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Theme 1: Early Indian Civilizations-Indus valley civilization

Theme 2: Vedic civilization
1. INDIAN HISTORY Theme 3: Emergence of Religious Movements in the 6th BC - Jainism and
I. History and Culture of India, with special Buddhism
Theme 4: Gandhara, Mathura and Amaravathi Schools
reference to Modern Period (1757 to 1947 A.D.) Theme 5: Social and Cultural condition under the Mauryan
Theme 6: Satavahanas and Guptas.

1. Early Indian Civilizations-Indus and Vedic; Emergence of Religious Movements in the sixth century BC -
Jainism and Buddhism; Indo- Greek Art and Architecture – Gandhara, Mathura and Amaravathi Schools;
Social and Cultural condition under the Mauryan, Satavahanas and Guptas.
THEME 1: Early Indian Civilizations-Indus valley civilization
Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) Major Sites and Discoveries Economic Activities
• Flourished: Between 2600 BC to 1900 1. Harappa (Ravi River): Agriculture:
BC, primarily along the Indus River. • Granaries, Red sandstone Male torso, Lingam • Main occupation: Agriculture and pastoralism (cattle-
• Also known as: Harappan and Yoni symbols, Painted pottery, Mother rearing).
Civilization, named after the first city Goddess figurines, Dice. • Fertile Indus alluvium: Led to surplus agricultural
Harappa (Punjab, Pakistan). 2. Mohenjo-daro (discovered by R.D. Banerjee, production, supporting internal and external trade and
• Largest of the ancient civilizations: 1922): the development of crafts and industries.
Compared to Egypt, Mesopotamia, • Largest site - IVC. • Granaries: Found - Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, and
India, and China. • Post-cremation burial, Great Granary, Great Lothal, served - grain storage facilities.
• Artifacts: Known for sculptures, seals, Bath (largest structure), Pasupathi seal, • Plough cultivation: Evidenced by furrows at
pottery, jewelry, and other important Bronze dancing girl. Kalibangan and terracotta plough at Banawali (Hissar,
archaeological findings. 3. Chanhudaro (Indus River) (discovered by N.G. Haryana).
City Planning Features Mazumdar, 1931): • Irrigation: Small-scale, using wells or river water
1. Urban Planning: Early examples of • Inkpot, Lipstick, Metal workers and bead channels.
urban civic planning at Harappa and makers shops, Dog’s paw imprint - brick, • Crops:
Mohenjo-daro. Terracotta bullock cart model, Bronze toy • Main food crops: Wheat, barley, sesame, mustard,
2. Houses and Water Management: cart. peas, jujube.
• Houses had bathing areas and wells. 4. Lothal (Bhogava River) (discovered by S. Rao, • Rice evidence: Found in Lothal and Rangpur (husk
• Covered drains laid out in straight 1953): embedded in pottery).
lines; connected house drains to • Naval trade site, Cremation site, Dockyard, • Cotton: Important crop, with a piece of woven cloth
street drains. Granaries, Rice husk, Double burial (male and discovered at Mohenjo-daro.
• Inspection holes provided for female together). • Diet: Also included fish and animal meat.
cleaning the drains. 5. Dholavira (Luni River) (discovered by R. Bisht, Industries and Crafts
3. Dholavira: 1985): • Metals: Known metals - gold, silver, and copper. Iron was
• Located - Kachchh District, • Unique water harnessing system, storm water not used.
Gujarat. drainage, divided into 3 parts, Megalithic o Gold objects: Beads, armlets, needles, and
• Divided - two parts: a walled city & stone circle. ornaments.
cemetery. 6. Surkotada (Gujarat) (discovered by S. Joshi, o Silver: More common, found in ornaments and
• Known – reservoirs- east and south 1964): dishes.
of the citadel. • Horse remains, Oval graves, Pot burials, o Copper tools and weapons: Axes, saws, chisels,
• Declared India’s 40th UNESCO Soldiers’ sign on potsherd. knives, spearheads, arrowheads.
World Heritage Site and the first 7. Kalibangan (Ghaggar River) (discovered by A. o Stone tools: Also commonly used.
Indus Valley Civilization site in Ghosh): • Metal sources:
India. • Bangle factory, Ploughed field surface, Camel o Copper from Khetri (Rajasthan).

Trade bones, Fire altars. o Gold from Himalayan river-beds and South India.

• Extensive Trade Network: Involved Society o Silver possibly from Mesopotamia.

• Matriarchal Structure: Evidenced by worship of • Bronze use: Limited but significant; famous example -
both domestic and foreign trade.
the mother goddess and numerous female bronze ‘dancing girl’ figurine from Mohenjo-daro.
• Mesopotamian Records: Indicate
figurines found in Punjab and Sind regions. • Bead-making: Important craft, with ivory carving and
contact between Mesopotamia and
Harappans (called Meluhha in • Diverse Professions: Priests, warriors, peasants, inlaying used in beads, bracelets, and other decorations.
traders, artisans (masons, weavers, goldsmiths, • Harappan craftsmanship: Showcased mastery -variety of
Mesopotamian texts).
potters, etc.). arts and crafts.
• Imports from Harappa: Copper,
carnelian, ivory, shell, lapis-lazuli, • Class-based Residences: Structural remains at Religious Beliefs and Practices
pearls, ebony. Harappa and Lothal show different types of • No Monumental Temples: Despite - advanced engineering
• Exports to Harappa: Garments, wool, residential buildings. - no large religious structures were built.
perfumes, leather products, silver. • Dress: Men wore garments wrapped around the • Worship of Nature: Included trees, stones, and animals.
lower body, extending over the left shoulder and Many terracotta figurines suggest the worship of the
 under the right arm. mother goddess.
• Clothing Materials: Both cotton and wool were • Male Deity Worship: Depicted - seals; a deity -buffalo-
used; a piece of woven cloth was discovered at horned headdress, seated - yogic posture, surrounded -
Mohenjo-daro. animals -elephants, tigers, rhinos, buffaloes, and deer at
• Spinning and Weaving: Spindles and needles his feet, identified - Pashupati or Proto-Shiva (Lord of
found at multiple sites confirm textile production. Beasts).
• Ornaments: Popular items included necklaces,
armlets, earrings, beads, bangles, etc.

THEME 2: Vedic civilization

Decline of Harappan Culture (By 1500 B.C.) Later Vedic Economy
• Harappan Towns Decline: By 1500 B.C., Harappan towns saw economic and • Agriculture: primary occupation - Later Vedic period; buffalo -
administrative systems deteriorate. domesticated - agriculture.
• Arrival of Indo-Aryans: Indo-Aryan speakers Sanskrit arrived – N-W India - Indo-Iranian • Crops: Cultivated wheat, barley, rice, pulses, millet, lentils,
region. sugarcane, etc. Tila (sesame) - vegetable oil and ceremonial
• Migration Routes: Came-northwestern Mountain passages, - northwestern lowlands, offerings.
Punjab plains, and later spreading - Indo-Gangetic plains. • Iron Introduction (~1000 BC): Significant development,
• Rig Vedic Period: Aryans - confined - Indus region during this period. enabling - clearing of dense rainforests & expanding cultivable
Vedic Literature land.
• Vedas: Derived - "vid" meaning "to know," signifying "superior knowledge." • Indra: Lord of the Plough, highlighting - importance of agriculture
1. Rig Veda: Oldest of the Vedas, - 1028 hymns - praise - various gods. Refers - in religious and social life.
Saptasindhu (land of seven rivers: Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Sutlej, Indus, and Political Organization
Saraswati). Contains insight - political, social, and cultural life. • Basic Unit: Kula (family); multiple families formed - grama
2. Yajur Veda: Contains rules - sacrificial rituals. (village) - gramani.
3. Sama Veda: Known - book of chants, set to tune - chanting during sacrifices, tracing • Larger Units: Several villages formed - visu, headed - by
- origins of Indian music. vishayapati.
4. Atharva Veda: Contains details of rituals. • Highest Unit: Jana (tribe); several tribal kingdoms - Bharatas,
Additional Sacred Works Matsyas, Yadus, and Purus.
• Brahmanas: Treatises - prayer and sacrificial ceremonies. • Rajan (King): The head of the kingdom, -hereditary monarchy,
• Upanishads: Philosophical texts dealing - topics - soul, absolute truth, origin of the assisted by purohita (priest) & senani (army commander).
world, and nature’s mysteries. • Popular Bodies:
• Aranyakas: Known - forest books, focusing - mysticism, rites, rituals, & sacrifices. • Sabha: A council of elders.
• Samiti: A general assembly of the people.

Aspect Early Vedic Age Later Vedic Age

Family Structure Basic unit - patriarchal family, monogamous marriages were Family unit became joint-family, with three to four generations
common; chiefs sometimes practiced polygamy. living together.
Society Society - egalitarian; no caste divisions, occupations - not based on Varna system (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, Sudras)
birth, allowing mobility. established, -sub-castes based on occupation.
Position of Women Women - respectable position, married - proper age, and could choose Child marriages - common; Aitreya Brahmana described
their husbands. daughters as sources - misery.
Women’s Rights Women participated - public assemblies - Sabha & Samiti; poets - Women's participation - public life - restricted, - considered
Apala, Viswavara, Ghosa, Lopamudra. subordinate - men.
Spiritual & Intellectual Equal opportunities - spiritual and intellectual development; women Women's public roles diminished; intellectual freedom -
Freedom could be poets and scholars. restricted.

