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Aquaculture Reports 20 (2021) 100679

Available online 28 April 2021

2352-5134/© 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).Effects of dietary rapeseed meal levels on
growth performance, biochemical

indices and flesh quality of juvenile genetically improved farmed tilapia

Fan Wu , Juan Tian , Lijuan Yu , Hua Wen *, Ming Jiang , Xing Lu

Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Affairs, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese

Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China

ARTICLEINFO

Keywords:

Oreochromis niloticus

Rapeseed meal

Growth trial

Alternative

Flesh texture

ABSTRACT

An 8 week feeding study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary rapeseed meal levels on
growth,

serum biochemical indices and flesh quality of juvenile genetically improved farmed tilapia, Oreochromis
niloticus
(GIFT) (initial body weight 26.81 g). Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets (Diets RM1, RM2, RM3,
RM4 and

RM5) were formulated containing 0%, 11.6 %, 23.2 %, 34.8 % and 46.4 % of rapeseed meal, respectively.
The

values for weight gain, specific growth rates and feed efficiency of fish fed with RM4 and RM5 diets were

significantly lower than those of fish fed with other diets. Fish fed with RM4 and RM5 diets had
significantly

lower serum alkaline phosphatase activity and total protein content than those fed with RM1 diet. The
highest

serum triglyceride concentration was observed in fish fed with RM5 diet. Dietary treatments had no
significant

influence on whole body and muscle moisture, crude protein, and ash contents. However, crude lipid
content in

the whole body and muscle of fish fed with RM4 and RM5 diets was significantly higher than that of fish
fed with

other diets. Lysine concentrations in the muscle decreased with increasing levels of RM. Similar trends
were

observed in hardness, cohesiveness, chewiness and springiness of fish. Broken-line analysis revealed
that the

appropriate dietary RM supplementation level of GIFT is 22.08 % based on weight gain.

1. Introduction

With the rapid development of intensive aquaculture, the demand

for feed has expanded over the recent years. In aquatic feeds, proteins

source are mainly dependent on fish meal and soybean meal (Gatlin

et al., 2007; Monentcham et al., 2010). However, due to the limited

resources of fish meal and to the gradual increase in the price of soybean

meal, there is an increasing need to replace these ingredients with

cheaper proteins derived from other sources. Rapeseed meal (RM) is one

of the most important plant-based sources used in aquatic feeds because

of its high protein content (ranging from 32 to 45 % of dry matter) (Burel

et al., 2000b), relatively favorable amino acid profile (Friedman, 1996),

reasonable price, and steady supply; it is also a source of minerals, vi-

tamins and other microelements. Despite these favorable characteristics,

RM also contains some anti-nutritional factors such as sinapine, gluco-

sinolates, tannins and phytic acid which limit its utilization (Francis

et al., 2001; Erdogan and Olmez, 2010).

Many studies have been conducted to evaluate the effects of

replacing fish meal or soybean meal with RM/canola meal for several

aquatic animals (Webster et al., 1997; Lim et al., 1998; Shafaeipour

et al., 2008; Luo et al., 2012; Tan et al., 2013; Bulbul et al., 2014; Dossou

et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2020). These studies indicated that RM is a

potential candidate for protein source replacement to be used in aquatic

feeds in order to reduce the costs of aquaculture production. However, it

has been shown that a high level of RM reduces growth and feed intake

in Japanese seabass, Lateolabrax japonicas and barramundi, Lates cal-

carifer (Cheng et al., 2010; Ngo et al., 2016), and it causes negative ef-

fects on the nonspecific immune system and antioxidant capacity of

gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio and Ussuri catfish, Pseudobagrus

ussuriensis (Zhao et al., 2012; Bu et al., 2017). Hu et al. (2019) reported

that a high proportion of cottonseed meal (27 %) and RM (27 %) in diet

of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus had negative effects on the

growth performance and muscle texture of fish. In addition, the contents

of delicious amino acid, essential amino acid, and total amino acid of

fish were inversely related to increasing dietary canola meal inclusion in

ovate pompano, Trachinotus ovatus (Kou et al., 2015).

Tilapia is an important fish species worldwide and a central species

in freshwater aquaculture. Tilapia is currently known as the “food fish of

the 21st century” due to its rapid growth, profitability as a breeding

species, high reproductive rate, low susceptibility to disease and high

* Corresponding author.

E-mail address: wenhua.hb@163.com (H. Wen).

