1

Table of Contents
Biology
S. No. Topic Name Pg. No.
1. The Living World 3-6
2. Biological Classification 7-10
3. Plant Kingdom 11-15
4. Animal Kingdom 16-24
5. Morphology of Flowering Plants 25-28
6. Anatomy of Flowering Plants 29-33
7. Structural Organization in Animals (Animal Tissue) 34-35
8. Cell: The Unit of Life 36-40
9. Biomolecules 41-45
10. Cell Cycle and Cell Division 46-49
11. Photosynthesis in Higher Plants 50-55
12. Respiration In Plants 56-58
13. Plant Growth and Development 59-62
14. Breathing And Exchange of Gases 63-66
15. Body Fluids and Circulation 67-69
16. Excretory Products and Their Elimination 70-73
17. Locomotion And Movement 74-76
18. Neural Control and Coordination 77-82
19. Chemical Coordination and Integration 83-85

20. Reproduction in Organisms & Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 86-87

21. Human Reproduction & Reproductive Health 88-94

22. Principles of Inheritance and Variation 95-98
23. Molecular Basis of Inheritance 99-103
24. Evolution 104-107
25. Human Health and Disease 108-114
26. Biotechnology: Principles and Processes & Biotechnology and its Applications 115-117
27. Organisms and Populations 118-119
28. Ecosystem 120-121
29. Biodiversity and Conservation 122-123
Answer Keys 124-129

2
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option

1. The Living World

1. Assertion (A): Growth can not be taken 5. Assertion (A): Living organisms are self
as defining property of living organisms replication, evolving and self regulating
interactive system capable of responding
Reason (R): Non living objects also grow
to external stimuli.
if we take increase in body mass as a
Reason (R): Living beings show hierarchy
criterion for growth. of organizational complexity at all levels.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

2. Assertion (A): In unicellular organisms 6. Assertion (A): For plants scientific

like bacteria, unicellular algae or names are based on agreed principles
Amoeba, reproduction is synonymous and criteria which are provided in ICNB.
with growth. Reason (R): The scientific names ensure
Reason (R): Reproduction is one of the that each organism has only one name,
defining characteristic of living organisms. but this name can be repeated for other
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is organism of same kingdom.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
3. Assertion (A): All organisms, from prokaryotes
to most complex eukaryotes can sense and 7. Assertion (A): Binomial naming system
respond to environmental cues. given by Carolus Linnaeus is being
practiced by biologists all over the world.
Reason (R): Consciousness is the most
defining property of living beings. Reason (R): This naming system using a
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is two word format was found convenient.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
4. Assertion (A): All the living objects can
8. Assertion (A): Binomial names are latinized
not exhibit all living properties.
or derived from latin irrespective of their
Reason (R): All living phenomenon are
origin.
due to underlying interactions.
Reason (R): Latin is a dead language, so
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
used by scholars.
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

3
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
9. Assertion (A): Branch of biology which 13. Assertion (A): In higher category there is
deals with knowing more about different great difficulty of determining the
kind of organisms and their diversities relationship to other taxa at the same level.
and relationship among them is known
Reason (R): In higher taxa there are less
as systematics.
characteristics that the members within
Reason (R): The scope of systematics
can not enlarge to include identification, the taxa share.
nomenclature and classification. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

10. Assertion (A): Species is the most

fundamental unit of taxonomy. 14. Assertion (A): Herbaria can not serve as
Reason (R): In taxonomic hierarchy, quick reference system in taxonomical
species rank shows maximum common studies.
features. Reason (R): Herbaria do not help in
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is identification and classifications.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
11. Assertion (A): Genera are aggregates of (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
closely related species.
Reason (R): Genus comprises a group of 15. Assertion (A): Cryptogams do not reproduce
related species which has more
sexually.
characters in common in comparison to
species of other genera. Reason (R): Flowers are indistinct in
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is cryptogams.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
12. Assertion (A): Families are characterized (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
on the basis of both vegetative and
reproductive features of species. 16. Assertion (A): Classification of Linnaeus
Reason (R): Members of family can show is artificial.
morphological similarities, but
unexceptionally none of the genera of Reason (R): It is based on artificial
same family can interbreed with each characters.
other. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

4
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
17. Assertion (A): The species is a group of 21. Assertion (A): Reproduction cannot be
interbreeding individuals reproductively an all-exclusive defining characteristic
isolated from the other species of living organisms but no nonliving
populations. object is capable of reproducing or
Reason (R): Prokaryotes cannot be kept replicating by itself.
under different species on the basis of Reason (R): All living organisms do not
reproductive isolation. reproduce.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
22. Assertion (A): Biological concept of
18. Assertion (A): Species are static units in
species is most accepted explanation
classification.
about definition of species.
Reason (R): Species do not change with
REASON (R): Biological concept of
time.
species explains the diversity of origin of
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) species.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
19. Assertion (A): Taxonomic Keys are (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
device used by biologists for identifying
unknown organisms. 23. Assertion (A): Most of the species are
Reason (R): Keys are presented with a identified on the basis biological species
series of choices about the concept.
characteristics of the unknown Reason (R): Interbreeding can be
organisms; by making the correct choice practically used as routine criterion for
at each step of the key, the user is identification.
ultimately led to the identity of a (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
specimen. the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A) (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 24. Assertion (A): Before assigning a
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false biological name to a living organism, it is
20. Assertion (A): In an organism anabolism essential to identify the organism
and catabolism take place correctly.
simultaneously. Reason (R): Nomenclature or naming is
Reason (R): Senescence occurs when only possible when the organism is
described correctly and we know to
there is an increase in the rate of
what organism the name is attached to.
anabolism with respect to catabolism.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

5
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
25. Assertion (A): Higher the taxonomic 27. Assertion (A): Higher the taxonomic
category, greater is the difficulty of category, greater is the difficulty of
determining the relationship to other determining the relationship to other
taxa at the same level. taxa at the same level.
Reason (R): The higher taxonomic Reason (R): Lower the taxa, more are the
categories are more exclusive and the characteristics that the members within
lower taxonomic categories are more the taxon share.
inclusive in nature. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

26. Assertion (A): Reproduction cannot be

an all-inclusive defining characteristic of
living organisms.
Reason (R): No non-living object is
capable of reproducing or replicating by
itself.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

6
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option

2. Biological Classification

1. Assertion (A): Two kingdom classification 4. Assertion (A): Bacteria, the sole
used for a long time was inadequate. members of kingdom monera, are the
Reason (R): This system did not most abundant micro-organisms.
distinguish between the eukaryotes and Reason (R): Bacteria can tolerate
prokaryotes, unicellular and multicellular. extreme conditions, so they are found
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is everywhere.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)

(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
2. Assertion (A): In Earlier classifications
bacteria, blue green algae, fungi, mosses, 5. Assertion (A): Cyanobacteria are
ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms photosynthetic autotrophs similar to
were included together under plants. higher plants.
Reason (R): All the members possess Reason (R): Cyanobacteria have
cell wall over plasma membrane. chlorophyll - a and Rubisco.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

3. Assertion (A): Classification systems 6. Assertion (A): Heterocyst are specialized

have undergone several changes over a cells of blue green algae for Nitrogen fixation.
period of time.
Reason (R): In Heterocyst cells oxygen
Reason (R): This happened, because the depleted conditions can be created,
criteria for classifications get changed which is essential for Nitrogenase functioning.
gradually.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

7
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
7. Assertion (A): Heterotrophic bacteria are 10. Assertion (A): Most of the
the most abundant bacteria they have a dinoflagellates show heterokont
flagellation.
significant impact on human affairs.
Reason (R): Both of the flagella arise
Reason (R): Heterotrophic bacteria are from different levels In them.
helpful in making curd, production of (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
Antibiotics and fixation of nitrogen. the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 11. Assertion (A): Euglenoids show flexible
life style.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
Reason (R): In presence of sunlight they
are photosynthetic while in sunlight
8. Assertion (A): Beside spore formation deprived conditions they behave like
and binary fission a sort of sexual heterotrophs.
reproduction is also observed in (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
bacteria, but it is not a typical sexual the correct explanation of the (A)
reproduction. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
Reason (R): In such type of reproduction
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
there is no gamete formation and fusion. (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
12. Assertion (A): Slime moulds are extremely
the correct explanation of the (A) resistant and survive for many years.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is Reason (R): Slime moulds possess
not the correct explanation of the (A) branched phospholipids and thermostable
enzymes.
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
9. Assertion (A): Members of protista are not the correct explanation of the (A)
eukaryotes. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
Reason (R): Protistial cell body does not
contain a well defined nucleus and other
13. Assertion (A): Fungi prefer to grow in
membrane bounded cell organelles. cold and humid areas.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is Reason (R): Low temperature favours
the correct explanation of the (A) the metabolic activities.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

8
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
14. Assertion (A): In Ascomycetes and 18. Assertion (A): Progressive reduction of
Basidiomycetes well distinct Dikaryophase sexual reproduction is found in fungi
present during sexual life. Reason (R): Higher fungi do not produce
Reason (R): During sexual reproduction of sex organs and gametes
Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
plasmogamy is immediately followed by the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
karyogamy.
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
19. Assertion (A): Dikaryon is observed in
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false Reason (R): In some fungi karyogamy
15. Assertion (A): Viruses are obligate is delayed after plasmogamy.
intracellular parasite. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
Reason (R): Outside the cells virus the correct explanation of the (A)
survive as non living inert crystalline (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
structure. not the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
the correct explanation of the (A) (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is 20. Assertion (A): Nitrogenase is sensitive to
not the correct explanation of the (A) oxygen hence an anaerobic condition is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false maintained for efficient nitrogen
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false fixation.
Reason (R): High energy inputs for the
16. Assertion (A): Lichens are symbiotic
cell to function demands high rates of
associations.
aerobic respiration in the Kreb’s
Reason (R): Lichens are very good
cycle and hence behaves as an oxygen
pollution indicators.
scavenger
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
17. Assertion (A): Archaebacteria are most
21. Assertion (A): Sex organs in fungi are
resistant to adverse environmental conditions
unicellular and nonjacketed.
Reason (R): In archaebacteria, cell wall Reason (R): There is no embryo
and cell membrane are highly complex. formation in the life cycle of fungi.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

9
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
22. Assertion (A): Amoeba and 25. Assertion (A): Paramoecium and
Paramoecium are included in Kingdom Amoeba, which were earlier placed in
the animal kingdom which lack cell
Protista and not in Kingdom Animalia.
wall, are placed under Kingdom Protista
Reason (R): Unlike animals, a cell wall is in Whittaker’s Classification.
present in these organisms. Reason (R): The unicellular eukaryotic
organisms are placed in Kingdom
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
Protista in Whittaker’s Classification.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

26. Assertion (A): Lichens are very good

23. Assertion (A): The body of Euglenoids is
pollution indicators.
flexible. Reason (R): They grow profusely in
Reason (R): The cell wall in Euglenoids polluted areas.
is cellulosic. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 27. Assertion (A): The cyanobacteria that
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false are also referred to as blue green algae
are not ‘algae’ any more.
Reason (R): The cyanobacteria are
24. Assertion (A): The artificial systems photosynthetic autotrophs.
used for classification of living (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
organisms are not very acceptable to the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
taxonomists.
not the correct explanation of the (A)
Reason (R): The artificial systems give (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
more weightage to vegetative (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
characteristics and no weightage to
28. Assertion (A): Alternaria, Colletotrichum
sexual characteristics and the sexual and Trichoderma are kept in the fungal
characteristics are easily affected by class- Deuteromycetes.
Reason (R): Asexual and vegetative
environment.
phases in the life cycle of these fungi are
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is not known. In the light of the above
the correct explanation of the (A) statements choose the correct answer
from the options given below:
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

10
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option

3. Plant Kingdom
1. Assertion (A): Cyanobacteria that are 5. Assertion (A): Algae are of paramount
also referred as blue green algae, now importance in aquatic ecosystem.
not involved in ‘algae’, a group of Reason (R): Their photosynthetic ability is
kingdom Plantae. the basis of food cycle for all aquatic
Reason (R): Plantae is the group of animals.
Eukaryotic multi-cellular organisms, (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
while cyanobacteria are prokaryotes. the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A) (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 6. Assertion (A): Algae can bridge the gap
between demand and supply of
2. Assertion (A): Natural classifications are proteinaceous diet, worldwide.
more accurate than artificial classifications Reason (R): Chlorella and Spirulina are
Reason (R): They are based on natural unicellular proteinaceous food supplement.
affinities among organisms and consider (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
only external feature not internal features. the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A) (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 7. Assertion (A): Algae are divided into
three main classes, based on only cell
3. Assertion (A): In numerical taxonomy wall composition.
each character is given equal importance. Reason (R): Among members of algae
Reason (R): It is quantitative arrangement composition of cell wall is extremely variable.
based on computational and statistical (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
analysis of number and codes of the the correct explanation of the (A)
characters. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 8. Assertion (A): Members of
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false phaeophyceae or brown algae group
show variation of color from olive green
4. Assertion (A): Sexual reproduction of to various shades of brown color.
Spirogyra is isogamous type. Reason (R): In phaeophycean member
Reason (R): Both of the fusing gametes amount of xanthophyll and fucoxanthin
of Spirogyra are non-flagellated and is variable.
similar in size. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

11
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
9. Assertion (A): Water is essential for 13. Assertion (A): Pteridophytes are successful
completion of life cycle of bryophytes. land plants.
Reason (R): Water helps in activation of Reason (R): Pteridophytes possess vascular
enzymes to favour metabolism of cells. tissue and roots.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
14. Assertion (A): Gametophyte of homosporous
10. Assertion (A): Bryophytes are of great pteridophyte does not depend on sporophyte
ecological importance. body.
Reason (R): Bryophytes help in colonization Reason (R): In homosporous pteridophytes
(succession) on bare rocks/soil. there is ex situ or exosporic spore germination.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

11. Assertion (A): Bryophytes play great role 15. Assertion (A): Seed habit was originated
in providing ecological services. in pteridophytes, which became an
Reason (R): Bryophytes help in making of important step in evolution.
soil and prevention of soil erosion as well. Reason (R): Heterospory was first time
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is developed in pteridophytes.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

12. Assertion (A): Mosses are more 16. Assertion (A): In gymnosperms seeds
advanced group of Bryophytes. are naked.
Reason (R): Gametophyte of mosses have Reason (R): In gymnosperms embryo is
rhizoids stem like and leaf like structure. not covered with their protective coverings
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

12
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
17. Assertion (A): In gymnosperms the 20. Assertion (A): Unlike gymnosperms, in
angiosperms seeds are not naked.
seeds that develop post fertilization are
Reason (R): In angiosperms ovules are
naked. developed in specialized structures
Reason (R): In gymnosperms ovules are called flower.

not enclosed by any ovary wall. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
not the correct explanation of the (A)

(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 21. Assertion (A): Embryo sac of Angiosperms
represents female gametophytic generation.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
Reason (R): Embryo sac arise from
megaspore and spore is the first cell of
18. Assertion (A): Gymnosperms are first gametophytic generation.
completely successful land plants. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
Reason (R): In gymnosperms secondary
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
growth is present. not the correct explanation of the (A)

(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
the correct explanation of the (A)

(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
22. Assertion (A): Plants have ability for the
not the correct explanation of the (A) formation of different plant bodies-
haploid and diploid.
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
Reason (R): In plants both haploid and
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false diploid cells can divide by mitosis.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
19. Assertion (A): Male gametophytic the correct explanation of the (A)

generation of gymnosperms is highly (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
reduced.
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
Reason (R): In gymnosperms male (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
gametophyte is to be travelled up to
female gametophyte. 23. Assertion (A): Generally thallophytes
show haplontic life cycle.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is Reason (R): In thallophytes generally
the correct explanation of the (A) one phase that is haploid dominate.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

13
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
24. Assertion (A): All seed bearing plants 28. Assertion (A): Flowering Plants have
follow diplontic life cycle. independent sporophytic generation
which represents the main plant body.
Reason (R): In seed bearing plants both
Reason (R): Flowering plants perform
gametophytic and sporophytic
meiosis during microspore and
generation dominate in form of well megaspore spore formation which gives
developed plant body. rise to male and female gametophytes
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is respectively.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
25. Assertion (A): Unlike other algae, Fucus 29. Assertion (A): In Angiosperm, archegonia
shows a diplontic life cycle. is present in embryosac.
Reason (R): One male gamete fertilize
Reason (R): In Fucus gametophytic
egg of embryosac & another fertilize
generation is reduced and short living. antipodal nucleus.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
30. Assertion (A): Conservative characters
26. Assertion (A): Bryophyta are termed as are more useful in classification.
amphibians of plant kingdom Reason (R): These characters do not
Reason (R): Bryophyta are first land plants change rapidly during evolution.
but depend on water for fertilization. therefore, their similarities show
relationships among organisms.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

27. Assertion (A): Sporophyte of pteridophytes 31. Assertion (A): Bryophytes are called
amphibians of the plant kingdom.
may be monoecious or dioecious
Reason (R): Bryophytes play an
Reason (R): Sporophyte of pteridophytes
important role in plant succession on
bear sex organ.
bare rocks.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

14
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
32. Assertion (A): Diatoms have left behind 34. Assertion (A): Peat moss is used as
large amount of cell wall deposits in packing material for trans-shipment of
their habitat. living material.

Reason (R): Diatoms are the chief Reason (R): Peat moss has a good
‘producers’ in the oceans. capacity to hold water.

(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)

(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)

(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false

(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

33. Assertion (A): Mosses reduce the impact

of falling rain and prevent soil erosion.

Reason (R): Mosses form dense mats

on the soil.

(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)

(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)

(3) (A) is true but (R) is false

(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

15
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option

4. Animal Kingdom
4. Assertion (A): Polyps produce medusae
1. Assertion (A): The protozoans are
sexually and medusae form the polyps
belived to be primitive relatives of
asexually.
animals.
Reason (R): Polyps and medusae are the
Reason (R): Protozoans are heterotrophs
common feature of different group of
and live as predators or parasites.
cnidarians.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

2. Assertion (A): Coelenterates have tissue

5. Assertion (A): Sea walnuts are exclusively
grade of organisation.
marine radially symmetrical, diploblastic
Reason (R): In coelenterates the cells organisms with tissue level of organisation.
performing the same function are
Reason (R): It having efficient
arranged into group. osmoregulatory organ which made them
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is capable to survive in marine habitat.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
3. Assertion (A): Poriferans shows internal
fertilization with metamorphic development. 6. Assertion (A): Members of phylum
Reason (R): Larval form of sponges are platyhelminthes are also called flat worms.
similar to their adult. Reason (R): It have dorso-ventrally
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is flattened body.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)

(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

16
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
7. Assertion (A): Hooks and suckers are 11. Assertion (A): Animal belonging to
present in the parasitic form of flat worms. phylum chordata are fundamentally
Reason (R): It helps in absorbing
characterized by the presence of
nutrients from the host body.
notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord and
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) paired pharyngeal gill stits.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is Reason (R): These are triploblastic and
not the correct explanation of the (A)
pseudocoelomate animals.
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
the correct explanation of the (A)
8. Assertion (A): The members of phylum- (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
Aschelminthes are called round worms.
not the correct explanation of the (A)
Reason (R): The body of the
Aschelminthes is circular in cross- (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
section.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
12. Assertion (A): Only pisces possess a
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) post anal tail and a closed circulatory
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false system.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false Reason (R): Pisces are aquatic with
having no balancing organ.
9. Assertion (A): Radulla is a masticatory
organ. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
Reason (R): It is calcareous in nature. the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

13. Assertion (A): Teeth in vertebrates are

10. Assertion (A): Echinodermates placed
more closure to the chordats. modified placoid scales which are
Reason (R): Echinodermates are backwardly directed.
enterocoelomic and deuterostomate
Reason (R): All vertebrates having true jaw.
with mesodermal endoskeleton.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false

(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

17
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
14. Assertion (A): Scoliodon (Dog fish) have 18. Assertion (A): The body of reptiles is
to swim constantly to avoid sinking. covered by dry and cornified skin,
Reason (R): It does not have air bladder. epidermal scales or scutes.
Reason (R): Reptiles are true terrestrial
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
vertebrate.
the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
15. Assertion (A): Pristis is an example of
cold blooded animal.
19. Assertion (A): Air sacs in Aves are
Reason (R): It does not have capability connected to lungs and supplement in
to regulate their body temperature. respiration.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is Reason (R): It increases the area of
the correct explanation of the (A) gaseous exchange.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
16. Assertion (A): Amphibians are generally
oviparous and with metamorphic (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
development.
20. Assertion (A): Endoskeleton of sturthio
Reason (R): Generally larval forms are is fully ossified.
herbivores and adults are carnivores.
Reason (R): It is flightless birds.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
17. Assertion (A): Snakes and lizards shed
their scales as skin cast. 21. Assertion (A): Mostly mammals are
viviparous.
Reason (R): They have the capability of
great regeneration. Reason (R): Mammals having milk
producing glands.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

18
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
22. Assertion (A): Air for respiration enters 26. Assertion (A): Most of the animals of
the insect body through the spiracles. hirudinea are sanguivorous
Reason (R): Haemolymph in insect has Reason (R): They are only depend upon
no role in transportation of gases. blood of human.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

23. Assertion (A): Notochord is stiff and 27. Assertion (A): Alimentary canal is absent
flexible rod like tissue lying ventral to in Taenia solium.
the nerve cord along the mid dorsal line Reason (R): Taenia solium is an
in hemichordates. endoparasite.
Reason (R): It is ectodermal in origin. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
28. Assertion (A): All triploblastic animals
24. Assertion (A): In porifera archaeocytes are not coelomate.
are totipotent cells Reason (R): Animal with incomplete
Reason (R): They can give rise to all type of digestive tract are diploblastic.
other types of the cells in poriferans. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
29. Assertion (A): Amongs arthropods, wings
25. Assertion (A): Calotes is capable to are present only in the members of class
change its body colour. insecta.

