Science Applications: remote control, burglar alarm systems, night External radiotherapy- the patient is exposed to a beam of

Electromagnetic waves vision camera, thermometers, infrared induction, Medical radiation

-are created as a result of vibrations between an electric field infrared imaging, surveillance camera Internal Radiotherapy- radiation comes from implants or
and a magnetic field. Visible Light liquids placed inside the body; sometimes call brachytherapy.
-The sun emits EM radiation and EM waves are all around us! - Humans can only see a portion of the electromagnetic Reflection of light
Electromagnetic spectrum spectrum which is visible light. It allows us to see colors that - Bouncing back of light after hitting a surface. Plane mirror -
-is a continuum of EM waves arranged according to can be seen with our sight. Flat surface, shiny and opaque.
wavelength or frequency. -sequence of colors from longest to shortest ROYGBIV Mirror is made from thin layer of glass and put a layer of silver
Radio waves, Microwaves, Infrared, Visible Light, Ultraviolet, Application: It helps us see objects, traffic lights, commercial on one side. The silver side reflects the light but does not let it
X-rays, Gamma rays. displays, car headlights, television, liquid crystal display(LCD), pass through.
Radio Waves used by plants in photosynthesis Ideal mirror -would reflect all the light.
- Have longest wavelengths and the lowest frequencies as well visible light communication- an emerging form of wireless Real mirror -reflects light and absorb some lights and the
as the lowest energy. They travel easily through the communication technology. It can be used for simultaneous remaining gets reflected.
atmosphere and other materials. audio and video streaming. Basic terms:
Wavebands- smaller region of radio waves LASER- Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. Beam of light - Light from the torch Beam - is a collection of
RADAR- Radio detection and ranging Ultraviolet light rays
MRI- Magnetic source imaging - Ultraviolet (UV) light has higher frequencies than visible light, Incident ray - the ray of light falling on the mirror
GPS- Global positioning system it also carries more energy. Point of incidents - where the incident ray hits the mirror.
RFID- Radio frequency identification UV Light (black light)- detect forged bank notes, forensic Reflected ray - the ray that comes back.
LIDAR- Light detection and ranging investigation, sterilize medical equipment UVA- used to treat Normal - Imaginary line at the point of incidents perpendicular
Applications: Automatic doors, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GPS, RFID skin conditions like psoriasis and vitiligo to the mirror.
Microwaves UV- stimulates the production of vitamin D * Normal is used to measure the angles
- have shorter wavelengths but have greater frequencies and X-Rays * Angle the incident ray makes with the normal is i = angle of
energy - commonly used to check for abnormalities or problems inside incidence
the body. * Angle the reflected ray makes with the normal is called r =
Applications: Doppler radar, long-distance phone calls, send Applications: detect abnormalities in the skeletal system, angle of reflection
signals for cable-television, microwave oven, Microwave dental imaging, Computer axial tomography (CAT), airport Laws of reflection
Ablation (shrink or destroy tumors) Microwave Imaging security checks, diffraction. 1.) The incident ray, reflected ray and the normal at the point
(progress of treatment Gamma Rays of incidence all lie on the same plane.
Infra-Red - Gamma rays have the highest frequencies and energies of 2.) The angle of incidents is equal to the angle of reflection.
- Infra-red was discovered by William Herschel. These rays are any EM waves. These rays are produced by some radioactive * All objects reflect light
sometimes called heat waves because you can feel it by its substances as well as by the Sun and other stars.
presence of heat from the sun, a fire, or a radiator even if you Applications: detect cracks in metals, food irradiation,
can’t see it Radiotherapy
Types of reflection: CASE 2: Object At C ANSWER CHOICES FOR (LOST )
1.) Regular reflection - mirror or highly polished surface. L = Below the object, at C Location:
2.) Irregular reflection - most of the objects e.g. paper, walls, O = Inverted -At the focus
-Between the focus and the center of curvature (or 2F for
curtains. (scattered or diffused) S = Same size
lenses)
Your image will be formed behind the plane mirror. Virtual, T = Real -At the center of curvature (or 2F for lenses)
upright and same height. Case 3: Object Between C and F (Focus) -Beyond the center of curvature (or 2F)
For plane mirror: •L: Beyond C (farther from the mirror than the object). -Between the focus and the mirror/lens
Object height = image height •O: Inverted. -On the opposite side of the lens (for lenses)
Concave mirror - a converging mirror •S: Larger (magnified).
