Sharif University of Technology

Tehran, Iran

Principles of Phased Array Systems

A graduate course in Electronics

Tutorial II

Dr. Mohammad Fakharzadeh

Fakharzadeh@sharif.edu
Room 511
 Phased Array Applications

2012 IEEE APS Chicago 2 2/8/2015

 Phased Array Applications

A system not an antenna

6 Decades of service Civil Applications:
Military & civil applications Meteorology
Air Traffic Control
Surveillance Mobile Satellite Systems
Target Tracking Radar and Imaging
Missile Guidance Radio Astronomy
Target Identification Smart Antenna for WLAN
Multi-function System or Cellular networks
ECM, ECCM Millimeter-wave wireless
networks
2012 IEEE APS Chicago 3 2/8/2015
 Mobile Satellite Systems
Conformal and Flexible
Low Profile
Signal Processing Power

h > 40 cm

h~5-6 cm

Mobile Ku-band Satellite Rx

Developed at Intelwaves Technologies
2012 IEEE APS Chicago 4 – University of Waterloo, Canada 2/8/2015
 Phased Array Applications (2)
Agile or Shaped Beam
Multifunction Radar Interference Cancellation

21
0
24

30
0

27

0
0

30

33
0

0
Phased array provides a high Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP)
2012 IEEE APS Chicago 5 2/8/2015
 NEXRAD-PAR Reflectivity Comparison
NWRT KTLX
Phased Array Radar WSR-88D

2nd Trip

NWRT Volume Scan in less than 1 min. KTLX Volume Scan took 4.2 mins.
Composite Reflectivity: SPY-1 v. WSR-88D
Hurricane Fran Remnants

Note heavy
rain areas

several second 5 minute

volume scan volume scan

SPY-1 NEXRAD
 Spatial Power Combination

Spatial Power Combination  20 log10 (N)

– CMOS/SiGe Technology
– At mm-wave Pout,PA<10dBm, GLNA<14dB

Power (dBm)

2012 IEEE APS Chicago 8 2/8/2015

UCSD
 Phased array spike sorting

1
6
0 .1 4 8

1
5
Rn( 1 5 t )

 0 .5 3 4

Phased array spike sorting system

0 t 4
1 .21 0

1
4
0 .1 3 9

Rn( 1 3 t )

1
3
 0 .5 3 4
0 t 4
1 .21 0

1
2
0 .1 8 3

Rn( 1 1 t ) 0 .0 4 2

1
1
Neuronal
 0 .5 3 9
0 t 1 .21 0
4
E y 3n( t )

 0 .1 8 7
0 t 4
1 .21 0
Sorted
Spike of
1
0
spikes 0 .1 4 7

Rn( 9  t )

recorded by 0 .0 5 6
individual
9

 0 .5 3 4
0 t 4
1 .21 0
E y 2n( t )

electrode neurons.
 0 .2 0 5
0 t 4
1 .21 0
8

0 .1 4 7

array Rn( 7  t )
7

 0 .5 3 4 0 .1 3 9
0 t 4
1 .21 0
E y 1n( t )

 0 .5 4 4
6

0 t 4
1 .21 0

0 .1 8 3

Rn( 5  t )

 0 .5 3 9
5

0 t 4
1 .21 0
4

0 .1 3 9

Rn( 3  t )

 0 .5 3 4
3

0 t 4
1 .21 0

0 .1 4
2

Rn( 1  t )

 0 .5 3 4
1

0 t 4
1 .21 0

Center for Computational Biology, MSU

 Automotive Radar

24GHz 60GHz 77GHz

BLINDSPOT
DETECTION

ADAPTIVE CRUISE
CONTROL
PARKING
ASSISTANCE

Wireless Communications Vehicular Radar

 Fully-integrated silicon-based multiple-antenna systems enable

widespread commercial applications at high frequencies.
 Complex, novel architectures can be realized on silicon
with greater reliability and lower
10 cost.
 Phased Array Drawbacks
Pave Paws

 Cost and Complexity

 Bandwidth

PATRIOT
 Calibration

 Beamforming

2012 IEEE APS Chicago 11 2/8/2015

 Bose before Marconi

 THE WORK OF JAGADIS CHANDRA

BOSE:
 100 YEARS OF MM-WAVE RESEARCH

 (last revised February 1998)