Reason (R): Calotes shows pedogeny. Reason (R): Wings may or may not
present in the class insecta.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

19
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
30. Assertion (A): Water vascular system 33. Assertion (A): Bats and whales are
plays major role in locomotion of classified as mammals.
echinoderm. Reason (R): Bats and whales have four
Reason (R): Hydraulic pressure of fluid chambered heart.
and contraction of muscle of Tube feet (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
make possible movement of the correct explanation of the (A)
echinoderm.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
not the correct explanation of the (A)

(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 34. Assertion (A): Tapworm, roundworm and
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false pinworm are endoparasite of human
intestine.
31. Assertion (A): Eggs of reptile & aves
Reason (R): Inproperly cooked food is
contain large amount of yolk.
the source of all intestinal infection.
Reason (R): Cleidoic eggs are shelled eggs
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
best suited for terrestrial adaptation.
the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false

(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 35. Assertion (A): The duck-billed platypus
32. Assertion (A): Credit of acute & & spiny ant eater, both are egg-laying
telescopic vision in birds can be given to animal yet they are group under
preen gland present in their eyes. mammals.

Reason (R): Preen gland provides Reason (R): Both of them have seven
nutrition to eye balls of aves except kiwi. cervical vertebrae and 12 pairs of

(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is cranical nerves.

the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is

(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)

not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is

(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)

(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false

(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

20
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
36. Assertion (A): Fertilization is internal 39. Assertion (A): Housefly is the best
and eggs are polylecithal in reptiles. example of holometabolous type of
development.
Reason (R): Reptiles are amniotes and
metamorphosis is absent in them. Reason (R): Incomplete type of
metamorphosis, takes place in
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
housefly.
the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
37. Assertion (A): Contractile vacuole is
absent in sporozoans. 40. Assertion (A): Primates considered as
Reason (R): All the sporozoans are most intelligent mammals.
endoparasite. Reason (R): Diaphragm is found in all
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is mammals.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is

(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)

not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

38. Assertion (A): A soft and spongy layer of

skin forms a mantle over the visceral 41. Assertion (A): Jellyfish are softbodied,
hump. free-swimming aquatic animals with a

Reason (R): The space between gelatinous umbrella-shaped bell and

calcareous shell and the mantle is called trailing tentacles.
the mantle cavity Reason (R): Most jellyfish do not have
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is specialized digestive, osmoregulatory,

the correct explanation of the (A) central nervous, respiratory, or

circulatory systems.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

21
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
42. Assertion (A): Much like humans, 45. Assertion (A): Roundworms may be
annelids have a closed circulatory free-living, aquatic and terrestrial or
system. parasitic in plants and animals.

Reason (R): The blood circulates through Reason (R): Roundworms have
a network of blood vessels. complete digestive tract with muscular
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is pharynx.
the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false

43. Assertion (A): When any plane passing (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

through the central axis of the body

46. Assertion (A): In sponges fertilization is
divides the organism into two identical
always internal and development is
halves, then the organism is said to be always indirect.
radially symmetrical.
Reason (R): In sponges fertilization
Reason (R): Only diploblastic animals takes place inside the body and zygote
can have radial symmetry. develops into larval stages.

(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)

(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)

(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false

(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

44. Assertion (A): Body surface of Annelids 47. Assertion (A): Brittle stars have water
is distinctly marked out into segments vascular system which helps in many
or metameres. day to day activities.

Reason (R): Metameres are due to Reason (R): Water vascular system is the
presence of longitudinal and circular distinctive feature of spiny bodied
muscles which help in locomotion. organisms.

(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is

(R) is the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)

(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)

(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false

(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

22
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
48. Assertion (A): In frog external 51. Assertion (A): Radial symmetry in
fertilization takes place. animals is advantageous in detecting
food and danger.
Reason (R): Frog is an aquatic amphibian
Reason (R): It allows the animal to be
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
able to respond to stimulus from any
the correct explanation of the (A)
direction.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is

(4) Both (A) and (R) are false not the correct explanation of the (A)

(3)(A) is true but (R) is false

49. Assertion (A): Cyclostomes and
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
cartilaginous fishes are similar in some
52. Assertion (A): Tapeworm, roundworm
characteristics.
and pinworm are endoparasites of
REASON (R): Both are aquatic and
human intestine.
possess cartilaginous cranium and
Reason (R): Improperly cooked food is
vertebral column.
one of the main causes of intestinal
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is infections.
the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false

(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

50. Assertion (A): Syrnix is a characteristic
feature of birds. 53. Assertion (A): The digestive system in

Reason (R): Syrnix reduces body weight Platyhelminthes is called incomplete.

& helps in flights. Reason (R): Platyhelminthes are mostly

(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is endoparasites found in animals

the correct explanation of the (A) including human beings.

(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false

(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

23
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
54. Assertion (A): Hemichordata was earlier 57. Assertion (A): Frogs help maintain
considered as a sub-phylum under ecological balance.
phylum Chordata but now it is placed as Reason (R): Frogs serve as an important
a separate phylum under non-chordata. link in the food chain and food web in
the ecosystem. In the light of the above
Reason (R): Stomochord of
statements choose the correct answer
hemichordates and notochord of from the options given below:
chordates are homologous structures. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 58. Assertion (A): Frogs help maintain
ecological balance.
55. Assertion (A): Aschelminthes are called Reason (R): Frogs serve as an important
as round worms. link in the food chain and food web in
Reason (R): The body of the the ecosystem. In the light of the above
statements choose the correct answer
aschelminthes is circular in cross-
from the options given below:
section.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
59. Assertion (A): Frogs are at their most
56. Assertion (A): Hemichordates are non- vulnerable to predators when they are
undergoing metamorphosis.
chordata.
Reason (R): At this time, the tail is being
Reason (R): They do not have a
lost and locomotion by means of limbs
notochord. In the light of the above is only just becoming established.
statements choose the correct answer In the light of the above statements
from the options given below: choose the correct answer from the
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is options given below:

the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

24
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option

5. Morphology of Flowering Plants

1. Assertion (A): Fibrous root system of 4. Assertion (A): In some plants of arid
wheat is a kind of adventitious root regions, stem becomes green, flat leaf like.
system. Reason (R): In arid areas rate of transpiration
Reason (R): Fibrous root system arise is high, so plants develop various adaptations
from base of the stem. to minimize transpiration.

(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)

(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)

(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false

(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

2. Assertion (A): Stems of maize and 5. Assertion (A): Leaves show acropetal

sugarcane have supporting roots. arrangement on plant.

Reason (R): Fibrous root system of Reason (R): Leaves arise from shoot

maize and sugarcane cannot anchor apical meristem

their large sized stem. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
6. Assertion (A): Leaf veins helps only in
3. Assertion (A): Main function of stem is
transport of water, minerals and food
spreading out branches bearing leaves,
material.
flowers, and fruits.
Reason (R): Veins do not provide any
Reason (R): Stem is differentiated into
kind of rigidity to the leaf blade.
nodes and internodes.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is

the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)

(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is

not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)

(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false

(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

25
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
7. Assertion (A): In mustard leaves are 11. Assertion (A): Canna flowers are
compound. asymmetric.
Reason (R): In mustard leaf lamina shows Reason (R): Canna flowers cannot cut
incisions up to midrib. into two equal halves by any vertical
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is plane passing through centre.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
8. Assertion (A): In Calotropis and guava
opposite phyllotaxy is found. 12. Assertion (A): In Lily flowers epiphyllous
Reason (R): In Calotropis a pair of leaves stamens are present.
arise on each node. Reason (R): In Lily flowers stamens are
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is attached to petals.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)

(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
9. Assertion (A): Flower is a modified
shoot. 13. Assertion (A): Axile placentation is more
advanced than parietal placentation.
Reason (R): In flower vegetative shoot
Reason (R): Axile placentation arises
apical meristem changes to reproductive
from parietal placentation by inward
shoot apex floral meristem in which
enlargement of ovary wall, that’s why
internodes do not elongate and the axis
ovary become multilocular.
gets condensed.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
14. Assertion (A): In dry fruits pericarp is not
10. Assertion (A): Flower is the reproductive differentiated into epicarp, mesocarp
unit in the angiosperms. and endocarp.
Reason (R): It carries sex organs of Reason (R): In dry fruits pericarp is thin
plant. and not fleshy.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

26
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
15. Assertion (A): Floral formula does not 19. Assertion (A): Five fused sepals are
present complete description of flowering found in Papilionoideae.
plants or family.
Reason (R): Odd sepal is posterior in
Reason (R): In floral formula there is no
Papilionoideae.
description about aestivation of calyx
and corolla. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)

(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

16. Assertion (A): Papilionoideae is sub

20. Assertion (A): In parallel multicostate,
family of Asteraceae.
convergent venation network is not formed.
Reason (R): Papilionoideae is also called
as sunflower family. Reason (R): In parallel multicostate
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is convergent venation, veinlets arise from
the correct explanation of the (A) midrib.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
17. Assertion (A): Fruit is caryopsis in
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
P o a c e a e .
Reason (R): Placentation is parietal in (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
Poaceae.
21. Assertion (A): The compositae fruits
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) may be of sorosis type as in pineapple
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is or synconus type as in banayan.
not the correct explanation of the (A)
Reason (R): The edible part of sorosis is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
fleshy thalamus.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
18. Assertion (A): Inflorescence in
the correct explanation of the (A)
Compositae is capitulum.
Reason (R): Compositae is dicot family. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is

(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 27
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
22. Assertion (A): In dicot families generally 25. Assertion (A): A flower with staminode

tetramerous condition is found. is best suited for pollinating the pistil in

artificial hybridisation experiments in
Reason (R): In Cruciferae family
angiosperms.
pentamerous condition is found.
Reason (R): Flowers with staminodes
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is are unisexual and produce a large
the correct explanation of the (A) number of pollens.

(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

23. Assertion (A): Cotton fibres are false fibres. 26. Assertion (A): Parthenocarpy is undesirable
Reason (R): Cotton belongs to Malvaceae in nut crops, such as pistachio.

family. Reason (R): The seed is the edible part in

nut crops.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)

(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
27. Assertion (A): In cymose type of
24. Assertion (A): The lateral roots are
inflorescence, the growth of the main
endogenous in origin.
axis is limited.
Reason (R): The lateral roots originates
Reason (R): In cymose type of
from pericycle of root.
inflorescence, the main axis terminates
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is in a flower.
the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)

not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

28
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option

6. Anatomy of Flowering Plants

1. Assertion (A): Within angiosperms, the 5. Assertion (A): Xylem is conducting as

monocots and dicots show difference in well as mechanical tissue.
their internal structure. Reason (R): Xylem helps in transportation of
Reason (R): Both monocots and dicots water, minerals and show deposition of
show diverse environmental adaptations. lignin on wall of their constitutents.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

2. Assertion (A): Both apical and 6. Assertion (A): Both tracheids and
intercalary meristems are primary vessels are devoid of protoplasm.
meristem. Reason (R): Both tracheids and vessels
Reason (R): They appear early in life of have to produce physical forces for
plant and contribute to the formation of ascent of sap so death of protoplasm is
prerequisite.
primary plant body.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
7. Assertion (A): Ontogenically tracheids are
3. Assertion (A): Simple permanent tissues
unicellular and vessels are multicellular.
are homogenous tissue.
Reason (R): Tracheids are made up of
Reason (R): Simple permanent tissue is
single cell while vessel is made up of
made up of cells similar in structure and several vessel elements.
function.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
8. Assertion (A): companion cells are
4. Assertion (A): Pits are present on cell essential for functioning of sieve tubes.
wall of sclerenchyma. Reason (R): The companion cells help in
Reason (R): Sclerenchymatous cells show maintaining the pressure gradient in
deposition of lignin in discontinuous manner. sieve tubes.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

29
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
9. Assertion (A): Epidermal stem hairs are 13. Assertion (A): Stem branches are
of multicellular nature. exogenous in origin.
Reason (R): They are of absorptive nature. Reason (R): Stem branches arise from
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is pericycle.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)

(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
10. Assertion (A): Ground tissue system is the
14. Assertion (A): Vascular cambium of
fundamental tissue system of plant body.
dicot stem shows dual origin.
Reason (R): Majority of the plant body is
Reason (R): Partially it is made up of
consisted of ground tissue system.
primary meristem and partially from
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
secondary meristem.
the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
11. Assertion (A): In roots vascular bundles show (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
radial arrangement of xylem and phloem. 15. Assertion (A): Old woody plant parts are
Reason (R): In roots arrangement of devoid of primary phloem.
xylem and phloem on different radii Reason (R): Primary phloem get crushed
facilitates absorption process. due to continuous formation and
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is accumulation of secondary xylem &
the correct explanation of the (A) secondary phloem.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false not the correct explanation of the (A)
12. Assertion (A): The tangential as well as (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
radial walls of the endodermal cells have (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
a deposition of impermeable suberin. 16. Assertion (A): In autumn wood xylary
Reason (R): Endodermis is the biological elements are more and having wider cavity.
check point where entry and exit of useful Reason (R): In autumn wood there is less
substances is governed. deposition of lignin on xylary elements.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

30
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
17. Assertion (A): Annual rings do not provide 21. Assertion (A): Vascular cambium ring of
accurate estimation of age of plants. roots is circular from beginning.
Reason (R): Sometimes false annual Reason (R): Cambium ring of roots arise
rings can also arise due to mechanical from continuous pericycle ring from
pressure and jerks. their same face.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
18. Assertion (A): Number of sap wood cells
remain constant, while of heart wood 22. Assertion (A): Cotton fibres are not true fibres.
gradually increases. Reason (R): Cotton fibres are not lignified.
Reason (R): Heart wood arises earlier (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
than sap wood. the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A) (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
23. Assertion (A): Most distinct annual rings
19. Assertion (A): Cork is impervious to are formed in tropical regions
water. Reason (R): Climatic variations are sharp
Reason (R): It shows deposition of in tropical regions
suberin on cell membrane. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

20. Assertion (A): Although lenticels are 24. Assertion (A): In a hollow stem no vital
involved in gaseous exchange yet they function is affected.
do not found on leaves.
Reason (R): In hollow stem heart wood
Reason (R): Lenticels are result of
is perish out and heart wood do not
secondary growth while leaves do not
perform any vital function
show secondary growth.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

31
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
25. Assertion (A): Mature sieve tube 29. Assertion (A): In root primary xylem is of
element is enucleated. exarch nature.
Reason (R): At maturity, nucleus is Reason (R): In roots their main function is
absent in sieve tube element. water absorption and due to their thin
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is wall protoxylem is more efficient then
the correct explanation of the (A) metaxylem.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
26. Assertion (A): Periderm includes cork, (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
secondary cortex and cork cambium.
Reason (R): Periderm is formed due to 30. Assertion (A): Guard cells of stomata are
activity of vascular cambium. having thick and elastic cell wall.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is Reason (R): Elastic wall is due to radial
the correct explanation of the (A) arrangement of cellulose microfibrils.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
27. Assertion (A): Commercial cork obtained
from Quercus suber is a dead tissue with (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
thickened walls by the deposition of
suberin 31. Assertion (A): Suberization leads to
Reason (R): Dendrochronology is the death of cell.
determination of age of a tree by counting Reason (R): Suberin is water resistant
the annual rings. material.

(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)

(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)

(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false

(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

28. Assertion (A): In dicot stem, endodermis

32. Assertion (A): Monocots do not form
is also referred to as the starch sheath.
secondary tissues.
Reason (R): The cells of endodermis are
Reason (R): The vascular bundles have
rich in starch grains.
no cambium present in them.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

32
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
33. Assertion (A): Secondary growth takes 34. Assertion (A): Many environmental
place in dicot stems but not in monocot scientists believe amphibians, including
frogs, are good biological indicators of
stems.
broader ecosystem health.
Reason (R): Hypodermis is
Reason (R): These organisms have
collenchymatous in dicot stems while it intermediate positions in food chains,
is sclerenchymatous in monocot stems. have permeable skins, and typically
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is biphasic lives (aquatic larvae and
terrestrial adults).
the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

33
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option

7. Structural Organization in Animals (Animal Tissue)

1. Assertion (A): Frogs undergo aestivation 5. Assertion (A): Frogs have a short
& hibernation alimentary canal.
Reason (B): Frogs take shelter in deep Reason (R): They are carnivores.
burrows to protect themselves from (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
extreme heat & cold. the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A) (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 6. Assertion (A): In frogs, external
fertilization takes place.
Reason (R): Frog is an aquatic
2. Assertion (A): The digits for forelimbs of
amphibian.
frog possess a web.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
Reason (R): The webs found in the digits
the correct explanation of the (A)
of forelimbs help in swimming.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 7. Assertion (A): Frogs help maintain
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false ecological balance.
Reason (R): The species which maintain
3. Assertion (A): Frogs are considered ecological balance serve as an important
important for mankind. link in the food chain and food web.
Reason (R): They eat insects and protect (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the crops. the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A) (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 8. Assertion (A): In frog, the alimentary
canal is short, and length of intestine is
4. Assertion (A): The alimentary canal of a
reduced.
frog is short.
Reason (R): Frog is carnivorous in
Reason (R): Frog is carnivorous.
nature.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

34
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
9. Assertion (A): Frog shows phenomenon 13. Assertion (A): Frogs help maintain
of hibernation ecological balance.
Reason (R): Frogs are poikilothermic Reason (R): Frogs serve as an important
animals link in the food chain and food web in
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the ecosystem. In the light of the above
the correct explanation of the (A) statements choose the correct answer
from the options given below:
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
10. Assertion (A): Tendons and ligaments (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
are dense regular connective tissue.
Reason (R): Dense regular connective 14. Assertion (A): The alimentary canal in
tissue contains collagen fibres and frogs is short.
fibroblast cells. Reason (R): Frogs are carnivores.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is In the light of the above statements
the correct explanation of the (A) choose the correct answer from the
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is options given below:
not the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
11. Assertion (A): Development in (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
cockroach is also termed as (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
paurometabolous development.
Reason (R): In cockroach nymphal stage 15. Assertion (A): Frogs have the capability
directly changes into adult without to change the colour and resemble their
surroundings.
moulting.
Reason (R): They are poikilothermous
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
animals.
the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
12. Assertion (A): Rana tigrina is cold- (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
blooded or poikilotherm. 16. Assertion (A): The skin of a frog is
Reason (R): Its body temperature varies always kept moist and has a mucus
with the temperature of the Reason (R): Frogs respire through the
environment. In the light of the above skin as well. In the light of the above
statements choose the correct answer statements choose the correct answer
from the options given below: from the options given below:
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