•T: Real. Orientation:
Rules for image formation:
Case 4: Object At F -Upright
Rule 1. ray of light which is parallel to the principal axis after
•L: No image (rays are parallel and do not converge). -Inverted
reflection passes through the focus. •O: Undefined.
Rule 2. Ray of light passing through the century of curvature is •S: Undefined. Size:
reflected back along the same path. •T: Undefined. -Magnified (larger than the object)
Rule 3. Ray of light passing through the focus after reflection Case 5: Object Between F and the Mirror -Diminished (smaller than the object)
becomes parallel to the principal axis. •L: Behind the mirror. -Same size (equal to the object)
Rule 4. Ray of light which is incident at the pole of a concave •O: Upright.
mirror which is reflected back making the same angle with the •S: Larger (magnified). Type:
•T: Virtual. -Real (light rays intersect; can be projected on a screen)
principal axis.
-Virtual (light rays appear to intersect; cannot be projected on
There are 2 rays and 2 rules. Rule number 4 doesn’t always a screen)
Image formation for convex mirrors
apply.
Rule 1. ray of light which is parallel to the principal axis, after
REMEMBER:
reflection it appears to be coming from the focus.
L - Location: Where is the image formed? HOW DO YOU KNOW WHERE THE IMAGE CAN BE FOUND?
O - Orientation: Is the image upright or inverted compared to -When the rays intersect.
Rule 2. Ray of light going towards the center of curvature of a
the object?
convex mirror is reflected along at the same path. TERMS:
S - Size: Is the image magnified, diminished, or the same size
Poles (p)
as the object? - The center of the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is a
Rule 3. Ray of light going towards the focus after reflection
T - Type: Is the image real or virtual? point called pole it lies in the surface mirror.
becomes parallel o the principal axis.
Case 1: Object is beyond C Center of curvature (c)
Rule 4. Ray of light which is incident at the pole of a convex - The center of the imaginary sphere from which the spherical
L = between the center of curvature and focus
mirror is reflected making the same angle with the principal mirror is derived.
O = Inverted
axis.
S = diminished
T = Real
Radius of curvature (r) Refraction of light Case 3. Light is incident normally on the second medium. No
-Is the radius of imaginary sphere of which mirror is a part. -is the bending of light as it passes from one transparent bending of light but it will slow down as it goes to the medium.
medium to another, caused by a change in its speed. i=0 r=0
Principal axis
Convex Lense – converging
- The line joining pole and center of curvature. Why does refraction happen?
-it changes the speed of light. Rules for image formation in convex lens
Focus (f)
- is a specific point where parallel rays of light converge For example, the air is 3x10^8 when it goes to the glass it Rule 1. A ray of light which is parallel to the principal axis, after
(meet) or appear to diverge after reflecting off a mirror or becomes 2x10^8. refraction passes to through the focus on the other side of the
refracting through a lens. lens.
Vertex (v)- center of the mirror Terms:
Rule 2. A ray of light passing to the optical centre of the lens
Focal length Incident ray – ray of light
goes straight. It emerges without any deviation.
-is the distance between the mirror/lens's center (or pole in Point of incidence – the point where the incident ray hits the
the case of mirrors) and the focus. medium Rule 3.A ray of light passing through the focus after refraction
Normal – imaginary line perpendicular boundary between the becomes parallel to the principal axis.
two materials. (air and glass)
Refracted ray – the light ray on the second medium. Case 1: Object Beyond 2F
•L: Between F and 2F (opposite side of the lens)
•O: Inverted
Angle of incident is greater than angle of refraction. i>r
•S: Smaller
•T: Real
Optical density – how much a material can slow down light.
Case 2 : Object At 2F
Air is optically rarer, and glass is optically denser. •L: At 2F (opposite side of the lens)
•O: Inverted
Case 1. When light travels from a rarer, to a denser medium, •S: Same size
•T: Real
the speed of light decreases. The light bends towards the
normal. i>r Object Between F and 2F
•L: Beyond 2F (opposite side of the lens)
Case 1. When light travels from a denser to a rarer medium, •O: Inverted
the speed of light increases. The light bends away from the •S: Larger
normal. i<r •T: Rea
Object At F (Focal Point) Optical Behavior Magnetic field
•L: At infinity These points determine how light bends and where images
•O: Undefined form, making them vital in lenses used for magnification, Field – is an area where an object experience a force.
