LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

Phagwara, Punjab

Topic:- Prepare the monograph of 10-12 terrestrial invertebrate animals & write a detail
report on the CIF visit.
Course:- B.Sc. Zoology

Submitted by: Submitted to:-

Name Yorman Koyu Faculty name Dr Amaninder Kaur

Section B2408 Subject Animal diversity-I
Reg no & 12416247 & 11
Subject code ZOL151
roll no
11/10/24 1

CLASSIFICATION-
Kingdom:- Animalia
Phylum:- Arthropoda
Class:- Insecta
Order:- Diptera
Family:-Muscidae
Tribe:- Muscini
Genus:- Musca
Species:- M.domestica

Characteristics-
➢ 360 degree vision- Large eyes give them almost all round vision to avoid threats.
Name:- House Fly
➢ Rapid wing movement- Wings beat 200 times per second for agile flight. Scientific name:- Musca domestica
Location:- Near 25 Block
Date:- 23/10/2024
➢ Sponging mouthparts- Can only consume liquids, dissolving solids with saliva.
Time:- 2:20 Pm

➢ High reproduction rate- Female lay up to 500 eggs, boosting populations quickly.
CLASSIFICATION-
Kingdom:- Animalia
Phylum:- Arthropoda
Class:- Arachnida
Order:- Araneae
Family:- Ctenidae
Genus:- Phoneutria
Characteristics-
➢ Silk Production and Web-Building: Spiders are among the few animals that
produce silk, using it for web-building, hunting, protection, and mobility.

➢Eight Simple Eyes: Unlike most animals with compound eyes, spiders have simple
eyes, often arranged in unique patterns that aid in specific hunting strategies.
Name:- Spider
Scientific name:- Araneae
➢Two-Part Body Structure: Spiders have a distinct two-part body (cephalothorax and Location:- Field
abdomen), contrasting with the three-part structure seen in insects. Date:- 23/10/24
Time:- 2:23 pm
➢Spinnerets: Located at the end of the abdomen, spinnerets are specialized silk-
spinning organs, giving spiders a unique capability for versatile silk use.

➢No Antennae: Unlike other arthropods, spiders do not have antennae, relying on
sensitive leg hairs to detect environmental cues.
CLASSIFICATION-
Kingdom:- Animalia
Phylum:- Arthropoda
Class:- Insecta
Order:- Hymenoptera
Family:- Vespidae
Genus:- Polistes

Characteristics-
➢ Nest Construction with Chewed Wood: They make their nests by chewing wood
fibers and mixing them with saliva to create a paper-like substance.

➢ Distinctive Coloration: Known for their yellow and black (or brown) banded
bodies, which serve as a warning coloration to potential predators.
Name:- Yellow Paper Wasp
➢ Social Structure: They are social wasps, living in colonies with a queen, workers, Scientific name:- Polistes versicolor
and drones, each with specific roles. Location:- Near field area
Date:- 23/10/2024
➢ Aggressive Defense: Unlike bees, paper wasps can sting multiple times and will
Time:- 2:23 Pm
defend their nests aggressively if threatened.

➢ Beneficial Predators: Yellow paper wasps are natural pest controllers, as they
feed on caterpillars, aphids, and other insects, helping to control pest
populations in gardens and crops.
CLASSIFICATION-
Kingdom:- Animalia
Phylum:- Arthropoda
Class:- Insecta
Order:- Hymenoptera
Family:- Formicidae

Characteristics-
➢ Colony-Building with a Single Queen: They typically have one queen who is the primary
egg-layer, with colonies reaching up to 40,000 worker ants.

➢ Nuptial Flights: During the summer, reproductive males and females leave the colony
for "nuptial flights," where they mate in large swarms, creating new colonies.

➢ Tunneling and Nest Construction: They build extensive underground tunnel systems with Name:- Ant (black garden
multiple chambers for brood care, food storage, and the queen's chamber. ant)
➢ Chemical Communication: Lasius niger ants rely heavily on pheromones for Scientific name:- Lasius niger
communication, creating complex chemical trails for navigation, food discovery, and
Location:-Near 25 block
colony defense. Date:- 23/10/2024
Time:- 2:16 Pm
➢ Worker Roles and Lifespan: Worker ants have specialized roles, including foraging,
defending, and nursing the young. Notably, some workers can live for several years,
which is longer than many other ant species.
CLASSIFICATION-
Kingdom:- Animalia
Phylum:- Arthropoda
Class:- Insecta
Order:- Lepidoptera
Sub-order:- Rhopalocera
Characteristics-
➢ Scale-Covered Wings: It is covered in tiny, overlapping scales that create vibrant
colors and patterns, which can be used for camouflage, mating, or warning
predators.

