both the separation of, he
claims The historical development of classes and
women’s subjection. When private property first
emerged in the society, men sought to hold onto
their positions of authority and their wealth so
they could pass it down to their own offspring.
Mother-right was abolished to assure this
inheritance. Women have to be schooled in order
to establish the father’s legal rights. They were
sexually repressed, domesticated, and
controlled. Radical feminists take into account all
Women to be a class. But unlike the
traditionalists, they do advocate patriarchy to be
a man-made institution. Socialist feminists
support and uphold the fundamental tenets of
Marxism. However, by focusing on certain topics,
I have attempted to deepen and broaden
Marxism. Elements, in their opinion, were
overlooked by traditional Marxist thought.
Because of their dedication to a historical,
materialist approach and their own observations
of variation in the sexual distribution of labour,
they do not believe that patriarchy is a universal
or immutable structure. Socialist feminists
believe that as the means of production change
historically, so does the conflict between men
and women.
Mies asserts that women The initial creators of
social and natural resources, as well as human
life. If they were the first to start , the means of
manufacturing, and Relations, how come they
couldn’t stop the creation of an interaction
between the sexes that is hierarchical and
exploitative? She Argues in response to this that
male supremacy is not a valid position. Men
contributed more economically than women, and
this was a side effect that Relates to the creation
and management of destructive tools, Women,
nature, and other men under their authority. As
different cultures have varied views on it,
patriarchy is neither universal nor all-
encompassing. Sex is biological, however gender
is social, hence gender is more significant than
sex. Thereby, gender relations being a more
concerning issue.
The Six Structures of Patriarchy
‘System of social structures and practises,’
according to Walby, describes patriarchy. Where
men abuse, oppress, and take advantage of
women. Walby asserts that patriarchy functions
in a more subtle way than Complex manner using
six distinctive structures:
1) Production ties within the family
• A woman is required by law to perform
unpaid labour in the home. Expectations for
her spouse
2) Paid employment
• Women experience discrimination at work
because of Unjust treatment, unequal wages,
 and frequent Self in less challenging roles
compared to their male Counterparts.
3) The patriarchal state
• States may purposefully discriminate against
women.Through use of laws and policies. The
foundation of society Prejudiced in the man’s
favour.
4) Male aggression
• As random or unique as it might seem, this is
not the case.
Instead, it functions in a systemic and
patterned manner. When states primarily
engage in. They successfully criticise
violence between men and women. Maintain
it by not interfering.
5) Patriarchal sexual relationships
• Different societal norms apply to both
genders. As well as standards for sexual
conduct.
6) Institutions of patriarchal culture
• Numerous aspects of society, including the
media, religion, and Education, create and
maintain representations of a patriarchal
perspective. These Then contribute to
women’s own perspectives, Knowledge of
femininity.
 Women subjugation
As a result of patriarchy, women are shamelessly
maintained as dependent on and subordinate to
males. Are denied access to legal protections and
opportunities, patriarchal values limit women’s
mobility and disapprove of their right to self-
determination and property ownership. The term
“women’s subjugation” refers to the inferior
position that women hold in society. Position of
women, their lack of resources, and their
decision making, the patriarchal oppression that
women are subject to In most civilizations are. As
a result, subjugation of women entails Women’s
standing in relation to men being inferior. Having
a sense of Limitations on one’s self-esteem,
discrimination, and helplessness Jointly result in
the subjection of Women. Consequently, the
subjugation of women is an instance of a power
dynamic. Male dominance over females exists in
relationships. The subservience to All
interpersonal structures have women as a central
component. Domination, while feminists select
various contexts and root causes of
Subordination. Because men see women as
objects, according to contemporary feminism
theory, Women are reduced to the stereotype of
being fundamentally different from Standing as
the second sex, and as such, inferior. According
to Kate Millet’s theory of subordination, women
belong to a dependent sex group that is ruled by
patriarchy. The subordination we encounter at a
No matter what class we are from, oppression
and violence on a daily basis can take many
different forms in the home, at work, and in
society. Examples include discrimination,
disregard, insult, control, exploitation, and
violence. Son preference, discrimination against
females while distributing food, and the burden
of family chores placed on women and young
girls are a few examples. lack of freedom and
access to education for women and male
domination over women, wife abuse, daughters’
mobility, Girls, professional sexual harassment, a
lack of inheritance, or Rights to property, male
dominance over women’s bodies, and Sexuality,
no control over fertility or access to reproduction.