•S: Undefined (highly enlarged) A magnet has a magnetic field around it.
projection, or correction in devices like cameras,
•T: Undefined (theoretical image
microscopes, and eyeglasses. Magnetic field is stronger near the magnet, and it becomes
Object Between F and the Lens weak far away from the magnet and the strength of the
•L: Same side as the object Rules for image formation: Concave lenses magnetic field decreases as the distance from the magnet
•O: Upright Rule 1. A ray of light which is parallel to the principal axis, increases.
•S: Larger after refraction appears to be coming from the focus.
•T: Virtual Shape of the magnetic field:
Iron filling and magnetic compass
Rule 2. A ray of light which is going towards the optical center
Object At Infinity
•L: At F (opposite side of the lens) of a concave lenses goes straight through without being
•O: Inverted deviated. Properties of a magnetic field lines:
•S: Diminished (point-like) 1. Magnetic field line starts at the north pole of the magnet
•T: Real Rule 3. A ray of light passing through the focus after refraction and ends in the south pole.
becomes parallel to the principal axis. 2. Come close to one another near poles of the magnet but
0 (Optical Center) are more widely separated at other places.
F1 (First Focus) •Regardless of the object position:L: The image always 3. Magnetic field lines do not intersect each other.
2F1 (Twice the Focal Distance on the Object Side) forms on the same side as the object, between the lens and
F2 (Second Focus) the focal point. The magnetic field is strong when field lines are close to each
2F2 (Twice the Focal Distance on the Image Side) •L: The image always forms on the same side as the object, other.
between the lens and the focal point.
Symmetry of the Lens: •O: The image is always upright. Types of magnet:
•Lenses are symmetric, meaning the focal lengths on both •S: The image is always diminished. Bar magnet
sides are equal but in opposite directions. •T: The image is always virtual Horse magnet
•The two focal points (F1 and F2) are equidistant from the Disc magnet
lens' center. Magnets must have 2 poles, south and north.
Monopole cannot exist. Earth’s magnetic field = 50 microT
Ray Diagrams Like poles repel each other. Magnetic field of a bar magnet = 0.01 Tesla(T)
These points are essential for constructing ray diagrams,
Unlike poles attract each other.
which help predict the image's location, size, orientation, Magnetic effect of electrical current – where earth gets its
and type. Induction precedes attraction. magnetism.
Induction is a process of reasoning or a physical
phenomenon that involves generating something (like a
concept, a charge, or a current) based on certain
conditions.
Electromagnetism Magnetic Materials: Iron, cobalt, nickel, alloys (steel and Electromagnets:
alnico) Magnets created using a current, magnetic strength
Electric current – flow of electric charges. increases with:
- More current in the wire (Battery)
Stroking- one way of magnetization
- More coils of wire
Effects: - Bigger ferromagnetic core
Heating effects Hans Christian Oersted – discovered that a current carrying
Chemical effects wire caused a nearby magnetized compass needle to Electric Motors- Converts electrical energy to mechanical
Magnetic effects deflect. energy

A current carrying wire behaves like a magnet Michael Faraday - showing that a current can be produced Current Meters-
Magnetic fields have diverse effects: Galvanometer - measure small currents
by sources of changing magnetic fields.
•They influence the motion of charges and currents. Ammeter - measure currents
•Magnetize materials. Voltmeter - measure voltage
non-magnetic current-carrying wire within a strong Law of Electromagnetic Induction:
•Induce electric currents.
magnetic field, like copper for instance, will experience a Any change in the magnetic field of a coil of wire will cause
•Affect light and particles in space.
magnetic force as indicated by the wire’s movement a voltage to be induced in the coil. This voltage is called
relative to the magnetic field. induced voltage. If the circuit is closed, the current will also
Audiovisual (AV)- the link between electricity and circulate through the circuit. This current is called induced
magnetism Broadcast studio consists of: current.
