Experiment- Detailed Study on Infertility its Causes and

Treatment

NAME- Sharvari Sawal

ROLL NO.- 36

CLASS- 12th-E
 CERTIFICATE

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT SHARVARI SAWAL

OF CLASS XII HAVING ROLL NO. 36 HAS
SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED PHYSICS
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON Detailed Study on
Infertility its Causes and Treatment PRESCRIBED BY
ALL INDIA SENIOR SECONDARY CERTIFICATE
EXAMINATION (AISSCE) FOR THE ACADEMIC
YEAR 2023-24

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

PRINCIPAL

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I, SHARVARI SAWAL WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS MY
SPECIAL THANKS TO MY BIOLOGY MS. RANJANA
DUBEY AS WELL AS OUR PRINCIPAL
FOR THEIR ABLE GUIDANCE AND SUPPORT IN
COMPLETING MY PROJECT ON Detailed Study on
Infertility its Causes and Treatment SECONDLY, I
WOULD LIKE TO THANK MY PARENTS AND
CLASSMATES FOR THEIR VALUABLE SUGGESTIONS
AND GUIDANCE HAS BEEN HELPFUL IN
COMPILATION OF MY PROJECT.

NAME: SHARVARI SAWAL

CLASS: XII-E

WHY I CHOSE THIS TOPIC ?

● I have chosen the topic – Infertility because it is one of the occurring
problems faced by working women in the IIT field. So as to know
actually what infertility is and its causes I’ve chosen this topic.
● And there is also a misconception that infertility problems only deal with
women so as to make it clear that most of the infertility problems deal
with men.
● Even though it deals with men, women are the ones who are blamed and
criticised for all these problems by society. It’s a data that 95% of these
problems are 95% dealt with by men and only the rest of the 5% deal
with women. So as to create a clear mindset for the upcoming future
society about these problems, I’ve chosen this topic.
● And I’m personally interested in studying about this topic as my aim is
to become a Gynaecologist.
● The other main reason is that the IVF industry in India is on a growth
path. However, the industry is largely unregulated which can prove to be
pernicious in the long run. Right from changing our old mindsets to
motivating technology has made things possible which weren’t so before.
● The wonder of IVF is one such example which has come as a boon to
millions of couples who face the scourge of infertility like a thorn in the
flesh.
● Investors searching for a new way to make big money in medicine have
hit upon an age-old problem: infertility. So let’s look over it in depth.
 INDEX

SR. TOPIC PG NO.

NO
1 INTRODUCTION

2 THEORY

3 EFFECTS

4 CAUSES

5 TREATMENT

6. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION
● Infertility is the inability of a person, animal or plant to reproduce by
natural means. It is usually not the natural state of a healthy adult
organism, except notably among certain eusocial species (mostly haplo
diploid insects)
● In humans, infertility may describe a woman who is unable to conceive as
well as being unable to carry a pregnancy to full term. There are many
biological and other causes of infertility, including some that medical
intervention can treat.
● Infertility rates have increased by 4% since the 1980s, mostly from
problems with fecundity due to an increase in age. About 40% of the
issues involved with infertility are due to the man, another 40% due to the
woman, and 20% result from complications with both partners.
● Women who are fertile experience a natural period of fertility before and
during ovulation, and they are naturally infertile during the rest of the
menstrual cycle. Fertility awareness methods are used to discern when
these changes occur by tracking changes in cervical mucus or basal body
temperature
 THEORY
● Researchers commonly base demographic studies on infertility
prevalence on a five-year period. Practical measurement problems,
however, exist for any definition, because it is difficult to measure
continuous exposure to the risk of pregnancy over a period of years.
● Primary infertility is defined as the absence of a live birth for women who
desire a child and have been in a union for at least five years, during
which they have not used any contraceptives. The World Health
Organization also adds that 'women whose pregnancy spontaneously
miscarries, or whose pregnancy results in a still born child, without ever
having had a live birth would present with primarily infertility
● Secondary infertility is defined as the absence of a live birth for women
who desire a child and have been in a union for at least five years since
their last live birth, during which they did not use any contraceptives.

EFFECTS
● Psychological impact- The consequences of infertility are manifold and
can include societal repercussions and personal suffering. Advances in
assisted reproductive technologies, such as IVF, can offer hope to many
 couples where treatment is available, although barriers exist in terms of
medical coverage and affordability. The medicalization of infertility has
unwittingly led to a disregard for the emotional responses that couples
experience, which include distress, loss of control, stigmatisation, and a
disruption in the developmental trajectory of adulthood.