THEME 3: Jainism and Buddhism

Jainism Buddhism
•
Founder: Vardhaman Mahavira (24th Tirthankara), Life of Gautama Buddha (567-487 B.C.)
born 599 BC, near Vaishali, Bihar. • Birth: Born as Siddhartha to Suddhodhana and Mahamaya (Sakya clan).
• Goal: Purification of soul and attainment of nirvana • Marriage: Married Yasodhara at 16, had a son Rahula.
(freedom from birth and death) through Triratna and • Renunciation: Left home at 29 after seeing old age, sickness, death, and asceticism.
Panchamahavrata (Five Great Vows). • Enlightenment: Achieved at Bodh Gaya under the Bodhi tree at 35.
Triratnas (Three Gems) • First Sermon: Delivered at Sarnath, preached for 45 years.
• Right Faith (Samyag-darshana) • Death: Attained Mahaparinirvana at Kusinagara at 80.
• Right Knowledge (Samyag-jnana) Teachings of Buddha
• Right Conduct (Samyag-charitra) • Four Noble Truths:
Five Great Vows (Panchamahavrata) 1. The world is full of suffering.
• Ahimsa (Non-violence) 2. The cause of suffering is desire.
• Asteya (Not stealing) 3. Ending desire ends suffering.
• Satya (Truthfulness) 4. This can be achieved by following the Eightfold Path.
• Brahmacharya (Celibacy) • Eightfold Path: Right view, resolve, speech, conduct, livelihood, effort, mindfulness,
• Aparigraha (non-possession) concentration.
Jain Sects Symbols for Events in Buddha's Life
• Svetambaras (White-clad): Led by Sthulabahu, • Conception: White Elephant
 stayed in North India. • Birth: Lotus and Bull
• Digambaras (Sky-clad): Led by Bhadrabahu and • Renunciation: Horse
Chandragupta Maurya, migrated to Sravana • Enlightenment: Bodhi Tree
Belgola, Karnataka. • First Sermon: Wheel
Jain Councils • Death: Stupa
• First Council: Pataliputra, 3rd century BC, led by Spread of Buddhism
Sthulabahu. • Two disciples: Monks (bhikshus) and Lay worshippers (upasikas).
• Second Council: Valabhi, 5th century AD, final • Sangha: Democratic governance, spread Buddhism across Magadha, Kosala, Kausambi.
compilation of Twelve Angas. • Emperor Ashoka embraced and spread Buddhism across West Asia and Ceylon.
Decline of Jainism Buddhist Literature
• Lack of royal patronage. • Tripitakas: Compiled - Pali language, the three pitakas of Buddhist teachings:
• Division into Digambaras and Svetambaras. o Vinaya Pitaka: Monastic rules and moral discipline.
• Severe practices. o Sutta Pitaka: Buddha's discourses and teachings; contains Theragatha, Therigatha (Hymns
• Competition with Buddhism. of Elder Monks & Nuns), and Jataka tales.
Contributions of Jainism o Abhidhamma Pitaka: Philosophical discussions.
• Non-violence (Ahimsa) toward all living beings. • Milinda Panha: Dialogue between Greco-Bactrian King Menander and Buddhist monk
• Promoted Prakrit and Kannada languages Nagasena.
(Mahavira preached in Ardha-Magadhi). • Ceylonese Chronicles: Dipavamsa, Mahavamsa, Culavamsa.
• Introduced Syadvad (doctrine of conditional truth). Decline of Buddhism in India
• Art and architecture: Gomateshwara statue at • Brahmanism Revival: Bhagavatism's rise reduced Buddhism's influence.
Shravanabelagola, Khajuraho temples, Ellora • Language Shift: Pali was replaced by Sanskrit, alienating the masses.
caves. • Mahayana Practices: Idol worship and offerings weakened moral standards.
• Boosted the trading community. • Invasions: Huns (5th–6th centuries) and Turkish invaders (12th century) destroyed
monasteries.

Factors Behind Their Emergence

• Social Inequalities: Caste divisions led to dissatisfaction, especially among the warrior class.
• Religious Complications: Complex Vedic rituals alienated common people, creating demand-simpler worship.
• Economic Changes: Rising Vaishya class sought recognition; Jainism and Buddhism supported non-violence and protected agricultural resources.
• Brahmin Dominance: Brahmins’ control over religious practices caused resentment; Jainism and Buddhism preached in local languages (Prakrit, Pali).

Impact on Indian Society

• Language and Literature: Jainism and Buddhism enriched Prakrit, Pali, and regional languages.
• Art and Architecture: Temples, stupas, chaityas, and viharas developed (e.g., Sanchi, Mount Abu).
• Philosophical Contributions: Ahimsa - central value in Indian thought.
• Political Influence: Concepts - sabhas and samitis originated; Indian culture spread across Asia.
• Simplicity: Easy-to-understand teachings contrasted with Vedic complexities.
• Challenge to Caste: Both religions promoted equality, challenging the caste system.
Buddhist Councils
Buddhist Place Patron Chairman/Key Significance/Key Developments
Council Figures
First Council Rajagriha Ajata Satru Upali, Ananda Compilation of Vinaya Pitaka and Sutta Pitaka.
Second Council Vaishali Kalasoka Yasa Split between Sthaviravadins (elders) and Mahasanghikas (great community).
Third Council Pataliputra Ashoka Moggaliputta Tissa Expelled heretics; added Kathavatthu to Abhidhamma Pitaka.
Fourth Council Kashmir Kanishka Vasumitra, Asvagosha Emergence of Mahayana Buddhism.

THEME 4: Gandhara, Mathura and Amaravathi Schools

Dimension Gandhara School Mathura School Amaravati School
External Influences Greco-Roman influence. Purely indigenous, inspired by Yaksha Purely indigenous.
images.
Religious Influence Buddhism, Hellenistic realism. Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism. Predominantly Buddhist themes.
Material Used Bluish-grey sandstone. Spotted red sandstone. White marble.
Patronage Kushana Kushana Satavahanas
Development Area Northwest frontier (Taxila, Peshawar, Banks of River Yamuna. Krishna-Godavari Valley (Amaravati, etc.).
Bamiyan)
Buddha Sculpture Spiritual Buddha with wavy hair, long ears. Energetic Buddha in Padmasana. Depictions of Buddha’s life and Jataka
tales.
Artistic Techniques Detailed and realistic human forms. Symbolic representation, focus on vitality. Intricate carvings, high-relief sculptures.
Legacy Influenced Central & East Asian Buddhist Foundation for later Indian art styles. Influenced South Indian temple
art. architecture.
THEME 5: Social and Cultural condition under the Mauryan & Miscellaneous
Society Structure Religion Slavery
• Seven groups according - Megasthenes: • Chandragupta Maurya: Adopted Jainism • Megasthenes claimed no slavery, but Kautilya
philosophers, cultivators, hunters/herders, later years. listed various kinds - slaves (by birth, war capture,
artisans/traders, overseers (spies), and king’s • Bindusara: Favored Ajivikas. judicial punishment).
counsellors. • Ashoka: Adopted Buddhism, promoted • Ashoka’s Major Rock Edict V addressed
• Occupations were hereditary and Dhamma, and emphasized tolerance without concerns for slaves: "Every human is my child."
intermarriage prohibited. imposing religion on subjects. Entertainment
• Strabo mentioned two important social Agriculture • Included hunting, drama, magic, acting, and
classes: Brachmanes (Brahmanas) and • Society thrived - agriculture; fertile soil, rivers, painting.
Garmanes (Shramanas). rainfall enabled growth of diverse crops. • Social events like Vihara-yatra, Samaj, and
• Varna System well-established: Brahman, • Animal herding - a major non-agrarian activity. Pravahana were popular.
Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra. Mixed castes Kautilya listed animals -taxable. Administration
(Nishad, Magadh, Sut, Veg, Chandals) Women in Society • Highly organized and centralized administration
mentioned in Kautilya’s Arthashastra. • Women held high positions and some served as with a network of officials and spies.
king’s bodyguards. • Focus on public welfare and ethical behavior,
• Right to divorce and remarry. promoted by Ashoka’s edicts.

Factors Leading to the Rise of Mahajanapadas and Their Impact on Trade and Culture
Reasons for the Rise of Mahajanapadas Impact on Trade and Culture
• Strategic Locations: Access to iron ore (e.g., Magadha) • Expanded Trade Networks: Connected with Gandhara, Persia, promoting internal and
enhanced weapon and tool production. external trade.
• Agricultural Advancements: Iron ploughs boosted farming, • Introduction of Coinage: First use of punch-marked coins simplified trade and
leading to surplus crops and wealth. boosted the economy.
• Leadership Changes: Transition from tribes to monarchies • Urbanization: Cities like Vaishali and Ujjaini became major trade and cultural hubs.
(Anga, Vatsa) and republics (Kuru, Kamboja). • Religious Movements: Jainism and Buddhism emerged, challenging traditional
• Constant Rivalries: Frequent battles (e.g., Battle of Ten beliefs.
Kings) drove territorial expansion. • Cultural Flourishing: Literary works like Panini's Ashtadhyayi reflected advances in
grammar and language.

Chalukyas of Badami: Contributions to Indian Architecture

Introduction: Contribution to Indian Architecture: 4. Religious Diversity in Temples:
• The Chalukyas of Badami (5th century) - crucial role - 1. Initiators of Vesara Style: • Temples for different faiths found in their
shaping South Indian architecture, particularly - Western • Fusion - Dravidian and Nagara architectural legacy.
Deccan region. styles. 5. Virupaksha Temple:
Location of Constructions: • Example: Virupaksha Temple, • Considered the “Jewel of Badami
Major Temple Complexes: Along Malaprabha River in Ladkhan Temple. Architecture.”
Ayyavole, Pattadakal, and Badami. 2. Rock-Cut Cave Architecture: • Modeled after Kanchi's Kailasanatha
Key Sites: • Example: Ravana Phadi Cave. Temple.
1. Aihole: Ladkhan Temple, Durga Temple. 3. Intricate Wall and Pillar 6. Inspiration for Successors:
2. Pattadakal: Virupaksha Temple. Ornamentation: • Influenced Rashtrakutas, who built the
3. Badami: Ravana Phadi Cave, Badami Cave Temples. • Indigenous and intricate designs. Kailasanatha Temple at Ellora.