Electric generator- device that converts mechanical energy
Audio Console- converts analog audio and phone calls to a
to electrical energy by rotating a coil
digital output. Allows mixing of all sounds. Uses of Electromagnetic Induction:
Magnetic poles- magnetic south or north ● Generator- Converts mechanical energy to electrical
Microphones
Magnetism- property of being able to attract objects energy- Used commonly in most power plants to create
Computers
Studio Monitors electricity
Accelerating charges - causes a changing Electrical Field ● Transformer- Used to increase (Step-up) or decrease
Disc Players
and Magnetic Field, producing Electromagnetic waves.- (Step-down) voltage or currents- High voltage electricity :
Recording Technology- founded entirely or partially by long distance transmission- Low Voltage : homes
electromagnetic induction. can travel in material medium and in vacuum (free space)
All EM waves have the same speed (the speed of light)
Electromagnetic Induction- relationship between electricity Wavelength is inversely proportional to the frequency. As
and magnetism . wavelength decreases, the frequency of the wave
Transducers- devices that detect and convert audio Force increases.
exerted by magnets: REPULSION or ATTRACTION
Non Ionizing (lower energy): Radio Waves, Microwaves,
Infrared, Visible light, Ultraviolet
Ferromagnetic substance- if an object has attraction to the
magnet, the object contains ferromagnetic substance and Ionizing (higher energy) : X-rays, Gamma ray
is considered naturally magnetic.
ARPAN MAAARING URIIN ANG OUTSOURCING BATAY SA 2. pagbibigay ng subsidiya(subsidies) sa mga
Globalisasyon LAYO O DISTANSYA: namumuhunang local.
-ay proseso ng mabilisang pagdaloy o paggalaw ng mga Onshoring - pagkuha ng serbisyo sa isang kompanyang 3. Pagbibigay ng quota.
tao, bagay, impormasyon at produkto sa iba't ibang mula din sa loob ng bansa na nagbubunga ng higit na
direksiyon na nararanasan sa iba't ibang panig ng daigdig. Humaharap sa iba't ibang anyong suliranin at hamon sa
mababang gastusin sa operasyon. paggawa:
ANYO NG GLOBALISASYON (1) mababang pasahod,
1. GLOBALISASYONG EKONOMIKO Nearshoring- Tumutukoy sa pagkuha ng serbisyo mula sa (2) kawalan ng seguridad sa pinapasukang kompanya
2. GLOBALISASYONG TEKNOLOHIKAL kompanya sa kalapit na bansa. (3) job-mismatch/job-skills mismatch
3. GLOBALISASYONG SOSYO KULTURAL (4) Kontraktwalisasyon
4. GLOBALISASYONG POLITIKAL Offshoring- Pagkuha ng serbisyo ng isang kompanya mula (5) mura at flexible labor
sa ibang bansa na naniningil ng mas mababang bayad.
MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES o MNCs MGA NAIDULOT NG GLOBALISASYON SA PAGGAWA:
- mga produkto o serbisyong ipinagbibili ay hindi 1. Demand ng bansa para sa iba't ibang kakayahan o
ANG GLOBALISASYON AY MAY TATLONG kasanayan.
nakabatay sa pangangailangang lokal ng pamilihan.
PATAKARAN: 2. pagkakataon ang mga lokal na produkto na makilala sa
TRANSNATIONAL COMPANIES o TNCs 1. PRIVATIZATION/PAGSASAPRIBADO - paglilipat ng pandaigidigan pamilihan
- Ang kanilang serbisyong ipinagbibili ay batay sa ng kontrol ng mga government-owned and controlled 3. Binago ng globalisason ang workplace at mga salik ng
pangangailangang lokal. Binibigyang kalayaan na corporations (GOCC). produksiyon.
magdesisyon, magsaliksik, at magbenta ang mga yunit na 2. DEREGULATION/DEREGULASYON –pagbibigay ng 4. madali lang sa mga namumuhunan na magpresyo ng
ito ayon na rin sa hinihingi ng kanilang pamilihang lokal. mura o mababa laban sa mga dayuhang.
pamahalaan ng isang bansa sa pribadong negosyo ng
mas malayang pagpapasya at pagpapatakbo ng ISENTE AT MARANGAL NA PAGGAWA:
Outsourcing
- sang kompanya ng serbisyo mula sa isang kompanya na kanilang operasyon. 1. EMPLOYMENT PILLAR - paglikha ng mga
may kaukulang bayad. 3. LIBERALIZATION/LIBERALISASYON - malayang sustenableng trabaho,
pagbubukas ng lokal na ekonomiya sa dayuhang 2. WORKER'S RIGHT PILLAR - Naglalayong palakasin at
BUSINESS PROCESS OUTSOURCING kapital o pamumuhunan. siguruhin ang paglikha ng mga batas.