➢ Complete Metamorphosis: Butterflies undergo four distinct life stages—egg, larva

(caterpillar), pupa (chrysalis), and adult—transforming drastically in each stage.
Name:- Butterfly
➢ Nectar Feeding with Proboscis: Butterflies have a specialized, coiled mouthpart called
a proboscis, which they use to sip nectar from flowers, retracting it like a straw
Scientific name:- Lepidoptera
when not in use. Location:- Near 56 Block
Date:- 16/10/2024
➢ Sun-Dependent Activity: As ectothermic insects, butterflies rely on sunlight to warm Time:- 3:45 Pm
their bodies for flight and are generally active during daylight hours.

➢ Color Vision Beyond Human Range: Butterflies can see ultraviolet light, allowing them
to detect patterns on flowers and other butterflies that are invisible to the human
CLASSIFICATION-
Kingdom:- Animalia
Phylum:- Arthropoda
Class:- Insecta
Order:- Orthoptera
Sub-order:- Caelifera
Infraorder:-Acrididae
Characteristics-
➢ Hairy Body: The Orgyia detrita caterpillar is covered in long, toxic hairs, which
serve as a defense mechanism against predators.

➢ Leaf-Eating Diet: It primarily feeds on the leaves of various plants, particularly

those in the deciduous tree families.
Name:- Caterpillar
➢ Distinctive Appearance: Known for its striking appearance, the caterpillar has
Scientific name:- Orygia detrita
bright markings and tufts of hair on its body, which are a form of camouflage and
warning.
Location:- Near 56 Block
Date:- 16/10/2024
➢ Pupal Cocoon: It forms a silken, camouflaged cocoon for pupation, often blending Time:- 3:25 Pm
in with its surroundings.

➢ Defensive Behavior: When threatened, it may raise its head and display its hair or
CLASSIFICATION-
Kingdom:- Animalia
Phylum:- Arthropoda
Class:- Insecta
Order:- Coleoptera
Family:- Tenebrionidae
Genus:- Gonocephalum

Characteristics-
➢ Distinctive Horns: Gonocephalum beetles have large, prominent horns on their
heads, used for defense and during fights with other males.

➢ Powerful Mandibles: Their strong mandibles help in feeding on plant matter Name:- Beetle
and defending against predators or rivals. Scientific name:- Gonocephalum
Location:- Near 56 Block
➢ Nocturnal Behavior: These beetles are mainly nocturnal, feeding and mating Date:- 16/10/2024
during the night to avoid predators. Time:- 3:23 Pm
➢ Hard Exoskeleton: They have a tough, armor-like exoskeleton that provides
protection from predators and environmental conditions.

➢ Omnivorous Diet: Gonocephalum beetles are scavengers, feeding on decaying

CLASSIFICATION-
Kingdom:- Animalia
Phylum:- Arthropoda
Class:- Insecta
Order:- Lepidoptera
Family:- Bombycidae
Genus:- Bombyx
Species:- Mori
Characteristics-
➢ Silk Production: Silkworms produce a continuous silk thread to create their
cocoons, which is harvested for silk fabric. Each cocoon can contain up to
1,500 meters (4,500 feet) of silk thread.

➢ Mulberry Leaf Diet: Silkworms have a highly specialized diet and primarily feed Name:- Silk Worm
on mulberry leaves, making them dependent on this specific plant. Scientific name:- Bombyx mori
Location:- 57 Block
➢ Complete Metamorphosis: Silkworms undergo four life stages—egg, larva
Date:- 16/10/2024
(caterpillar), pupa (within a cocoon), and adult moth, with significant changes in
each stage. Time:- 3:09 Pm