35
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option

8. Cell: The Unit of Life

5. Assertion (A): Fluid nature of the
1. Assertion (A): Cell theory was unable to
explain about continuity of cells. membrane is not useful from the point
Reason (R): Initial cell theory did not of view of functions like cell growth.
explain as to how new cells were Reason (R): Cell growth like function are
formed.
dependent on cell division ability which
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) is not associated with cell enlargement.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
2. Assertion (A): Rudolf Virchow was the
pioneer scientist to modified Schleiden (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
and Schwann’s hypothesis. (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
Reason (R): Rudolf Virchow proposed
about cell lineage.
6. Assertion (A): Polar molecules can not
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) pass through non polar lipid bilayer.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is Reason (R): Polar molecules require a
not the correct explanation of the (A) carrier protein of the membrane to
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
facilitate their transport across the
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
membrane.
3. Assertion (A): Cytoplasm is the main
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
arena of cellular activities in both plants
and animals. the correct explanation of the (A)
Reason (R): Various chemical reactions (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
occur in it to keep the cell in the living not the correct explanation of the (A)
state.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
the correct explanation of the (A) (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
7. Assertion (A): Cell wall is not only a
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
structural component but also show
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
dynamic role for cell.
4. Assertion (A): All the organelles of
eukaryotic cells are surrounded by Reason (R): Cell wall helps in cell to cell
either single or double membrane. interaction and provides barrier to
Reason (R): In eukaryotic cell none of undesirable macromolecules.
cell organelle can work and exist
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
without membrane.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

36
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
8. Assertion (A): Endoplasmic reticulum, 12. Assertion (A): Content of nucleolus is
golgibody, lysosome and vacuoles are continuous with rest of the
collectively considered as endomembrane nucleoplasm.
system. Reason (R): Nucleolus is not covered
Reason (R): Because all of these arise with any kind of membrane.
from same source that is nuclear envelope. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
13. Assertion (A): Larger and more
9. Assertion (A): Mitochondria, chloroplast
numerous nucleoli are present in cells
and peroxisome are not involved in
actively carrying out protein synthesis.
endomembrane system.
Reason (R): Nucleolus is the site for
Reason (R): Their functions are not
active ribosomal RNA synthesis.
coordinated with constituents of
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
endomembrane system.
the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 14. Assertion (A): A single human cell has
approximately two meter long thread of
10. Assertion (A): Smooth endoplasmic
DNA distributed in each chromosome.
reticulum is frequently observed in
Reason (R): During different stages of
protein secretory cells.
cell division cells show organized
Reason (R): Lumen of smooth
nucleus in place of chromosome.
endoplasmic reticulum is the only
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
storage site of secretory proteins.
the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
15. Assertion (A): Every chromosome essentially
11. Assertion (A): Mitochondria are the site has a primary constriction or the
of aerobic respiration. centromere.
Reason (R): In Mitochondria, complete Reason (R): On sides of centromere disc
breakdown of respiratory substrate shaped structure called kinetochore are
takes place in presence of oxygen. present.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

37
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
16. Assertion (A): Anton Von Leeuwenhoek 20. Assertion (A): Primary wall is capable of
first saw and described a live cell. growth.
Reason (R): Robert Brown discovered Reason (R): It diminishes as cell
matures.
nucleus.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

17. Assertion (A): Cell theory did not explain 21. Assertion (A): The number of
mitochondria per cell is variable.
as to how new cells were formed.
Reason (R): It depends upon physiological
Reason (R): Rudolf Virchow explained
activities of the cells.
that new cells are formed from pre
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
existing cells.
the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
22. Assertion (A): Eukaryotic ribosome are
18. Assertion (A): Cells vary greatly in their 80s type.
shape. Reason (R): ‘S’ indirectly measure of
Reason (R): Shape may vary with the density and size.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
function the cell perform.
the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
23. ASSERTION (A): The most extensive
metabolic diversity is observed in
19. Assertion (A): All eukaryotic cells are not
organism having incipient nucleus.
identical.
REASON (R): Nucleus in multicellular
Reason (R): Centrioles are found in
organism inhibits some metabolic
animal cells, absent in almost all plant diversity.
cell. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

38
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
24. Assertion (A): Mitochondria, ER are 28. Assertion (A): True chromatin is absent
largest organelle in an animal’s cell. in prokaryotes.
Reason (R): Mitochondria, Chloroplast Reason (R): Mitosis does not occur in
are semiautonomous cell organelles.
prokaryotes.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
25. Assertion (A): Cell is the fundamental
structural and functional unit of all living
29. Assertion (A): Ribosomes are known as
organisms.
Reason (R): Anything less than a RNP particles.
complete structure of a cell does not Reason (R): Ribosomes are made of
ensure independent living. rRNA and proteins.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
26. Assertion (A): Like mitochondria, the
chloroplasts are also double membrane 30. Assertion (A): Lysosomes are called
bound. Of the two, the inner chloroplast ‘Sicidal bags’.
membrane is relatively less permeable Reason (R): A large number of hydrolytic
Reason (R): Porins are present on inner
enzymes are present in lysosomes.
membrane.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

27. Assertion (A): Cell is the fundamental

31. Assertion (A): Basal bodies are formed
structural and functional unit of all living
from centrioles.
organisms.
Reason (R): Because unicellular Reason (R): Both basal bodies and
organisms can show independent centrioles have 9+2 structural
existence and perform all metabolic organization.
activities. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

39
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
32. Assertion (A): Microtubules are present 35. Assertion (A): The Golgi apparatus
in eukaryotic cells. remains in close association with the
Reason (R): Centrioles, basal bodies, endoplasmic reticulum.
flagella, cilia, spindle fibres are formed
Reason (R): The cis and the trans faces
by microtubules.
of the organelle are entirely different,
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
but interconnected.
the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
33. Assertion (A): Mitochondria is known as
power house of cell. 36. Assertion (A): In eukaryotic cells, there
Reason (R): ATP production takes place is an extensive compartmentalisation of
here. cytoplasm.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is Reason (R): Eukaryotic cells are
the correct explanation of the (A) characterised by the presence of
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
membrane bound organelles.
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
34. Assertion (A): The cells of testes and (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
ovaries have abundance of Smooth (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
Endoplasmic Reticulum.
Reason (R): The cells of testes and
ovaries secrete steroid hormones.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

40
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option

9. Biomolecules
1. Assertion (A): We do not at the 4. Assertion (A): GLUT-4 is one of the
moment, understand the role or essential protein for bioenergetics of the
cell.
functions of all the secondary
Reason (R): GLUT-4 enables glucose
metabolite in host organisms. transport into cell.
Reason (R): Secondary metabolites (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
arise from interaction of products of the correct explanation of the (A)
metabolic reactions. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
the correct explanation of the (A) (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
5. Assertion (A): Starch can be stained
not the correct explanation of the (A) with iodine but cellulose can not be
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false stained by iodine although both are
homopolymer of glucose monomers.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
Reason (R): Cellulose does not contain
2. Assertion (A): Biomolecules which are complex helices so can not hold iodine
molecules.
found in the acid insoluble fraction are
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
consider as macromolecules. the correct explanation of the (A)
Reason (R): Biomolecules found in acid (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
insoluble fraction have molecular weight not the correct explanation of the (A)
more than 1000 Dalton. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) 6. Assertion (A): Cellulose is a homopolymer,
while chitin is a heteropolymer.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
Reason (R): Cellulose is made up of
not the correct explanation of the (A) identical monomers while chitin is made
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false up of variable monomer units.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
the correct explanation of the (A)
3. Assertion (A): Lipids whose molecular (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
weight does not exceed 800 Dalton
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
come under acid insoluble fraction.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
Reason (R): Lipids are present not only
7. Assertion (A): A nucleotide is an
as such but also arranged in structures
assemblage of three distinct components.
like membranes during grinding these Reason (R): Nucleotide is made up of a
lipid form vesicle. heterocyclic compound, monosaccharide
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is and nitrogenous base.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

41
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
8. Assertion (A): Adenine and Guanine are 11. Assertion (A): In enzyme catalysed
substituted purines. reaction there is obligatory formation of
Reason (R): In Adenine and Guanine an E-S complex.
purine heterocyclic ring has either amino Reason (R): Such complex formation is a
or amino and oxy groups. transient phenomenon which leads to
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is creation of transition state structure in
the correct explanation of the (A) which bond making/breaking is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is completed.
not the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false the correct explanation of the (A)

(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
9. Assertion (A): All living organisms from
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
bacteria to human being show a dynamic
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
state of body constituents.
Reason (R): Such dynamic state of body 12. Assertion (A): The activity of an enzyme
constituents keep maintain the level of can be affected by change in the
conditions which can alter the tertiary
energy and biochemicals required for
structure of the protein.
livingness. Reason (R): Tertiary structure of protein
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is helps in determination of structural
the correct explanation of the (A) specificity of an enzyme.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
10. Assertion (A): Living state is a non
equilibrium steady state to be able to 13. Assertion (A): When inhibitor closely
perform work. resembles the substrate in its molecular
structure and inhibit the activity of the
Reason (R): Any system of equilibrium
enzyme then it is known as competitive
can not work and living organisms work
inhibitor.
continuously so they can not afford to Reason (R): Due to close structural
reach equilibrium. similarity with the substrate the
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is inhibitor compete with the substrate for
the correct explanation of the (A) active sites of enzymes.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

42
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
14. Assertion (A): Metal ions are important 18. Assertion (A): Cholesterole is an
for functioning of cells. important biochemical.
Reason (R): Metal ions may act as co- Reason (R): Cholesterole is parental
factor for several enzymes. steroid it plays important role in the
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is synthesis of other biologically active
the correct explanation of the (A) steroid hormones.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
15. Assertion (A): Codon for methionine & (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
tryptophan said to be degenerate.
Reason (R): Methionine and tryptophan 19. Assertion (A): Constant diameter of
amino acids coded by more than one codons. DNA double helix is 20 Å.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is Reason (R): Purines always pair with
the correct explanation of the (A) pyrimidines and vice-versa
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
16. Assertion (A): Glucose is commonest
sugar which provides energy on hydrolysis. 20. Assertion (A): Sucrose is known as invert
Reason (R): Glucose is the precursor of sugar.
all the types of carbohydrates. Reason (R): Sucrose is a disaccharide.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

17. Assertion (A): All monosaccharides are 21. Assertion (A): All monosaccharide give
reducing sugar. Benedict's test.
Reason (R): Monosaccharides contain Reason (R): All monosaccharide contain
free aldehyde or free ketonic group. free aldehyde or ketonic group.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false

(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

43
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
22. Assertion (A): Amino acids are interliked 26. Assertion (A): Deoxyribose, C5H10O4 is
by hydrogen bonds to form secondary not exactly hydrate of carbon.
structure in a polypeptide chain. REASON (R): Carbohydrates are
Reason (R): Beta pleated sheet and hydrates of carbon so compounds which
alpha helices are secondary structures follow Cx (H2O)Y formula are
shown by polypeptide chain. carbohydrates.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
27. Assertion (A): All the polysaccharides
23. Assertion (A): Enzymes have active sites are homopolymers.
and substrates has reactive sites, on Reason (R): All the polysaccharides
their surfaces respectively. contain repeating units of glucose.
Reason (R): Active and reactive sites (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
push the enzyme and substrate the correct explanation of the (A)
molecules away from each other. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 28. Assertion (A): In solutions of different
pH, the structure of amino acids
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
changes.
24. Assertion (A): Enzymes are defined as
Reason (R): A particular property of
biological proteins.
amino acids is the ionizable nature of
Reason (R): Chemically all enzymes are
–NH2 and –COOH groups.
globular proteins (with few exceptions).
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
29. Assertion (A): Dietary proteins are the
25. Assertion (A): Water accounts for about source of essential amino acids.
80 to 90% of a plant cell's expansion. Reason (R): Amino acids are organic
Reason (R): Enzymes are active in compounds containing an amino group
and an acidic group as substituents on
hydrated medium only.
the same carbon.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

44
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
30. Assertion (A): Lipids separate in the 33. Assertion (A): With the increase in
macromolecular fraction of a cell. substrate concentration, the velocity of
Reason (R): Lipids are associated with the enzymatic reaction rises at first but
membranes in a cell. ultimately reaches a maximum velocity
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is which is not exceeded by any further
the correct explanation of the (A) rise in concentration of the substrate.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is Reason (R): The enzyme molecules are
not the correct explanation of the (A) fewer than the substrate molecules and

(3) (A) is true but (R) is false after saturation of these molecules,

(4) Both (A) and (R) are false there are no free enzyme molecules to
bind with the additional substrate
31. Assertion (A): Enzyme catalysed molecules.
reactions proceed at rates vastly higher (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
than that of uncatalysed ones. the correct explanation of the (A)
Reason (R): Enzymes require an (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
optimum temperature and optimum pH not the correct explanation of the (A)
to work efficiently. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is 34. Assertion (A): Dietary proteins are the
not the correct explanation of the (A) source of essential amino acids.

(3) (A) is true but (R) is false Reason (R): All essential amino acids are

(4) Both (A) and (R) are false aromatic. In the light of the above
statements choose the correct answer
32. Assertion (A): The starch-I2 is blue in from the options given below:
colour. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
Reason (R): Starch forms helical the correct explanation of the (A)
secondary structures and can hold I2 (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
molecules in the helical portion. not the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
the correct explanation of the (A) (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

45
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option

10. Cell Cycle & Cell Division

1. Assertion (A): Growth and reproduction 5. Assertion (A): Meiosis involves two
are characteristics of cells, indeed of all sequential cycles of nuclear and cell
living organism. division called meiosis-I & meiosis-II, but
Reason (R): Cycle of growth and division only a single cycle of DNA replication.
allow a single cell to form a structure Reason (R): Meiosis is aimed to produce
consisting of millions of cells. reduced cells having half number of
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is chromosome that mother cell.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
2. Assertion (A): Distribution of replicated (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
chromosomes (DNA) to daughter nuclei
by a complex series of events is almost 6. Assertion (A): Meiosis-I is most significant
accurate phenomenon. phenomenon from evolution point of view.
Reason (R): Such distribution of Reason (R): Meiosis-I leads to reduction in
replicated chromosomes to daughter chromosome so that consistency of
nuclei by a complex series of events is chromosome can be maintained.
under genetic control. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 7. Assertion (A): Zygotene is characterized
by formation of synaptonemal complex.
3. Assertion (A): Cells in quiscent stage Reason (R): Synaptonemal complex
(G0) are metabolically inactive, so don’t helps in synapsis of non homologous
show cell division. chromosomes.
Reason (R): Quiscent stage appears on (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
exit of cell from G2 phase of cell cycle. the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A) (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
8. Assertion (A): During pachytene crossing
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
over takes place which is dependent on
recombinase.
4. Assertion (A): In plant cells cell plate
Reason (R): Recombinase is the group of
method is found for cytokinesis instead
enzymes involved in crossing over and
of cell furrow method.
crossing over in an enzyme dependent
Reason (R): Plant cell are enclosed by a
process.
relatively inextensible cell wall.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

46
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
9. Assertion (A): Telophase-I leads to 13. Assertion (A): Meiosis is also known as
formation of diad of cells. reduction division.
Reason (R): Telophase-I is marked by Reason (R): Meiosis reduces the number
completion of karyokinesis and cytokinesis of chromosomes in daughter cells.
as well. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
14. Assertion (A): Meiosis is necessary for
10. Assertion (A): During meiosis-I there is
sexual reproduction.
no division of chromosome.
Reason (R): Meiosis produces genetical
Reason (R): During meiosis-I there is
identical cells.
separation and movement of homologous,
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
in order to reduce the number of
chromosome half in daughter cells. the correct explanation of the (A)

(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A) (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 15. Assertion (A): Crossing over take place
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false during pachytene stage.
11. Assertion (A): In meiosis, each bivalent Reason (R): It is a process of interchange
is composed of four chromatids. of chromatid material between non sister
Reason (R): Pairing of homologous chromatid of homologous chromosomes.
chromosomes take place in meiosis. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

12. Assertion (A): Replication of DNA not 16. Assertion (A): M-phase represents the
occurs during interkinesis. phase when the actual cell division occurs.
Reason (R): Division of chromosomes Reason (R): Interphase represents the
takes place during meiosis-II. phase between two successive M-phase.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

47
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
17. Assertion (A): During S-phase, amount 21. Assertion (A): Crossing over is the only
of DNA per cell doubles. difference between mitosis & meiosis
Reason (R): During S-phase, there is no cell divisions.
Reason (R): Mitosis and Meiosis both are
increase in chromosome number.
important to bring genetic variations.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
22. Assertion (A): Crossing over take place
18. Assertion (A): G0 (quiscent) stage is an during pachytenesub stage.
inactive stage. Reason (R): It is a process of interchange
Reason (R): In G0 stage, cells remain of chromatid material between
metabolically active. chromatid of nonhomologous
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is chromosomes
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

19. Assertion (A): M-phase is the most

23. Assertion (A): In meiosis II division is
dramatic period of the cell cycle. equational.
Reason (R): It involves a major Reason (R): Homologous chromosomes
reorganization of virtually all components are separated in anaphase II.
of the cell. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 24. Assertion (A): Cell division is a very
important process in all living
20. Assertion (A): Small cells are organisms.
metabolically less active. Reason (R): During the division of a cell,
Reason (R): K.I. of small cells is less. DNA replication and cell growth also
take place.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

48
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
25. Assertion (A): The interphase of the cell 28. Assertion (A): The cells that do not
cycle is also called the resting phase. divide further exit G1 phase to enter an
Reason (R): No metabolic activity takes inactive stage called quiescent stage
place inside the cell during the
(G0) of the cell cycle.
interphase.
Reason (R): Cells in G0 stage no longer
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
remain metabolically active and no
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is longer proliferate unless called on to do
not the correct explanation of the (A) so depending on the requirement of the
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false organism.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
26. Assertion (A): Meiosis ensures the (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
production of haploid phase in the life not the correct explanation of the (A)
cycle of sexually reproducing organisms. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
Reason (R): Syngamy restores the (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
diploid condition in sexually reproducing
organisms. 29. Assertion (A): Meiosis conserves specific
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is chromosome number of each species
the correct explanation of the (A) across generations in sexually
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is reproducing organisms.
not the correct explanation of the (A) Reason (R): Meiosis, per se, results in
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
reduction of chromosome number by
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
half. In the light of the above statements
choose the correct answer from the
27. Assertion (A): Metaphase is the stage at
which morphology of chromosomes is options given below:
most easily studied. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
Reason (R): At this stage, metaphase the correct explanation of the (A)
chromosome is made up of two sister (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
chromatids, which are held together by not the correct explanation of the (A)
the centromere. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

49
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option

11. Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

1. Assertion (A): In photosynthesis there is 5. Assertion (A): The whole scheme of
synthesis of glucose but it is stored in transfer of electrons starting from PS-II
form of starch. to NADP+ is called z-scheme.
Reason (R): Glucose is osmotically active Reason (R): When all the carriers of this
while starch is osmotically inactive. scheme are placed in sequence on a
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is redox potential scale. They appear like Z.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
2. Assertion (A): When Cladophora is
6. Assertion (A): Both PS-I and PS-II are
placed on suspension of aerobic
located on same face of thylakoid membrane.
bacteria, bacteria accumulate in region Reason (R): Photolysis of water and
of red and blue light of split spectrum. reduction of NADP+ takes place in stroma
Reason (R): In Cladophora there is site.
maximum absorption of Blue and red (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
light. the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A) (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 7. Assertion (A): Like respiration in
Photosynthesis too, ATP synthesis is
3. Assertion (A): Biosynthetic phase of
linked to development of proton gradient
photosynthesis is known as dark across a membrane.
reaction. Reason (R): Proton gradient is the
Reason (R): It takes place in absence of strongest source of potential energy which
light. can be used in joining of ADP and Pi.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
4. Assertion (A): Nomenclature of pigment 8. Assertion (A): Biosynthetic phase of
systems as PS-I and PS-II is based on photosynthesis is also termed as dark
their functioning during light reaction. reaction.
Reason (R): During light reaction PS-II Reason (R): Biosynthetic phase is not
works first and PS-I works later. directly dependent on light but it is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is supported by products of light reactions.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