As a result, the customs and activities that
classify women as less than Men, who put
restrictions on them, are pervasive in our society.
Religious, laws, schools, textbooks, media, social
interactions, A factory, an office. Thus, patriarchy
is described as the total of the types of We
frequently witness male dominance in relation to
women. With this the belief that males are
superior to women and that women belong to
men’s Men should therefore control women as
property, which results in the oppression of
women. When someone is made to remain, that
is subordination. Governed by someone else.
Women’s subjugation thus implies that Societal
environment where women are compelled to
maintain control of men. This is how patriarchy
maintains power over women. Various social
norms, traditions, and roles are operated by the
process of socialisation. In order to maintain
male dominance, patriarchy Private-public
distinctions between “masculine” and “feminine”
qualities Spheres via the process of gender
socialisation. Being socialised is Regarded as
occurring mostly in childhood, when boys and
Girls are taught how to act in a sex-appropriate
way. All representatives of Family, religion, and
the legal system all play a role in the
socialisation process. The pillars of a patriarchal
system are the political and economic systems,
as well as the media and educational institutions.
Patriarchal ideology seeks to keep women out of
positions of authority Building of private and
public information system has been attempted.
Public spaces designated for males and women
separately. Ideas about Walby’s work on
patriarchy illustrates “two different types of
patriarchy – Public and private patriarchy. The
basis of private patriarchy is the notion that
Primary location of gender inequality. The basis
for public patriarchy Mostly in public places like
places of employment and the government. The
public sphere, the family nonetheless maintains a
patriarchal framework. Although it is no longer
the primary site. Women’s labour is
predominantly appropriated by men in private
patriarchy.
Private patriarchs within the family, as opposed
to public patriarchs It represents a more
widespread appropriation. Private patriarchy
refers to Patriarchal in principle of exclusion. In
the public, it This system is segregationist and
subordinating, and a variety of violent methods
may be employed to Men who use violence to
oppress and dominate women, including Women
are always believed to be experienced and
legitimate Because of male aggression (rape and
other sorts of assault) Wife-beating, dowry
killings, female foeticide, sexual assault, and The
pervasive insecurity that women experience as a
result of Consequently, they remain confined to
their homes, are financially abused, and Socially
repressed. Patriarchal organisations and social
interactions are to blame for the subordinate
position or inferiority of women in the capitalist
wage- Hiring process. In favour of the sexual
division of labour the family’s actions affect
women who seek employment in several ways.
Resolutions
1) Accept It as Existing and Take
Ownership Of Your Privilege
• Patriarchy is a system that is upheld by
common people. Recognize its presence and
consider your place within the system.
 Recognize that you have received many
privileges, both large and minor. Consider the
differences in norms and expectations
between men and boys and women and girls
who live in the same family in your own
home.
2) Stop The “Boys Will Be Boys” Mentality
• Men aren’t always creepy and loutish. With
this outdated mindset, though, we let louts
and creeps off the hook. Let it go. This
involves eradicating homophobia and
rejecting the idea of “macho” behaviour as
the ideal. Stop spreading falsehoods like
“boys don’t cry ”; doing so is really
damaging. Everyone is impacted by toxic
masculinity, including men.
3) Accept the testimony of survivors and
encourage them to do so.
