MIDTERM – reviewer Basic research – finding information that has a

broad base of applications.

TOPICS:
Quantitative – based on measurement of quantity.
Research
Qualitative – involving quality or kind (word, sentence,
-art of scientific investigation story)
-careful investigation or inquiry specially through search Conceptual - related to some abstract idea or theory,
for new facts in any branch of knowledge (advance reinterpret existing ones.
learner’s dictionary)
Empirical – relies on experience or observation, often
-systematized effort to gain knowledge (Redman and without regard to theory
Mory)
RESEARCH APPROACHES
-defining and redefining, formulating hypotheses or
suggested solution, testing conclusions (Clifford Woody) Quantitative approach
-manipulation of things, concept, or symbols for the  Inferential – form data base to infer
purpose of theory in the practice of an art (D. Slesinger characteristics or relationship of population.
and M. Stephenson)  Experimental – some variables are manipulated
to observe their effect on other variables.
-objectives: (1) to gain familiarity with a phenomenon,  Simulation – construction of artificial
(2) to portray accurately the characteristics of a environment where relevant information and
particular individual, situation, or a group, (3) to data can be generated.
determine the frequency with which something occurs,
(4) to test hypothesis of a causal relationship between Qualitative approach – assessment of attitudes, opinions,
variables and behaviour
1. Research and scientific method (page 9) RESEARCH METHOD VS METHODOLOGY
Scientific method – pursuit of truth as Research methods – methods/technique used, analytical
determined by logical considerations. tools of research
Research process Research methodology – systematically solve the
research problem
a. Define research problem
b. Review the literature (concepts, theories, 3. Qualities of a good researcher
previous findings) 4. Concept paper
c. Formulate hypotheses 5. Literature review
d. Research design 6. Research methods (pages 7-8)
e. Sample design a. Selection and formulation of research
 Deliberate -nonprobability problem (pages 24-31)
 Simple random - probability i. Statement of the problem in general
 Systematic – random numbers way
 Stratified – strata, representative
sample ii. Understand the nature of the problem
 Quota – selecting based on iii. Surveying the available literature
researcher’s judgement
 Cluster – grouping the iv. Develop ideas through discussion
population
v. Rephrases research problem
 Multistage – big inquiries
 Sequential – mathematical b. Research design and plan (pages 31-
decision. 54)
f. Data collection IMPORTANT CONEPT
 Observation  Dependent and independent
 Interview variables (continuous variables
 Questionnaire  Extraneous variables –
g. Execution of the project independent variable that are not
h. Analayze data related but may affect the
i. Hypotheses testing dependent variable.
j. Interpret  Control – restrain experimental
k. Presentation of result conditions
l. conclusion  Confounded relationship
2. Types of research (page 2)  Research hypothesis –
objectively verified
Descriptive (Ex post facto) – description of the situation
 Experimental group – exposed
as it exists at present, no control over variables.
to some special conditions
Analytical – uses facts or information already available  Control group – exposed to
and analyze to make critical evaluation. usual conditions
 Treatment
Applied (action) - finding a solution for an immediate  Experimental units –
problem. predetermined plots or blocks
Fundamental (basic/pure) – concerned with where different treatments are
generalizations and with the formulation of used
theory. DIFFERENT RESEARCH DESIGN
  If exploratory - flexible 3. Source list – sampling frame,
 If descriptive and diagnostic – contains the names of all items of
rigid and not flexible universe
 If hypothesis testing – 4. Size of sample – number of items to
experimental design be selected
5. Parameters of interest – population
BASIC PRICIPLE OF parameters of interest
EXPIREMENTAL DESIGNS 6. Budgetary constraints – cost
 Replication considerations
 Randomization 7. Sampling procedures – type of
 Local control (Blocking) sample to be use

IMPORTANT EXPIREMENTAL Sampling error -random variations in the

DESIGN sample estimates around the true
population parameters
 Informal
a. Before-and-after DIFFERENT TYPES OF SAMPLE
without control design – DESIGNS
a single test group is 1. Non-probability sampling –
selected, and the purposive, deliberate, judgement,
dependent variable is quota sampling.
measure before the 2. Probability sampling – random
introduction of the sampling
treatment.
b. After-only with control COMPLEX RANDOM SAMPLING
design – two groups are
selected, and the 1. Systematic – select every nth item on a
treatment is introduced list.
into the test area only 2. Stratified – drawn to obtain
c. Before-and-after with representative sample
control design – two 3. Cluster – divide to smaller non-
areas are selected, and overlapping are
the dependent variable 4. Area sampling
is measured in both the 5. Multi stage
areas for an identical 6. Sequential
time-period before the d. Data collection methods and
treatment techniques (pages 95-110)
 Formal Primary data – collected for the first
d. Completely randomized time
design -subjects are Secondary data – already been collected
randomly assigned to COLLECTION OF PRIMARY DATA
experimental treatment 1. Observation
 Two group 2. Interview
simple a. Personal
randomized b. Telephone
design 3. Questionnaires
 Random 4. Schedules
replication e. Testing of hypothesis (pages 184-223)
 HYPOTHESIS – ASSUMPTION
e. Randomized block
design BASIC CONCEPTS
f. Latin square design – a. Null and alternative
divided into blocks, b. Level of significance
blocks are divided into c. Test of hypothesis
as many parts d. Type I and type II error
g. Factorial design – to e. Two tailed and one tailed test
determine the effects of PARAMETRIC TEST
varying more than one
factor 1. Z-test – significance of mean
 Simple 2. T-test - significance of difference
 Complex between the means of two sample
c. Sampling and sampling strategy or 3. Chi-square – comparing sample variance
plan (pages 55-68) to theoretical population variance
Sample design -definite plan for 4. F-test – compare variance of two
obtaining sample independent sample

STEPS IN SAMPLE DESIGN

1. Type of universe – objects to be
studied
2. Sampling unit – may be
geographical, construction unit,
social unit