Qus.:- What is software? Describe the various language? Ans.

:- It is the combination of Instructions and Data, known as machine code that

forms the building blocks of applications such as Word Processor, Computer Game or Spreadsheet. Computer instructions or data. Anything that can be stored electronically is software. The storage devices and display devices are hardware. The terms software and hardware are used as both nouns and adjectives. For example, you can say: "The problem lies in the software," meaning that there is a problem with the program or data, not with the computer itself. You can also say: "It's a software problem." The distinction between software and hardware is sometimes confusing because they are so integrally linked. Clearly, when you purchase a program, you are buying software. But to buy the software, you need to buy the disk(hardware) on which the software is recorded. Software is often divided into two categories:

1.systems software
2. applications software

Syatem Software:- System software is a program that manages and supports

the computer resources and operations of a computer system while it executes various tasks such as processing data and information, controlling hardware components, and allowing users to use application software. That is, systems software functions as a bridge between computer system hardware and the application software. System software is made up of many control programs, including the operating system, communications software and database manager. There are many kinds of computers these days. Some of them are easier to learn than others. Some of them perform better than others. These differences may come from different systems software.

Three Kinds of Programs Systems software consists of three kinds of programs. The system management programs, system support programs, and system development programs are they. 1.System Management Programs 2.System Support Programs 3. System Development Programs

Application software:- A program or group of programs designed for end

users. Application softwarecan be divided into two general classes: systems software and applications software. Systems software consists of low-level programs that interact with the computer at a very basic level. This includes operating systems,compilers, and utilities for managing computer resources. In contrast, applications software (also called end-user programs) includesdatabase programs, word processors, and spreadsheets. Figuratively speaking, applications software sits on top of systems software because it is unable to run without the operating system and system utilities. Application software is any tool that functions and is operated by means of a computer, with the purpose of supporting or improving the software user's work. In other words, it is the subclass of computer software that employs the capabilities of a computer directly and thoroughly to a task that the user wishes to perform. This should be contrasted with system software (infrastructure) or middleware (computer services/ processes integrators), which is involved in integrating a computer's various capabilities, but typically does not directly apply them in the performance of tasks that benefit the user. In this context the term application refers to both the application software and its implementation. Some general kinds of application software include: Productivity software, which includes word processors, spreadsheets, and tools for use by most computer users Presentation software Graphics software for graphic designers CAD/CAM software Specialized scientific applications Vertical market or industry-specific software (for example, for banking, insurance, retail, and manufacturing environments)

Languages
1. Programming Languages Procedural Programming Languages 1. Basic 2. Fortran Structured Programming Languages 1. C 2. Ada 3. Pascal.. Object-Oriented Programming Languages 1. Java 2. Visual basic 3. C# 4. C++ 5. Python 2.Web Languages HTML XML Javascript VBScript PHP 3.Computer Languages Machine Language Assambly Language High level Language

Qus:- What is database? Describe E-R model? Ans:- A database is a set of data that has a regular structure and that is organized in
such a way that a computer can easily find the desired information. Data is a collection of distinct pieces of information, particularly information that has been formatted (i.e., organized) in some specific way for use in analysis or making decisions.A database can generally be looked at as being a collection of records, each of which contains one or more fields (i.e., pieces of data) about some entity (i.e., object), such as a person, organization, city, product, work of art, recipe, chemical, or sequence of DNA. For example, the fields for a database that is about people who work for a specific company might include the name, employee identification number, address, telephone number, date employment started, position and salary for each worker.

Types of database models :

Flat File Database:- Flat databases are the simplest type. They were long
the dominant type, and they can still be useful, particularly for very small scale and simple applications. An example is a single table on paper or in a computer file that contains a list of companies with information about each such as name, address, product category, contact name, etc. A flat database can also exist in the form of a set of index cards, each containing the information for one of the entities.