- na tumutugon sa prosesong pangnegosyo ng isang 3. SOCIAL PROTECTION PILLAR - proteksyonng
kompanya. manggagawa, katanggap-tanggap na pasahod, at
GUARDED GLOBALIZATION - naglalayong hikayatin ang
oportunidad.,
mga lokal na namumuhunan at bigyang-proteksiyon ang 4. SOCIAL DIALOGUE PILLAR - Palakasin ang laging
KNOWLEDGE PROCESS OUTSOURCING
mga ito upang makasabay sa kompetisyon laban sa bukas na pagpupulong.
- na nakatuon sa mga gawaing nangangailangan ng
mataas na antas ng kaalamang teknikal tulad ng malalaking dayuhang negosyante.
pananaliksik, pagsusuri ng impormasyon at serbisyong
legal. ILAN SA MGA HALIMBAWA NG POLISIYANG ITO AY
ANG:
1. pagpataw ng taripa o buwis
SEKTOR NG AGRIKULTURA SELF EMPLOYED WITHOUT ANY PAID EMPLOYEE - 1. Globalisason at migrasyon - Tumataas ang bilang ng
- lokal na produktong agricultural. trabahong para-paraan o sa sinasabing vulnerable mga bansang nakararanas at naaapektuhan ng
employment. migrasyon.
2. Mabilisang paglaking migrasyon - Ang kapal o daming
SEKTOR NG INDUSTRIYA
mga nandarayuhan ay patuloy ang pagtaas sa iba't
- malayang pagpapasok ng mga kompanya at LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATE O LFPR – ibang rehiyon ng daigdig.
mamumuhunan sa industriya ng konstruksiyon. may edad 15 pataas na may kakayahan nang magtrabaho
ngunit hindi pa aktuwal na lumalahok sa produksiyon o Irregular Migrants - hindi dokumentado, walang permit
SEKTOR NG SERBISYO naghahanap ng trabaho. para magtrabaho at sinasabing overstaying sa bansang
- sektor ng pananalapi, komersiyo, insurance, kalakalang pinuntahan.
pakyawan at pagtitingi, transportasyon, pag-imbak, MURA AT FLEXIBLE LABOR - pamamagitan ng
komunikasyon, libangan, medikal, turismo, business pagpapatupad ng mababang pagpapashod at paglimita sa Temporary Migrants - kaukulang permiso at papeles
upang magtrabaho at manirahan nang may takdang
processing outsourcing (BPO), at edukasyon. panahon ng paggawa ng mga manggagawa.
panahon.

ISKEMANG SUBCONTRACTING KONTRAKTWALISASYON - Hindi sila binabayaran ng Permanent Migrants - permanenteng paninirahan sa
- ang kompanya (principal) ay komukontrata ng isang karampatang sahod at mga benepisyong ayon sa batas na piniling bansa kaya naman kalakip dito ang pagpapalit ng
ahensiya o indibidwal na subcontractor upang gawin tinatamasa ng mga manggagawang regular. pagkamamamayan o citizenship.
ang isang trabaho o serbisyo sa isang takdang panahon.
Migrasyon Paglaganap ng 'migration transition - nakasanayang
bansang pinagmumulan ng mga nandarayuhan ay nagiging
LABOR-ONLY CONTRACTING - walang sapat ha -ay tumutukoy sa proseso ng pag-alis o paglipat mula sa
destinasyon na rin ng mga manggagawa at refugees mula
puhunan upang gawin ang trabaho o serbisyo at ang isang lugar o teritoryong politikal patungo sumusunod sa iba't ibang bansa.
pinasok niyang manggagawa ay may direktang kinalaman
sa mga gawain ng kompaya 1. Hanapbuhay Peminisason ng migrason - Malaki ang ginagampanan ng
2. paghahanap ng ligtas na tirahan kababaihan
JOB-CONTRACTING - may sapat na puhunan para 3. panghihikayat ng mga kapamilya
maisagawa ang trabaho at mga gawain ng mga 4. pag-aaral o pagkuha ng mga teknikal na kaalaman "house husband" kung saan inaako na ng lalaki ang lahat
ng responsibilidad sa tahanan.
