ANATOMY OF HEART

DR PARVEEN KUMAR ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

• Draw the diagram of heart and their function /define heart physioligy
• Introduction
• Heart
• Structure
• Location
• Chamber of heart
• Valve attached to the heart
• Blood vessels attached to the heart
• Function
• The circulatory system (cardiovascular system) pumps blood from the heart to the
lungs to get oxygen.
• The heart then sends oxygenated blood through arteries to the rest of the body. The veins
carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart to start the circulation process over.
• Your heart and blood vessels make up the circulatory system. The main function of the circulatory
system is to provide oxygen, nutrients and hormones to muscles, tissues and organs throughout
your body.
• Another part of the circulatory system is to remove waste from cells and organs so your body can
dispose of it.
• Your heart is the only circulatory system organ. Blood goes from the heart to the lungs to get
oxygen. The lungs are part of the respiratory system. Your heart then pumps oxygenated blood
through arteries to the rest of the body.
•

•
 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels and lymphatics.
The heart, which is the great pumping organ maintaining the circulation
throughout the body, Arteries carrying blood from the heart
Veins carrying blood to the heart, Capillaries uniting the arteries and the
veins and forming the "capillary lake' where the traffic between nourishment
and waste matter proceeds and the interchange of gases takes place in the
extracellular or interstitial fluid,
Lymphatics, which collect, filter, and pass back to the blood stream the
lymph which has exuded through the minute capillary walls to bathe the
tissues, may also be regarded as part of the circulatory system to return fluid
and protein from the tissues to the circulation
 PARTS OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• Heart, a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout your body.

• Blood vessels, which include your arteries, veins and capillaries.
• Blood, made up of red and white blood cells, plasma and platelets.
•
 Blood vessels
• Arteries: Arteries are thin, muscular tubes that carry oxygenated blood away
from the heart and to every part of your body. The aorta is the body’s largest
artery. It starts at the heart and travels up the chest (ascending aorta) and then
down into the stomach (descending aorta). The coronary arteries branch off the
aorta, which then branch into smaller arteries (arterioles) as they get farther from
your heart.
• Veins: These blood vessels return oxygen-depleted blood to the heart. Veins start
small (venules) and get larger as they approach your heart. Two central veins
deliver blood to your heart. The superior vena cava carries blood from the upper
body (head and arms) to the heart. The inferior vena cava brings blood up from
the lower body (stomach, pelvis and legs) to the heart. Veins in the legs have
valves to keep blood from flowing backward.
• Capillaries: These blood vessels connect very small arteries (arterioles) and veins
(venules). Capillaries have thin walls that allow oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients
and waste products to pass into and out of cells.
 HEART

The heart is a muscular organ about the size of a fist, located

just behind and slightly left of the breastbone. The heart pumps
blood through the network of arteries and veins called the
cardiovascular system.
The heart is a cone-shaped, hollow, muscular organ, having the base
above and the apex below.
The apex inclines towards the left side.
The heart weighs about 300 grams
 LOCATION OF THE HEART

. The heart lies in the thorax, between the lungs and behind the
sternum, and directed more to the left than the right side.
The exact position may be marked on the body. A line drawn from the
third right costal cartilage 12-5 mm inch) from the sternum, upwards to
the second left costal cartilage 18 mm (4 inch) from the sternum, marks
the position of the base of the heart where blood vessels enter and
leave
A point marked on the left side between the fifth and sixth left ribs or
in the fifth left intercostal space 9 cm (34 inches) from the mid-line,
gives the position of the apex of the heart
 STRUCTURE OF THE HEART.

• The heart is about the size of a closed fist.

• The adult heart weighs about 220-260 g (8-9 oz.).
• It is divided by a septum into two sides, right and left.
• There is normally no communication between these two sides after
birth.
• Each side of the heart is further subdivided into two chambers
• Upper chamber called an atrium
• lower chamber a ventricle.
 CHAMBER OF THE HEART AND VALVE

• There are two atria, right and left, and two ventricles.
• The atria and ventricles of each side communicate with one another
by means of the atrioventricular openings, which are guarded by
valves
 CHAMBER OF THE HEART AND VALVE