Network Database:- Hypermedia can be considered to be a type of

network database. Hypermedia is a computer-based information retrieval system that enables a user to gain or provide access to text, images (both still and moving) and sound via hyperlinks. Most hypermedia consists of hypertext, and the largest example by far is, of course, the web.

Relational Database:-A relational database is a way of organizing data

such that it appears to the user to be stored in a series of interrelated tables. Interest in this model was initially confined to academia, perhaps because the theoretical basis is not easy to understand, and thus the first commercial products, Oracle and DB2, did not appear until around 1980. Subsequently, relational databases became the dominant type for high performance applications because of their efficiency, ease of use, and ability to perform a variety of useful tasks that had not been originally envisioned.

Database Management System (DBMS):-DBMS is software that

has been created to allow the efficient use and management of databases, including ensuring that data is consistent and correct and facilitating its updating. For small, single user databases, all functions are often managed by a single program; for larger and multi-user databases, multiple programs are usually involved and a client-server architecture is generally employed. The first DBMSs were developed in the 1960s in an attempt to make more effective use of the new direct access storage devices (i.e., hard disk drives) that were becoming available as supplements and eventual replacements for punched cards and magnetic tape. The word database is commonly used in a broad sense to refer not only just to structured data but also to the DBMS that is used with it.

E-R Model
The Entity-Relationship (ER) model was originally proposed by Peter in 1976 [Chen76] as a way to unify the network and relational database views. Simply stated the ER model is a conceptual data model that views the real world as entities and relationships. A basic component of the model is the Entity-Relationship diagram which is used to visually represents data objects. Since Chen wrote his paper the model has been extended and today it is commonly used for database design For the database designer, the utility of the ER model is: it maps well to the relational model. The constructs used in the ER model can easily be transformed into relational tables. it is simple and easy to understand with a minimum of training. Therefore, the model can be used by the database designer to communicate the design to the end user. In addition, the model can be used as a design plan by the database developer to implement a data model in a specific database management software.

Diagram
A typical Entity Relationship Diagram is represented below:

Basic Constructs of E-R Modeling

The ER model views the real world as a construct of entities and association between entities.

Entities:-Entities are the principal data object about which information is to be collected. Entities are usually recognizable concepts, either concrete or abstract, such as person, places, things, or events which have relevance to the database. Some specific examples of entities are EMPLOYEES, PROJECTS, INVOICES. An entity is analogous to a table in the relational model. Entities are classified as independent or dependent (in some methodologies, the terms used are strong and weak, respectively). An independent entity is one that does not rely on another for identification. A dependent entity is one that relies on another for identification. An entity occurrence (also called an instance) is an individual occurrence of an entity. An occurrence is analogous to a row in the relational table.

Attributes:- Attributes describe the entity of which they are associated. A particular instance of an attribute is a value. For example, "Jane R. Hathaway" is one value of the attribute Name. The domainof an attribute is the collection of all possible values an attribute can have. The domain of Name is a character string.Attributes can be classified as identifiers or descriptors. Identifiers, more commonly called keys, uniquely identify an instance of an entity. A descriptor describes a non-unique characteristic of an entity instance.

Identifiers:- An Identifier is an attribute that identifies entity instances. They can be unique,non-unique, or composite. Unique identifiers identity one and only one entity instance, whereas non-unique identifiers can identify more than one entity instance. Composite identifiers consist of more than one attribute

Relationships:- A Relationship represents an association between two or more entities. An example of a relationship would be: 1. employees are assigned to projects 2. projects have subtasks 3. departments manage one or more projects

Relationships are classified in terms of degree, connectivity, cardinality, and existence.

