UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA
BHOPAL
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
SESSION 2024-25
LAB FILE
PROGRAM: B.TECH
SEMESTER: 5TH
COURSE CODE: CS-504
SUBJECT: DATA COMMUNICATION
PREPARED BY:
ADITYA RAI
0101CS221013
CSE- ‘A’
SUBMITTED TO:
PROF. PUSHPA BAROLIYA
Understanding the Physical
Layer in Data
Communication
Subject Code: CS-504
Semester: V
Prepared by: Aditya Rai
Roll No: 0101CS221013
Introduction to Data
Communication
• • Definition: Exchange of data between devices.
• • Components: Sender, receiver, medium, and
protocol.
• • Importance: Foundation for networking and
communication.
Role of the Physical Layer
• • Responsible for transmitting raw bits over a
medium.
• • Interaction with the Data Link Layer.
• • Ensures electrical, mechanical, and procedural
compatibility.
OSI Model and the Physical Layer
• • OSI Layer: Lowest layer in the OSI model.
• • Key Responsibilities: Bit transmission, signal
encoding, and medium management.
Physical Layer Characteristics
• • Transmission Modes: Simplex, Half-Duplex, Full-
Duplex.
• • Data Rate: Defines speed of transmission.
• • Signal Types: Analog and Digital.
EIA-232-D Standard
• • Serial communication standard.
• • Connects computers and peripheral devices.
• • Voltage Levels: ±15V.
EIA-232-D Applications
• • Used in modems, printers, and legacy systems.
• • Supports low-speed communication.
RJ-45 Connector
• • Ethernet connector with 8-pin structure.
• • Standards: T568A and T568B.
RJ-45 Applications
• • Used in LAN and Ethernet connections.
• • Supports fast data transmission.
RJ-11 Connector
• • Telephone line connector with up to 6 wires.
• • Applications: DSL, landline phones.
Comparison of RJ-45 and RJ-11
• • RJ-45: 8 wires, used for networking.
• • RJ-11: Up to 6 wires, used for telephony.
BNC Connector
• • Coaxial cable connector for CCTV and legacy
networks.
• • Features: Quick locking and durability.
Features of the BNC Connector
• • Supports analog and digital signals.
• • Easy installation and reliability.
EIA-449 Standard
• • High-speed serial communication standard.
• • Supports up to 2 Mbps.
• • Used in industrial and long-distance systems.
Transmission Media
• • Wired Media: Twisted pair, coaxial, fiber optics.
• • Wireless Media: Infrared, radio waves, satellites.
Applications of Physical Layer
Standards
• • Telecommunications.
• • Computer networking.
• • IoT devices and sensors.
Challenges in the Physical Layer
• • Signal interference.
• • Media limitations (distance, bandwidth).
• • Compatibility and standardization issues.
Future Trends
• • Fiber optics for faster communication.
• • Wireless technologies (5G, LiFi).
• • Advancements in IoT and smart devices.
Conclusion
• • Summary of the physical layer’s importance.
• • Importance of standards like EIA-232-D, RJ-45,
and EIA-449.
• • Encouragement to explore further topics.