Regional Variations in Mural Paintings Across Cave Temple Sites in Ancient India
Ajanta Caves: Ellora Caves: Bagh Caves: Badami Caves:
Stylistic Features: Stylistic Features: Stylistic Features: Stylistic Features:
• Blend of Gupta and post-Gupta • Synthesis of Gupta, Deccan, • Influenced by Gupta and post- • Blend of Gupta and Dravidian
styles. and Chalukyan influences. Gupta periods. styles.
• Delicate brushwork, lifelike • Strong lines, bold • Elegant figures, graceful • Intricate details, fine line work,
figures, vibrant colors. compositions, architectural poses, restrained color palette. dynamic compositions.
Subject Matter: details. Subject Matter: Subject Matter:
• Jataka tales, Buddha's life, celestial Subject Matter: • Hindu deities, Shiva's cosmic • Hindu gods and goddesses,
beings, royal processions. • Hindu deities, mythological dance (Nataraja), Krishna’s royal processions, scenes from
• Strong influence - Buddhism and narratives, scenes from life. the Puranas.
court patronage. Ramayana and Mahabharata. • Amalgamation of Hindu and • Royal patronage of Chalukya
• Patronage of Hindu rulers. Buddhist influences dynasty.

THEME 6: Satavahanas and Guptas.

Gupta – Socio- Religion Art and Architecture Satavahana
cultural aspects
• Intensified caste • Dominated by Brahmanism (Saivism Temple Architecture: • Satavahana Empire unified Deccan -
system with Brahmins & Vaishnavism). • First structured temples built during 220 B.C.
at the top. • Gupta kings mainly Vaishnavaites, Gupta period (Nagara style). • Known as - Andhras in Puranas.
• Untouchability began; performed Aswamedha sacrifices. • Notable examples: Brick temple at • First king: Simuka.
untouchables were • Buddhism declined in the Gangetic Bhitargaon (Kanpur), stone temple at
 called Chandalas, valley but a few Buddhist intellectuals Deogarh (Jhansi). • "Satavahana" means "driven by seven"
living outside the village like Vasubandhu were supported. • Central deity: Vishnu. (Sun God’s chariot).
and engaged in unclean • Jainism thrived in western and southern Sculpture: Society
jobs like scavenging and India; Jain Canon of Swetambras was • Buddha Statues: Standing Buddha - Matrilineal Naming:
butchery. written, Great Jain Council at Valabhi. Mathura shows slight Greek influence. • Kings like Gautamiputra Satakarni
• Fa-Hien noted Literature • Famous Buddha statue - Sarnath and named after their mothers.
Chandalas had to • Golden Age of art & literature; the Great Boar (Varaha) at Udayagiri. • Claimed - Brahmanas who subdued
announce their arrival to Ramayana and Mahabharata were • Bhitari Monolithic Pillar: Erected by Kshatriyas.
avoid polluting others. finalized. Skandagupta, a remarkable piece of Varna System:
Position of Women • Puranas - Vishnu Purana, Vayu Purana, Gupta art. • Brahmanas (Priests), Kshatriyas
• Decline in women’s Matsya Purana written during - period. Metal Statues: (Warriors), Vaishyas (Traders),
status, dependent on • Narada Smriti compiled, providing • Advanced large-scale metal casting Shudras (Laborers).
men for livelihood. insights into social and economic using core process. Merchants & Artisans:
• Women had no regulations. • Notable examples: Copper Buddha • Thriving trade led prominent role -
inheritance rights • Sanskrit flourished, with poets like (18 feet)- Nalanda, Sultanganj Buddha merchants and artisans.
except Stridhana (gifts Kalidasa (works: Meghadutam, (7.5 feet). • Merchants named after towns -
received during Abhijnanashakuntalam, Paintings: reflecting urban trade culture.
marriage). Raghuvamsha, Kumarasambhava, • Mural Paintings: Found at Ajanta, Women’s Status:
• No purdah system, but Ritusamhara). • Women - higher status, especially -
Bagh, Badami.
evidence of Sati • Higher caste speak - Sanskrit. Lower caste • Ajanta Paintings: Illustrate Buddha's royal families.
practice exists. & women speak - Prakrit • Kings often used their mother’s name,
life through Jataka stories.
• Other famous dramatists: Shudraka indicating matrilineal influence.
• Sigiriya (Sri Lanka): Influenced by
(Mrichchhkatikam) and Vishakhadatta Ajanta style. • Donors: Blacksmiths, gardeners,
(Mudrarakshasa). fishers, traders, and artisans were key
donors.

Author Work
Kalidasa • Abhijnanshakuntalam, Vikramorvasiyam, Malavikagnimitra,
Kumārasambhava
• Raghuvansham, Meghadootam
• Ritusamhara, Jyotirvidabharana
Kamandaka • Nitisara
Vishakhadatta • Mudrarakshas
• Devichandraguptam
Gunadhya • Brihatkatha
Sudraka • Mrichhakatikam
Varahamihir • Panchasiddhantika
Susrut • Susrutsamhita on surgery
Vagabhata • Ashtanghridaya
Dhanavantari • Ayurveda
Amar Singh • Amarkosh
Aryabhatt • Aryabhattiyam, Suryasidhanta
Brahmagupta • Brahmasphutasiddhanta
Bhasa • Svapanavasaydattam
 SINGLE PAGE MEMORY BUILDER (SPMB)
Theme 1: Advent of Islam and its impact on Indian Society
Theme 2: Nature and significance of Bhakti and Sufi Movements
Theme 3: Contribution of Kakatiya Rulers to Language, Literature, Art, and
2. INDIAN HISTORY Architecture
I. History and Culture of India, with special Theme 4: Contribution of Vijayanagar Rulers to Language, Literature, Art, and
Architecture
reference to Modern Period (1757 to 1947 A.D.) Theme 5: Literature and Languages during the Delhi Sultanate
Theme 6: Key Architectural Contributions of Medieval India
Theme 7: Mughal Architecture and Cultural Contributions

2. Advent of Islam and its impact on Indian Society – Nature and significance of Bhakti and Sufi Movements;
Contribution of Kakatiya, and Vijayanagara rulers to Language, Literature, Art and Architecture: the
contribution of Delhi Sultans and Mughals to Language, Literature, Art, Architecture and Fine Arts,
Monuments; Emergence of Composite Culture in the Deccan and India.
THEME 1: Advent of Islam and its impact on Indian Society
The Arab World Arab Conquest of Sind (712 A.D) Reasons for Arab Conquest
of Sind
• Rise of Islam: Unified warring Arab tribes (7th century) leading - • Muhammad bin Qasim: Umayyad • Weak Hindu Rulers: Hindu armies
establishment of a vast Arab empire - Syria, Iraq, Egypt, North commander - invaded Sind in 712 A.D., - deemed weak & unstable, making
Africa, and Spain. defeated its ruler Dahir, & captured Aror and Sind vulnerable.
• Abbasid Dynasty: Overthrew - Damascus caliphate - mid-8th Multan. • Economic Motives: Arabs -
century; established - capital - Baghdad and ruled - 150 years. • Administration: Qasim granted - people of improve trade, using camels and
• Wealth and Prosperity: Abbasids controlled key territories & Sind -status of "zimmis" (protected subjects) horses - estb new economic
trade routes b/n Mediterranean and India, - safety and fostering & maintained a policy - non-interference - relations.
economic prosperity. local lives and property. • Tribal Dynamics: Sind - tribal
• Hindrance to Further Expansion: Muslim
• Arab Traders: Dominated trade with India, focusing - region, allowing Arabs -exploit
authority in India - checked by the powerful divisions and gain control more
commodities - coffee, horses, and spices. Established settlements
Pratihara kingdom, preventing further
- India’s western coast, facilitating cultural exchange. easily.
conquests.
• Economic Role: Arab merchants-controlled luxury goods, traded Social Impact
Early Interactions and Conquests
- Constantinople and Persia, contributing - prosperity of Mecca & • Social Structure: Islam influenced
• Trade Relations: Arabs - trade ties with South
Medina. the Hindu social system, -
India before Islam’s emergence.
• Muhammad's Teachings: Prophet Muhammad (570-632 A.D.) • Invasion of Sindh (712 A.D.): Muhammad prompting Hindu leaders - revise
unified Arab tribes - Islam, a monotheistic religion, - political and Bin Qasim’s invasion of Sindh - first the Smritis to strengthen society.
religious void -decline of the Byzantine and Sassanid empires. significant Islamic entry into India. • Position of Women: Deteriorated -
Impact on Religious Field • Muslim Rule: From 13th century -1526 A.D., rise of practices like infanticide and
• Religious Conservatism: Hinduism and Islam - different paths, Muslims - ruled large parts of India, Pardah (veiling).
leading - heightened conservatism - Hindu society. culminating - Mughal era. • Child Marriage: Became
• Orthodox Outlook: Hindus adopted - strict rules about diet, • Bhakti and Sufi Movements: These religious widespread, - young girls being
marriage, and conduct - protect their religion. movements - key role - spread of Islam in married off.
• Democratic Principles: Some democratic values from Islam - India. • Slavery: Became more prominent -
incorporated into Hindu society. Impact on Fine Arts reflecting status under Muslim rule.
• Bhakti Movement: Preached religious equality & unity of God, • Architecture and Music: A synthesis of • Food Habits: Influenced - Muslim
influenced by Islam. Hindu and Muslim styles emerged, blending cuisine, -dishes like pulao, kebab,
• Sufism: Influenced Hindu society, - Sufi saints attracting Hindu Hindu elements with Persian influences. and kofta becoming popular among
followers, esp- Akbar's regime. • Rajput Architecture: Rajput rulers and Hindu high-class Hindus.
• Social Reforms: Hindu leaders promoted - liberal treatment of temples - imitated Mughal architectural styles,
Sudras and untouchables - safeguard their religious community. showcasing - cultural fusion.