50
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
9. Assertion (A): In all photosynthetic 13. Assertion (A): In mesophyll cells of C4
plants first fixation product during plants there is no sugar formation after
biosynthetic phase of photosynthesis is fixation of CO2.
PGA. Reason (R): In mesophyll cells there is
Reason (R): PGA is the most stable no Rubisco so C3 cycle events can not
product and is synthesized from both
operate.
RuBP and PEP, whenever they act as first
CO2 accepting substance. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
14. Assertion (A): The basic pathway that
results in formation of sugars, the Calvin
10. Assertion (A): To make one molecule of
path way is common to the C3 and C4
glucose 6 turns of Calvin cycle are
plants.
required.
Reason (R): In each turn of Calvin cycle Reason (R): C3 path is the only
there is fixation of one CO2 only while biosynthetic path which yields sugar
6CO2 are required for each glucose. from CO2.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
11. Assertion (A): C4 plants can tolerate high 15. Assertion (A): Photorespiration is one of
temperature conditions. the wasteful processes.
Reason (R): Enzyme pepcase and PPDK Reason (R): In Photo respiration there is
work only on high temperature.
no synthesis of ATP and NADPH.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

12. Assertion (A): In C4 plants there is no 16. Assertion (A): In C4 plants Rubisco
photorespiration. selectively shows carboxylase activity
Reason (R): In C4 plants photolysis of no oxygenase activity.
H2O and Rubisco activity show space Reason (R): In C4 bundle sheath cell
differentiation.. malic acid is broken down to increase
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is intracellular CO2 concentration.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

51
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
17. Assertion (A): In Aquatic conditions 21. Assertion (A): Indirectly water stress
usually CO2 concentration regulates the leads to decrease in photosynthesis.
rate of photosynthesis. Reason (R): Water stress leads to wilt to
Reason (R): In Aquatic conditions leaves and minimize their surface area.
generally CO2 is available at suboptimal (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
level. the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A) (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 22. Assertion (A): Photorespiration
decreases the rate of photosynthesis.
18. Assertion (A): In terrestrial conditions Reason (R): RUBISCO can also behave
CO2 usually acts as main determining as an oxygenase.
factor of photosynthesis. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
Reason (R): Usually CO2 is available at the correct explanation of the (A)
sub optimal level in terrestrial (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
conditions. not the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
the correct explanation of the (A) (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) 23. Assertion (A): During
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false photophosphorylation light energy is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false utilized to produce the proton gradient
that is required for ATP synthesis
19. Assertion (A): C4 Plants were evolved to
Reason (R): Oxidative phosphorylation
adapt for low atmospheric CO2
results as the energy of oxidation-
concentration.
Reason (R): C4 plants have minimum CO2 reduction is utilized for phosphorylation.
compensation point. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
24. Assertion (A): Chief photosynthetic
20. Assertion (A): C3 plants donot show rise pigment is chlorophyll a but plants
is photosynthesis at higher temperature. evolved some other pigments also.
Reason (R): Enzymes of C3 plants are Reason (R): Photosynthetic efficiency is
high temperature sensitive as compared increased due to absorptions of variety
to low temperature sensitive enzymes of
of wavelengths.
C4 plants.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

52
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
25. Assertion (A): Higher rate of 29. Assertion (A): The light-independent
photosynthesis is seen when plants are reactions do not require light, but they
of wavelengths of visible light. are most likely to occur day.
Reason (R): There is maximum Reason (R): NADPH and ATP from the
absorption by chlorophyll a in the blue light-dependent reactions are used in
and the red regions of the visible light. the light-independent reactions.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

26. Assertion (A): Cyclic 30. Assertion (A): Except for plants in shade
photophosphorylation results only in the or in dense forests, light is rarely a
synthesis of ATP, but not of . NADPH+ H+.
limiting factor for photosynthesis in
Reason (R): Cyclic photophosphorylation
nature.
occurs only when light of wavelengths
Reason (R): Increase in incident light
beyond 680 nm are available for
beyond a point causes the breakdown of
excitation.
chlorophyll and a decrease in
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
photosynthesis.
the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
27. Assertion (A): The protons or hydrogen (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
ions that are produced by the splitting
of water accumulate within the lumen of 31. Assertion (A): Current availability of CO2
the thylakoids. levels is limiting to the C3 plants.
Reason (R): The primary accepter of Reason (R): Carbon dioxide is the major
electron which is located towards the limiting factor for photosynthesis.
outer side of the membrane transfers its (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
electron not to an electron carrier but to the correct explanation of the (A)
an H carrier. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 32. Assertion (A): Plants that do not use
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false PEP-carboxylase in carbon 3 plants.
Reason (R): The primary carboxylation
28. Assertion (A): The primary acceptor of reaction in C3 plants, catalyzed by
carbon dioxide in C3 plants is a 2-carbon RuBisCO, produces the three carbon 3-
compound. phosphoglyceric acids directly in the
Reason (R): The first product of carbon Calvin Benson cycle.
dioxide fixation in these plants is a C3 (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
acid.
the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

53
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
33. Assertion (A): ATP acts as the energy 37. Assertion (A): The protons and O2
currency of the cell. formed by photolysis of water are
Reason (R): ATP is a ribonucleoside released in the thylakoid lumen.
triphosphate.
Reason (R): The water splitting complex
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
is associated with the PS I, which itself
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is is physically located on the outer side of
not the correct explanation of the (A) the membrane of the thylakoid.
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
34. Assertion (A): It is possible to make
not the correct explanation of the (A)
calculations of the net gain of ATP for
every glucose molecule oxidised; but in (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
reality this can remain only a theoretical (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
exercise.
Reason (R): These calculations can be 38. Assertion (A): Electron transport via
made only on certain assumptions that
cytochrome b6f is responsible for
are not really valid in a living system.
creating the proton gradient that drives
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the synthesis of ATP in chloroplasts.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is Reason (R): Cytochrome b6f complex
not the correct explanation of the (A) functions to mediate the transfer of
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false electrons and of energy between
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false Photosystem II and Photosystem I, while
transferring protons from the
35. Assertion (A): The alignment of the chloroplast stroma across the thylakoid
chloroplasts along the walls of the
membrane into the lumen.
mesophyll cells vary depending on the
amount of incident light. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
Reason (R): The alignment of the the correct explanation of the (A)
chloroplasts along the walls of the (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
mesophyll cells is such that they get the not the correct explanation of the (A)
optimum quantity of the incident light.
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) 39. Assertion (A): Breakdown of proton
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false gradient across the thylakoid membrane
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false leads to the synthesis of ATP.
Reason (R): The gradient is broken down
36. Assertion (A): Accessory photosynthetic
due to the movement of protons across
pigments in higher plants enable a wider
range of wavelength of incoming light to the membrane to the stroma through
be utilised for photosynthesis. the transmembrane channel of the CF0
Reason (R): Accessory pigments protect of the ATP synthase.
chlorophyll a from photo-oxidation. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

54
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
40. Assertion (A): Immediately after light 41. Assertion (A): The enzyme that
becomes unavailable, the biosynthetic catalyses carboxylation of RuBP in
process continues for some time, and Calvin cycle would be more correctly
then stops. called RuBisCO rather than RuBP
Reason (R): The biosynthetic phase of carboxylase.
photosynthesis depends on the Reason (R): This enzyme also has an
products of the light reaction. oxygenation activity apart from a
carboxylase activity.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

55
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option

12. Respiration in Plants

1. Assertion (A): During oxidation of 5. Assertion (A): In Natural alcoholic drinks
respiratory substrate energy does not (beverages) alcohol level can never be
release in a single step. exceed more than 13%.
Reason (R): Breakdown of respiratory Reason (R): Beyond 13% alcohol
substrate in single step leads to concentration yeast poison themselves
unfavourable changes in cell temperature. to death.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
2. Assertion (A): For plant respiration there 6. Assertion (A): Removal of all hydrogen
is no need of specialized respiratory organs. atoms from pyruvic acid is the crucial
Reason (R): Plants donot show great event in aerobic respiration.
demands for gaseous exchange. Reason (R): These removed hydrogens
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is are actually the source of energy for ATP
the correct explanation of the (A) synthesis.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
3. Assertion (A): Glycolysis is the oxidative
process, while there is not utilization of O2. (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
Reason (R): In glycolysis two redox
equivalents are removed in form of two 7. Assertion (A): Ubiquinone is one of the
hydrogen atoms. important carrier of respiratory ETS.
Reason (R): Ubiquinone helps in
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
oxidation of both NADH2 and FADH2.
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
4. Assertion (A): For complete breakdown (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
of respiratory substrate Krebs cycle is
essential. 8. Assertion (A): Oxygen is vital for aerobic
Reason (R): Krebs cycle is associated respiration.
with step wise removal of all the Reason (R): Oxygen drives whole process
hydrogen and CO2 molecules. by removing hydrogen from the system.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

56
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
9. Assertion (A): In ETS of respiration, 13. Assertion (A): Respiratory path is an
oxidation of one carrier and reduction of amphibolic pathway rather than as a
another carrier is essential. catabolic one.
Reason (R): In respiratory ETS, energy of Reason (R): Respiratory pathway is
oxidation reduction utilized for involved in both anabolism and catabolism.
production of proton gradient. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
14. Assertion (A): It is better to consider the
10. Assertion (A): The passage of protons respiratory pathway as an amphibolic
through complex-V is coupled to pathway rather than only as a catabolic
production of ATP. one.
Reason (R): Passage of protons through Reason (R): Breaking down processes
complex-V is associated with within the living organism is catabolism,
breakdown of proton gradient which and synthesis is anabolism.
leads to release of energy for joining of (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
ADP & Pi. the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A) (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
15. Assertion (A): When carbohydrates are
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
used as respiratory substrate and are
11. Assertion (A): Calculation of the net gain completely oxidised, the RQ will be 1.
of ATP for every glucose molecule Reason (R): Equal amounts of CO2 and
oxidized is practically possible. O2 are evolved and consumed, when
Reason (R): All the pathway work one carbohydrates are used as respiratory
after another and do not take place substrate and are completely oxidised.
simultaneously. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
16. Assertion (A): During oxidation within a
12. Assertion (A): During fermentation cell, all the energy contained in into the
oxidation of NADH to NAD+ is comparatively cell, in a single step.
slow process than aerobic respiration. Reason (R): The energy released by
Reason (R): NADH arise during oxidation in respiration is not (or rather
fermentation do not enter in ETC, it is to cannot be) used directly but is used to
reduce the pyruvate or aldehyde. synthesise ATP.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

57
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
17. Assertion (A): When carbohydrates are 18. Assertion (A): Water molecules appear
used as substrate and are completely on both sides of the equation of
oxidised, the RQ will be 1. photosynthesis.
Reason (R): The respiratory quotient Reason (R): The molecules that enter
depends upon the type of respiratory the reaction are not the same molecules
substrate used during respiration. that emerge from the reaction.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

58
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option

13. Plant Growth and Development

1. Assertion (A): Plants show open form of 5. Assertion (A): Environmental signals
growth. such as light and gravity also affect
Reason (R): Plants retain their meristematic certain phases or stages of growth.
activity at certain locations, throughout Reason (R): Gravity and light leads to
differential auxin concentration which is
their life.
responsible for differential growth.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

2. Assertion (A): Swelling of piece of wood 6. Assertion (A): The act leading to
maturation is known as differentiation.
when placed in water is not a growth.
Reason (R): Differentiation leads to
Reason (R): Swelling of piece of wood
structural and functional maturation of
when placed in water is an imbibition. cells from meristematio cells.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
7. Assertion (A): Secondary xylem and
3. Assertion (A): A sigmoid curve is
secondary phloem both are redifferentiated
characteristic of plants growing in
tissue.
natural environment. Reason (R): Both of the tissue once
Reason (R): In natural conditions generally again lose the capacity to divide, but
food and space start to act as limiting mature to perform specific functions.
factor. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 8. Assertion (A): Callus arise from
parenchymatous cells under controlled
4. Assertion (A): Plant growth and laboratory conditions, is
development is intimately linked with dedifferentiated mas of cells.
the water status of plant cell. Reason (R): In callus arise from
Reason (R): Water provides the medium parenchymatous cells, cells regain
for enzymatic activities. ability of further division and lost
specific shape and functions.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

59
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
9. Assertion (A): Development is a broad 13. Assertion (A): Gibberellin application
and extensive aspect of the life of an increase sugarcane yield as much as
organism. 20 tonnes per acre.
Reason (R): Development includes all Reason (R): Gibberellin leads bolting in
changes that an organism goes through sugarcane.
during it's life cycle from birth of death. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
14. Assertion (A): Kinetin is synthetic
10. Assertion (A): Growth regulators are cytokinine.
intrinsic and intercellular factors which Reason (R): Kinetin was obtained from
controls development of plant. herring sperm DNA.
Reason (R): Growth regulators are (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
produced by plant cell it self and work the correct explanation of the (A)
in cells other than those in which they (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
synthesise. not the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) 15. Assertion (A): Ethlene increases yield of
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false deep water rice.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false Reason (R): In deep water rice ethylene
leads to elongation of either internode
11. Assertion (A): Auxins are widely used for
or petiole hence plant become able to
plant propagation.
overcome limiting effect of light.
Reason (R): Auxins inhibit preharvesting
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
fruit drop.
the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 16. Assertion (A): Abscisic acid helps in
making of seed as perennation
12. Assertion (A): By spray of gibberellin
structure.
market period of fruits can be extended
longer. Reason (R): Abscisic acid promotes
Reason (R): Somehow gibberellins delay dormancy so that seed can tolerate
senescence. desiccation and other factors.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

60
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
17. Assertion (A): In day neutral plants there 21. Assertion (A): Growth, at cellular level,
is no correlation between exposure to is measured by a variety of parameters
light duration and flowering response. some of which are: increase in fresh
Reason (R): In Day neutral plant there is weight, dry weight, length, area, volume
and cell number.
no specific requirement of light and dark
Reason (R): Growth, at a cellular level, is
hours. principally a consequence of increase in
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the amount of protoplasm and increase
the correct explanation of the (A) in protoplasm is difficult to measure
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is directly.
not the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
18. Assertion (A): Flowering in plants (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
depends only on a combination of light (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
and dark exposure.
22. Assertion (A): A sigmoid curve is a
Reason (R): Flowering is not dependent
characteristic of living organism growing
on relative duration of light and dark
in a natural environment.
hours. Reason (R): It is typical for all cells,
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is tissues and organs of a plant.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
19. Assertion (A): Vernalisation prevents
precocious reproductive development 23. Assertion (A): Plant growth is intimately
till the plant matures. linked to the water status of the plant
while development is not.
Reason (R): Vernalisation leads to
Reason (R): The plant cells grow in size
reduction in vegetative life of plant.
by cell enlargement which in turn
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is requires water.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
20. Assertion (A): Winter varieties off wheat
& rye are planted in autumn not in spring. 24. Assertion (A): Apical dominance is most
Reason (R): If winter varieties planted in likely adaptive.
spring normally they fail to flower or Reason (R): It is important for the plant
to devote energy to growing upward so
produce mature grain within a span of
that it can get more light to undergo
flowering season. photosynthesis.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

61
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
25. Assertion (A): Gibberellins are used to 29. Assertion (A): 2, 4-D is used to prepare
increase the length of grape stalks. weed-free lawns by gardeners.
Reason (R): Gibberellins help overcome Reason (R): 2, 4-D, widely used to kill
monocotyledonous weeds, does not
apical dominance.
affect mature dicotyledonous plants.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
30. Assertion (A): Spraying gibberellins on
26. Assertion (A): Spraying sugarcane crop the tree can extend the market period
with gibberellins increases the yield by for fruits.
Reason (R): Gibberellins delay
as much as 20 tonnes per acre.
senescence.
Reason (R): Spraying sugarcane crop (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
with gibberellins increases the length of the correct explanation of the (A)
the stem. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
not the correct explanation of the (A) 31. Assertion (A): GA3 is used in brewing
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false industry.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false Reason (R): GA3 speeds up the malting
process.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
27. Assertion (A): The most widely used the correct explanation of the (A)
compound as source of ethylene is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
ethephon. not the correct explanation of the (A)
Reason (R): Ethephon in an aqueous (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
solution is readily absorbed and (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
transported within the plant and 32. Assertion (A): Spraying juvenile conifers
releases ethylene slowly. with GAs delays seed production.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is Reason (R): Spraying juvenile conifers
the correct explanation of the (A) with GAs delays the onset of maturity
period.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
28. Assertion (A): Plants retain the capacity (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
for unlimited growth throughout their 33. Assertion (A): ABA is also called the
life. stress hormone.
Reason (R): Meristems are present at Reason (R): ABA plays an important role
certain locations in plant body. in seed development, maturation and
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is dormancy.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

62
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option

14. Breathing and Exchange of Gases

1. Assertion (A): Larynx is a cartilaginous box
5. Assertion (A): The amount of CO2 that
which helps in sound production.
Reason (R): Epiglottis flap covers the can diffuse through the diffusion
glottis during swallowing and prevents membrane per unit difference in partial
the entry of food into the larynx. pressure in much higher compared to
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is that of O2.
the correct explanation of the (A) Reason (R): The solubility of CO2 is 20-
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is 25 times higher than that of O2 solubility.
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
2. Assertion (A): The anatomical setup of not the correct explanation of the (A)
lungs in thorax is such that any change
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
in the volume of the thoracic cavity will
be reflected in the lung cavity. (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(Pulmonary cavity)
Reason (R): Lungs have no muscles to 6. Assertion (A): In the tissue high PO ,
2
directly alter the pulmonary volume.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is low PCO , higher H concentration
2

the correct explanation of the (A) conditions are favourable for

(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
dissociation of oxygen from the
not the correct explanation of the (A)
oxyhaemoglobin.
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false Reason (R): Every 100ml of oxygenated
blood can deliver around 5ml of O2 to
3. Assertion (A): Inspiration can occur if
the tissues under normal physiological
intra pulmonary pressure is less than
conditions.
the atmospheric pressure.
Reason (R): Inspiration is initiated by the (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
relaxation of diaphragm and external the correct explanation of the (A)
intercostal muscle. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 7. Assertion (A): A chemosensitive area is
situated adjacent to the rhythm centre
4. Assertion (A): The volume of air a person which is highly sensitive to CO2 and
can expire after normal inspiration is hydrogen ions.
TV + ERV. Reason (R): The role of oxygen in the
Reason (R): Volume of air that will regulation of respiratory rhythm is quiet
remain in the lungs after a normal
insignificant.
expiration is ERV + RV
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

63
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
8. Assertion (A): Pneumotaxic centre can 12. Assertion (A): In the alveoli, dissociation
moderate the functions of the of CO2 from carbamino-haemoglobin takes
respiratory rhythm centre. place.
Reason (R): Neural signal from
Reason (R): In the alveoli PCO is low and
pneumotoxic centre can reduce the 2

duration of inspiration and thereby the PO is high.

alter the respiratory rate. 2

(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

9. Assertion (A): Strong pneumotoxic 13. Assertion (A): The blood transports
signal results complete filling of lungs. carbondioxide comparatively easily.
Reason (R): Strong pneumotaxic signal Reason (R): During CO2 transport
increases the duration of inspiration as chloride ions diffuse from plasma into
well as expiration. the erythrocytes to maintain the ionic
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is balance.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
10. Assertion (A): Major part of CO2 is (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
transported in the form of sodium 14. Assertion (A): Low concentration of oxygen
bicarbonate. allow dissociation of oxyhaemoglobin.
Reason (R): 7% of CO2 is transported in
Reason (R): CO has more affinity with
dissolved state in plasma if blood in
Haemoglobin as compares to oxygen.
dissolved state in plasma of blood.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

11. Assertion (A): Emphysema is a chronic 15. Assertion (A): More carbonic acid is
disorder in which alveolar walls are formed inside the RBC's than the
damaged due to which respiratory plasma.
surface decreases. Reason (R): An enzyme carbonic
Reason (R): One of the major cause of anhydrase is present more inside the
emphysema is inflammation of bronchi RBC's.
and bronchioles. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