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Aquaculture Reports

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/aqrep

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100679

Received 18 November 2020; Received in revised form 22 March 2021; Accepted 26 March 2021

Fan WuJuan TianLijuan YuHua WenMing JiangXing LuGatlinet al., 2007Monentcham et al., 2010Burelet
al., 2000bFriedman, 1996Franciset al., 2001Erdogan and Olmez, 2010Webster et al., 1997Lim et al.,
1998Shafaeipouret al., 2008Luo et al., 2012Tan et al., 2013Bulbul et al., 2014Dossouet al., 2018Zhang et
al., 2020Cheng et al., 2010Ngo et al., 2016Zhao et al., 2012Bu et al., 2017Hu et al. (2019)Kou et al., 2015

Aquaculture Reports 20 (2021) 100679

2nutritional value (Shelton, 2002; Nguyen et al., 2009; Kumar and Engle,

2016). The International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Manage-

ment (ICLARM), in collaboration with its partner organizations, devel-

oped an improved strain of genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT).

Benefiting from the advantages of superior growth performance, high

survival rates and fillet yield than commercially available strains (Dey

et al., 2000), the culture of GIFT has become widely distributed in the

southern provinces of China (Lai and Yang, 2004).

Various studies on the effects of dietary RM or canola meal levels on

tilapia have been conducted. Zhou and Yue (2010) suggested that a feed
containing up to 19.02 % of canola meal could substitute less than 30 %

of soybean meal without compromising growth and feed conversion in

juvenile hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis aureus. Yigit

and Olmez (2009) reported that protein from canola meal can replace up

to 10 % of protein from fishmeal in diets for tilapia fry. Davies et al.

(1990) stated that a 15 % RM effectively replaced soybean meal, while

higher rapeseed concentrations led to progressively poorer feed per-

formance in tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. Newkirk (2009) recom-

mended that no more than 25 % canola meal should be used in tilapia

diet. Zhang et al. (2011) reported that a RM content of over 45 % in the

diet of GIFT caused nuclear migration and vacuolar degeneration in

hepatocytes. However, the effect of dietary levels of RM on the flesh

quality of tilapia have not been evaluated. Therefore, the present study

aimed to assess RM as a partial replacement for soybean meal in the diet

of GIFT by examining growth performance, feed utilization, biochemical

indices and flesh quality. The results will provide essential information

on the optimal level of dietary rapeseed meal for GIFT and establish a

reference for future research.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Experimental diets

Five experimental diets were formulated, containing approximately

30 % crude protein and 6.5 % lipid. Soybean meal protein was replaced

by 0%, 11.6 %, 23.2 %, 34.8 % and 46.4 % of RM in the five experi-

mental diets, referred to as RM1, RM2, RM3, RM4 and RM5, respec-

tively. The level of micro-cellulose was adjusted to compensate for the

different levels of soybean meal and RM in each diet. The ingredients,

proximate composition and amino acid profiles of the five experimental

diets are shown in Table 1. All dry ingredients were ground, passed

through a 60-mesh screen, and mixed with soybean oil. Water

(approximately 250 mL/kg) was added, and the mixture was extruded

and processed into 2-mm diameter pellets using a laboratory pellet mill

(TY-432, TAIYIMACHINE, Shanghai, China).The pellets were dried in a

ventilated oven at 50 ◦C for 2 h and then air dried at room temperature

to a moisture content of approximately 9%. After drying, the diets were

stored at 20 ◦C until used.

2.2. Fish and feeding trial

The experimental fish (mixed sex) were obtained from the Hubei

Tilapia Hatchery (Huanggang, China) and transported to our laboratory.

Before the experiment started, the fish were reared in a cement pond

(1.5 m × 1.5 m × 1.5 m) with continuous aeration and fed with a

commercial diet for 2 weeks. After the 2-week acclimatization period,

the fish fasted for 24 h and subsequently they were randomly distributed

into 15 fiber reinforced plastics tanks (400 L; 82 cm diameter, 80 cm

height, and with a water depth of 76 cm) containing 20 fish per tank in

five replicates. The mean initial body weight of the fish was

26.81 ± 0.91 g (mean ± SD). The tanks were maintained under natural

light/dark regime. During the 56-day experimental period, fish were

hand-fed to apparent satiation three times daily (08:30–09:00,

12:30–13:00 and 16:30–17:00). Uneaten feed was collected by siphon

1 h after feeding and measured to calculate feed intake. Approximately

25 % of the water in each tank was drained out through the bottom blow

valve of the tank each day, and this amount was replaced with aerated

fresh water. Each tank was continuously saturated with an air-stone.

Dead fish were removed regularly and counted in order to calculate

survival rates. During the course of the experiment, water temperature

was 26.5–29.8 ◦C, pH was 7.2–7.6, and dissolved oxygen was higher

than 5.0 mg/L.

2.3. Sampling procedure and calculation method

The present study was performed in accordance with the approval of

the Laboratory Animal welfare and Ethical committee of Yangtze River

Fisheries Research Institute. All efforts were made to minimize the

number of animals used and their suffering. At the end of the experi-

ment, all fish were starved for 24 h and anaesthetized with 100 mg/l of

tricaine methane sulfonate solution (MS-222), then they were weighed

and individuals were counted in each tank. Three fish per tank were

weighed and their standard length was measured, then blood samples

were taken from the caudal vein. Subsequently, fish were dissected to

obtain viscera and liver samples to be used for the determination of the

viscerosomatic index (VSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI), respectively.