THEME 2: Nature and significance of Bhakti and Sufi Movements

BHAKTI MOVEMENT
Definition and Causes of the Rise and Salient Features Schools of Thought
Characteristics Spread
• Bhakti: Devotional surrender • Hindu Social Issues: The caste • Unity of God: Promoted belief • Nirgun School: Belief - formless God.
- supreme god - salvation. system & untouchability led - in one God, fostering religious Proponents - Guru Nanak, Kabir, and Dadu
Emphasized personal movement addressing these tolerance. Dayal.
devotion & connection with evils. • Path of Devotion: Emphasized • Saguna School: Worship of deities - Rama and
 God. • Hindu-Muslim Integration: Bhakti over knowledge or action. Krishna. Proponents - Vallabhacharya, Tulsidas,
• Non-Sectarian: Saints Aimed - fostering unity b/n • Simplicity in Religion: Surdas, Mirabai, and Chaitanya.
transcended religious Hindus and Muslims. Advocated straightforward Early Bhakti Movements:
boundaries, promoting • Muslim Sovereignty: Political spiritual practices, rejecting • Alvars and Nayanars: Devotees - Vishnu and
universal love and devotion. turmoil - Muslim rule - Bhakti superstitions and rituals. Shiva (respectively) from Tamil Nadu - opposed
• Rejection of Rituals: Saints a spiritual refuge. • Opposition to Idolatry: Saints - caste dominance & sang devotional hymns.
like Kabir & Guru Nanak • Vaishnava Saints: Saints - Kabir and Guru Nanak - vocal Main Proponents:
opposed - idol worship & Ramanuja and Ramanand against idol worship. • Adi Shankaracharya: Advocated Advaita
ritualistic practices. promoted Bhakti - simpler • Guru Devotion: Stressed - (Monism) philosophy, emphasizing - non-dual
• Unity of God: Promoted alternative to complex importance of a Guru (spiritual nature of reality.
belief in one God, using philosophical paths. teacher) - attaining • Ramanuja: Propagated Vishista Advaitavada
names - Rama, Krishna, and • Influence of Sufi Saints: Sufis enlightenment. (Qualified Monism) & emphasized devotion to
Allah - represent the same influenced the spread of Bhakti • Popular Language: Saints Vishnu.
supreme being. ideals through their teachings preached - vernacular languages, • Madhavacharya: Preached Dvaita (Dualism),
• Salvation Through of love and devotion. making - messages accessible - emphasizing -separation b/n soul and God.
Devotion: Bhakti -viewed - • Rise of Saint Devotees: Saints common people. • Vallabhacharya: Promoted Krishna Bhakti and
most effective path - spiritual like Kabir, Guru Nanak, and • Humanitarian Values: Shuddha Advaita, advocating - path of grace
liberation, over rituals or Chaitanya spread the Preached equality, compassion, (Pushtimarga).
intellectual knowledge. movement through teachings & social justice, opposing caste Nirankar Bhakti Movement:
and personal example. system and promoting women's • Major Exponents: Ramananda, Kabir, and
rights. Nanak, -emphasized devotion to a formless God
& opposed ritualism.

SUFI MOVEMENT
Origins and Philosophy Major Sufi Orders Importance of Sufism
• Sufism: Islamic mysticism focusing - love, Chishti Order: • Liberal Outlook: Similar to
devotion to God, & compassion for fellow • Founder: Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti. Bhakti saints, Sufis promoted a
humans. • Teachings: Emphasized love, compassion, service to humanity, and liberal perspective within
• Wahadat-ul-Wajud (Unity of Being): The renouncing wealth. Islam.
belief - oneness of God & ultimate goal of Suhrawardi Order: • Service to Society: Sufis
realizing -unity with the Divine. • Founder: Shaikh Shihab-ud-din Suhrawardi. closely engaged with the poor
• Introduction in India: Spread - Persia (11th • Focus: Engaged in wealth and political involvement while maintaining and downtrodden, fostering
century) serving -bridge b/n Islam and local religious practices. compassion and humanity.
traditions. Firdausia Order: • Promoted Equality:
Early Saints: • Active in: Bihar. Encouraged brotherhood and
• Shaikh Ismail of Lahore: An early Sufi saint - • Prominent Saint: Shaikh Harf-ud-din Yahya. equality among people,
converted many Hindus, playing a key role - Qadiri Order: transcending religious barriers.
spreading Islamic teachings non-coercively. • Cultural Impact: Contributed
• Promoted by: Shah Niamatullah Makhdum Jilani.
Silisilahs (Orders): to the growth of regional
• Beliefs: Opposed music and singing.
• Ba-shara: Sufi orders that adhered to Sharia literature and influenced Indian
Nakshabandi Order:
law. society by fostering religious
• Popularized by: Khwaja Baqi Billah.
• Be-shara: Orders that did not follow Sharia tolerance.
• Beliefs: Most orthodox, emphasizing strict adherence to Islamic law.
strictly.
Shattari Order:
• Brought to India by: Shah Abdullah during Lodi Dynasty.
• Notable Saint: Muhammad Ghauth.

THEME 3: Contribution of Kakatiya Rulers to Language, Literature, Art, and Architecture

Distinctive Architectural Architectural Masterpieces Notable Temples
Features
• Kakatiya Dynasty (12th- 1. Keerthi Toranas: Magnificent Rudradeva Temple (Thousand Pillared Padmakshi Temple
13th centuries): Feudatories gateways unique to Kakatiya Temple) • Location: Hanamakonda.
to the Western Chalukyas, temples. • Location: Hanamakonda. • Features: Originally- Jain
based near Warangal. 2. Trikutalayas: 3 temples conjoined - • Features: Star-shaped plinth, Trikutalayam shrine, later converted into -
• Prataparudra I common mandapa (hall). style, intricate carvings, & renowned - Hindu temple.
(Rudradeva): Declared 3. Tank, Temple, and Town Policy: thousand uniquely designed pillars. • Depicts Jain Tirthankaras
sovereignty, ruled until 1195 Tanks were built next to temples - • Significance: Pinnacle - Kakatiya & Hindu deities, reflecting
A.D., first to use Telugu - promote the prosperity of towns. craftsmanship. religious transitions.
official inscriptions. 4. Architectural Styles: Combined Warangal Fort Kashivishvesvaraalayam
• Ganapathi Deva and North Indian Bhumija style with • Key Features: Ruins - Swayambhu Shiva • Location: Kalpagoor.
Rudramadevi: Notable rulers Dravidian style. Temple & famous Keerthi Toranas. • Features: Trikutalayam
- Rudramadevi - praised by 5. Mini Shrines: Shrines -extended • Importance: Symbolizes Kakatiya complex, beautifully carved
Marco Polo for her bases and eaves surrounding the architectural grandeur & strategic Nandi and mandapa.
governance. temple's exterior. significance. • Significance: Integration-
• Capitals: Before Warangal, 6. Star-Shaped Plinths: Temples were Ramappa Temple multiple deities, showcasing
Hanamakonda served as - constructed - high star-shaped • Location: Palampet. Kakatiya architectural
capital. plinths. • Features: Star-shaped platform, intricate innovation.
Language and Literature: 7. Lathe-Turned Pillars: Pillars carvings, detailed sculptures, lightweight Ganapesvaraalayam
• Telugu Language: The featured square, octagonal, and bricks, and sandbox technology. • Location: Ghanpur.
Kakatiya rulers promoted the circular parts, finely turned. • Significance: Testament - Kakatiya • Features: Bracket figures,
Telugu language - 8. Perforated Screens: Found - architectural and artistic excellence. intricate carvings, and
inscriptions & governance, entrance of garbhagrihas Forts multiple shrines.
elevating -status. (sanctums). Ramagiri Fort • Significance: Dedicated -
Architectural Influences and 9. Simple Pyramidal Vimanas: • Location: Peddapalli. elaborate temple
Styles: Stepped pattern Vimanas (temple • Features: Includes temples, wells, & stables. architecture.
• Chalukya Influence: spires). • Significance: Key defense fort - 12th century. Chennakesava Temple
Kakatiya architecture shows 10. Monolithic Elephants: Placed - Killa Ghanpur • Location: Pillalamarri.
Chalukyan elements - temple entrances as guardians. • Location: Mahabubnagar. • Features: Similar -
structural and ornamental 11. Sandbox Technology: Used for • Features: Built - Gona Gana Reddy, - Ramappa Temple but
details. earthquake-resistant foundations temples and palace structures. simpler, -frescoes and
• Hoysala Resemblance: in temples. • Significance: Example -strategic Kakatiya inscriptions.
Similar - Hoysala Kakatiya Art military architecture. • Significance: Important
architecture, featuring Paintings and Metal Casting Medak Fort specimen - Kakatiya art and
intricate carvings & complex • Patronage: Vishwakarmas were • Location: Telangana. architecture.
layouts, indicating cultural patronized for brassware and metal • Features: Known for its impressive Sri Mallikarjuna Swamy
exchange. objects. entrances and defensive structures. Temple
Tanks • Significance: Known for exquisite • Significance: Strategically located fort with • Location: Inavolu.
Ramappa and Pakala Lakes statuary and murals, detailed symbolic carvings. • Features: Massive toranas
• Purpose: Constructed to metalwork, and sculptures. Golkonda Fort and 108 pillars.
support agriculture and Cheriyala Paintings • Location: Hyderabad. • Significance: Reflects -
settlements. • Type: Traditional scroll paintings • History: Originally built by Kakatiyas, later grandeur -Kakatiya
• Significance: Ensured water with vibrant colors and storytelling. developed by Bahmani and Qutub Shahi architecture, emphasizing
availability and contributed to • Recognition: Awarded a rulers. monumental gateways.
regional prosperity through Geographical Indicator (GI) tag • Significance: Renowned for robust
innovative methods. for cultural significance. defenses and strategic importance.