64
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
16. Assertion (A): When body temperature 20. Assertion (A): During inspiration,
rise oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve pressure of air falls in the thorax.
will shift towards right. Reason (R): There is a rise in volume of
Reason (R): In normal condition thorax during inspiration.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
haemoglobin release 25% oxygen to
the correct explanation of the (A)
tissues.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 21. Assertion (A): Symptoms of mountain
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false sickness develops when a person living
on plains ascends and stays on a
17. Assertion (A): Rate of breathing is mountain.
regulated by respiratory centres present Reason (R): Air pressure and partial
in the medulla oblongata. pressure of oxygen falls with the rise in
Reason (R): Changes in the CO2 level of altitude.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the arterial blood control the rate of
the correct explanation of the (A)
breathing.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 22. Assertion (A): Ventilation process
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false includes both active and passive
mechanisms during inhalation.
18. Assertion (A): A bony flap epiglottis Reason (R): Respiratory muscle
prevents the entry of food into the contraction is ATP independent
glottis. process, while gaseous exchange is a
passive process
Reason (R): The glottis is the common
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
opening of food pipe & wind pipe.
the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A) (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
23. Assertion (A): The anatomical setup of
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
lungs in thorax is such that any change
in the volume of the thoracic cavity will
19. Assertion (A): Aerobic animals are not be reflected in the lungs cavity.
truely aerobic. Reason (R): The thoracic chamber is
Reason (R): They produce lactic acid formed dorsally by the vertebral column,
anaerobically. ventrally by sternum, laterally by the
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is ribs and on the lower side by diaphragm.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

65
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
24. Assertion (A): It is essential for 25. Assertion (A): An increase in pulmonary
breathing that the anatomical setup of volume will cause inspiration.
lungs in thorax is such that any change Reason (R): An increase in pulmonary
in the volume of the thoracic cavity will volume increases the intra-pulmonary
be reflected in the lung (pulmonary) pressure to more than the atmospheric
Reason (R): We cannot directly alter the pressure.
pulmonary volume. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

66
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option

15. Body Fluids and Circulation

1. Assertion (A): If all external nerve 5. Assertion (A): Portal system consists of
supplies to a human heart are cut there veins which start from capillaries and
will be no effect on the heart beat. end into capillaries.
Reason (R): Human heart is a myogenic Reason (R): The hepatic portal vein
heart. carries deoxygenated blood from
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is intestine to liver before it is delivered to
the correct explanation of the (A) the systemic circulation.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
2. Assertion (A): Lymph is the filtered
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
blood from capillaries, which is rich in
oxygen, but devoid of RBC. 6. Assertion (A): Atherosclerosis affects
Reason (R): RBC can filter out due to the vessels that supply blood to the
small diameters of fenestra of capillary, heart muscle.
but O2 can not do so. Reason (R): It is caused by deposits of
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is calcium, fat, cholesterol and fibrous
the correct explanation of the (A) tissue which makes the lumen of
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is arteries narrower.
not the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
3. Assertion (A): In joint diastole, all the
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
four chamber of heart are in relaxed
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
state.
Reason (R): The tricuspid and bicuspid 7. Assertion (A): In open circulatory system
valves are open and the semilunar blood is pumped by heart passes
valves are closed at this stage. through large vessels into open spaces
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is or body cavities called sinuses.
the correct explanation of the (A) Reason (R): This distribution of blood to
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is different organs, is well regulated.
not the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
4. Assertion (A): The pause between the
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
end of the second sound and the
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
beginning of the first sound coincides
with ventricular diastole.
8. Assertion (A): In fishes single circulation
Reason (R): The second sound (DUPP) is
occur.
created by the closure of the semilunar
Reason (R): fishes have a 2-chambered
valve.
heart with an atrium and a ventricle.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

67
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
9. Assertion (A): Myocardial infarction 12. Assertion (A): Neural signals through
often results from a sudden decrease the sympathetic nerves can increase
in coronary blood supply resulting in the rate of heart beat, the strength of
decreased oxygen supply. ventricular contraction and thereby the
Reason (R): The portion of myocardium cardiac output.
without oxygen supply dies with in few Reason (R): Adrenal medullary hormones
minutes and then referred to as an can increase the cardiac output.
infarct or myocardial infarction. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
13. Assertion (A): First heart sound (LUBB)
10 Assertion (A): The sino-atrial node (SAN) is produced at the beginning of
is called the pacemaker. ventricular systole stage.
Reason (R): SAN is responsible for Reason (R): During ventricular systole
initiating and maintaining the rhythmic semilunar valves are closed.
contractile activity of the heart. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
14. Assertion (A): Open circulatory system is
11. Assertion (A): The opening between the
considered to be more advantageous
right atrium and the right ventricle is
than the closed circulatory system.
guarded by a bicuspid or mitral valve.
Reason (R): Open circulatory system is
Reason (R): The valves in the heart
present in arthropods and molluscs, two
allows the flow of blood only in one
of the most successful animal phyla.
direction.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

68
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
15. Assertion (A): The cardiac output of an 17. Assertion (A): The human heart is called
athlete will be much higher than that of as myogenic.
an ordinary man. Reason (R): The human heart is made up
Reason (R): The body has the ability to of cardiac muscles.
alter the stroke volume as well as the (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
heart rate and thereby the cardiac the correct explanation of the (A)
output. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
18. Assertion (A): Heart failure is sometimes
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
called congestive heart failure.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
Reason (R): Heart failure means the
state of heart when it is not pumping
16. Assertion (A): Any deviation from the
blood effectively enough to meet the
normal shape of ECG indicates a
needs of the body.
possible abnormality or disease.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
Reason (R): The ECGs obtained from
the correct explanation of the (A)
different individuals have roughly the
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
same shape for a given lead
not the correct explanation of the (A)
configuration.
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

69
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option

16. Excretory Products and Their Elimination

1. Assertion (A): The wall of atria release 4. Assertion (A): In PCT all of the essential
nutrient and 70-80 percent of
ANF in response to high B.P. and blood
electrolytes and water are reabsorbed.
volume. Reason (R): PCT is lined by simple
Reason (R): ANF acts as vasodilator and cuboidal brush border epithelium which
increases the surface area for
inhibits the release of renin to lower the
reabsorption.
blood pressure. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 5. Assertion (A): When filtrate pass
through descending limb of loop of
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
Henle it becomes concentrate.
Reason (R): Descending limb allows
2. Assertion (A): Mostly aquatic animals transport of electrolytes actively or
are ammonotelic. passively.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
Reason (R): Ammonia is the most toxic
the correct explanation of the (A)
form and requires large amount of water (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
for its elimination. not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
the correct explanation of the (A)
6. Assertion (A): Mammals have the ability
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is to produce a concentrated urine.
not the correct explanation of the (A) Reason (R): Counter current mechanism
occurs in vasa recta and Henle's loop.
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
3. Assertion (A): Uricotelism is terrestrial not the correct explanation of the (A)
adaptation. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
Reason (R): Uric acid is least toxic and
7. Assertion (A): An increase in glomerular
can be removed with a minimum loss of
blood pressure can activate the JG cells
water. of kidney to release renin.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is Reason (R): Angiotensin I is a powerful
vaso constrictor.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

70
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
8. Assertion (A): An increase in body fluid 11. Assertion (A): The descending limb of
volume activate osmoreceptors, which loop of Henle is permeable to water but
almost impermeable to electrolytes.
stimulate the hypothalamus to release ADH.
Reason (R): Henle's loop plays a
Reason (R): ADH facilitates water significant role in the maintenance of
reabsorption from later parts of the high osmolarity of medullary interstitial
fluid.
tubule.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A) (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
12. Assertion (A): In cortical nephrons, the
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false loop of Henle is too short and extends
only very little into medulla.
9. Assertion (A): Nearly 99 percent of the Reason (R): Vasa recta is absent or
filtrate has to be reabsorbed by the highly reduced in cortical nephrons.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
renal tubules.
the correct explanation of the (A)
Reason (R): Glucose is reabsorbed by (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
active mechanism in PCT. not the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
the correct explanation of the (A)
13. Assertion (A): ADH prevents diuresis.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
Reason (R): ADH also affect the kidney
not the correct explanation of the (A) function by its constrictory effects on
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false blood vessels.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
10. Assertion (A): The primary function of (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
sweat is to facilitate a cooling effect on
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
the body surface. (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
Reason (R): Small amount of nitrogenous 14. Assertion (A): The JGA plays a complex
wastes could be eliminated through regulatory role.
saliva. Reason (R): An increase in glomerular
blood flow/GFR can activate JG cells to
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
release renin.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

71
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
15. Assertion (A): An increase in blood flow 19. Assertion (A): Antidiuretic hormone,
to the atria of heart can cause the increases the water permeability of
release of ANF. distal convoluted tubule.
Reason (R): ANF can cause vasodilation Reason (R): In the absence of ADH,
and decrease the Blood pressure. water re-absorption is considerably
increases.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
16. Assertion (A): Haemodialysis method is
20. Assertion (A): Rate of glomerular
used in case of kidney failure.
filtration is directly proportional to
Reason (R): Malfunctioning of kidney
secretion of renin from juxta-glomerular
leads to uremia. cells.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is Reason (R): Renin converts angiotenin-I
the correct explanation of the (A) into angiotenisn II, which causes
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is constriction of efferent arteriole.
not the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
17. Assertion (A): Proximal convoluted (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
tubule is lined by brush-bordered (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
cuboidal epithelium.
Reason (R): PCT is main site of selective 21. Assertion (A): Human heart is myogenic.
reabsorption of useful materials from Reason (R): Right atrium of human heart
nephric filtrate. has SA node.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

18. Assertion (A): Diabetes insipidus is 22. Assertion (A): Counter current
marked by excessive urination and too mechanism operates in juxta-medullary
much thirst for water. nephrons.
Reason (R): In juxta-medullary nephrons
Reason (R): Anti-diuretic hormone is
loop of Henle is present only in cortex
secreted by the posterior lobe of
region and in close proximity with vasa
pituitary gland.
recta
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

72
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
23. Assertion (A): Aldosterone is the main 27. Assertion (A): Glomerular filtration is
mineralocorticoid of the human body considered as a process of ultra-
Reason (R): Aldosterone is a type of filtration.
corticoid which regulates the balance of Reason (R): The glomerular capillary
water and electrolytes. blood pressure causes filtration through
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is three layers.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
24. Assertion (A): Diabetes insipidus is (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
marked by excessive urination and too
much thirst. 28. Assertion (A): Tubular secretion helps in
the maintenance of ionic and acid base
Reason (R): Anti-Diuretic hormone
balance of body fluids.
(ADH) is released from posterior lobe of Reason (R): During urine formation, the
pituitary gland tubular cells secrete substances like H+,
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is K+ and ammonia into the filtrate.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
25. Assertion (A): In the descending limb of (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
loop of Henle, the urine is hypertonic
29. Assertion (A): Terrestrial adaptation in
while in ascending limb of loop of Henle,
animals necessitated the production of
the urine is hypotonic lesser toxic nitrogenous metabolic
Reason (R): Descending limb of loop of wastes.
Henle is permeable to water, and Reason (R): Terrestrial animals must
ascending limb is impermeable to salts. conserve water.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
26. Assertion (A): Atrial Natriuretic Factor is
30. Assertion (A): ADH prevents diuresis.
released by wall of atria. Reason (R): ADH facilitates water
Reason (R): It inhibits the release of reabsorption from the latter parts of the
renin from juxtaglomerular apparatus. tubule.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

73
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option

17. Locomotion And Movement

1. Assertion (A): Trachea is lined by ciliated 4. Assertion (A): Contraction of a muscle

epithelium. fibre takes place by the sliding of the
Reason (R): The co-ordinated movements thin filaments over the thick filaments.
of cilia in the trachea help in removing Reason (R): The central part of thick
dust particles and some of the foreign filament is not overlapped by thin
substances inhaled along with atmospheric
filaments in a resting state.
air.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

2. Assertion (A): Skeletal muscles are 5. Assertion (A): During muscle contraction
closely associated with the skeletal I-band and A-band get reduced.
components of the body. Reason (R): During contraction thin
Reason (R): Skeletal muscles are filament slides over myosin filament.
primarily involved in locomotory actions (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
and changes of body postures. the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 6. Assertion (A): Red muscles are also
called aerobic muscles.
3. Assertion (A): Skeletal muscle fibre is
syncitium as the sarcoplasm contains Reason (R): These muscles contain

many nuclei. plenty of mitochondria which can utilize

Reason (R): The sarcoplasmic reticulum of the large amount of oxygen stored in
the muscle fibre is the store house of them for ATP production
calcium ions. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

74
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
7. Assertion (A): The skull region 11. Assertion (A): Progressive degeneration of
articulates with the superior region of skeletal muscle mostly due to genetic
the vertebral column with the help of disorder, is muscular dystrophy.
two occipital condyles. Reason (R): Rapid spasms in muscle due
Reason (R): The number of cervical to low Ca++ in body fluid, is tetany.
vertebrae are seven in almost all mammals (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
including human beings. the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 12. Assertion (A): Muscle having special
8. Assertion (A): The two halves of the feature like excitability, conductivity &
pelvic girdle meet ventrally to form the contractility.
pubic symphysis. Reason (R): Neuron having same type of
Reason (R): Pubic symphysis consist of character which equally found in muscle
immovable fibrous connective tissue. also.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
9. Assertion (A): Ca++ play an important
role in the muscle contraction. 13. Assertion (A): In the contraction of
Reason (R): Calcium bind with a subunit muscle myosin slide on actin filament.
of troponin on actin filaments and thereby Reason (R): Actin become constant &
remove the masking of active sites for myosin shows rotational movement
myosin. proved by sliding filament theory.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
10. Assertion (A): First seven pairs of ribs 14. Assertion (A): Maximum degree of
are called true ribs.
mobility can be seen with a ball & socket
Reason (R): They are attached to the
synovial joint.
thoracic vertebrae dorsally and ventrally
Reason (R): A ball can rotate in a hollow
connected to the sternum with the help
spherical socket on infinite axises.
of hyaline cartilage.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

75
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
15. Assertion (A): When the muscle fibre 17. Assertion (A): Axis vertebrae help in
contracts, sarcomere length is reduced. rotation of neck.
Reason (R): Sliding of myosin filament Reason (R): Centrum is absent in Atlas
occurs due to rotational movement of vertebrae.
myosin head. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
18. Assertion (A): Recurrent activation of
16. Assertion (A): Arthritis is the inflammation the skeletal muscles results in fatigue.
of synovial joints. Reason (R): Aerobic breakdown of
Reason (R): Synovial joints are mobile glycogen in the muscles leads to the
type of joints. accumulation of lactic acid.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

76
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option

18. Neural Control and Coordination

1. Assertion (A): Associative area are 5. Assertion (A): Medulla ablongata causes
neither sensory nor motor. reflex actions like vomiting, Coughing
Reason (R): Associative area is a type of and sneezing.
memory bank where information’s get Reason (R): Medulla has many nerve cells
stored. which control autonomic reflexes.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
2. Assertion (A): Na+–K+ pump always 6. Assertion (A): Number of Neuron’s
remains open/active except always remains constant due to lack of
depolarization. centriole.
Reason (R): Na+–K+ pump always try to Reason (R): Neuron shows axoplasmic
maintain. Resting stage or undisturbed growth in which length of axon or neuron
stage. increases.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
3. Assertion (A): Human’s brain having 7. Assertion (A): Schwann cells are present
highly folded structure in gray matter as around myelinated & unmyelinated axon.
gyri & sulci. Reason (R): Schwann cell has functions of
Reason (R): Gyri & sulci are also present myelinogenes in PNS & function as
in cerebellum. packaging cell in autonomous neural
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is system and somatic neural system.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
4. Assertion (A): Chemical synapse always (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
show unidirectional flow of nerve
impulse act as one way valve. 8. Assertion (A): Cerebellum is large, lobed
Reason (R): Chemical energy in the form and convoluted in active animals.
of neuro transmitter transmits from pre Reason (R): Cerebellum coordinates
synaptic membrane to post synaptic voluntary movements and helps in
membrane. maintenance of posture and equilibrium.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

77
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
9. Assertion (A): Active transport results in 13. Assertion (A): Tympanic membrane
solute movement against a concentration separates the external ear from the middle
gradient. ear.
Reason (R): Active transport of Na+ and k+ Reason (R): Tympanic membrane transmits
is energized by ATP. vibrations (pressure waves in air) to the
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is internal ear via ear ossicles of middle ear.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
10. Assertion (A): A neurotransmitter crosses (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
the synapse and attaches to receptors
on the post synaptic cell. 14. Assertion (A): Cornea causes the
Reason (R): Depending on the maximum refraction of the light rays.
neurotransmitter, it may excite or inhibit
This places the image approximately at
the post synaptic cell.
the retina.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
Reason (R): Cornea has a flat surface.
the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
11. Assertion (A): Transmission of a nerve
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
impulse across a synapse is brought
about by a neurotransmitter. 15. Assertion (A): The receptor cells in the
Reason (R): A neurotransmitter is organ of Corti transmit impulses to the
necessary to transmit a nerve impulse cerebral cortex to cause sensation of
across a synapse because there is a sound.
small gap, the synaptic cleft, between Reason (R): The organ of Corti is located
the two neurons at the synapse. in the utricle.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
12. Assertion (A): Stimulus is interpreted by
the brain and not by sense organs. 16. Assertion (A): Medulla oblongata is very
Reason (R): Sense organs act as important for survival
transducers, transforming the stimulus Reason (R): Medulla oblongata regulates
into impulse. all involuntary activities.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

78
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
17. Assertion (A): Cerebral hemisphere is 21. Assertion (A): Velocity of impulse in
second most developed part of the myelinated nerve fibre is more than non
myelinated nerve fibre
brain.
Reason (R): Myelinated nerve fibre is
Reason (R): Cerebrum is the largest part
having Schwann cells covering but non
of the body. myelinated nerve fibre do not consist
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is Schwann cells.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

18. Assertion (A): All spinal nerves are 22. Assertion (A): A cerebellum is related
mixed type. with skillful voluntary movement and
involuntary activity like body balance,
Reason (R): Dorsal root is motor type
equilibrium etc.
while ventral root is sensory type. Reason (R): It is part of hind brain and it
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is is situated behind the pons.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

19. Assertion (A): In humans surface of 23. Assertion (A): Withdrawal reflex is
cerebellum is more thick & folded. controlled by spinal cord.
Reason (R): Initially cerebrum is involved
Reason (R): This increases the surface
and require alertness for perform this
the surface area for intelligency.
reflex.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
24. Assertion (A): In emergency condition.
20. Assertion (A): Impulse transmission
Catecholamines are secreted by adrenal
across a chemical synaps is always
medulla.
faster than that across electrical synaps. Reason (R): Sympathetic nervous system is
Reason (R): Electrical synapses are rare stimulated & it directly effect the
in our body. adrenal medulla & prepare the animal in
emergency condition
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

79
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
25. Assertion (A): Amygdala body is a part of 29. Assertion (A): Nerve impulse conduction
limbic system. is one way conduction.
Reason (R): It controls the mood Reason (R): Neurotransmitters are only
especially anger and rage. present at axon terminals.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

26. Assertion (A): Threshold stimulus is 30. Assertion (A): In a myelinated nerve
required for propagation of impulse fibre the impulse jumps from one node
Reason (R): Threshold stimulus produce of Ranvier to the other.
action potential therefore conduction of Reason (R): Exchange of ions takes place
impulse occur. only at node of Ranvier.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

27. Assertion (A): Speed of nerve impulse is 31. Assertion (A): Minimum stimulus
faster on medullated nerve fibres, than required to open Na+ VGC as the result
nonmedullated nerve fibres. of which depolarization occurs, is
Reason (R): In medullated nerve fibres called action potential.
nerve impulses are conducted in a Reason (R): Average value of RMP is +70
saltatory manner.
mV.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

28. Assertion (A): Neuron is the longest cell 32. Assertion (A): The imbalance in
of human body. concentration of Fe+2 Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, K+
Reason (R): It contain dendrites and and proteins generate action potential.
Reason (R): To maintain the unequal
axon.
distribution of Na+ and K+ the neurons
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
use electrical energy.
the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

80
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
33. Assertion (A): A real and inverted image 37. Assertion (A): Vitamin-A deficiency
is obtained on the retina. produces night blindness
Reason (R): Maximum refraction of light Reason (R): Photosensitive pigment
rhodopsin is synthesised from vitamin A.
is caused by aqueous humor and lens.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 38. Assertion (A): The auditory ossicles help
in hearing.
34. Assertion (A): Blind spot of the retina of
Reason (R): Auditory ossicles maintain
the eye is devoid of the ability of vision.
the balance of air pressure between two
Reason (R): The photoreceptor rods & sides of the ear drum.
cone cells are absent in the blind spot. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
39. Assertion (A): The cristae and maculae
35. Assertion (A): Accommodation power is are the specific receptors of the
vestibular apparatus.
present in human eye.
Reason (R): Cristae and maculae
Reason (R): It depends on the sliding of
maintain balance and body posture.
lens forward and backward.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 40. ASSERTION (A): The axonal membrane
of the neuron during resting stage is
36. Assertion (A): Tympanic membrane
more permeable to sodium ions (Na+)
separates the external ear from the and nearly impermeable to potassium
middle ear. ions (K+)
Reason (R): Tympanic membrane REASON (R): In resting state neurons
transmits vibrations to the internal ear does not conduct any impulse, so these
via ear ossicles of middle ear. don’t require ATP to remain in a resting
state.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

81
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
41. Assertion (A): When light strikes the (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
retina, potential differences are the correct explanation of the (A)
generated in photoreceptors (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
Reason (R): Light induces dissociation of
not the correct explanation of the (A)
the retinal from opsin resulting in
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
changes in the structure of the opsin
which in turn causes membrane (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
permeability changes.