manggagawang pinasok ng subcontractor. partikular sa mga bansang industrialisado
HUMAN TRAFFICKING - pagrerecruit, pagdadala,
UNEMPLOYMENT - walang makita o mapasukang FLOW paglilipat, pagtatago, o pagtanggap ng mga tao sa
trabaho sa kabila ng kanilang sapat na pinag-aralan at -ay tumutukoy sa dami o bilang ng mga nandarayuhang pamamagitan ng di tamang paraan.
kakayahan. pumapasok sa isang bansa sa isang takdang panahon.
FORCED LABOR - tao ay puwerasadong pinagtratrabaho
UNDEREMPLOYMENT - mataas na kakayahan sa STOCKFIGURES sa pamamagitan ng dahas o pananakot
paggawa ngunit nagtatrabaho sa mababang trabaho, o -ay ang bilang ng nandayuhan na naninirahan o nananatili
mga "part-timer" dahil sa sariling kagustuhan. SLAVERY - tintratro ang isang tao bilang pagmamay-ari
sa bansang nilipatan.
ng iba.
Magnetism: e e
● Force of attraction or repulsion of a magnetic material
due to the arrangement of its atoms, particularly its
electrons.
● Property of being able to attract objects made of
naturally occurring magnetic materials like iron, nickel,
cobalt, or some of its alloys.

Causes of magnetism:
➢ Atoms have magnetic properties due to the spin of the
atom’s electrons.
➢ Groups of atoms (domains) join so that their magnetic
fields are all going in the same direction.
➢ When an unmagnetized substance is placed in a
magnetic field, the substance can be magnetized which
happens when the spinning electrons line up in the
same direction.

Electromagnetic Wave Theory

➢ Ampere
➢ Faraday
➢ Hertz
➢ Maxwell
➢ Oersted
FILIPINO *Nais nilang malaman ang sikreto ni Samson. Benvolio Montague - Pinsan ni Romeo, mahinahon at
Mitolohiya mula sa iceland tagapayo.
- tumatalakay sa kultura, sa mga diyos o bathala at ang Pokus sa Kagamitan – tawag sa instrumento o Lord Capulet - Ama ni Juliet, mahigpit at tradisyonal.
kanilang mga karanasan sa pakikisalamuha sa mga tao. Lady Capulet - Ina ni Juliet, masunurin sa asawa.
kasangkapan sa pagsasagawa ng kilos na isinasaad ng
- Isinalin sa Filipino ni Sheila C. Molina Lord Montague - Ama ni Romeo, kalaban ng Capulet.
pandiwa na gumaganap bilang simuno ng pangungusap. Lady Montague - Ina ni Romeo, mapagmahal sa anak.
Elemento ng mitolohiya:
-Tauhan *Ipanlalaban niya ang sariling niyang mga kuko sa Friar Laurence - Pari, tumulong sa lihim nilang kasal.
-Tagpuan malalaking bato.
-Banghay Plots:
-Tema Pokus sa Pinaglalaanan – kapag ang pinaglalaanan ng kilos isang potion na ibinigay ni Friar Laurence upang
ay ang paksa o simuno ng pangungusap. magmukhang patay sa loob ng 42 oras.
Mitolohiya ng norse (Iceland) Romeo: Uminom ng lason na binili mula sa isang
*Ihahanap niya ng hustisya ang sinapit ng kaniyang dalaga.
-isang Sistema at paniniwala at Alamat ng mga sinaunang mangangalakal.
viking at iba pang tao sa sa Scandinavia. Juliet: Gumamit ng punyal ni Romeo upang saksakin ang
Dula(England) sarili.
Tema ng mitholohiyang norse ay ang paglalakbay ng mga diyos -makulay na uri ng panitikan. *Drama
at ang pakikipaglaban nila sa mga higante na mahigpit na Tula
kalaban ng diyos. Entablado/tanghalan -panitikan na may matalinghagang pagpapahayag ng isipan
-saan itinatanghal ang dula. at damdamin.