LITERARY WORKS OF THE KAKATIYA DYNASTY

Kakatiya rulers - promoted literature, encouraging works - Sanskrit and Telugu
Author Literary Work Description
Vidyanatha Prataparudriya • Epic poem celebrating King Prataparudra's reign.
Allasani Peddanna Manucharitam • Biography of 14th-century King Manuma.
Srinatha Harikathaasaaramu • Collection of stories and moral lessons.
Nandi Thimmana Parijatapaharanam • Epic poem about the abduction of the Parijata tree.
Raghunatha Nayaka Prabhavati Pradyumnamu • Love story play of Princess Prabhavati and Prince Pradyumna.
Palkuriki Somanatha Basava Purana • Biography of 12th-century Lingayat saint, Basavanna.
Gona Budda Reddy Ranganatha Ramayanam • Telugu retelling of the Ramayana.
Contributions by Jayapa Senani
• Geeta Ratnavali: Treatise on music, highlighting - rich musical traditions of the Kakatiya era.
• Nritya Ratnavali: Comprehensive work on dance, detailing classical dance forms & techniques.
• Vadya Ratnavali: Text focusing - musical instruments and their usage in performances.
Classical Dance Forms
• Andhra Natyam: Classical dance form reflecting Kakatiya period cultural heritage.
• Perini Sivatandavam: Vigorous warrior dance popular during the Kakatiya era, symbolizing strength and valor.

THEME 4: Contribution of Vijayanagar Rulers to Language, Literature, Art, and Architecture

Language and Literature Ashtadiggajas Cultural Contributions
•Vijayanagar rulers promoted Eight eminent scholars - Krishna Deva Raya’s court, Temple Architecture
-Kannada, Telugu, Tamil, & contributing significantly to Telugu literature. • Key Features: Tall Raya Gopurams (gateway towers),
Sanskrit, fostering - rich, Ashtadiggaja Works Kalyanamandapams (marriage halls) with carved pillars,
multilingual literary Allasani Peddanna Manucharitam, animal motifs (notably horses) on pillars.
tradition. Harikathasaram • Mandapams: Large halls used for seating deities during
Notable Literary Figures and Nandi Thimmana Parijataapaharanam festivals, some -100 or 1000 pillars.
Works Key Temples:
Madayyagari Mallana Rajasekhara Charitramu
Krishna Deva Raya: • Hazara Ramaswamy Temple
Dhurjaty Kalahasti Mahatyamu
• Authored Amukthamalyadha • Vittalaswamy Temple
Ayyalaraju Ramaabhyudayamu
(Telugu), Jambavati • Varadharaja and Ekamparanatha Temples in
Ramambhadrudu
Kanchipuram
Kalyanam and Pingali Suranna Raghavapandaveeyamu
Ushaparinayam (Sanskrit). • Raya Gopurams at Thiruvannamalai and
Ramarajabhushanudu Kavyalankarasangrahamu,
Chidambaram.
• Known as Andhra Bhoja for Vasucharitramu,
• Hampi: Ruins of city showcasing this style.
his patronage of literature Harischandranalopakhyanamu
• Sculpture: Pillars intricately carved with detailed figures
and arts. Tenali Ramakrishna Udbhataradhya Charitramu, and horses.
Panduranga Mahatmyamu, Metal Images
Ghatikachala Mahatmyamu • Notable examples: Krishna Deva Raya and his
queens’ metal images at Tirupati.
THEME 5: Literature and Languages during the Delhi Sultanate
Key Contributions to Persian Literature Literature during the Mughal Period Translation of Sanskrit
Works
Official Language: Persian became - official language of • Persian: Main language - administration • Mahabharata: Translated into
administration & literature during - Delhi Sultanate. and court, thriving with translations and Persian under Abul Faizi’s
Key Contributions to Persian Literature original works. supervision during Akbar's reign.
Amir Khusrau • Sanskrit: Important scholarly language, • Dara Shikoh: Translated
• New Era: Persian literature flourished under Amir Khusrau's many works translated into Persian. Bhagavad Gita and Upanishads
contributions. • Regional Languages: Significant growth in into Persian; famous work Majma-
• Innovations: Introduced new Persian literary styles through his Bengali, Oriya, Rajasthani, and Gujarati. ul-Bahrain (The Confluence of Two
poetry and historical writings, enriching the cultural landscape. Key Contributions and Works Oceans).
Court Chronicles • Development of Urdu: Emerged as a • Badauni: Critic of Akbar;
• Significance: Rise of court chronicles documenting the common communication language among translated Mahabharata into
political, social, and cultural history of the Sultanate. people with different dialects. Persian as Razanamah.
• Authors: Written by court historians detailing rulers’ reigns. • Babur: Wrote Tuzuk-i-Baburi Regional and Hindi Literature
Ziauddin Barani (autobiography) - Turki; Persian translation • Hindi Poetry: Mughal court
• Major Works: Tarikh-i Firozshahi, Fatwa-i Jahandari. Baburnama - Abdul Rahim Khan. patronized Hindi poets from
• Critique: Notable for his critical observations, especially of • Abul Fazl: Authored Akbarnama (history of Akbar’s time. The most influential
Muhammad bin Tughlaq. Akbar) & Ain-i-Akbari (administration). was Tulsidas, who wrote
Minhaj-us-Siraj • Jahangir: Wrote - autobiography Tuzuk-i- Ramcharitmanas (Hindi version of
• Tabaqat-i Nasiri: Comprehensive history of Muslim dynasties Jahangiri. Ramayana).
up to 1260, offering valuable insights into political landscapes. • Mutamid Khan: Wrote Iqbalnama-i- • Jaganath Pandithraya: Court poet
Abu Bakr Jahangir (biography of Jahangir). of Shah Jahan, authored two
• Chach Nama: First geographical treatise detailing the conquest • Shah Jahan’s Biographies: Padshahnama Sanskrit works: Ganga Lahari and
of Sindh and Muslim expansion. by Abdul Hamid Lahori and Shahjahan Rasagangadharam.
Zia Nakshabi Nama - Inayat Khan.
• Tuti Nama: First Persian translation of Sanskrit stories,
highlighting cultural exchange between India and Persia.
Emergence of Urdu
• 14th Century: Urdu began to emerge, blending Persian,
Arabic, and local Indian languages.
Growth of Regional Languages
• Bengali: Flourished in eastern India, developing a rich literary
tradition.
• Gujarati: Gained prominence in western India, contributing to
regional literature.
• Marathi: Developed in the Deccan region, becoming an
important medium for literature.
• Telugu: Advanced in southern India, enhancing the cultural
heritage.