82
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option

19. Chemical Coordination and Integration

1. Assertion (A): Posterior lobe of pituitary 5. Assertion (A): Adrenal gland have dual
gland secretes ADH and oxytocin. origin.
Reason (R): ADH and oxytocin are Reason (R): The adrenal cortex develop
formed in hypothalamus also called from endoderm while adrenal medulla
neurohormones. develop from mesoderm.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
2. Assertion (A): Parathormone & thyrocalcitonin
6. Assertion (A): Pineal gland is found on
are antagonist to each other.
the epithalamus of Diencephalon.
Reason (R): Parathormone maintains
Reason (R): It is a type of exocrine gland
Ca+2 concentration in blood and it’s
which is active in later age of life.
receptors are present in osteoclast
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
cells.
the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 7. Assertion (A): Pancreas is a heterocrine
3. Assertion (A): Thymus gland has gland.
important role in both CMI & AMI Reason (R): Pancreas secretes both
(Immunity). protein & steroid hormones.
Reason (R): Thymus gland maintains (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
BMR & growth of body. the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A) (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 8. Assertion (A): Two pituitary hormones of
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false the mother take part in feeding the
infant on milk
4. Assertion (A): MSH & Melatonin are
Reason (R): Prolactin from anterior
antagonistic hormones.
pituitary stimulates mammary glands for
Reason (R): MSH help in the wide
the formation of milk, and oxytocin from
distribution of melanin in melanocytes
the posterior pituitary cause the release
while melatonin collects the melanin at
of milk when the infant sucks breast.
one place in melanocyte.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

83
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
9. Assertion (A): Vasopressin is also called 13. Assertion (A): Adrenal cortex can be
as antidiuretic hormone removed without causing death.
Reason (R): Vasopressin reduces the Reason (R): Adrenal cortex is not vital
loss of water in the urine by increasing for survival.
water reabsorption in the nephrons. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
14. Assertion (A): ADH is secreted by
10. Assertion (A): Cortisol therapy is useful hypothalamus.
in organ transplantation Reason (R): Changes in osmotic pressure
Reason (R): Cortisol act as are noted by osmoreceptors present in
immunosuppressant the hypothalamus.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
11. Assertion (A): Catecholamines (adrenaline)
15. Assertion (A): FSH is also known as
are emergency hormones.
interstitial cell stimulating hormone.
Reason (R): Catecholamines are released
Reason (R): It is because of the fact that
from adrenal cortex
FSH stimulates the interstitial cells of
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
testis.
the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false not the correct explanation of the (A)
12. Assertion (A): Thyrocalcitonin & (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
Parathormone have antagonistic effect on (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
blood calcium level. 16. Assertion (A): Thymus undergoes no
Reason (R): Thyrocalcitonin lower the
change even in old age.
blood calcium level and parathormone
Reason (R): Thymus being a part of
raises the blood calcium level by
body’s immune system, tends to persist
removal of calcium from bone and
throughout life
reabsorption of calcium from nephrons.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

84
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
17. Assertion (A): Aldosterone is a steroid 18. Assertion (A): PTH is a hypercalcemic
hormone and is important in the control hormone which increases blood Ca++
of sodium and potassium ion levels.
concentration in mammals. Reason (R): PTH acts on bones and
Reason (R): Aldosterone upgrades stimulates reabsorption of bone
sodium ion concentration in the ECF by demineralisation. PTH also stimulate
promoting reabsorption of sodium ions reabsorption of Ca++ by renal tubules.
from renal tubules and excretion of (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
potassium ions in urine. the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A) (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

85
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option

20. Reproduction in Organism and Sexual Reproducing in Flowering Plants

4. Assertion (A): All aquatic plants use
1. Assertion (A): In western countries a
water for pollination.
large number of pollen products in form Reason (R): In aquatic habitat, water is
of tablets and syrups are available. the only medium for transfer of gametes.
Reason (R): Pollen grains are rich in (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
nutrients and used as food supplement.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

not the correct explanation of the (A) 5. Assertion (A): Self incompatibility is one
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false of the device to prevent inbreeding.
Reason (R): This is physiological process
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false which prevents cross pollination.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
2. Assertion (A): During embryo sac formation
the correct explanation of the (A)
megaspore divides by incomplete mitotic (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
division. not the correct explanation of the (A)
Reason (R): In these mitotic divisions (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
karyokinesis is not immediately followed
by cytokinesis. 6. Assertion (A): Dynamic process pollen
pistil interaction can help to overcome
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
incompatibility barriers.
the correct explanation of the (A) Reason (R): Knowledge gained in this
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is area would help the plant breeders in
manipulating pollen-pistil interaction.
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
3. Assertion (A): Geitonogamy is functionally (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
cross pollination and genetically self (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
pollination.
7. Assertion (A): Most zygotes divide only after
Reason (R): It involves pollinating agent
certain amount of endosperm is formed.
but pollen grains come from same plant. Reason (R): This is an adaptation to provide
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is assured nutrition to the developing
embryo.
the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

86
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
8. Assertion (A): Strawberry and cashew are 13. Assertion (A): In Angiosperms, sexual
false fruits. reproduction take place through the flower.
Reason (R): They arise before fertilization. Reason (R): All the parts of the flower
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
are modification of stem.
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false not the correct explanation of the (A)
9. Assertion (A): Seed is the basis of agriculture. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
Reason (R): Due to dehydration and (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
dormancy mature seed can be stored for
next season.
14. Assertion (A): With increase in
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) population size, environmental
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is resistance tends to increase.
not the correct explanation of the (A) Reason (R): This is a nature's way to
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false check the expression of biotic potential.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
10. Assertion (A): Active research is going on the correct explanation of the (A)
in many laboratories around the world to (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
understand the genetics of apomixis. not the correct explanation of the (A)
Reason (R): If hybrids are made into
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
apomictics, there is no segregation of
characters. (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) 15. Assertion (A): Nucellus plays important
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is role for developing embryo sac.
not the correct explanation of the (A) Reason (R): Nucellus is nutritive tissue
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false have abundant reserve food material.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
11. Assertion (A): Clone is formed by the correct explanation of the (A)
amphimixis. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
Reason (R): In amphimixis, new plants are
not the correct explanation of the (A)
formed without fertilization and meiosis.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
the correct explanation of the (A) (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) 16. Assertion (A): Pollen pistil interaction is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false a safety measure to ensure that
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false illegitimate crossing do not occur.
12. Assertion (A): Pollen tube shows apical Reason (R): Compatibility and
growth. incompatibility of pollen pistil is
Reason (R): Growth of pollen tube is determined by special proteins.
controlled by generative nucleus.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

87
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option

21. Human Reproduction & Reproductive Health

1. Assertion (A): Placenta is combined 5. Assertion (A): In ovarian cycle corpus

structure of foetal tissue & maternal tissue luteum is an exocrine gland.
Reason (R): Placenta formation is Reason (R): It secretes the pheromones.
completed before 6 weeks of pregnancy (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
6. Assertion (A): Failure of testes to
descend into the scrotum causes sterility
2. Assertion (A): Seminal vesicle is called in man
as accessory sex organ of male.
Reason (R): Higher temperature of the
Reason (R): Seminal vesicle help in abdomen than in the scrotum is suitable
union of gametes. for sperm development.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

3. Assertion (A): Testes are 7. Assertion (A): The menstrual flow

retroperitoneal organ in man. results due to breakdown of
Reason (R): Peritoneal layer covers the endometrial lining of the uterus and its
testes on dorsal side. blood vessels.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is Reason (R): Rapid fall in the level of
the correct explanation of the (A) progesterone takes place due to
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is degeneration of corpus luteum.
not the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
4. Assertion (A): The oviducts (fallopian (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
tubes), uterus and vagina constitute the (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
female accessory ducts.
8. Assertion (A): Corpus albicans is an
Reason (R): The edges of the
inactive structure which is found in the
infundibulum possess finger-like ovary.
projections called fimbriae, which help
Reason (R): Corpus albicans secretes
in collection of the ovum after ovulation.
the progesterone hormone after ovulation.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

88
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
9. Assertion (A): Menarche starts around 13. Assertion (A): After ovulation ruptured
the age of puberty. graafian follicle transforms into corpus
Reason (R): After birth oocyte is luteum.
matured and developed to form Graafian Reason (R): Corpus luteum act as
follicle. endocrine gland and it is stable through
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is out life.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
10. Assertion (A): Corpus luteum is present
in proliferative phase of menstrual cycle. 14. Assertion (A): After fertilization corpus
luteum is stable till parturition.
Reason (R): High concentration of
progesterone is present in proliferative Reason (R): After 3 months of
phase. intrauterine life, it dominantly secretes
progesterone.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
11. Assertion (A): Testes are situated in the
15. Assertion (A): Ovulation occurs on the 14th
extra abdominal cavity.
day of menstrual cycle in a human female.
Reason (R): Spermatogenesis process
Reason (R): The high level of estrogen is
requires less temperature as compared
controlled 2 or 3 days before this event
to body temperature.
due to negative feed back.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

12. Assertion (A): During embryonic stage 16. Assertion (A): Sperm formation
testes descend down and at the time of continues even in old men but formation
birth, It comes into scrotum. of ovum ceases in women around the
Reason (R): Spermatogeneis process age of fifty years.
requires less than body temperature. Reason (R): Human male having the
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is longer life span than the female.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

89
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
17. Assertion (A): In barrier methods ovum 21. Assertion (A): During follicular phase,
and sperms are prevented form the primary follicles in the ovary grow to
physically meeting with the help of become a fully mature Graafian follicle.
barriers. Reason (R): Endometrium of uterus
Assertion (A): Diaphragms, cervical caps regenerates during follicular phase due
an and vaults are barrier made of rubber to increasing level of progesterone.
that are inserted into the female (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
reproductive tract. the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A) (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 22. Assertion (A): The changes in the
ovarian cycle as well as uterine cycle are
18. Assertion (A): Formation of sperm takes induced by changes in the level of
place in seminiferous tubules of testes. pituitary and ovrian hormones.
Reason (R): Seminiferous tubules lined Reason (R): The secretion of LH & FSH
with male germ cells and sertoli cells. increases gradually during the follicular
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is phase and estrogen also secreted by
the correct explanation of the (A) developing follicle.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
19. Assertion (A): Periodic abstinence is a
natural method, where couples abstain (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
from coitus.
23. Assertion (A): The menstrual cycle not
Reason (R): Coitus from day 5-10 of the occurs in the female aged more than
menstrual cycle should be avoided, around 50 years of age.
because this is the time of ovulation.
Reason (R): Endometrium disintegrates
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is in their uterus completely.
the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
20. Assertion (A): The menstrual flow results
due to breakdown of endometrial lining of
24. Assertion (A): Regular cyclic menstruation
the uterus and its blood vessels.
is an indicator of normal reproductive
Reason (R): Rapid fall in the level of phase.
progesterone takes place due to Reason (R): It occurs throughout the
degeneration of corpus luteum. reproductive phase of normal female.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

90
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
25. Assertion (A): All copulations not lead 29. Assertion (A): hCG, hPL and relaxin are
to fertilization and pregnancy. produced in women only during pregnancy.
Reason (R): These hormones are
Reason (R): Fertilization can only occur produced by placenta.
if the ovum and sperms are transported (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
simultaneously to the ampullary region. the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A) (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 30. Assertion (A): The levels of hormone
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false like estrogens, progestogens, cortisol,
Prolactin, thyroxin etc. are increased
26. Assertion (A): The acrosomal secretions several folds in the maternal blood
of sperm; help it in entering in the during pregnancy.
Reason (R): Increased level of these
cytoplasm of the ovum.
hormones is essential for supporting the
Reason (R): It contains sperm lysin. foetal growth and maintenance of pregnancy.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
31. Assertion (A): Foetal ejection reflex
27. Assertion (A): The nucleus of sperm triggers release of oxytocin from the
fuses with the nucleus of ovum, before maternal pituitary.
the formation of ootid. Reason (R): Signals for parturition
Reason (R): Diploid nuclear status of originate from fully developed foetus
organism is essential for its development. alone.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
32. Assertion (A): Breast-feeding during
28. Assertion (A): Females not participate the initial period of infant growth is
in the determination of the sex of baby. recommended by doctors.
Reason (R): The milk produced during
Reason (R): Human male is heterogametic. initial few days contains several
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is antibodies.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

91
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
33. Assertion (A): Primary spermatocytes of 37. Assertion (A): During oogenesis polar
testes are haploid. bodies are formed.
Reason (R): Primary spermatocytes are Reason (R): Primary function of formation
formed by meiosis I in the spermatogonia. of polarbodies is to bring haploidy of
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is ovum.
the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
34. Assertion (A): Spermiation is the (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
transformation of spermatid into sperm.
Reason (R): During spermiation, sperms 38. Assertion (A): When sperm enters in
get nutrition from Sertoli cells. egg, one polar body is released in
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is human.
the correct explanation of the (A) Reason (R): At the time of ovulation eggs
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is found in secondary Oocyte phase.
not the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
35. Assertion (A): Contraceptive pills inhibit
ovulation and implantation as well as (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
alter the quality of cervical mucus to (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
prevent or retard the entry of sperms.
Reason (R): 'Saheli' a new oral 39. Assertion (A): Cleavage in human zygote
contraceptive for females is once a is holoblastic.
week pill with very few side effects and Reason (R): Its egg contain enormous
contains a non steroidal preparation. quantity of yolk.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
36. Assertion (A): Surgical method blocks
gamete transport and thereby prevent 40. Assertion (A): All eutherian are
conception. placental mammals.
Reason (R): Surgical method are highly Reason (R): All placental mammals have
effective but their reversibility is very menstrual cycle.
poor. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

92
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
41. Assertion (A): Some athletes take 45. Assertion (A): Spermiation takes place in
“steroids” in an attempt to enhance epididymis.
their physical performance but not Reason (R): Sertoli cells remain
advisable. attached to spermatozoa in epididymis.
Reason (R): This can lead to decreased (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
sperm production and even sterility. the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A) (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
46. Assertion (A): Parturition is induced by a
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
complex neuroendocrine mechanism.
42. Assertion (A): Viruses are an exception Reason (R): The signals for parturition
to cell theory. originate from fully developed fetus and
Reason (R): Viruses are noncellular in placenta.
nature. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
47. Assertion (A): Placenta act as endocrine
43. Assertion (A): In five kingdom system,
gland
Whittaker emphasized on reproductive
Reason (R): It secretes steroidal
characters of living beings.
hormones to maintain structure of
Reason (R): Reproductive characters
corpus luteum.
show less variations.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
48. Assertion (A): Ovulation occurs due to
44. Assertion (A): Archaebacteria are most
LH surge.
resistant to adverse environmental
Reason (R): LH surge induces
conditions.
completion of meiosis I in primary
Reason (R): In archaebacteria, cell wall
oocyte.
is highly resistant and complex.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)

(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false

(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

93
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
49. Assertion (A): Seminal plasma lacks 51. Assertion (A): In the absence of
spermatozoa. fertilization corpus luteum degenerates
Reason (R): Seminal plasma contains in 7 to 10 days
secretions of seminal vesicles only. Reason (R): Degeneration of corpus
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is luteum is due to non availability of FSH
the correct explanation of the (A) from anterior pituitary.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false

50. Assertion (A): Saheli 'once a week' pill (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
has very few side effects and high
contraceptive value.
Reason (R): Saheli contains a non-
steroidal preparation.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

94
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option

22. Principles of Inheritance and Variation

1. Assertion (A): Inheritance is the basis of 5. Assertion (A): Genes are the units of
heredity. inheritance.
Reason (R): Inheritance is the process Reason (R): They contain the
by which characters are passed on from information that is required to express a
parent to progeny. particular trait in an organism.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

2. Assertion (A): During Mandel's 6. Assertion (A): Punnett square is a

investigation into inheritance patterns, it graphical representation to calculate the
was for the first time that statistical probability of all possible genotypes of
analysis & mathematical logics were offsprings in a genetic cross.
applied to the problems in biology. Reason (R): It was developed by a British
Reason (R): Mendel conducted geneticist, Reginald C. Punnett.
hybridization experiments on garden pea (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
for seven years & proposed laws of the correct explanation of the (A)
inheritance. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 7. Assertion (A): Incomplete dominance
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false made it possible to distinguish
heterogyzous from homozygous.
3. Assertion (A): Mendel conducted
Reason (R): In incomplete dominance
artificial pollination experiments using
F1 had a phenotype that did not
several true-breeding pea lines.
resemble either of the two parents and
Reason (R): Mendel selected 14 true-
was in between the two.
breeding pea plant varieties.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
8. Assertion (A): There are six different
4. Assertion (A): Mendel never supported
combinations or genotypes of the
blending inheritance.
human ABO blood types.
Reason (R): He found that the F1 always
Reason (R): The gene (I) has three alleles
resembled either one of the parents.
IA, IB and IO.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

95
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
9. Assertion (A): In co-dominance and 13. Assertion (A): In birds, the females have
incomplete dominance, the genotypic & one Z and one W chromosome, whereas
phenotypic ratios are same.
male have a pair of Z-chromosomes
Reason (R): In case of co-dominance
the F1 generation resembles both besides autosomes.
parents. Reason (R): In birds, sex of the
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is offsprings in decided by the
the correct explanation of the (A) temperature of surroundings when they
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
are released.
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
10. Assertion (A): Multiple alleles can be
found only when population studies are not the correct explanation of the (A)
made. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
Reason (R): Occasionally, a single gene
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
product may produce more than one
effect. 14. Assertion (A): Mutation results in
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
changes in the genotype and the
the correct explanation of the (A)
phenotype of an organism.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) Reason (R): Mutation is a phenomenon,
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false which results in alternation of DNA
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false sequences.
11. Assertion (A): According to Mendel, a (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
dihybrid cross is the multiple of two the correct explanation of the (A)
monohybrid crosses. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
Reason (R): When two pairs of traits are
not the correct explanation of the (A)
combined in a hybrid, segregation of one
pair of characters is independent of the (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
other pair of characters. (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) 15. Assertion (A): In human genetics,
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is pedigree study provides a strong tool,
not the correct explanation of the (A) which is utilized to trace the inheritance
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false of a specific trait, abnormality or
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false disease.