Short Notes 1.Microsoft outlook:- Microsoft Outlook is the email client included with the
Microsoft Office suite. It is designed to operate as an independent personal information manager, as an Internet mail client, or in conjunction with the Microsoft Exchange Server for group scheduling, email, and task management. It manages email, calendars, contacts, tasks, to-do lists, and documents or files on the hard drive. Outlook helps you communicate through email, phone support, and group scheduling capabilities. Outlook also helps you share information by means of public folders, forms, and Internet connectivity. Outlook juggles scheduling, groupware, personal information (contacts, tasks), email, and documents all in one place, and allows you to create and view information using a consistent interface. You can find information easily with Windows shortcuts, which let you navigate to any private, public, or file system folders. Outlook Journal helps you find a document based on creation date and name. Outlook lets you arrange information any way you want to see it. You can apply any of Outlook's standard five views to information, or you can customize a view using the Field Chooser and Group By Box features.

2.Mail merge:- A mail merge is a method of taking data from a database,

spreadsheet, or other form of structured data, and inserting it into documents such as letters, mailing labels, and name tags. It usually requires two files, one storing the variable data to be inserted, and the other containing both the instructions for formatting the variable data and the information that will be identical across each result of the mail merge. For example, in a form letter, you might include instructions to insert the name of each recipient in a certain place; the mail merge would combine this letter with a list of recipients to produce one letter for each person in the list. You can also print a set of mailing labels or envelopes by doing a mail merge. For labels, for example, you would construct a source document containing the addresses of the people you wish to print labels for and a main document that controls where each person's name, address, city, state, and zip code will go on the label. The main document would also contain information about how many labels are on a page, the size of each label, the size of the sheet of paper the labels are attached to, and the type of printer you will use to print the labels. Running a mail merge with the two files results in a set of labels, one for each entry in the source document, with each label formatted according to the information in the main document.

3.Track change:- In word processing, track changes is an editing command that

is commonly used when you create an original document and make changes and want to keep track of the changes that are made to that original document. It is also a useful tool for collaborating on a document, as it allows multiple users to make revisions without losing the context of the original document. Track Changes is a way for Microsoft Word to keep track of the changes you make to a document. You can then choose to accept or reject those changes. For example:-Let's say Bill creates a document and emails it to his colleague, Lee, for feedback. Lee can edit the document with Track Changes on. When Lee sends the document back to Bill, Bill can see what changes Lee had made. Track Changes is also known as redline, or redlining. This is because some industries traditionally draw a vertical red line in the margin to show that some text has changed. Changes to text and formatting are noted in a number of different ways, depending on the word processing software you use. For example, Microsoft Office Word 2007 uses balloons to display deletions, comments, formatting changes, and content that has moved. You can also choose how tracked changes and comments are displayed, for example in a different font color. In some word processing programs, track changes may also be referred to as edit mode.

4.Header & Footer:- A header or footer is text or graphics that is usually printed
at the top or bottom of every page in a document. A header is printed in the top margin; a footer is printed in the bottom margin. Headers and footers can be as simple as the document title and a page number, but you can create headers and footers that contain graphics, multiple paragraphs, and fields. You can specify a different header or footer for odd and even pages or use a different header or footer for the first page of a section or document. If you divide a document into sections, you can use different headers and footers in each section. For example, you might want the header for each section to reflect the title of that section.

5.Data validation:- In computer science, data validation is the process of

ensuring that a program operates on clean, correct and useful data. It uses routines, often called "validation rules" or "check routines", that check for correctness, meaningfulness, and security of data that are input to the system. The rules may be implemented through the automated facilities of a data dictionary, or by the inclusion of explicit application program validation logic. For business applications, data validation can be defined through declarative data integrity rules, or procedure-based business rules.[1] Data that does not conform to these rules will negatively affect business process execution. Therefore, data validation should start with business process definition and set of business rules within this process. Rules can be collected through the requirements capture exercise.[2] The simplest data validation verifies that the characters provided come from a valid set. For example, telephone numbers should include the digits and possibly the characters +, -, (, and ) (plus, minus, and brackets). A more sophisticated data validation routine would check to see the user had entered a valid country code, i.e., that the number of digits entered matched the convention for the country or area specified. Incorrect data validation can lead to data corruption or a security vulnerability. Data validation checks that data are valid, sensible, reasonable, and secure before they are processed