 D.T. Emerson
 National Radio Astronomy
Observatory(1)
 949 N. Cherry Avenue
 Tucson, Arizona 85721

 E-mail: demerson@nrao.edu

2012 IEEE APS Chicago 12 2/8/2015

2012 IEEE APS Chicago 13 2/8/2015
2012 IEEE APS Chicago 14 2/8/2015
2012 IEEE APS Chicago 15 2/8/2015
2012 IEEE APS Chicago 16 2/8/2015
2012 IEEE APS Chicago 17 2/8/2015
2012 IEEE APS Chicago 18 2/8/2015
2012 IEEE APS Chicago 19 2/8/2015
 Key Enabler: Lumped mm-Wave Inductors and Transformers
• Reduced form factor of on-chip passives at mm-
waves
• Spiral inductors preferred over CPW or µ-strip T-lines
• Vertically stacked, Xfmr measured up to 94GHz
• Inductors and Xfmrs modeled using ASITIC® >90%
accuracy

1:1 vertically stacked transformer in 90-nm CMOS Measured transformer

power transfer up to 94GHz
60-GHz PA and LNA in 90-nm RF-CMOS 20
 60 GHz Band

57 GHz 64 GHz

 Unlicensed band governed by Part 15.225

 15 dB/Km of O2 absorption
 Robust PHY layer security
 High frequency reuse
 Connectivity up to 10 Gbps
 Currently used in MAN and campus networks
 New commercial applications: mmwLAN and PAN

21 November 11, 2003

 70 & 80 GHz Allocation
72.25 73.50 74.75

71 GHz 76 GHz
82.25 83.50 84.75

81 GHz 86 GHz

 FCC opened these bands for commercial use in October 2003

 Divided into 4 unpaired segments per band
 Segments may be aggregated
 Cross band aggregation permitted with some restriction
 “Pencil-beam” applications
 License based on interference protection on a link-by-link basis
22 November 11, 2003
 90 GHz Allocation
94.0 94.1

92 GHz 95 GHz

 FCC opened these bands for commercial use in October 2003

 Divided into 2 unpaired segments
 94 GHz to 94.1 GHz allocated for exclusive Federal use
 Segments may be aggregated
 License based on interference protection on a link-by-link basis
for outdoor use
 No license required for indoor use

23 November 11, 2003

 Going Completely Wireless

 Opportunities
 Low maintenance : no wires
 Low power: no large switches
 Low cost: all of the above

 Fault tolerant: multiple network paths

 High performance: multiple network paths
Which wireless technology?
 60GHz
 Short range
Wireless Technology
 High bandwidth
 Attenuated by oxygen  Several to over 10Gbps
molecules  License free
 Directional  Has been available for
 Narrow beam many years

Why now? Rx Tx

• CMOS Integration

7 mm
- Size < dime
- Manufacturing cost < $1
5 mm [Pinel ‘09]
25
 60 GHz
 One directional
Antenna Model
 Bandwidth < 15Gbps
 Signal angle between 25°  TDMA (TDD)
and 45°  FDMA (FDD)
 Maximum range < 10 m  Power at 0.1 – 0.3W
 No beam steering

How to integrate to datacenters?

 Relationship Between Wavelength and Frequency

Speed of light: 3e8 m/s

(Speed of light) = (Wavelength) x (Frequency)

c = ln

1 GHz  30 cm
30 GHz  10 mm
60 GHz  5 mm
300 GHz  1mm
Microwave and
mm-Wave Band
Designations
 SMT
Millimeter Arizona
GBT 10m
Telescopes West IRAM
Virginia 30m
100m Spain

ASTE MOPRA
Chile Australia CSO
10m Onsala
22m Hawaii Sweden
10.4m 20m
JCMT
Hawa
ii 15m

Nobeyaa APEX
Japan Chile
45m 12m
LMT
Mexic
o
50m ARO
12m
The Effect of Human Body on Indoor
Radio Wave Propagation
at 57-64 GHz

M. Fakharzadeh, J. Ahmadi-Shokouh, B.
Biglarbegian,M.R. Nezhad-Ahmad, and S.
Safavi-Naeini

Intelligent Integrated Photonics and Radio Group, E&CE

Dept.,University of Waterloo, ON, Canada

Tel. +1(519) 721-5551, Email: mfakharz@uwaterloo.ca

 Outline

 Introduction
 Ray-tracing Analysis
 Experimental Results
 Conclusion
 Motivation
 Seven GHz bandwidth around 60 GHz frequencies has been
released to develop high-rate short-range wireless data
communication.