THEME 6: Key Architectural Contributions of Medieval India

Temple Modifications Notable Temples Influence on Southeast Asia Islamic Influence and
and Innovations Mughal Era (1526–1857 AD)
• Sun Temple at Modhera: • Konark Sun • Indian Traders spread Indian architectural styles to Southeast • Distinct Style: Introduction of
Built - Raja Bhimdev I Temple: Built Asia. Notable examples: Lingaraj Temple (Bhubaneswar), arches and beams (arcuate
(1026, Solanki Dynasty). ~1240, features a Sun Temple (Konark), Brihadishwara Temple (Thanjavur). style). Notable examples: Red
Known - Surya Kund, colossal shikhara, 12 Vijayanagara Architecture (1336–1565 AD) Fort at Agra, Fatehpur Sikri,
grandest temple tank in pairs of sculpted • Imperial Style: Fusion of Chalukya, Hoysala, Pandya, and and Taj Mahal.
India. wheels symbolizing Chola styles. • Double Dome: First used in
• Ahom Style: Fusion - the Sun's chariot, • Notable Temples: Hampi ruins, Vittalaswamy, and Hazara Sikandar Lodi's grave,
Upper Burma & Bengal with intricate Ramaswamy temples, known for large halls and intricately perfected in Humayun's tomb.
styles. Kamakhya Temple carvings. decorated pillars. Notable Structures
(Guwahati, 17th century) is • Kashmir Temples: Rashtrakuta and Hoysala Contributions • Qutub Complex: Includes
a prime example. Pandrethan • Kailashnath Temple, Ellora: A monolithic dravida-style Qutub Minar and Alai
• Siddheshvara Mahadeva Temple (dedicated temple showcasing Rashtrakuta ingenuity. Darwaza, foundational works
Temple: Located- Barakar, to Shiva) built on a • Hoysaleshvara Temple, Halebid: Built in dark schist stone, of Delhi Sultanate architecture.
featuring early Pala style plinth in a tank, known for star-like ground plans and intricate carvings, • Tughlaqabad: Known for stone
with a tall curving showcases dedicated to Shiva as Nataraja. walls and Sultan
shikhara. Kashmir’s unique • Hoysala Temples: Chennakesava Temple (Belur), Ghiyasuddin's tomb.
• Odisha Temples: Known - style. Hoysaleswara Temple (Halebidu), and Kesava Temple • Alai Minar: Unfinished project
rekhapida, pidhadeul, & • Kumaon Temples: (Somanathapura). famous for detailed craftsmanship. by Alauddin Khilji,
khakra styles. Major Jageshwar and Māru-Gurjara Temple Architecture showcasing ambitious
examples: Bhubaneswar, Champavat are • Origins: Developed in 6th century Rajasthan. Known for architectural efforts.
Puri, and Konark. examples of nagara Maha-Maru and Maru-Gurjara styles, excelling in sculptural
architecture. treatment and intricate designs.
THEME 7: Mughal Architecture and Cultural Contributions
Mughal Architecture and Cultural Contributions
Babur (1526-1530) Jahangir (1605-1627) Composite Culture
• Limited Constructions: Babur’s contributions were • Focus on Painting: Jahangir emphasized • Cultural Synthesis: Fusion -
minimal. paintings, miniature art. Indian, Persian, and Turkish
• Notable Works: Kabuli Bagh Mosque, Ram Bagh Garden - • Notable Works: Tomb of Itimad-ud- architectural elements - unique
Charbagh style. Daula (Pietra-dura work), Akbar’s Tomb Indo-Islamic style.
Humayun (1530-1540; 1555-1556) (Sikandra). • Deccan Influence: The Mughal
• Humayun’s Tomb: Precursor - Taj Mahal; built by widow Shah Jahan (1628-1658) and Sultanate periods fostered
Hamida Begum, designed by Persian architect Mirak Mirza • Taj Mahal: World-famous tomb built in cultural exchange in architecture,
Ghiyas. memory of Mumtaz Mahal. literature, and fine arts.
• Key Features: Indian and Persian styles, red sandstone, • Key Constructions: Jama Masjid, Moti Mughal Fine Arts
white marble, and Charbagh garden design. Masjid (Agra Fort), Sheesh Mahal • Painting and Calligraphy:
Sher Shah Suri (Sur Dynasty, 1540-1545) (Lahore Fort), Shahjahanabad (Old Flourished under the Mughal
• Key Constructions: Qila-e-Quanah Mosque - Old Fort Delhi), and Pietra dura inlay technique. court; intricate manuscripts,
(Delhi), Rohtas Fort (Pakistan), Grand Trunk Road. Aurangzeb (1658-1707) detailed miniature paintings.
• Transition: Shift from Lodhi to Mughal architecture. • Simplicity: Focus on simpler designs, • Pietra Dura: Inlay technique
Akbar (1556-1605) notable examples include Pearl Mosque in using semi-precious stones,
• Fatehpur Sikri: First planned Mughal city; major the Red Fort and Bibi ka Maqbara in prominent in the Taj Mahal.
landmarks - Buland Darwaza, Jama Masjid, Diwan-i- Aurangabad. • Cultural Exchange: Trade routes
aam, and Tomb of Saint Salim Chishti. • Decline: His reign saw a decline in the facilitated - exchange of artistic
• Style: Blend of Persian, Central Asian, and Indian elements grandeur of Mughal architecture. ideas with Southeast Asia.
using red sandstone.
 SINGLE PAGE MEMORY BUILDER (SPMB)
Theme 1: Establishment of British Colonial Rule in India: Carnatic Wars,
Battle of Plassey, Battle of Buxar (1764)
Theme 2: Anglo-Mysore Wars
Theme 3: Anglo-Maratha Wars
3. INDIAN HISTORY Theme 4: Annexation of Punjab by the British Empire, Anglo-Sikh Wars
Theme 5: Economic Impact of British Colonial Rule: Land Revenue
I. History and Culture of India, with special Settlements in British India- Commercialization of Agriculture;
reference to Modern Period (1757 to 1947 A.D.) Theme 6: Rise of Landless Agrarian Labour; Famines and Poverty; De-
industrialization; Decline of Traditional Crafts; Drain of Wealth;
Growth of Trade and Commerce- Economic Transformation of India;
Railroads, Transport and Communication Network- Telegraph and
Postal Services.

3. The Establishment of British Colonial Rule in India: Carnatic Wars , Battle of Plassey, Anglo- Mysore, Anglo-
Maratha and Anglo-Sikh Wars; Economic Impact of British Colonial Rule: Land Revenue Settlements in British
India; - Commercialization of Agriculture; Rise of Landless Agrarian Labour; Famines and Poverty; De-
industrialization; Decline of Traditional Crafts; Drain of Wealth; Growth of Trade and Commerce- Economic
Transformation of India; Railroads, Transport and Communication Network- Telegraph and Postal Services..
THEME 1: Establishment of British Colonial Rule in India: Carnatic Wars, Battle of Plassey, Battle of Buxar (1764)
The English East India The Carnatic Wars Battle of Plassey (1757) Battle of Buxar (1764)
Company
• 1600: English East India First Carnatic War (1746-1748): Background: Background:
Company founded by • Background: Part of the • Conflict between Siraj-ud-Daula • After Plassey, Mir Qasim replaced -Mir
Queen Elizabeth. Austrian War of Succession. (Nawab of Bengal) and English Jafar but sought independence from British
• 1609: Captain Hawkins • Result: English defeat French at East India Company over - influence.
seeks trading post in Battle of Adyar; ends with unauthorized fortifications and • A coalition - Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-Daula
Surat, but permission Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. misuse of trade privileges. (Nawab of Oudh), & Mughal Emperor Shah
denied. Second Carnatic War (1749-1754): • The Black Hole of Calcutta Alam II opposed British.
• 1612: Jahangir grants • Background: French support incident was the immediate trigger. Course:
farman for a factory in Muzafar Jang (Nizam) and Course: • Fought - October 22, 1764, near Buxar.
Surat. Chanda Sahib (Nawab), • Fought on June 23, 1757, led by • British forces led-Hector Munro faced the
• 1615: Sir Thomas Roe British back Anwar Uddin. Robert Clive against Siraj-ud- combined armies of Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-
secures permission for • Result: Robert Clive captures Daula. Daula, and Shah Alam II.
factories in Agra, Arcot, war ends with Treaty of • Mir Jafar, commander of Siraj's • Despite being outnumbered, British forces
Ahmedabad, and Pondicherry. army, defected after being bribed by won through superior tactics.
Broach. Third Carnatic War (1758-1763): the British. Result:
• Bombay acquired from • Background: Linked to the Result: • British victory firmly established their
Charles II, Madras Seven Years War. • British victory laid the foundation military dominance in India.
founded in 1639, • Result: British defeat Count of British rule in India. • The Treaty of Allahabad (1765) granted the
Calcutta established- de Lally at Wandiwash; • Mir Jafar was made Nawab of British Diwani rights (revenue collection)
1690 by Job Charnock. Treaty of Paris restricts French Bengal, serving as a British puppet. over Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa, giving them
to Pondicherry, Karaikkal, • British gained control over Bengal's control over finances and administration.
Mahe, and Yenam. resources, setting the stage for • Robert Clive returned as Governor of Bengal,
further expansion. implementing the Dual System of
Administration, consolidating British
control.

THEME 2: Anglo-Mysore Wars

War Background Course of War Outcome
First Anglo-Mysore War • Haider Ali became - ruler of Mysore in • Haider turned Marathas -neutral, • Treaty of Madras (1769): Exchange of
(1767-69) 1761. Nizam - ally. prisoners.
• Threatened British - French ties & • Appeared before Madras, causing • British promised -assist Haider if
control -Malabar trade. panic. attacked.
• British allied - Nizam & Marathas. • Treaty of Madras signed (1769).
Second Anglo-Mysore War • British breached Treaty of Madras • Haider captured Arcot (1781), • Treaty of Mangalore (1784): Both sides
(1780-84) (1771). defeated British at first. returned captured territories.
 • Haider allied with French after British • Haider died (1782), Tipu Sultan • No clear victor.
tried capturing Mahe. continued war.
• Nizam and Marathas initially sided • Treaty of Mangalore signed.
with Haider.
Third Anglo-Mysore War • Tipu Sultan attacked Travancore, a • Tipu initially defeated British under • Treaty of Seringapatam (1792): Tipu
(1790-92) British ally (1790). General Meadows. ceded half his territory to British,
• British allied with Nizam and Marathas. • Lord Cornwallis captured Bangalore, Nizam, and Marathas.
• War driven by unresolved conflicts attacked Seringapatam. • Paid war indemnity and gave hostages.
from earlier treaties. • Treaty signed.
Fourth Anglo-Mysore War • Tipu sought revenge after loss of • War began in April 1799. • Tipu Sultan killed (1799).
(1799) territory. • Tipu defeated by British under • British took Mysore and gave control to
• Lord Wellesley used Subsidiary General Stuart, General Harris, and Wodeyars under Subsidiary Alliance.
Alliance to force Tipu’s submission. Arthur Wellesley. • French influence ended.
• Fear of Tipu’s ties with French • Tipu killed in May 1799.
increased.

THEME 3: Anglo-Maratha Wars

War Background Course of War Result
First Anglo-Maratha War (1775- • Raghunathrao declared himself Peshwa • Treaty of Surat (1775) with • Treaty of Salbai (1782): British retained
82) after assassinating Narayanrao. British for military support. Salsette.
• Barabhai, led by Nana Phadnavis, • Marathas defeated British • Marathas regained other territories.
supported Narayanrao’s son. at Wadgaon (1779). • Peace agreed between Marathas and
• Raghunathrao sought British help. British.
Second Anglo-Maratha War • Peshwa Bajirao II sought British support • British defeated Marathas • Marathas became British vassals.
(1803-05) after internal Maratha disputes. under Arthur Wellesley. • Separate subsidiary treaties signed.
• Treaty of Bassein signed in 1802. • Holkar failed to unite other • British gained key strategic advantages.
Marathas.
Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817- • Maratha chiefs, led by Peshwa Bajirao II, • Peshwa attacked British • Peshwa Bajirao surrendered.
19) resisted British dominance. Residency in Poona. • Satara under Pratap Singh established.
• Pindari raids were a pretext for British • British decisively defeated • British paramountcy over Maratha
intervention. Maratha forces. region fully established.
• Maratha Confederacy
dissolved.

