INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
MEDICAL TERMINATION
OF PREGNANCY [MTP]
S.No: TOPIC :- Pg
No:-
1. ACKNOWLEDEMENT 1
2. INTRODUCTION 2-4
3. TYPES 5-7
• Induced abortion 5
• Spontaneous abortion 6-7
INDEX
4. METHODS 8 - 10
• Medical method 8
• Surgical method 9 - 10
5. MENTAL HEALTH 11
6. BIBILIOGRAPHY 12
]
I owe a great many thanks to many
people who helped and supported me
during the completion of this project.
I would like to thank my Biology
teacher, Ms. Biji Suresh for her
guidance throughout this project.
I express my gratitude to Principal Fr
Binoy K Francis for instilling confidence
in us.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would also like to thank our institution
and faculty members without whom this
project would not have been possible.
I also extend my heartfelt gratitude to
my family and well-wishers who have
constantly supported me throughout my
journey.
It was a wonderful opportunity to get to
learn many new things and to apply the
knowledge gained in class in real life
situations.
I have also been able to acquire useful
skills like analytical thinking and
autonomous learning.
MTP [ Medical Termination Of
Pregnancy ] is also referred to as
abortion.
It is done by removal or expulsion
of an embryo or fetus.
An abortion that occurs without
intervention is known as a
miscarriage or spontaneous abortion;
these occur in approximately 30% to
40% of all pregnancies
When deliberate steps are taken to
end a pregnancy, it is called an
INTRODUCTION
induced abortion or induced
miscarriage.
The reasons why women have an
abortion are for limiting family size.
Other reasons include inability to
afford a child, domestic violence,
feeling they are too young, wishing to
complete education and not being
able or willing to raise a child
conceived as a result of rape or
incest.
Induced abortion is one of the
safest procedures in medicine.
Unsafe abortions—those performed
by people lacking the necessary
skills or in inadequately resourced
settings—are responsible for
between 5 –13% of maternal deaths.
Medication abortions that are self-
managed are highly effective and
safe.
Public health data shows that making
safe abortion legal and accessible
reduces maternal deaths.
Modern methods use surgery for
abortions.
Birth control like pills or intrauterine
devices can be used immediately
after abortion.
When performed legally and safely
on a woman who desires it, induced
abortions do not increase the risk of
long-term mental or physical
problems.
Unsafe abortions performed by
unskilled individuals with hazardous
equipment or unsanitary facilities
cause 22,000 to 44,000 deaths.
Historically, abortions have been
done using herbal medicines, sharp
tools and other traditional methods.
Abortion rates have decreased as
access to family planning and birth
control has increased.
Around 73 million abortions are
performed each year in the world
with about 45% done unsafely.
Those who support abortion often
argue that it is a woman's
reproductive right.
In some countries, abortion is legal
and women have the right to make
the choice about abortion.
In some areas, abortion is legal only
in specific cases such as rape
INDUCED
• An induced abortion is a medical procedure
to end a pregnancy.
• A pregnancy can be intentionally aborted in
several ways.
• The method depends upon the gestational
age of the embryo or fetus.
• Abortion laws, regional availability, and the
personal preference of the woman may
inform the women's choice of a specific
TYPES abortion procedure.
• Abortions can be characterized as either
therapeutic or elective.
• When an abortion is performed for medical
reasons, the procedure is referred to as a
therapeutic abortion.
• An abortion is referred to as elective or
voluntary when it is performed at the request
of the woman for non-medical reasons.
• Most abortions result from unintended
pregnancies.
• About one in five pregnancies worldwide
ends with an induced abortion.
SPONTANEOUS
• Miscarriage, also known as spontaneous
abortion, is the unintentional expulsion of
an embryo or fetus before the 24th week of
gestation.
• A pregnancy that ends before 37 weeks
of gestation resulting in an infant is a
"premature birth".
• When a fetus dies during delivery, it is
termed "stillborn".
• Premature births and stillbirths are
generally not considered to be
miscarriages.
• Vast majority of miscarriages occur before
the woman is aware that she is pregnant.
• The most common cause of spontaneous
abortion during the first trimester is
chromosomal abnormalities of the embryo
or fetus.
• Other causes include vascular disease,
diabetes, other hormonal problems,
infection, and abnormalities of the uterus.
• A woman's history of previous
spontaneous
abortions associates with a greater risk of
spontaneous abortion.
• A spontaneous abortion can also be
caused by accidental trauma; intentional
trauma or stress to cause miscarriage is
considered induced abortion or feticide.
1. MEDICAL METHOD :
● A medical abortion (or medication
abortion) is a procedure that uses
prescription pills to end a pregnancy in the
early stages.
● The most common regimen involves
taking two pills — mifepristone and
misoprostol.
● Mifepristone blocks progesterone, the
hormone needed to support pregnancy.
Misoprostol causes cramping and bleeding
to empty your uterus.
● A medical abortion is a nonsurgical way
to terminate a pregnancy in the first
trimester.
● Some may choose to have a medical
abortion to end an unwanted pregnancy.
● A medical abortion may also be an
option if carrying the pregnancy could be
life-threatening.
● State laws determine whether it’s legal
for a person to receive a medical abortion.
2. SURGICAL METHOD :
• Up to 15 weeks' gestation, suction or vacuum
are the most common surgical methods.
• Manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) consists of
removing the fetus or embryo, placenta, and
membranes by suction using a manual
syringe, while electric vacuum aspiration
(EVA) uses an electric pump.
• To have a surgical abortion, the cervix must
be opened wide enough to allow the surgical
instruments into the uterus.
• Most abortions are performed using suction
(vacuum).
• Complications occur in around 3 percent of
surgical abortion cases.
• The risk of complications depends on how
many weeks pregnant you are.
• Abortions performed in the first trimester are
the safest.
● A fever (high temperature) after abortion
may indicate that you have an infection.
This can be caused by an incomplete
abortion or sexually transmitted infection.
● Injury to the uterus – the walls of your
uterus are muscular but soft. Sometimes
the surgical instruments used for an
abortion can injure the uterus. In rare
instances this can cause an abdominal
infection and severe blood loss. This
complication is very rare and, if it occurs is
recognized and treated straight away,
● Surgical abortion very safe and are
effective more than 99 percent of the time.
● Many people will feel cramping during
the procedure, but the cramping typically
decreases after the tube is removed from
the uterus.
• Current evidence finds no relationship
between most induced abortions and
mental health problems other than those
expected for any unwanted pregnancy.
• A woman's first abortion is not a threat to
mental health when in the first trimester
but the mental-health outcome of a
woman's second or greater abortion is less
certain.
• Women seeking abortion who are denied
access to abortion have an increase in
anxiety after the denial.
MENTAL
HEALTH • Research also shows people who are
denied abortions have worse physical and
mental health, as well as worse economic
outcomes than those who seek and
receive them.
• The best predictor of a woman’s mental
health after an abortion is her mental
health before the abortion.
NCERT BIOLOGY TEXTBOOK
HEALTHLINE.COM
WIKIPEDIA
BIBILIOGRAPHY
BETTERHEALTH.VIC.GOV.AU
APA.ORG
MY.CLEVELANDCLINIC.ORG
BRITANNICA.COM