➢ Economic Importance: Silkworms are essential in the textile industry as the

primary source of natural silk, making them one of the few insects widely
cultivated by humans for commercial purposes.
CLASSIFICATION-
Kingdom:- Animalia
Phylum:- Arthropoda
Class:- Insecta
Order:- Orthoptera
Sub-order:- Caelifera
Infraorder:-Acrididae
Characteristics-
➢ Powerful Hind Legs: Grasshoppers have strong hind legs adapted for jumping, allowing
them to leap great distances to escape predators.
➢ Stridulation: They produce sounds (stridulation) by rubbing their legs or wings together,
often used for communication, especially during mating.
➢ Herbivorous Diet: Primarily feed on grasses and plants, sometimes causing agricultural
Name:- Grass Hopper
damage in large numbers.
Scientific name:- Caelifera
➢ Simple and Compound Eyes: Equipped with both types of eyes, they have a wide field of
Location:-Near 56 block
vision and can detect movement efficiently.
Date:-01/10/2024
➢ Open-Air Breathers: Use spiracles (small openings on their bodies) to breathe directly,
Time:-5:09 Pm
suited for life on land.
➢ Incomplete Metamorphosis: Undergo three life stages—egg, nymph, and adult—without a
pupal stage, gradually maturing with each molt.
CLASSIFICATION-
Kingdom:- Animalia
Phylum:- Arthropoda
Sub Phylum:-Hexapoda
Class:- Insecta
Order:- Blattodea
Characteristics-
➢ Flattened Body Shape: Cockroaches have a flat, oval-shaped body, allowing
them to squeeze into narrow spaces and hide effectively.

➢ Nocturnal Scavengers: They are primarily active at night, scavenging for food,
which allows them to avoid many predators.

➢ Resilient Survival: Known for their hardiness, they can survive without food
for weeks and are highly adaptable to different environments.
Name:-Cockroach
Scientific name:-Periplaneta
➢ Long Antennae: Equipped with long, sensitive antennae to detect food, americana
moisture, and threats, aiding navigation in dark places. Location:-near 56 block
Date:- 03/10/2024
➢ Omnivorous Diet: Cockroaches are opportunistic eaters, consuming a wide Time:- 5:34 Pm
variety of foods, including decaying organic matter.

➢ Incomplete Metamorphosis: They develop through three stages—egg,

Report on CIF Visit: Observing Instruments
Introduction:
During our visit to the Central Instrumentation Facility (CIF), we observed some important scientific instruments which are used for
various purposes in scientific research, including material analysis, environmental testing, and pharmaceutical studies. Below is a
brief overview of these instruments, how they work, and their applications.

1. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

How it Works: The SEM uses a focused beam of electrons instead of light to capture images of a sample. When the electrons hit the
sample’s surface, they produce signals that are turned into detailed images. SEM can magnify objects up to 1,000,000 times,
providing a clear view of the surface structure of materials.
Applications:
•Material Science: To study the surface details of metals, plastics, and other materials.
•Biology: For examining cells and microorganisms.
•Nanotechnology: To explore tiny particles or structures.
•Forensics: In crime investigations to analyze small samples like fibers or dust.

2. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)

How it Works: GC-MS combines two techniques: Gas Chromatography (GC) and Mass Spectrometry (MS). The GC separates the
components of a sample as it moves through a column. The MS then identifies the separated compounds by measuring their mass.
Together, they help detect and analyze complex mixtures.
Applications:
•Environmental Science: For detecting pollutants in air, water, or soil.
•Pharmaceuticals: To check the purity of medicines and drugs.
3. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
How it Works: HPLC separates different components in a liquid mixture by forcing the sample through a column filled with a special
material. As the sample moves, different parts are separated based on their interaction with the column’s material. A detector
measures the amount of each separated compound.
Applications:
•Pharmaceuticals: For testing the purity and quality of drugs.
•Biochemistry: To separate and identify proteins, DNA, and other molecules.
•Environmental Testing: To detect contaminants in water or soil.
•Food Industry: For checking for harmful chemicals and additives in food.

4. X-ray Diffraction (XRD)

How it Works: XRD uses X-rays to study the structure of crystalline materials. When X-rays are directed at a sample, they bounce
off the atoms in the crystal lattice and create a pattern. This pattern can be analyzed to determine the material’s structure and
composition.
Applications:
•Material Science: To analyze the crystal structure of materials like metals and ceramics.
•Geology: For studying minerals and rocks.
•Pharmaceuticals: To examine the structure of drug compounds.
•Nanotechnology: For studying the arrangement of atoms in nanoparticles and thin films.

Conclusion:
The CIF visit was a valuable learning experience. We saw how instruments like the SEM, GC-MS, HPLC, and XRD are used for
different types of analysis in science and industry. These tools are essential for research in material science, pharmaceuticals,
 Reference:

Borror, D.J., Delong.(1981). An introduction to the study of insects, (6th ed).

Saunders College Publishing

Awasthi, V.B.(2005). Essentials of Insect Physiology. New Age International.

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