THEME 4: Annexation of Punjab by the British Empire, Anglo-Sikh Wars

Annexation of Punjab by the British Empire
Annexation of Punjab • British annexed Punjab after two Anglo-Sikh Wars (1845-46, 1848-49).
• Ended Sikh sovereignty and expanded British territory.
Consolidation Under Sikhs • Banda Bahadur’s Rebellion (1710-1716) challenged Mughal rule.
• Bhai Mani Singh united Sikhs in 1721, forming the Dal Khalsa in 1784 under Kapur Singh.
Ranjit Singh’s Role • Ranjit Singh became leader of Sukarchakiya misl and Governor of Lahore (1799).
• Consolidated political power in Punjab, controlling Lahore and Amritsar.
Treaty of Amritsar (1809) • Signed with the British to set the Sutlej River as the boundary.
• Limited Ranjit Singh’s expansion to the east of Punjab.
Tripartite Treaty (1838) • Forced Ranjit Singh to sign, but he refused British military passage to Afghanistan.
• Heightened tensions leading to Anglo-Sikh Wars.

War Background Course of War Result

First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46) • Sikh army crossed River Sutlej • British exploited internal Sikh • Treaty of Lahore (1846): British resident at
on Dec 11, 1845. treachery. Lahore.
• Post-Ranjit Singh power • Lahore fell in 1846 without a • Jalandhar Doab annexed.
struggle. fight. • Sikh army reduced.
• English troops increased near • Kashmir sold to Gulab Singh.
Lahore, raising tensions.
Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-49) • Terms of Lahore and Bhairowal • Lord Dalhousie led British • Punjab fully annexed.
treaties insulted Sikhs. forces in battles at Ramnagar, • Three-member board set up for governance.
• Rani Jindan treated harshly. Chillianwala, and Gujarat. • John Lawrence became first Chief
• Governor Mulraj of Multan killed • Sikh army surrendered at Commissioner (1853).
two English officers. Rawalpindi. • Dalhousie recognized and promoted.
THEME 5: Economic Impact of British Colonial Rule: Land Revenue Settlements in British India: Rise of Landless Agrarian
Labor, Famines, and Poverty: Commercialization of Agriculture;
Land Tenure Systems (British The Permanent Ryotwari Settlement Mahalwari Settlement
Rule) Settlement
Pre-British Era: • Introduced by Lord • Regions: Madras, Berar, • Regions: Punjab, Central Provinces, N-W
• Economic Backbone: Agriculture Cornwallis (1793): Bombay, Assam. Provinces.
central - India's economy; livelihood Extended to Bengal, • Introduced by Sir • Introduced by Holt Mackenzie (1822
tied to crops. Bihar, Orissa. Thomas Munro in Regulation): Early 19th-century British
• Balance: Until 18th century, • Key Contributors: Sir Madras Presidency. system.
balanced agriculture & handicrafts; John Shore, James • Direct Ownership: Key Features:
globally recognized - both sectors. Grant. Peasants recognized as 1. Village (Mahal) as Revenue Unit:
Impact of British Rule on Handicrafts • Decennial Settlement: landowners; no • Land collectively owned - village
and Agriculture: Initially - 10-year intermediaries (no community.
• Destruction of Handicrafts: arrangement, later made Zamindars). • Village community (through Lambardar or
British dismantled Indian permanent. Key Features: local headman) responsible - revenue
handicrafts industry. Key Features: 1. Direct Revenue collection.
• Agrarian Changes: British 1. Zamindars as Collection: 2. Revenue Settlement:
introduced land tenure systems; Landowners: • Peasants paid land • Comprehensive land measurement - revenue
prioritized revenue over cultivator • Officially recognized as revenue directly to the assessment.
welfare. landowners. government. • Government benefited most; primary focus
Land Tenure Systems (British • Paid fixed land revenue • Protected from on revenue collection.
Rule) to the East India eviction if land 3. Administration:
1. Zamindari System (Permanent Company. revenue was paid. • Village headman (Lambardar) acted -
Settlement) - 19% of British 2. Fixed Revenue (89% to 2. Fixed Land Revenue (30- intermediary between government and
Territory: Company): Year Terms): villagers.
• Regions: Bengal, Bihar, Banaras, • Land revenue fixed • Revenue rates fixed Impact:
Northern Western Provinces, permanently, preventing for 30 years; • Improved irrigation but benefited the
Northern Karnataka. future increases. reassessed after this government more than the villagers.
• Zamindars: Collected revenue, • Zamindars retained period. • System designed for efficient revenue
paid a fixed amount to British, 1/11th of revenue; • Government’s share collection.
often exploiting peasants. 10/11th submitted to the set at 55% of produce Rise of Landless Agrarian Labor, Famines,
2. Mahalwari System - 30% of British Company. (highest ever and Poverty
Territory: 3. Ryots as Tenants: recorded). Impact of British Rule on Agrarian Relations:
• Regions: North Western • Ryots (tillers) treated as 3. Land Rights: 1. Destruction of Village Communities:
Provinces, Central Provinces, tenants under zamindars. • Peasants could sub-let, • Disrupted traditional, self-sufficient
Punjab. 4. Removal of transfer, mortgage, or economies.
• Collective Responsibility: Judicial/Administrative sell land. • Integration into global markets caused local
Village heads (Mahal) responsible Roles: • Security of tenure industries and crafts to decline.
for revenue collection. • Zamindars lost judicial ensured as long as 2. Formation of Land Markets and Rising
3. Ryotwari System - 51% of British and administrative revenue was paid. Rents:
Territory: functions. 4. Fixed Period Land • Land commodified; emergence of land
• Regions: Bombay, Madras 5. Absentee Landlordism: Revenue: market.
Presidencies, Assam. • Many zamindars moved • Revenue rates fixed • Zamindars raised rents to maximize
• Direct Settlement: Ryots to urban areas, neglected for 20-40 years; revenue.
(cultivators) paid taxes directly to land improvements. individual peasants 3. Indebtedness:
the government. 6. Feudalism Entrenched: directly responsible.
• High land revenue forced peasants into
Izaredari System (1773 - Warren • System deepened Challenges:
debt.
Hastings): feudalism, worsened • Heavy Tax Burden: High
• Resulted in widespread rural indebtedness
• First British Land Tenure economic disparity land revenue reduced
and loss of land, creating landless laborers.
System: Introduced in Bengal. among peasants. incentives for cultivation.
4. Layers of Intermediaries:
• Auction Revenue Rights: 7. Revenue System Issues: • Harsh Revenue
• Multiple intermediaries emerged, each
Izaredars collected revenue; often • Limited government Collection: Severe
extracting share of produce.
exploited peasants for profit. income due to fixed methods employed by
• Increased peasants' reliance on
• Diwani Rights: Secured by Robert revenue. officials for defaulters or
moneylenders.
Clive for revenue collection in • Zamindars focused on delayed payments.
5. Frequent Famines:
Bengal (1765). revenue collection over
• Commercialization of agriculture and
• Five-Year Revenue Settlements: agricultural
revenue demands reduced food security.
Initiated by Hastings, later reverted development.
• Frequent, severe famines exacerbated
to annual.
poverty.
• Focus on Profits: Izaredars, as
6. Impoverishment:
contractors, prioritized profits over
• High rents, debt, loss of land, and famines
peasant welfare.
led to widespread impoverishment.
• Peasants became landless laborers,
dependent on seasonal agricultural work.
THEME 6: Rise of Landless Agrarian Labour; Famines and Poverty; De-industrialization; Decline of Traditional Crafts;
Drain of Wealth; Growth of Trade and Commerce- Economic Transformation of India; Railroads, Transport and
Communication Network- Telegraph and Postal Services.
Regional Impact of British British Policy towards Indian Reforms under the Railroads, Transport,
Agrarian Policies Handicrafts Governors-General during and Communication
the Company Rule Network: Telegraph
and Postal Services
Eastern India: Arrival of Europeans (16th Century): Lord Cornwallis (Governor- Railways:
Permanent Settlement (1793): • Focus on trade initially; later aimed General, 1786-93) • Purpose: Transport
• Implemented in Bengal and Bihar. for monopoly over Indian trade. Civil Services Reform: raw materials, move
• Zamindars became landowners; fixed • India had global fame for handicrafts: • Organized civil services; vital to British troops.
land revenue. textiles (e.g., muslin of Dacca, British colonial administration. • Impact: Facilitated
• Result: Exploitation of peasants, rise of carpets of Lahore, shawls of Cornwallis Code: resource extraction,
landless labor. Kashmir, Banaras embroidery), • Introduced administrative and promoted internal
• Bengal Famine (1770): Massive loss of ivory goods, woodworks, jewelry. legal reforms. trade, and hurt local
life, widespread poverty. Impact of British Rule on • Separation of revenue and justice industries.
Handicrafts: administration. Roads and Highways:
Northern & Central India:
1. Decline in Indian Handicrafts: • European subjects brought under • Purpose:
Mahalwari System (early 19th century):
• East India Company policies Indian court jurisdiction. Administrative control
• Introduced in Punjab and parts of United
hurt Indian handicrafts. • Govt officials answerable to civil and economic
Provinces.
• Influx of cheap British goods led courts for actions in office, exploitation.
• Village communities responsible for
emphasizing sovereignty of law. • Impact: Improved
revenue; heavy demands. to a decline in Indian products
domestically and internationally. William Bentinck (Governor- troop movement,
• Peasants often sold or mortgaged land,
commercialized
leading to landlessness. 2. Promotion of British Goods: General, 1828-33)
agriculture, neglected
Western India: • 1769: Raw silk cultivation Administrative Reforms:
local needs.
Ryotwari System: promoted in Bengal; restrictions • Abolished Circuit Courts,
Ports:
• Implemented in Bombay and Madras on Indian finished silk. transferred functions to Collectors.
• Purpose: Develop
presidencies. • 1813: Strategies to increase • Established Sadar Diwani Adalat
Bombay, Calcutta,
consumption of British finished and Sadar Nizamat Adalat at
• Recognized individual cultivators as Madras for trade.
goods. Allahabad.
landowners, but imposed high revenue. • Impact: Increased
• Commercialization of agriculture led to • 1835: Tariff policies—15% Language Reforms:
exports, led to
export duty on Indian textiles, • Replaced Persian with English as
indebtedness and land transfers. economic drain and
2.5% import duty on British official court language.
• Deccan Riots (1875): Resulted from decline of local
textiles. • Allowed choice of Persian or
peasant indebtedness and exploitation industries.
Transition to Machine-Made Goods: vernacular languages in courts.
by moneylenders. Telegraph & Postal Services:
• Industrial Revolution (Europe): Legal Codification: Initiated
Southern India: • Purpose: Enhance
Introduction of power looms codification of laws leading to:
• Ryotwari and Permanent Settlement communication for
replaced handlooms; goods • Civil Procedure Code (1859)
(Madras Presidency): British administration.
produced faster, cheaper. • Indian Penal Code (1860)
• Increased revenue demands and • Impact: Strengthened
Improved Communication & • Criminal Procedure Code (1861)
landlessness. British control,
Transport: Law Commission
• Agricultural commercialization: Focus supported British
• Railways and steamer services Establishment:
on cotton, groundnut, oilseeds; rise of businesses, limited
revolutionized trade. • Aimed - codification &
rich peasants and landless laborers. local benefits.
• Concrete roads connected consolidation of Indian laws.
• Great Depression (1930s): Further Irrigation & Agriculture:
agricultural hinterlands, boosting • Added a fourth regular member to
impoverished rural population, increased • Purpose: Increase
British imports. the Governor-General's Council for
indebtedness and agrarian distress. output of cash crops
• Result: Job losses among Indian legal expertise. (cotton, tea, opium).
artisans/craftsmen due to Lord Macaulay:
• Impact: Boosted
increased British goods and • First appointed fourth ordinary
productivity, caused
reduced local demand. Member. food shortages, and
• Key role in drafting the Indian created economic
Penal Code (1860). disparities.
 SINGLE PAGE MEMORY BUILDER (SPMB)
Theme 1: Anti-British Uprisings – Causes, Consequences of 1857 revolt
Theme 2: Civil Rebellions and Tribal Uprisings in the Nineteenth Century
Theme 3: Peasant Movements in the Nineteenth Century
Theme 4: Socio- Religious Movements
4. INDIAN HISTORY Theme 5: Factors responsible for the rise of Indian Nationalism
I. History and Culture of India, with special Theme 6: Socio-Cultural Reform Movements and their Leaders and Anti-Caste
Movements
reference to Modern Period (1757 to 1947 A.D.) Theme 7: Contrasting Strategies of Mahatma Gandhi and B.R. Ambedkar in
Achieving Social Reform
Theme 8: Leadership of Subhash Chandra Bose and Its Influence on the Indian
National Movement