12. Assertion (A): In grasshopper, some Reason (R): The controlled crosses that
of the sperms bear X-chromosome can be performed in pea plant or some
whereas some do not. other organisms, are not possible in case
Reason (R): Grasshopper is an example of human beings.
of XX-XY type of sex determination. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

96
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option

16. Assertion (A): symbol represents 20. Assertion (A): Trisomy or monosomy
situation leads to a very serious
normal parents with affected male child.
consequences in the individual.
Reason (R): It is a autosomal dominant
Reason (R): Down's syndrome is the
disorder.
trisomy of chromosome-21.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
17. Assertion (A): An X-linked recessive trait
shows transmission from carrier male to 21. Assertion (A): In a person with AB-blood
female progeny. group, the erythrocytes carry both A and
Reason (R): X-linked recessive trait B antigen on their surface.
shows non-crisscross inheritance. Reason (R): The alleles IA and IB that
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is produce AB blood group are codominant
the correct explanation of the (A) and both are expressed.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
18. Assertion (A): In sickle cell anaemia,
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
the shape of RBC becomes elongated
sickle like from biconcave disc. 22. Assertion (A): Male and female ratio is
Reason (R): The mutant haemoglobin almost equal in this world.
molecule undergoes polymerization Reason (R): Male and female genotype is
under low oxygen tension causing the
XX and XY respectively.
change in shape.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

19. Assertion (A): Gynacomastia is 23. Assertion (A): Recessive characters are
observed in Turner's syndrome. always pure.
Reason (R): Such a disorder is caused Reason (R): Recessive genes always
due to the presence of extra copy of X- express itself in homozygous condition.
chromosome. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

97
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
24. Assertion (A): For recessive autosomal 25. Assertion (A): Mendel gave postulates

disease both parents are normal and like “principles of segregation and
principles of independent assortment”
their first son is diseased.
after studying seven pairs of contrasting
Reason (R): Both the parents are traits in garden pea.
heterozygous Reason (R): He was lucky in selecting
seven characters in pea that were
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
located on seven different
the correct explanation of the (A)
chromosomes.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is

not the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

98
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option

23. Molecular Basis of Inheritance

1. Assertion (A): Antiparallel polarity helps 5. Assertion (A): In the same generation for
in stability of DNA. transmission of genetic information's
Reason (R): It allows complementary RNA is better than DNA.
pairing between base pairs. Reason (R): The protein synthesizing
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is machinery has evolved around RNA.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
2. Assertion (A): Positively charged histone
proteins are essential for packaging 6. Assertion (A): Essential life processes
negatively charged DNA. evolved around RNA.
Reason (R): Without histone protein DNA Reason (R): Beside genetic material RNA
can not fold due to negative charge. also act as catalyst.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
7. Assertion (A): DNA replication is
3. Assertion (A): Unequivocal proof that
energetically a very expensive process.
DNA is the genetic material came from
Reason (R): Unwinding of DNA strands is
Griffith's transformation experiment.
an active process, while pairing of bases
Reason (R): The biochemical nature of
is a passive process.
genetic material was defined from
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
transformation experiment.
the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 8. Assertion (A): On template 5'→ 3' DNA
4. Assertion (A): RNA is not a predominant replicate in discontinouous manner.
genetic material. Reason (R): DNA polymerase catalyse
Reason (R): RNA being unstable, mutate polymerization only in one direction that
at faster rate. is 5' → 3'
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

99
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
9. Assertion (A): The replication of DNA 13. Assertion (A): It is the metabolic,
and cell division cycle should be highly physiological or environmental conditions
coordinated. that regulate the expression of genes.
Reason (R): A failure in cell division Reason (R): The genes in a cell are
after DNA replication results into expressed to perform a particular
function or a set of functions.
chromosomal anomaly.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
14. Assertion (A): Lac operator is present
10. Assertion (A): The presence of introns only in lac operon & it interact
is reminiscent of antiquity & the process specifically with lac repressor only.
of splicing represents the dominance of Reason (R): Each operon has its specific
RNA world. operator & specific repressor.
Reason (R): The split gene arrangement (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
represents an advanced feature of the the correct explanation of the (A)
genome. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
not the correct explanation of the (A) 15. Assertion (A): Gene regulation in
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false prokaryotes is comparatively simple than
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false eukaryotes.
Reason (R): In most of prokaryotic
11. Assertion (A): Genetic codes are operons the genes present int the
unambiguous & specific. operon are needed together to function
Reason (R): Some amino acids are coded in the same or related metabolic
by more than one codon. pathway.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
16. Assertion (A): In lac operon, a
12. Assertion (A): An mRNA also have some polycistronic structural gene is
additional sequences that are not regulated by a common promoter &
translated & are referred as UTR. regulatory genes.
Reason (R): The UTRs are present at Reason (R): Such arrangement is very
both 5' end & at 3' end and they have no common in bacteria & is referred as
operon.
specific function.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

100
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
17. Assertion (A): The gene I codes for the 21. Assertion (A): BAC & YAC are the
repressor of the lac operon. common vectors used in HGP.
Reason (R): The y-gene codes for Reason (R): IN HGP, sequencing was
permease, which increases permeability done by automated DNA sequencers
of the cell to -galactosidase. that worked on methods of F. Sanger.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
18. Assertion (A): Lactose is the substrate
22. Assertion (A): The sequencing of
for the enzyme -galactosidase & it
chromosome-1 was completed at last
regulates switching on & off the operon.
Reason (R): A very low level of expression of in May-2006.
lac operon is always present in cell the Reason (R): Chromosome-1 in the
time. longest chromosome with maximum
number of genes.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
19. Assertion (A): HGP was closely
associated with the rapid development 23. Assertion (A): DNA fingerprinting
of a new area in biology called as involves identifying differences in some
Bioinformatics. specific regions in DNA called as
Reason (R): The enormons amount of repetitive DNA sequences.
data generated in HGP necessitated the Reason (R): These sequences show high
use of high speed computational devices degree of polymorphism & form the
for data storage & analysis. basis of DNA fingerprinting.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
24. Assertion (A): DNA polymorphism
20. Assertion (A): Many non-human model
arises due to mutations.
organisms have also been sequenced
Reason (R): Their sequences can be Reason (R): An inheritable mutation
applied towards solving challenges in which is observed in a population at high
health care, agriculture, energy production frequency, is referred to as DNA
etc. polymorphism.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

101
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
25. Assertion (A): The VNTR belongs to a 29. Assertion (A): DNA serves as hereditary
class of satellite DNA referred to as material.
mini-satellite. Reason (R): DNA functions as blue-
Reason (R): The mini-satellite numbers print for building and running cellular
remains same from chromosome to machinery.
chromosome in an individual.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
30. Assertion (A): DNA is chemically less
26. Assertion (A): In DNA fingerprinting, reactive as compare to RNA.
after hybridization with VNTR probe, the Reason (R): Few RNA have the ability of
autoradiogram gives many bands of catalysis.
different sizes. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
Reason (R): It differs from individual to the correct explanation of the (A)
individual in a population except (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
fraternal twins.
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
31. Assertion (A): Enzyme helicase acts over
not the correct explanation of the (A)
the ori site and unwinds the two strands
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
of DNA with the help of topoisomerase.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
Reason (R): Unwinding creates tension
27. Assertion (A): The sensitivity of in the uncoiled part by forming more
fingerprinting technique has been super coils so tension is released by
increased by the use of PCR. enzyme topoisomerase.
Reason (R): DNA from a single cell is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
not enough to perform DNA finger
the correct explanation of the (A)
printing analysis.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A) (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 32. Assertion (A): DNA polymerase II fills the
gap that is left after the removal of RNA
28. Assertion (A): Operon concept is
primers during DNA replication.
applicable only in prokaryotes.
Reason (R): Gene expression in Reason (R): In eukaryotes RNA
prokaryotes is influenced by polymerase I transcribes rRNA, hnRNA
environmental conditions. and t-RNA.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

102
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
33. Assertion (A): Both the strands of DNA 37. Assertion (A): Among the two nucleic
are not copied during transcription. acid, DNA is a better genetic material.
Reason (R): The two RNA molecules if
produced simultaneously would be Reason (R): DNA chemically in less
complementary to each other, hence reactive and structurally more stable
would form a double stranded RNA
when compared to RNA.
which would prevent RNA from being
translated into protein. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

34. Assertion (A): The split gene

arrangement represents probably the
ancient feature of genome.
Reason (R): The process of splicing
represents the dominance of RNA world.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

35. Assertion (A): Among the two nucleic

acid, DNA is a better genetic material.
Reason (R): DNA chemically in less
reactive and structurally more stable
when compared to RNA.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

36. Assertion (A): The split gene

arrangement represents probably the
ancient feature of genome.
Reason (R): The process of splicing
represents the dominance of RNA world.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

103
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option

24. Evolution
5. Assertion (A): Alfred Russel Wallace, a
1. Assertion (A): There has been gradual naturalist worked in Malay Archepelago
evolution of life forms at earth. that is Modern Indonesia.
Reason (R): The new forms of life arose Reason (R): He divided earth in seven
at different periods of history of earth. geographical realms based on the
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is distribution of invertebrates.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
2. Assertion (A): Any population has built 6. Assertion (A): The ancestors of present
in variation in characteristics. life forms were present at different
Reason (R): Variations are stable and periods in the history of earth.
inheritable. Reason (R): The geological history of
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is earth closely correlates with the biological
the correct explanation of the (A) history of earth.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
3. Assertion (A): Those who are better (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
reproductively fit in an environment, 7. Assertion (A): Different-aged rock
leave more progeny than others. sediments contain fossils of different
Reason (R): These will survive more and life forms.
hence are selected by nature. Reason (R): The different organisms
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is buried during the formation of the
the correct explanation of the (A) particular sediment.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
4. Assertion (A): Charles Darwin concludes (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
that reproductively fit population 8. Assertion (A): In England, before
produces more progenies and there are industrialization, it was observed that
much more chances of their survival. there were more white-winged moths
They will get selected by nature. on trees than dark-winged or melanized
Reason (R): He called natural selection as moths.
a mechanism of evolution. Reason (R): White winged moths can
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is survive only in non industrialized area.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

104
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
9. Assertion (A): Lichens can be used as 13. Assertion (A): The rate of appearance of
industrial pollution indicator. new forms is linked to the life cycle or the
Reason (R): Lichens forces the moth to life span of organisms.
change as dark-winged or white winged Reason (R): The organism with short life
in industrial area. span have ability to produce more
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is progenies in shorter time and that have
the correct explanation of the (A) chance to more exposure with nature.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false not the correct explanation of the (A)
10. Assertion (A): Selection of resistant (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
varieties in a much lesser time scale is now (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
possible.
14. Assertion (A): Fitness is the end result of
Reason (R): Origin of virus like organism is
an example of progressive evolution. the ability to adapt and get selected by
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is nature.
the correct explanation of the (A) Reason (R): Some organisms are better
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is adapted to survive in an otherwise hostile
not the correct explanation of the (A) environment.
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
11. Assertion (A): Australian marsupials can
not the correct explanation of the (A)
be taken as an example of adaptive
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
radiation.
Reason (R): A number of marsupials, (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
evolved from an ancestral stock, but all 15. Assertion (A): According to Hugo de Vries;
within the Australian island continent. it is mutation which causes speciation and
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is hence called it saltation.
the correct explanation of the (A) Reason (R): Mutations are random and
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is directional.
not the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
12. Assertion (A): Tasmanian wolf and not the correct explanation of the (A)
Placental wolf are the good example of (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
convergent evolution. (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
Reason (R): More than one adaptive
radiation appeared to have occurred in an 16. Assertion (A): Due to continental drift
isolated geographical area, (representing pouched mammals of Australia survived.
different habitats) one can call this Reason (R): There is lack of competition
convergent evolution. from any other mammal.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

105
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
17. Assertion (A): Some mammals like whales, 21. Assertion (A): Homo erectus had a large
dolphins seals and sea cows etc. live brain that is around 900C.C.
wholly in water. Reason (R): Homo erectus probably ate
Reason (R): They evolve from aquatic meat.
reptilian ancestors. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
22. Assertion (A): Analogous structures are a
18. Assertion (A): Homo sapiens arose in result of convergent evolution.
Africa and moved across continents and Reason (R): Different structures evolving
developed into distinct races. for the same function and hence having
Reason (R): After development of similarity.
agriculture human settlements started. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 23. Assertion (A): The original drifted population
19. Assertion (A): Dryopithecus and in a new habitat becomes founders and
Ramapithecus were hairy and walked like the effect is called founder effect.
gorillas and chimpanzees. Reason (R): Darwin finches of Galapagos
Reason (R): Australopithecus probably island shows adaptive radiation.
lived in East African grasslands. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
24. Assertion (A): Hardy Weinberg principle
says that allele frequencies in a population
20. Assertion (A): Branching descent and
are stable and is constant from generation
Natural selection are the two key concepts
to generation.
of Darwinian theory of evolution.
Reason (R): Genetic drift operates in small
Reason (R): Darwinism is able to explain
population.
the presence of vestigial organ.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

106
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
25. Assertion (A): Homologous organs 27. Assertion (A): Evolution of man is the
suggest same origin. example of progressive evolution.
Reason (R): Organs which are similar in Reason (R): Tapworm is development
function and dissimilar in internal due to retrogressive evolution.
morphology called as Homologous (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
organs. the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

26. Assertion (A): Miller used four gases-

methane, oxygen, hydrogen and water
vapour for formation of simple organic
compounds.
Reason (R): He prepared some proteins
in his apparatus.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

107
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option

25. Human Health and Disease

1. Assertion (A): Tobacco contain nicotine 5. Assertion (A): Cocaine has a potent
type of alkaloids. stimulating action on central nervous
Reason (R): Nicotine can be used as a system.
raw material for preparation of nicotinic acid. Reason (R): Excessive dosage of cocaine
causes hallucinations.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
2. Assertion (A): Opium is derived from 6. Assertion (A): All the infectious diseases
latex of unripe fruits of Papaver are fetal like AIDs, common cold etc.
somniferum. Reason (R): Infectious diseases are not
Reason (R): Opium addict loses weight, common.
fertility and interest in work. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 7. Assertion (A): Cancer causes major
causality among the non-infectious
3. Assertion (A): HIV virus is retrovirus. disease.
Reason (R): It can form viral DNA by Reason (R): Now a days cancer is
reverse transcription. established along with infectious disease.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

4. Assertion (A): Asthma often occurs in 8. Assertion (A): A wide range of bacteria,
allergic person on exposure to allergen. viruses, fungi, protozoans, helminthes etc.
could causes diseases in man. Such
Reason (R): Administration of antihistamine
disease-causing organisms are called
drugs to a person before exposure will
pathogens.
prevent spasm.
Reason (R): Pathogens have to adapt to
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is life within the environment of the host.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

108
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
9. Assertion (A): Sustained high fever (30° 13. Assertion (A): Nasal congestion and
to 40°C), weakness, stomach pain, discharge, sore throat, hoarseness,
constipation, headache and loss of cough, headache, tiredness etc. are the
appetite are some of the common usual symptoms of common cold.
symptoms of typhoid fever. Reason (R): Rhino virus infect the nose,
Reason (R): Typhoid is caused by gram and respiratory passage but not the
positive bacteria Clostridium typhi.
lungs.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
10. Assertion (A): Mary Mallon nicknamed
Typhoid Mary. 14. Assertion (A): In common cold diseases,
Reason (R): She was a typhoid carrier.
the droplets resulting from cough or
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
sneezes of an infected person are either
the correct explanation of the (A)
inhaled directly or transmitted through
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
contaminated objects and cause
not the correct explanation of the (A)
infection in healthy person.
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
Reason (R): The disease is caused by
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
Rhino viruses and the infections lasts for
11. Assertion (A): In severe causes of 48 hours.
Pneumonia; the lips and finger nails may (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
turn gray to bluish in colour. the correct explanation of the (A)
Reason (R): In Pneumonia the alveoli get (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
filled with fluid leading to severe
not the correct explanation of the (A)
problems in respiration.
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is 15. Assertion (A): In amoebic dysentery
not the correct explanation of the (A) house flies act as mechanical carries
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false and serve to transmit the parasite from
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false faces of infected person to food and
food products, there by contaminating
12. Assertion (A): Haemophilus influenzae them.
causes pneumonia in human. Reason (R): Entamoeba histolytica
Reason (R): It’s infection is more completes its life cycle in human and
common in children. house flies.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

109
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
16. Assertion (A): Internal bleeding, 19. Assertion (A): Barbiturates,
muscular pain, fever, anaemia and amphetamines etc. are normally used as
blockage of the intestinal passage are medicines to help patients cope with
mental illnesses.
the common symptoms of ascariasis.
Reason (R): Amphetamines are used as
Reason (R): The eggs of Ascaris are
antisleep pills.
excreted along with the faces of
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
infected persons which contaminate the correct explanation of the (A)
soil, water plants etc and these are the (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
source of infection of a healthy person. not the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
the correct explanation of the (A) (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is 20. Assertion (A): Balanced diet, personal
not the correct explanation of the (A) hygine and regular exercise are very
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false important to maintain good health.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false Reason (R): Yoga has been practiced to
achieve physical & mental health.
17. Assertion (A): Microsporum, (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
Trichophyton and Epidermophyton are the correct explanation of the (A)
generally acquired from soil or by using (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
towels, clothes or even the comb of not the correct explanation of the (A)
infected individuals. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
Reason (R): These fungi causes dry,
scaly lesions on various parts of the 21. Assertion (A): Malignant malaria is
body called ringworms. caused by Plasmodium vivax.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is Reason (R): Haemozoin is only produced in
malaria caused by P. vivax.
the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
18. Assertion (A): In biopsy test for cancer,
piece of the suspected tissue cut into 22. Assertion (A): A larger number of
thin sections is stained and examined infectious diseases like polio, diphtheria,
Pneumonia, and tetanus have been
under X-ray by a pathologist.
controlled to a large extent by the use
Reason (R): Use of X-ray is able to
of vaccines.
generate a 3-D image of the section of Reason (R): Vaccination helps in
affected tissue. developing passive immunity from the
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is disease.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

110
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
23. Assertion (A): The T-lymphocytes produce 27. Assertion (A): -interferon is given to
an army of proteins in response of cancer patient which helps in destroying
pathogens our blood to fight with them. the tumour.
Reason (R): The B-Lymphocyte help the Reason (R): -interferon is biological
T-lymphocyte to produce antibody. response modifiers, which activates the
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is immune system and helps in destroying
the correct explanation of the (A) tumour.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
24. Assertion (A): A HIV/AIDs is not spread (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
by mere touch or physical contact. (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
Reason (R): Skin surface having acidic
medium. 28. Assertion (A): Drugs like barbiturates,
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is amphetamines, benzodiazepine are
the correct explanation of the (A) normally used as medicines to help
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is patients cope with mental illnesses like
not the correct explanation of the (A) depression and insomnia.
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false Reason (R): These chemicals impairs
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false their physical, physiological or Psychological
functions.
25. Assertion (A): Several genes called (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
cellular oncogenes (C-onc) or the correct explanation of the (A)
protooncogene have been identified in (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
normal cells which when activated not the correct explanation of the (A)
under certain conditions, could lead to (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
oncogenic transformation of the cells. (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
Reason (R): Ionising radiations like X-
rays and gamma rays, non-ionizing 29. Assertion (A): ‘Good humor’ hypothesis
radiations like UV cause DNA damage of health was disproved by William
leading to oncogenic transformation of Harvey.
the cells. Reason (R): He demonstrated normal
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is body temperature in blackbile persons.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
26. Assertion (A): Radiography, computed (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
tomography and MRI are very useful to
detect cancers of the internal organs. 30. Assertion (A): HIV/AIDS is not spread by
Reason (R): X-ray is used in radiography mere touch or physical contact.
& CT-scan while strong magnetic fields Reason (R): It spreads only through body
and non-ionizing radiation is used in fluids.
MRI-technique. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

111
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
31. Assertion (A): AIDS is not a congenital 36. Assertion (A): Cancer cells show a
disease. property of contact inhibitions.
Reason (R): During lifetime, individual Reason (R): When these curve in contact
acquires deficiency of immune system. with other cells, inhibits their
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is uncontrolled growth.
the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false not the correct explanation of the (A)
32. Assertion (A): It is imperative for (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
physical and psychological well being, (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
HIV/AIDS infected persons are not
isolated from family and society. 37. Assertion (A): Principle of vaccination is
Reason (R): AIDS spreads only through based on the property of ‘memory’ of
body fluids. the immune system.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is Reason (R): In vaccination, a preparation of
the correct explanation of the (A) antigenic protein of pathogens or
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is inactivated/weakened pathogen are
not the correct explanation of the (A)
introduced into the body.
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
the correct explanation of the (A)
33. Assertion (A): “Don’t die of ignorance”
slogan has been rightly said for AIDS. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
Reason (R): It spreads due to conscious not the correct explanation of the (A)
behavior pattern and is not something (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
that happen inadvertently.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
38. Assertion (A): Active immunity is slow.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) Reason (R): It takes time to develop
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false memory and its full effective response.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
34. Assertion (A): In MRI, strong magnetic the correct explanation of the (A)
field is used, so very useful to detect (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
cancer. not the correct explanation of the (A)
Reason (R): CT scan uses X-rays to
generate a 3D-image. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is 39. Assertion (A): Mother’s milk is
not the correct explanation of the (A) considered very essential for new born
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false infants.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false Reason (R): Colostrum has IgA antibodies
35. Assertion (A): C-onc are proto and nutrients.
oncogenes. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
Reason (R): These found in normal cells. the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