In addition, dorsal muscle samples from the three individuals were ob-

tained for composition and amino acid analyses. Muscle samples were

Table 1

Formulation and proximate analysis of experimental diets (g/100 g).

Ingredient Group

RM1 RM2 RM3 RM4 RM5

Fish meal 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00

Soybean meal 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00

Rapeseed meal 0.00 11.60 23.20 34.80 46.40

Cottonseed meal 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00

Rice bran 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00

Wheat flour 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00

Vitamin premix1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Mineral premix2 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Ca(H2PO4)2 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00

Soybean oil 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00

Choline chloride 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25

Lysine 0.00 0.12 0.24 0.36 0.48

Sodium propionate 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10

Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Micro-cellulose 7.65 5.93 4.21 2.49 0.777

Proximate composition

Moistrue 9.09 9.08 9.19 9.24 9.15

Crude protein 29.94 29.99 30.15 30.03 30.08

Crude lipid 6.65 6.61 6.36 6.33 6.49

Ash 7.91 8.23 8.37 8.59 8.85

Crude fiber 5.46 5.82 6.27 6.87 7.15

Nitrogen-free extract3 40.95 40.27 39.66 38.94 38.28

Gross energy (Kcal/g) 3.94 3.89 3.9 3.87 3.85

Glucosinolates (μmol/g) 0.00 11.89 25.06 37.25 50.47

Arg 2.32 2.34 2.31 2.25 2.27

His 0.98 0.95 1.01 0.99 0.96

Ile 1.33 1.33 1.32 1.31 1.3

Leu 2.38 2.33 2.29 2.36 2.26

Lys 2.16 2.19 2.17 2.13 2.14

Met 0.72 0.74 0.75 0.73 0.72

Phe 2.01 1.91 1.97 1.91 1.86

Thr 1.28 1.25 1.27 1.25 1.24

Val 1.42 1.45 1.43 1.43 1.41

1 Vitamin premix supplied the following (mg or IU/kg diet): thiamine hy-

drochloride, 5 mg; riboflavin, 20 mg; calcium pantothenate, 10 mg; nicotinic

acid, 100 mg; pyridoxine hydrochloride, 10 mg; L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate-

Mg, 100 mg; D-biotin, 0.1 mg; folic acid, 1 mg; inositol 800 mg; retinol acetate,

5000 IU; vitamin D, 2000 IU; alpha-tocopherol acetate, 60 mg; menadione 5 mg.

2 Mineral premix supplied the following (mg or g/kg diet): Ca

(C3H5O3)2⋅5H2O, 6.54 g; FeSO4⋅7H2O, 0.7 g; MgSO4, 1.34 g; NaH2PO4,

1.744 g; NaCl, 0.87 g; ZnSO4⋅7H2O, 0.3 g; KCl, 1.5 g; MnSO4⋅H2O, 16 mg;

CuCl2⋅2H2O, 2 mg; CoCl2⋅6H2O, 20 mg; KIO3, 2.5 mg.

3 Nitrogen-free Extract = 100 – (Moisture + Crude protein + Crude lip-

id + Ash + Crude fiber).

F. Wu et al.

Shelton, 2002Nguyen et al., 2009Kumar and Engle,2016Deyet al., 2000Lai and Yang, 2004Zhou and Yue
(2010)Yigitand Olmez (2009)Davies et al.(1990)Newkirk (2009)Zhang et al. (2011)

Aquaculture Reports 20 (2021) 100679

7Investigation, Methodology, Formal analysis.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the National Key Research and Devel-

opment Program of China (No. 2018YFD0900400) and the China Agri-

culture Research System (grant number (CARS-46).

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F. Wu et al.

Outline

Effects of dietary rapeseed meal levels on growth performance, biochemical indices and flesh quality of
juvenile geneticall ...

1 Introduction

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Experimental diets

2.2 Fish and feeding trial

2.3 Sampling procedure and calculation method

2.4 Sample analysis

2.5 Statistical analysis

3 Results

3.1 Growth performance and survival rate

3.2 Whole body and muscle composition

3.3 Serum biochemical index

3.4 Fillets texture profiles

3.5 Muscle amino acid composition

4 Discussion

4.1 Effect of rapeseed meal levels on growth performance and feed utilization of GIFT

4.2 Effects of rapeseed meal levels on the whole body and muscle composition of GIFT

4.3 Effects of rapeseed meal levels on the serum biochemical index of GIFT

4.4 Effects of rapeseed meal levels on fillets texture profiles of GIFT

4.5 Effects of rapeseed meal levels on the muscle amino acid composition of GIFT

5 Conclusion

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Declaration of Competing Interest

Acknowledgments

References