 A regular propagation phenomenon is the shadowing of the

Line-of-Sight (LOS) link caused by moving people.

 One research shows this phenomenon disconnects the LOS

link for 2% of the time [1].

 It must be determined that how much attenuation is caused

by a human body obscuring the LOS path.
 Ray-tracing analysis
In this work, a 3-D ray-tracing modeling,
Geometrical Optics plus diffraction, is Whiteboard

door
employed to evaluate the signal

1m
Rx
coverage at 60GHz frequency range for a 1.2m

regular office area. Test Area

Whiteboard
C

1.17m Tx

TX
B
2m

Window
Window
m
1.17c
D
1m

RX
1.2cm Window
A

Simplified map of a seminar room used to study

the human body effects on wave propagation.
 Simulation Environments
 Size of the room was 7.42m ×
6.25m × 2.73 (l×w×h).
 A and B in were partially covered
by whiteboards ( high reflection C
coefficient)
 Two layer windows had been
installed on wall C and parts of the
wall B and D.
 A big conference table and large-
TX
B

screen TV .

2m
 The floor was covered by carpet. m
1.17c
D

1m
 The top left corner of the room, in RX
1.2cm
proximity to whiteboards, was
designated to the test area. A
 Ray-Tracing Modeling
 The empirical data reported in [2] and [3]
was used to calculate the reflection
coefficients of the material in the room.
 Measured permittivity data for biological
tissues in [4] was used.

 Two horn antennas with 24dB gain at

60GHz and roughly 10° beamwidth were
used as the transmitter and receiver
antennas.

 Such directive antennas are used

 To provide the radiation gain required
to combat high path loss at mm-wave
range
 To attenuate the multipath components
from Non-Line-Of-Sight (NLOS)
directions.
 TX-RX Antenna Distance

3m

Test 1

TX antenna

3m
1m
3m
RX antenna
moves
1.30m

1.35m
X=0
Test 2
X-Axis
 Ray-Tracing Scenario

 The RX antenna was moved along a horizontal

line, in steps of 1mm, to cover a distance of
±60cm around the initial position.

 The total received power of all rays was

calculated at each RX antenna position.

 This procedure was repeated at three

frequencies, 57, 60 and 64GHz, with and without
human body to find the shadowing loss.
 Ray-tracing Results
 Maximum attenuation
occurs around x=0cm (>
40dB). 0 f=64 GHz
f=60 GHz
-5 f=57 GHz

 The attenuation is larger -10

for higher frequencies. -15

Loss, dB
-20
-25
 Received power is almost -30
symmetrical around x=0. -35
-40

 Maximum attenuation -45

varies from 45 to 50 dB for -50

-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
different frequencies. X distance, cm
 Test Set-up

Fig. 5 Left: Test set-up. Top-Right: Source

and transmitter antenna. Bottom-Right:
Receiver antenna and spectrum analyzer.
 Measured Spectrum (LOS)

To measure the shadowing

loss of the human body, the
RX antenna was moved in
steps of 5cm.

At each point the received

power spectrum was
measured at 57, 60 and
64GHz.
 Experimental Results
There is a good 10
Comparison of RT and Measured results at 57-64 GHz

agreement between the f=64, RT

f=60,RT
simulation and 0 Measurements f=57,Rt
f=57, M
measurement results f=60,M
f=64,M
from x=-10 to x=60cm.
Loss, dB
-10

-20
Maximum measured
loss is around 40dB -30

which occurs when the Ray-tracing

-40
human body blocks the
LOS path completely. -50
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
X distance, cm
 Conclusion

 In conclusion, it was shown that the shadowing

loss of the human body at 57-64GHz can exceed
40dB.

 Ray-tracing analysis provides good approximation

of the wave propagation at this frequency range.

 These results are of crucial importance for link

budget design of 60 GHz indoor wireless
networks.
 Multi-Gigabit/sec Data Transmission

Article of month Feb 2014

2012 IEEE APS Chicago 43 2/8/2015

2012 IEEE APS Chicago 44 2/8/2015
 802.11AD

2012 IEEE APS Chicago 45 2/8/2015

2012 IEEE APS Chicago 46 2/8/2015