• The heart is made up of four chambers

• Two upper chambers known as the left atrium or right atrium
• Two lower chambers called the left and right ventricles.
• It is also made up of four valves
• The tricuspid
• The pulmonary
• The mitral
• The aortic valves
• The atria and ventricles of each side communicate with one another by
means of the atrioventricular openings, which are guarded by valves
• On the right side by the tricuspid valve and on the left the mitral valve.
(The terms atrium and auricle are synonymous.)
• The atrioventricular valves permit of the passage of blood in one direction
only, i.e. from atrium to ventricle; and they prevent the blood flowing
backwards from ventricle to atrium.
• The tricuspid valve is composed of three flaps or cusps
• The mitral of two flaps, which gives it some resemblance to a bishop's
mitre, hence the name
 LAYER OF HEART

• The heart is composed of a specialized cardiac muscle, and is

surrounded by a membrane called the pericardium.
• There are two layers: the visceral and parietal layer a serous
membrane, which is closely adherent to the heart
• and the parietal pericardium, a fibrous layer which is reflected back
from the base of the heart, and surrounds it like a loose sac. By this
arrangement the heart lies in a double sac of pericardium with serous
fluid between the two layers which, by a lubricating action, allows the
heart to move freely.
• The heart is lined by endothelium; this layer is called the
endocardium, The valves are simply thickened portions of this
membrane.
• The thickness of the heart wall is composed of a network of heart
muscle fibres, and is known as the myocardium.
• The heart may thus be described as consisting of three layers
• The Pericardium, or outer covering.
• Myocardium, the middle muscular layer,
• The Endocardium, the inner lining.
 WALLS THICKNESS OF THE HEARRT

The muscular walls of the heart vary in thickness

 The ventricles have the thickest walls
 The walls of the left are thicker than those of the right ventricle,
because the force of contraction of the left ventricle is much greater.
 BLOOD VESSELS ATTACHED TO THE HEART.

• The superior and inferior venacava empty their blood into the right atrium.
The opening of the latter is guarded by the semilunar valve of
• The pulmonary artery carries blood away from the right ventricle and four
pulmonary veins bring blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
• The aorta carries blood away from the left ventricle.
• The openings of the aorta and the pulmonary artery are guarded by the
semilunar valves.
• The valve between the left ventricle and the aorta is called the aortic valve
and prevents blood flowing backwards from the aorta to the left ventricle.
• The valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery is called
the pulmonary valve and prevents blood flowing backwards from the
pulmonary artery into the right ventricle.
Blood Supply and Nerve Supply of the Heart.
• Coronary Circulation
• The right and left coronary arteries are the first to 'leave the aorta;
these then divide into smaller arteries which encircle the heart and
supply blood to all parts of the organ.
• The return blood from the heart is collected mainly by the coronary
sinus and returned directly into the right atrium.
How does the circulatory system work?

• Your circulatory system functions with the help of blood vessels that include arteries, veins and capillaries.
These blood vessels work with your heart and lungs to continuously circulate blood through your body.
Here’s how:
1. The heart’s bottom right pumping chamber (right ventricle) sends blood that’s low in oxygen (oxygen-poor
blood) to the lungs. Blood travels through the pulmonary trunk (the main pulmonary artery).
2. Blood cells pick up oxygen in the lungs.
3. Pulmonary veins carry the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart’s left atrium (upper heart chamber).
4. The left atrium sends the oxygenated blood into the left ventricle (lower chamber). This muscular part of the
heart pumps blood out to the body through the arteries.
5. As it moves through your body and organs, blood collects and drops off nutrients, hormones and waste
products.
6. The veins carry deoxygenated blood and carbon dioxide back to the heart, which sends the blood to the
lungs.
7. Your lungs get rid of the carbon dioxide when you exhale.
 Circuit of circulation
Your circulatory system has three circuits. Blood circulates through your
heart and through these circuits in a continuous pattern:
• The pulmonary circuit: This circuit carries blood without oxygen from the
heart to the lungs. The pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood to the
heart.
• The systemic circuit: In this circuit, blood with oxygen, nutrients and
hormones travels from the heart to the rest of the body. In the veins, the
blood picks up waste products as the body uses up the oxygen, nutrients
and hormones.
• The coronary circuit: Coronary refers to your heart’s arteries. This circuit
provides the heart muscle with oxygenated blood. The coronary circuit then
returns oxygen-poor blood to the heart’s right upper chamber (atrium) to
send to the lungs for oxygen.