● Social impact- In many cultures, inability to conceive bears a stigma. In

closed social groups, a degree of rejection (or a sense of being rejected by
the couple) may cause considerable anxiety and disappointment. Some
respond by actively avoiding the issue altogether; middle-class men are
the most likely to respond in this way.

CAUSES
● Sexually transmitted disease- Infections with the following sexually
transmitted pathogens have a negative effect on fertility: Chlamydia
trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Syphilis. There is a consistent
 association of Mycoplasma genitalium infection and female reproductive
tract syndromes. M. genitalium infection is associated with increased risk
of infertility.
● Genetic A Robertsonian translocation in either partner may cause
recurrent spontaneous abortions or complete infertility. Other causes
Factors that can cause male as well as female infertility are:
● DNA damage- DNA damage reduces fertility in female ovocytes, as
caused by smoking, other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as
radiation or chemotherapy)or accumulation of the oxidative DNA damage
8-hydroxy deoxyguanosine

TREATMENT
● Treatment depends on the cause of infertility, but may include
counselling, fertility treatments, which include in vitro fertilisation.
According to ESHRE recommendations, couples with an estimated live
 birth rate of 40% or higher per year are encouraged to continue aiming
for a spontaneous pregnancy.
● Treatment methods for infertility may be grouped as medical or
complementary and alternative treatments. Some methods may be used in
concert with other methods.
● Drugs used for both women and men include clomiphene citrate, human
menopausal gonadotropin (hMG), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH),
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), gonadotropin-releasing hormone
(GnRH)analogues, aromatase inhibitors, and metformin.

● Medical treatments of infertility generally involve the use of fertility

medication, medical device, surgery, or a combination of the following. If
the sperm are of good quality and the mechanics of the woman's
reproductive structures are good (patent fallopian tubes, no adhesions or
scarring), a course of ovarian stimulation medication may be used. The
physician or WHNP may also suggest using a conception cap cervical
cap, which the patient uses at home by placing the sperm inside the cap
and putting the conception device on the cervix, or intrauterine
insemination (IUI), in which the doctor or WHNP introduces sperm into
the uterus during ovulation, via a catheter. In these methods, fertilisation
occurs inside the body.

● ART techniques generally start with stimulating the ovaries to increase

egg production. After stimulation, the physician surgically extracts one or
more eggs from the ovary, and unites them with sperm in a laboratory
setting, with the intent of producing one or more embryos.
● Fertilization takes place outside the body, and the fertilized egg is
reinserted into the woman's reproductive tract, in a procedure called
embryo transfer Other medical techniques are e.g. tuboplasty, assisted
hatching, and Preimplantation genetic diagnosis.

CONCLUSION
● Infertility is often not seen (by the West) as being an issue outside
industrialized countries.This is because of assumptions about
overpopulation problems and hyper fertility in developing
 countries, and a perceived need for them to decrease their
populations and birth rates. The lack of healthcare and high rates of
life-threatening illness (such as HIV/AIDS) in developing
countries, such as those in Africa, are supporting reasons for the
inadequate supply of fertility treatment options.
● Fertility treatments, even simple ones such as treatment for STIs
that cause infertility, are therefore not usually made available to
individuals in these countries. Despite this, infertility has profound
effects on individuals in developing countries, as the production of
children is often highly socially valued and is vital for social
security and health networks as well as for family income
generation.
● Currently, fertility treatment options and programs are only
available through private health sectors in developing nations and
little-to-no treatment is available through public health sectors. The
fertility treatment options offered through the private sectors are
often costly or not easily accessible.
● Additionally, counseling is considered an essential aspect of
fertility treatment, and due to lack of education and resources such
forms of therapy remain scarce as well.
● The lack of fertility treatment is problematic, and high birth and
population rates are every reason to implement treatment options
rather than reject them.

BIBILOGRAPHY

● Biological Science: Third Edition By, N. P. O. Green

(Author), G. W. Stout (Author), D. J. Taylor (Author),
R. Soper (Editor)
● Exploring Biology By, Ella Thea Smith
● NCERT Text Book
● Tell Me Why
● Encyclopedia Britannica