• Be a partner. Just be silent if you have
nothing nice to say. Avoid blaming or
shaming survivors. Don’t disparage their
personas. Avoid labelling them as liars or
sluts. Don’t claim that they want 15 seconds
of fame. Try to establish secure environments
where they can tell their story. Recognize
that they are experiencing reliving trauma, so
avoid making this about you or a #HimToo.
Avoid derailing, gaslighting, and policing
 what people say. And for the love of God, do
not let them happen again.
4) Read female writers’ and feminist
works.
• Learn about the history and objectives of the
gender movement. There is virtually no limit
to the amount of information that can be
found online, and there isn’t much that a
quick Google search can’t resolve.
5) Consider and denounce misogyny
• Consider whether and how you (together with
your friends and family) may have assisted in
maintaining the patriarchal system. Avoid
joining WhatsApp groups that post offensive
memes and videos. If your friends and
relatives are doing this, tell them to stop.
Even and especially when it is challenging to
do so, call them out. Tell them why their
actions are improper and how they contribute
to patriarchy and power imbalances.
6) Do not accept misogynistic behaviour
as normal
• It’s time for a genuine transformation in
attitudes and culture. Recognize settings that
may make women feel uneasy, including
those in a board meeting, a classroom, or a
bar. Groups of males ignoring the opinions of
women, applauding ideas without considering
them, or speaking over them.
7) Boycott the offenders
• Don’t let them off the hook. Don’t applaud
your favourite abusive comedian while they
are performing. Leave your favourite abusive
writer’s book in the bookstore and skip your
favourite abusive movie director’s
performance. Encourage the offender, if you
know them, to make amends by making a
donation to a women’s rights organisation,
for example. If you are a business owner,
kindly refrain from hiring males who have
been accused of abuse in the past. Give them
no stage, please. #Times Up Zero Tolerance,
full accountability.
8) Human Rights Include Women’s Rights
• Finally, and perhaps most significantly, this
movement is about human rights, not simply
women or women’s rights. Everyone has the
right to exist without experiencing sexual
violence. Men included.
CHAPTER IV
Reflections
When we think about patriarchy, we can easily
imagine that it is a system in which men hold all
the authority and it is extremely humiliating or
even emasculating for a woman to be hit or
rejected. Toxic masculinity thus serves as a
weapon against both men and women. Female
voices matter when discussing patriarchy and
female subjugation because they can help ensure
that rights are granted equally to men and
women without prejudice despite the patriarchal
nature of Indian society. Yes, the law has
advanced, but the fight for equality must go
beyond formal justice. We must collaborate as
individuals, academics, and advocates to dissect
the covert and overt manifestations of
patriarchy.

Conclusion
Understanding patriarchy explains why women
frequently fight for their rights and occasionally
struggle just to survive free from the power and
authority of men threatening them. As being
capable educationally, financially, socially as well
as in terms of their skills, women professionals
have been victorious in challenging patriarchal
norms to a considerable extent. Economic role
outside the society has earned them financial
independence, bargaining power within the
family, and a sense of being empowered,
enhancing their role in decision making which
their elder generations seldom had. Even then
they consider their responsibilities to their
husbands, children and family as the central and
the highest priority than their work. So, we can
say that, though women have entered the public
sphere and have become a part of the market
forces, but they are still consistent with their
responsibilities which are laid upon them as a
part of a patriarchal norm. therefore, we can say
that a feminist world view can be developed only
when both men and women are allowed to free
their minds from patriarchal thought and
practices and at last to build a world free of
dominance and hierarchy that is a truly human
world. References

• Bhasin, K. 2006. What Is Patriarchy. Women

Unlimited: New Delhi Sciences
• United Nations Women. (2019). Women in
Politics: 2019.
• Women’s Empowerment. International
Political Science Review, 35(1), 67-79.
• Walby, S. (1989). Theorising Patriarchy.
Sociology
• GRAVITAS: Patriarchy in public life