Chapter 4
Authentication
Applications
Henric Johnson
Blekinge Institute of Technology,Sweden
http://www.its.bth.se/staff/hjo/
henric.johnson@bth.se
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Outline
• Security Concerns
• Kerberos
• X.509 Authentication Service
• Recommended reading and Web Sites
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Security Concerns
• key concerns are confidentiality and
timeliness
• to provide confidentiality must encrypt
identification and session key info
• which requires the use of previously shared
private or public keys
• need timeliness to prevent replay attacks
• provided by using sequence numbers or
timestamps or challenge/response
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KERBEROS
In Greek mythology, a many headed dog,
the guardian of the entrance of Hades
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KERBEROS
• Users wish to access services on
servers.
• Three threats exist:
– User pretend to be another user.
– User alter the network address of a
workstation.
– User eavesdrop on exchanges and use a
replay attack.
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KERBEROS
• Provides a centralized authentication
server to authenticate users to
servers and servers to users.
• Relies on conventional encryption,
making no use of public-key
encryption
• Two versions: version 4 and 5
• Version 4 makes use of DES
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Kerberos Version 4
• Terms:
– C = Client
– AS = authentication server
– V = server
– IDc = identifier of user on C
– IDv = identifier of V
– Pc = password of user on C
– ADc = network address of C
– Kv = secret encryption key shared by AS an V
– TS = timestamp
– || = concatenationHenric Johnson 7
A Simple Authentication
Dialogue
(1) C AS: IDc || Pc || IDv
(2) AS C: Ticket
(3) C V: IDc || Ticket
Ticket = EKv[IDc || Pc || IDv]
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Version 4 Authentication
Dialogue
• Problems:
– Lifetime associated with the ticket-granting
ticket
– If too short repeatedly asked for password
– If too long greater opportunity to replay
• The threat is that an opponent will steal the
ticket and use it before it expires
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Version 4 Authentication Dialogue
Authentication Service Exhange: To obtain Ticket-Granting Ticket
(1) C AS: IDc || IDtgs ||TS1
(2) AS C: EKc [Kc,tgs|| IDtgs || TS2 || Lifetime2 || Tickettgs]
Ticket-Granting Service Echange: To obtain Service-Granting Ticket
(3) C TGS: IDv ||Tickettgs ||Authenticatorc
(4) TGS C: EKc [Kc,¨v|| IDv || TS4 || Ticketv]
Client/Server Authentication Exhange: To Obtain Service
(5) C V: Ticketv || Authenticatorc
(6) V C: EKc,v[TS5 +1]
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Overview of Kerberos
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Request for Service in
Another Realm
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Difference Between
Version 4 and 5
• Encryption system dependence (V.4 DES)
• Internet protocol dependence
• Message byte ordering
• Ticket lifetime
• Authentication forwarding
• Interrealm authentication
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Kerberos Encryption Techniques
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PCBC Mode
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Kerberos - in practice
• Currently have two Kerberos versions:
• 4 : restricted to a single realm
• 5 : allows inter-realm authentication, in beta test
• Kerberos v5 is an Internet standard
• specified in RFC1510, and used by many utilities
• To use Kerberos:
• need to have a KDC on your network
• need to have Kerberised applications running on all
participating systems
• major problem - US export restrictions
• Kerberos cannot be directly distributed outside the
US in source format (& binary versions must obscure
crypto routine entry points and have no encryption)
• else crypto libraries must be reimplemented locally
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X.509 Authentication
Service
• Distributed set of servers that
maintains a database about users.
• Each certificate contains the public
key of a user and is signed with the
private key of a CA.
• Is used in S/MIME, IP Security,
SSL/TLS and SET.
• RSA is recommended to use.
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X.509 Formats
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Typical Digital Signature
Approach
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Obtaining a User’s
Certificate
• Characteristics of certificates
generated by CA:
– Any user with access to the public key of
the CA can recover the user public key
that was certified.
– No part other than the CA can modify
the certificate without this being
detected.
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X.509 CA Hierarchy
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Revocation of Certificates
• Reasons for revocation:
– The users secret key is assumed to be
compromised.
– The user is no longer certified by this
CA.
– The CA’s certificate is assumed to be
compromised.
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Authentication Procedures
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Recommended Reading and
WEB Sites
• www.whatis.com (search for kerberos)
• Bryant, W. Designing an Authentication
System: A Dialogue in Four Scenes.
http://web.mit.edu/kerberos/www/dialogue.html
• Kohl, J.; Neuman, B. “The Evolotion of
the Kerberos Authentication Service”
http://web.mit.edu/kerberos/www/papers.html
• http://www.isi.edu/gost/info/kerberos/
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