112
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
40. Assertion (A): The exaggerated response 44. Assertion (A): Curiosity, need for adventure
of the immune system to certain and excitement, and experimentation
antigens present in the environment is constitute common caused, which
called allergy. motivates youngsters towards drug and
Reason (R): Allergy is due to release of alcohol use.
chemicals like histamine and serotonin Reason (R): A child’s natural curiosity
from the mast cells. motivates him/her to experiment.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

41. Assertion (A): Spleen, lymph nodes, 45. Assertion (A): Of late, stress from
tonsils payer’s patched of small pressures to excel in academics or
intestine and appendix are secondary examination, has played a significant
lymphoid organs (S.L.O.) role in persuading the youngsters to try
Reason (R): SLO provided the sites for alcohol and drugs.
storing and interaction of lymphocytes Reason (R): First use of drugs or alcohol
with antigens. may be out of curiosity or
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is experimentation, but later the child
starts using these to escape facing
the correct explanation of the (A)
problems.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false not the correct explanation of the (A)
42. Assertion (A): MALT contributes about (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
50% of the lymphoid tissue in human (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
body.
46. Assertion (A): Tobacco contains nicotine
Reason (R): MALT is located within the
alkaloid, which stimulates adrenal gland.
lining of the major tracts like respiratory,
Reason (R): Adrenaline and nor-
digestive and urogenital.
adrenaline both raise blood pressure
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is and increase heart rate.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
43. Assertion (A): Bone marrow is primary (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
lymphoid organs. 47. Assertion (A): Smoking increases CO
Reason (R): All blood cells including content in blood.
lymphocytes are produce in bone marrow. Reason (R): Smoking reduces
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is concentration of heambound oxygen.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

113
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
48. Assertion (A): Cocaine or coca alkaloid 52. Assertion (A): Cocaine produces a sense
interferes the transport of dopamine. of euphoria.
Reason (R): Coca plant Erythroxylum Reason (R): It interferes with the
transport of the neurotransmitter
coca is native to south America.
dopamine
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

49. Assertion (A): Morphine is useful in 53. Assertion (A): Bone marrow and thymus
patients who have undergone surgery. gland are primary lymphoid organs
Reason (R): Bone marrow and thymus
Reason (R): It is very effective sedative
provide the sites for interaction of
and painkiller. lymphocytes with the antigen,
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is which proliferate to become effector
the correct explanation of the (A) cells.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
50. Assertion (A): Personal hygiene includes
keeping the body clean.
54. Assertion (A): AIDS patients suffer from
Reason (R): Public hygiene includes infections due to Mycobacterium,
proper disposal of waste and excreta. viruses, fungi and even parasites
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is like Toxoplasma.
the correct explanation of the (A) Reason (R): AIDS causes progressive
decrease in the number of helper
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
T-lymphocytes.
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
51. Assertion (A): Cell mediated immunity (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
induces humoral immunity
Reason (R): T cells themselves do not 55. Assertion (A): IgA provides immunity
secrete antibodies but help B cells to against inhaled and ingested pathogens
Reason (R): IgA is secretory antibody
produce them
and it is present in the lining of
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is respiratory and intestinal tract.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

114
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option

26. Biotechnology : Principles and Processes & Biotechnology and its Applications
1. Assertion (A): Green revolution (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
succeeded in tripling the food supply. the correct explanation of the (A)
Reason (R): It is mainly due to the use of (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
better management practices and use of not the correct explanation of the (A)
agrochemicals. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) 5. Assertion (A): The activated toxin binds
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is to the surface of midgut epithelial cells
not the correct explanation of the (A) & create pores that cause cell swelling &
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false lysis & finally death of insect.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false Reason (R): Most of Bt toxins are insect
group specific.
2. Assertion (A): GM technique has been (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
used to creat tailor made plants to supply the correct explanation of the (A)
alternative resources to industries. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
Reason (R): Plants, bacteria, fungi & not the correct explanation of the (A)
animals whose genes have been altered (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
by manipulation are called GMO.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is 6. Assertion (A): The choice of cry-gene
the correct explanation of the (A) depends upon the crop & the targeted
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is pest.
not the correct explanation of the (A) Reason (R): Gene cry IAc & cry II Ab
control the cotton bollworms while cry
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
IAb controls corn borer.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
3. Assertion (A): Bacillus thuringiensis produces the correct explanation of the (A)
protein that kills lepidopteran insect only. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
Reason (R): It forms active protein not the correct explanation of the (A)

crystals during a particular phase of (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
their growth.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is 7. Assertion (A): RNAi involves silencing of
the correct explanation of the (A) a specific mRNA due to complementary
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is RNA that binds to & prevents translation
not the correct explanation of the (A) of the mRNA.
Reason (R): RNAi takes place in all
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
prokaryotic organisms as a method of
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
cellular defense.
4. Assertion (A): Crystal protein does not (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
kill the Bacillus & kill only insect. the correct explanation of the (A)
Reason (R): In Bacillus it exist as inactive (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
proteins but in insect it is converted into
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
an active form due to acidic pH of the
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
gut.

115
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
8. Assertion (A): The nematode parasite Reason (R): The C-peptide is not present
could not survive in a transgenic plant in mature insulin & is removed during
maturation process.
expressing specific interfering RNA.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
Reason (R): The sense & anti-sense RNA
the correct explanation of the (A)
in host are complementary & forms a (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
dsRNA, thus silenced the specific m RNA not the correct explanation of the (A)
of nematod. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
the correct explanation of the (A) 12. Assertion (A): Eli Lilly prepared two DNA
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is sequences of A & B chains of insulin &
not the correct explanation of the (A) introduced them in the plasmids of one
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false E.coli.
Reason (R): Chains A & B produced by
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
this E. coli is extracted & combined by
9. Assertion (A): The recombinant creating disulfide bonds to form insulin
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
therapeutics do not induce unwanted
the correct explanation of the (A)
immunological response.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
Reason (R): About 30 recombinant not the correct explanation of the (A)
therapeutics have been approved for (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
human use world-wide. (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is 13. Assertion (A): Gene therapy is a
the correct explanation of the (A) collection of methods that allows
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is correction of a gene defect diagnosed
not the correct explanation of the (A) in a child or embryo.
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false Reason (R): It involves delivery of normal
gene into the individual or embryo to take
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
over the function of the non functional gene.
10. Assertion (A): The proinsulin contains (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
an extra stretch called as C-peptide.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
Reason (R): Insulin consists of two not the correct explanation of the (A)
short polypeptide chans A & B that are (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
linked together by disulphide bridges. (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is 14. Assertion (A): ADA deficiency can not be
the correct explanation of the (A) cured permanently by gene therapy.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is Reason (R): The genetically engineered
not the correct explanation of the (A) lymphocytes are immortal only in
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false culture conditions.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
11. Assertion (A): The main challenge for (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
production of insulin using r-DNA not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
technique was getting insulin assembled
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
into a mature form.

116
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
15. Assertion (A): In gene therapy of SCID, a 19. Assertion (A): DNA ligase plays
patient requires periodic infusion of important role in recombinant DNA
genetically engineered lymphocytes. technology.
Reason (R): If the ADA gene is Reason (R): The linking of antibiotic
introduced into cells at early embryonic resistant gene with plasmid vector
stage, it could be a permanent cure. became possible by enzyme DNA ligase.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

16. Assertion (A): For effective treatment 20. Assertion (A): Restriction enzymes
of a disease, early diagnosis & belong to a larger class of enzymes
understanding its pathophysiology is called nucleases.
very important. Reason (R): Each restriction enzyme
Reason (R): r-DNA technique, PCR & recognizes a specific palindromic
ELISA serve the purpose of early nucleotide sequence in the DNA
diagnosis.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
17. Assertion (A): ELISA is based on the 21. Assertion (A): RNA interference takes
principle of antigen antibody interaction. place in all eukaryotic organisms as a
Reason (R): Infection by pathogen can method of cellular defense.
be detected by the presence of antigens Reason (R): This method involves ds
or by detecting antibodies synthesized RNA which prevent transcriptional
against the pathogen. process.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

18. Assertion (A): Inserting alien DNA in 22. Assertion (A): An alien DNA is linked
pBR322 plasmid at Pst I makes the with the origin of replication for making
transformants sensitive to ampicillin multiple identical copies.
antibiotic. Reason (R): An origin of replication is a
Reason (R): Restrictions site for Pst I is specific DNA sequence which is
present on ampR. responsible for initiating replication.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

117
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option

27. Organisms and Populations

1. Assertion (A): Population ecology is an
5. Assertion (A): Predators helps in
important area of ecology.
maintaining species diversity in a
Reason (R): It links ecology to population
community.
genetics and evolution.
Reason (R): Predators reduce the
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is intensity of competition among
the correct explanation of the (A) competing prey species.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
2. Assertion (A): Size of population is one (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
of the dynamic parameters of study-
6. Assertion (A): Competition is best
population characteristics.
defined as a process in which fitness (r)
Reason (R): Depending on food
of one species significantly lower in
availability, predation pressure and
presence of another species.
adverse weather it keeps changing.
Reason (R): Competition leads to either
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is short supply of resources or it shows
the correct explanation of the (A) interference.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
3. Assertion (A): The logistic growth model (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
is considered a more realistic one.
Reason (R): Resources for growth for 7. Assertion (A): Resource partitioning can
most organism/populations are finite avoid competition.
and become limiting sooner or later. Reason (R): Resource partitioning leads
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is to different times for feeding or
the correct explanation of the (A) different for raging patterns.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
4. Assertion (A): Exotic species introduced (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
in new geographical area can cause
8. Assertion (A): Host and parasite tend to
havoc by rapid spreading.
co-evolve.
Reason (R): Biotic potential of exotic Reason (R): Many parasites have evolved
species is always higher. to be host specific.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

118
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
9. Assertion (A): All parasites are tend to 11. Assertion (A): Plant and animal
cause physical weakness in host. interactions often involve co-evolution
Reason (R): Parasites might render the of the mutualists.
Reason (R): Co-evolution of the
host more vulnerable to predation by
mutualists is one of the safe guard
making it physically weak.
against cheaters.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

10. Assertion (A): Female mosquito is not 12. Assertion (A): The life is interesting and
considered as parasite although it needs most surprised phenomenon of nature.
our blood for reproduction. Reason (R): It's reflected by ecological
Reason (R): Parasitism is aimed to obtain conflict and cooperation among
either food or shelter, reproduction members of a population and among
success is not the base of parasitism. populations of a community or even the
molecular traffic inside a cell.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

119
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option

28. Ecosystem
1. Assertion (A): Ecosystem can be visualized 5. Assertion (A): Decomposition is largely an
as a functional unit of nature. oxygen requiring process.
Reason (R): In ecosystem not only living Reason (R): Oxygen leads to aerobic
organisms interact among themselves but breakdown of organic substances hence
also with surrounding physical environment. there is complete breakdown of detritus.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

2. Assertion (A): Net primary productivity is 6. Assertion (A): In Terrestrial ecosystem

the base of life of heterotrophs. much larger fraction of energy flows
Reason (R): Net primary productivity is the through the detritus food chain.
available biomass for consumption to Reason (R): In an aquatic ecosystem, GFC
heterotrophs. is the major conduit for energy flow.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

3. Assertion (A): Of this, despite occupying 7. Assertion (A): Detritus food chain may be
about 70 percent of the surface, connected with grazing food chain at some
productivity of oceans are only 55 billion levels.
tons. Reason (R): Some of the organisms of DFC
Reason (R): In oceans there is poor nutrient are prey to the GFC animals and some of the
availability in producer region. organisms are of Omnivores in nature.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

4. Assertion (A): Fragmentation is one of the 8. Assertion (A): Pyramid of energy is most
important step of decomposition. reliable representation of functional
Reason (R): Fragmentation helps in relationship of any ecosystem.
leaching of water soluble organic Reason (R): Energy flow is always
substances & minerals. unidirectional without any kind of
deviation.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

120
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
9. Assertion (A): A given species may 12. Assertion (A): In place of isolated food
occupy more than one trophic level, in chain, food webs are operational in an
the same ecosystem at the same time. ecosystem.
Reason (R): Absence of any species in
Reason (R): Trophic level represents a
an area does not effects the energy flow.
functional level, not a species as such.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
13. Assertion (A): In an aquatic ecosystem,
10. Assertion (A): Saprophytes are not given pyramid of biomass is inverted.
any place in ecological pyramids although Reason (R): Biomass depends upon the
they play vital role in ecosystem. reproductive potential and number of
Reason (R): Saprophytes have no phytoplanktons.
specific trophic level. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
14. Assertion (A): Every biological system
11. Assertion (A): Living systems have a high resist a change and wants to remain in
degree of tendency for undergoing state of equilibrium.
entropy. Reason (R): Climax communities of an
Reason (R): Living systems overcome ecosystem are produced after several
entropy by continuous input of usable or changes it has gone through succession.
free energy. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

121
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option

29. Biodiversity and Conservation

1. Assertion (A): Nature's biological library is 5. Assertion (A): Removal of key stone
burning even before we catalogued the species from any ecosystem leads to
titles of all the books stocked there. destruction of entire ecosystem.
Reason (R): Large fraction of biological Reason (R): Keystone species drive major
species faces the threat of becoming ecosystem functions.
extinct even before we discover them. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
6. Assertion (A): Habitat loss and
2. Assertion (A): In general, species diversity fragmentation is one of most important
decreases as we move away from the cause among evil quartet.
equator to towards the poles. Reason (R): Habitat is the physical space
Reason (R): From equator to pole x, where all the necessities of life is to be
environment become more constant and fulfilled.
predictable. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
7. Assertion (A): Habitat fragmentation due
3. Assertion (A): Constant environments
to human activities is responsible for
promotes greater diversity.
destruction of biodiversity.
Reason (R): Constant environments
Reason (R): Mammals and birds require
promote niche specialization.
large territories.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
4. Assertion (A): For species area
8. Assertion (A): Co-extinction is also one of
relationship among very large area like the
the evil quartet about biodiversity loss.
entire continents value of regression
Reason (R): When a species become
coefficient increase.
extinct, the plant and animal species,
Reason (R): Within a region species
associated with it in facultative way also
richness increased with increasing
become extinct.
explored area but only up to a limit.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

122
Note:
1. If the assertion is incorrect but the reasoning is correct, then the answer will be fourth option
2. If both the assertion and the reason are incorrect, then the answer will be the fourth option
9. Assertion (A): Pollination by pollinator 11. Assertion (A): Sacred groves are also one
layer is one of the broadly utilitarian of the mean of ex-situ conservation of
service or importance of biodiversity. biodiversity.
Reason (R): These are such valuable
Reason (R): There is de-novo formation of
services of biodiversity for which one
forests, Hills or lakes for conservation of
cannot put any price tag.
biodiversity in sacred grove category.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
10. Assertion (A): However, when there are
situations where an animal or plant is
12. Assertion (A): There are three different
endangered or threatened and needs
urgent measure to save it from zones in a biosphere reserve.
extinction, ex-situ conservation is the Reason (R): Limited human activity is
desirable approach. allowed in core zone.
Reason (R): In ex-situ conservation more
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
extensive/special care and attention can be
the correct explanation of the (A)
pay on single endangered or threatened
organism. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

123
 1. The Living World
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 3 1 1 2 4 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 4 4 3 2 4 1 3
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Ans. 1 2 1 1 1 2 1

2. Biological Classification
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 4 3 1 2 1 1 1 3
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Ans. 2 2 3 1 1 3 2 3

3. Plant Kingdom
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 3 1 1 1 1 4 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 2 1 1
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Ans. 1 1 1 3 1 1 4 2 4 1 2 2 1 1

4. Animal Kingdom
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 1 3 4 3 1 3 1 4 1 3 4 4 1 1 2 3 1 3 2
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 2 2 4 1 3 3 2 3 2 1 2 4 2 3 2 2 1 3 3 2
Que. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
Ans. 2 1 3 3 2 1 2 2 1 3 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1

5. Morphology of Flowering Plants

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 1 2 1 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 4 3 2 3 3
Que. 21 22 23 24 24 24 24
Ans. 3 4 2 1 4 1 1

124
 6. Anatomy of Flowering Plants
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 4 1 3 1 1
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Ans. 4 1 4 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1

7. Structural Organization in Animals (Animal Tissue)

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Ans. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 2 2

8. Cell: The Unit of Life

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 1 1 4 4 2 1 3 1 4 1 1 1 4 2 2 2 1 2 2
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
Ans. 1 2 3 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 2 1

9. Biomolecules
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 1 1 1 1 4 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 4 4 1 1 1 2
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Ans. 1 2 3 1 1 1 4 1 2 2 2 1 1 3

10. Cell Cycle and Cell Division

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 1 4 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 2 2 2 2 1 4
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
Ans. 4 3 3 2 1 2 2 3 2

11. Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 2 3 4 1 4 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 4 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 3 1 2 1 1

125
 12. Respiration in Plants
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Ans. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 2 1 4 2 2

13. Plant Growth and Development

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 1 1 4 1 1
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Ans. 1 2 4 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 4 2

14. Breathing and Exchange of Gases

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 1 3 2 1 4 2 1 4 2 3 1 2 2 1 2 2 4 1 1
Que. 21 22 23 24 25
Ans. 1 4 1 1 3

15. Body Fluids and Circulation

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Ans. 1 4 2 2 2 2 3 2 1 1 4 2 3 4 1 2 1 1

16. Excretory Products and Their Elimination

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 1 1 1 3 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 3
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 2 3 2 3 3 2 1 1 1 1

17. Locomotion and Movement

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Ans. 1 1 2 2 4 1 2 3 1 1 2 3 4 1 3 2 2 3

126
 18. Neural Control and Coordination
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 3 3 4 3 4 2
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 4 4 3 1 3 2 1 3 2 3
Que. 41
Ans. 1

19. Chemical Coordination and Integration

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Ans. 2 2 3 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 3 1 4 2 4 4 1 1

20. Reproduction in Organism and Sexual Reproducing in Flowering

Plants
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Ans. 1 1 1 4 3 1 1 3 1 1 4 3 3 1 1 1

21. Human Reproduction & Reproductive Health

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 3 1 4 2 4 3 1 3 3 4 1 1 3 3 3 3 1 1 2 1
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 3 1 3 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 3 1 4 4 3 2 1 2 3 3
Que. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Ans. 1 1 1 1 4 2 3 3 3 2 3

22. Principles of Inheritance and Variation

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 1 1 3 4 1 4 2
Que. 21 22 23 24 25
Ans. 1 1 1 1 1

127
 23. Molecular Basis of Inheritance
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 1 4 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 2 3 2 1 1 2 3 2 1 1
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
Ans. 2 1 1 2 3 3 3 1 1 2 2 4 1 2 1 2 1

24. Evolution
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 3 2 2 3 2 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 2 3 1 3 2 2 3
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Ans. 2 1 2 1 3 4 2

25. Human Health and Disease

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 2 1 3 2 4 3 2 3 1 1 2 1 2 3 2 2 4 2 2
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 4 3 4 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 4 2 1 1 2
Que. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55
Ans. 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 3 1 1

26. Biotechnology: Principles and Processes & Biotechnology and its

Applications
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 2 4 3 2 2 3 1 2 2 1 4 1 4 2 2 1 1 1 2
Que. 21 22
Ans. 3 1

27. Organisms and Populations

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Ans. 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1

128
 28. Ecosystem
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Ans. 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 3 2

29. Biodiversity and Conservation

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Ans. 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 4 3

129