Sina Thor at Loki sa Lupain ng mga Higante - isinulat ni Snorri -tulay ng kaalaman mula sa kasaysayan ng kahapon
Sturluson patungo sa kasalukuyan.
Tatlong sangkap ng dula:
-maitutulad sa isang awit.
-Simula, gitna at wakas.
Mga tauhan:
Thor – diyos ng kulog at kidlat; pinakamalakas sa mga diyos ng Apat na pangkalahatang uri ng tula:
Aesir. Uri ng dula: 1) tulang pandamdamin o tulang liriko
Loki – kasama ni Thor sa paglalakbay, may kapilyuhan. ➢ Trahedya – pagkasawi ng pangunahing tauhan. 2) tulang pasalaysay
Skymir – naninirahan sa kakahuyan. ➢ Komedya – kasiya-siya sa manonood. 3) tulang padula
Utgaro-Loki – hari ng mga higante. ➢ Melodrama – kasiya-siya, ngunit may malungkot na bahagi. 4) tulang patnigan
Logi, Hugi, at Elli – kabilang sa kuta ni Utgaro-Loki. ➢ Parsa - Nagpapatawa gamit nakakatawang salita.
Thjalfti at Rosvka – anak na lalaki at babae ng magsasaka. Elemento ng tula:
➢ Saynete – ugali/emotion. 1. Sukat - Bilang ng pantig sa bawat taludtod.
Pokus tagaganap – nandito ang pokus ng pandiwa kung ang 2. Tugma - Pare-parehong tunog sa dulo ng mga taludtod.
paksa ng pangungusap ang siyang gumaganap ng kilos nito Romeo at Juliet – William Shakespeare – Gregorio C. Borlaz. 3. Taludtod - bawat linya sa isang saknong ng tula.
*Umibig si Samson kay Delilah na taga-Sorek na naging dahilan Romeo Montague - Umiibig kay Juliet, anak ng Montague. 4. Saknong - Grupo ng mga taludtod na bumubuo ng isang
ng kaniyang pagbagsak. Juliet Capulet - Umiibig kay Romeo, anak ng Capulet. bahagi ng tula.
Mercutio - Kaibigan ni Romeo, palabiro at makata. 5. Kariktan - Paggamit ng magagandang salita at imahen
Pokus sa Layon – nandito ang pokus kung ang pinag-uusapan na nakaaakit sa damdamin.
Tybalt Capulet - Pinsan ni Juliet, mainitin ang ulo.
ang siyang layon ng pangungusap.
6. Talinghaga - Mga pahiwatig o simbolismong taglay ng 4.Pagtatao(persinipikasyon) – pahayag ng paglipat ng paglilipat Elemento ng Nobela
tula. ng katangian, gawi, at talion ng isang tao. -Tagpuan
7. Paksa o tema - Pangunahing ideya o mensaheng nais 5.Pagtwag(apostrophe) – panawagan o pakiusap nang may -Tauhan
-Banghay
iparating ng tula. masidhing damdamin sa isang bagay.
-Pananaw
8. Persona - Tinig o tauhan na nagsasalita sa tula. -Tema
9. Tunog o aliw-iw - Melodiyang nararamdaman mula sa Maikling kwento -Damdamin
ritmo ng mga salita. - Isang uri ng kwento na binibigyang halaga o diin ay ang kilos -Pamamaraan
10 . Larawang Diwa - Mga salita o pariralang nagdudulot ng o galaw pananalita, pangungusap at kaisipan. -Pananalita
malinaw na imahen sa isipan ng mambabasa. -Simbolismo
Aginaldo ng mga Mago, “Gift of the Magi” ni O. Henry
Ang Matanda at Ang Dagat - isinulat ni Ernest Hemingway
Uri ng tulang liriko:
sa Cuba (1951) at inilabas taong 1952.
1. Soneto – labing-apat na taludtod hingil sa damdamin, Deogracias A. Rosario – ama ng maikling kwentong tagalog.
kaisipan at pananaw sa buhay ng tao. Simbolismo:
2. Awit - Tula ng pag-ibig o damdamin. Mga element ng maikling kwento: 1) dagat – lipunan/buhay
3. Elehiya - Tula ng pagdadalamhati. -Tauhan 2) Santiago – tayo/mga tao
4. Dalit - Tula ng papuri sa Diyos. -Tagpuan 3) Marlin – mga oportunidad sa buhay
5. Oda - Tula ng masidhing damdamin. -Paksang diwa – kaluluwa ng kwenrto 4) Pating – mga suliranin sa buhay
6. Pastoral - Tula ng buhay sa bukid. -suliranin
Talasalitaan:
-Banghay
nagapi – natalo
Matatalinghagang pananalita – pahayag n hindi tuwirang ➢ Simula,saglit na kasiglahan, tunggalian, kasukdulan, lulon-lulon – dala-dala
inihahayag ang literal na kahulugan ng isang salita. kakalasasan, wakas. napagtanto – napag-isip
➢ Kasukdulan – tulay sa wakas prowa – harap ng bangka
Tayutay – pahayag na ginagamit upang maging Maganda at ➢ Kakalasan – resolusyon at kahithatnan ng kwento. popa – likod ng bangka
kaakit-akit ang isang pahayag subalit may . bingwit – kawil o panghuli ng isda
Sa nobela, maraming pangyayari ang inilalahad, pakikibaka – pakikipaglaban
salapang – harpoon, matalim na bagay na may lubid
Uri ng tayutay: samantalang sa maikling kuwento, iisang pangyayari
dentuso – pating, Mako sharks
1. Pagtutulad(simile) – paghahambing ng dalawang bagay sa lamang ang inilalahad.
pangkalahatang anyo. Tema ng Nobela
2.Pagwawangis(metaphora) – naghahambing ng dalawang Nobela - litaw na litaw ang teoryang Realismo
bagay Nguni tuwiran ang ginagawang paghahambing. -itinuturing na makulay, mayaman at makabuluhang anyo - nilalaman ng teksto at ang matapat nitong paggagad sa
3.Pagmamalabis(Hyperbole) – pilit na pinalalabis sa normal ng panitikang tuluyan. lipunan
nakatangian, kalagayan o katayuan ng isang tao.
Talumpati Paksa – ang pinag-uusapan sa pangungusap e
➢ sanaysay na binibigkas 1) Atribusyon o Modipikasyon – may paglalarawan sa
➢ isang mananalumpati sa harap ng publiko paksa ng pangungusap
➢ kaisipan ay maaaring magmula sa pananaliksik, 2) Pariralang Lokatibo/Panlunan – ang paksa ay
pagbabasa, pakikipanayam, pagmamasid, at mga nagpapahayag ng lugar.
karanasan. 3) Pariralang Nagpapahayag ng Pagmamay-ari – gamit ng
panghalip na nagpapahayag ng pagmamay-ari.
Editoryal - mapanuring pagpapakahulugan ng kahalagahan
ng isang napapanahong pangyayari. ayunin ang magbigay Dagli
ng kaalaman, makapagpaniwala o makalibang sa ➢ isang salaysay na lantaran at walang-timping
mambabasa. nangangaral, namumuna, nanunudyo, o kaya’y
nagpapasaring.
Lathalain - batay sa tunay na pangyayari na nagtataglay ng ➢ napagkakamalang katumbas ng flash fiction o sudden
mga pagpapaliwanag, sanligan at impresiyon ng sumulat. fiction sa Ingles.
➢ Dagli mula sa Rehiyon ng Isa sa mga Isla ng Caribbean
Dilma Rousseff
➢ Enero 1, 2011 Ako Po’y Pitong Taong Gulang
➢ kauna-unahang babaeng pangulo ng Brazil matapos
manalo sa eleksiyon noong 2010
➢ Noong 1970, dahil sa kaniyang pakikipaglaban sa
diktaturyal siya ay nakulong na tumagal ng tatlong taon.
ADDITION:
Panaguri – pahayag tungkol sa paksa Ernest Hemingway - Ang Matanda at Ang Dagat, mula sa
1) Ingklitik – mga katagang paningit na laging sumusunod nobelang “The Old Man and The Sea”.
sa unang pangngalan, panghalip, pandiwa, pang-uri o
pang-abay. Isinalin sa Filipino mula sa Ingles ni Jesus Manuel Santiago
2) Komplemento/Kaganapan – pariralang pangngalan na
may kaugnayan sa ikagaganap o ikalulubos ng kilos ng
pandiwa.
3) Pang-abay – nagbibigay-turing sa pandiwa, pang-uri at
kapwa pangabay.