4. Anti – British uprisings: Tribal and Peasant revolts in the Nineteenth Century Causes and Consequences of 1857
revolt. Factors responsible for the rise of Indian Nationalism; Rise and Growth of Socio- Religious and Anti-
Caste Movements: Brahma Samaj, Arya Samaj, Aligarh Movement, Satya Shodak Samaj, Jotiba and
Savithribhai Phule, Pandita Ramabai, Narayana Guru, Ayyankali, Annie Beasant; Non- Brahmin, Justice and
Self-Respect Movements: Periyar, Mahatma Gandhi, Ambedkar and others.
THEME 1: Anti-British Uprisings - Causes, Consequences of 1857 revolt
Introduction Causes of the Revolt Key Leaders and Centers of the Consequences of the Revolt of 1857
Revolt
• Known - Indian Political Causes: 1. Delhi: Changes in Administration:
Mutiny/First War of • Annexation of Princely • Bahadur Shah II (Zafar): Nominal • August 2, 1858: British Parliament passed
Independence States: Doctrine of Lapse led to leader, gave legitimacy to the revolt. the Better Government of India Act.
(1857). discontent (e.g., Annexation of • Bakht Khan: Took real control on July • Queen Victoria declared sovereign of
• May 11, 1857: Sepoys Awadh in 1856). 3, 1857, after leading Bareilly soldiers British India; end of East India Company
- Meerut marched to • Subsidiary Alliance System: to Delhi. rule.
Delhi, marking the Made princely states 2. Kanpur: • Secretary of State for India appointed;
beginning of the subordinate to the British. • Nana Saheb: Led Kanpur rebellion, British Crown assumed direct control.
revolt. • Lord Dalhousie’s Reforms: attacked British under Sir Hugh Queen's Proclamation (November 1, 1858):
• Revolt was a symbol Doctrine of Lapse, confiscation Wheeler (June 1857). • Proclaimed by Lord Canning at
of India’s collective of Jhansi, and new Enfield • Tatya Tope: Supported Nana Saheb in Allahabad durbar.
aspiration for rifles triggered anger. capturing Kanpur; later fought in • Governor-General became Viceroy.
sovereignty. • Racial Discrimination: Gwalior. • Promised no further annexations and
Pre-Existing Widened gap between Indian • Sir Colin Campbell: Recaptured respect for native princes.
Resentment: sepoys and British officers. Kanpur. • Indian states to acknowledge British
• Historical Economic Causes: 3. Lucknow: paramountcy.
Grievances: • Economic Exploitation: • Begum Hazrat Mahal: Led the Religious Freedom and Legal Equality:
Annexation of Heavy land revenue and taxes rebellion, her son Birjis Qadir • Religious freedom guaranteed for
Punjab and Sikh drained India's wealth. proclaimed Nawab. Indians.
Empire fostered long- • Disruption of Traditional • Equal protection under law for all races
• Henry Havelock, James Outram, Sir
standing resentment. Economy: British policies Colin Campbell: Led British forces to and creeds.
• Local Grievances: caused agrarian distress and • Equal opportunities in government
relieve the siege of Lucknow.
High taxes, harsh unemployment among artisans. 4. Bareilly: services promised.
treatment by British Social and Cultural Causes: Reorganization of the Army:
• Khan Bahadur: Led resistance in
officials fueled • Religious Insensitivity: British • Post-revolt, Indian Army reorganized with
Bareilly.
discontent. seen as undermining Indian "division and counterpoise" strategy.
• Sir Colin Campbell: Recaptured
Immediate Triggers: culture and religion (e.g., • Reduction of Indian soldiers, increase in
Bareilly after heavy fighting.
• Barrackpore annexation of Awadh viewed as European troops.
5. Jhansi:
Incident: Mangal an affront to Islamic authority). • "Divide and rule" policy: recruitment
• Rani Lakshmibai: Defended Jhansi
Pandey's mutiny at • Sepoy Discontent: Forced to focused on martial races (Punjab, Nepal,
fiercely, led the rebellion in
Barrackpore (early cross the sea and use cartridges NW frontier).
Bundelkhand; fought in Battle of
1857) inflamed greased with animal fat against • Army isolated from civilians.
Jhansi against Hugh Rose.
tensions. their religious beliefs. Reforms and Racial Divide:
6. Bihar:
• Meerut Mutiny Military Causes: • Victorian liberalism waned;
• Kunwar Singh: Led guerrilla warfare
(May 10, 1857): • Cartridge Controversy: New conservative, non-interference approach
in Jagdishpur, fought across
Sepoys refused to use Enfield rifles cartridges, adopted.
Mirzapur, Banda, Kanpur, Rewa,
greased cartridges, rumored to be greased with cow • End of reform era; British attitude shifted
and Arrah.
killed British officers, and pig fat, offended both to autocracy.
• Sir Colin Campbell: Suppressed the
Hindu and Muslim sepoys. • Policy led to frustration among the
 released prisoners. • Mistrust Between Sepoys and rebellion in Bihar. educated Indian middle class, sparking
• Support for Bahadur Officers: Sepoys feared forced 7. Gwalior: modern nationalism.
Shah: Hindu sepoys conversion to Christianity and • Tatya Tope: Led guerrilla warfare in Impact on British-Indian Relations:
in Meerut and Delhi resented British officers. Gwalior, engaged British after • Deepened racial divide and
backed Bahadur retreating from Kanpur. implementation of "divide and rule".
Shah II as Emperor; 8. Faizabad: • Systematic economic exploitation
cow slaughter was • Maulvi Ahmadullah: Led fierce intensified.
banned in their areas. resistance, originally from Madras, • British portrayal of Indians as subhuman
relocated to Awadh. fueled imperialist attitudes and racial
• Sir Colin Campbell: Led efforts to hatred.
pacify Faizabad. Legacy of the Revolt:
Outcome: • Racial hatred and suspicion persisted b/n
Turning Point: The revolt marked a major British and Indians.
uprising, setting the stage for future resistance • Widening gulf between rulers and ruled
against British rule and India's eventual quest contributed to political unrest, leading to
for independence. later demonstrations and violence.

THEME 2: Civil Rebellions and Tribal Uprisings

Causes for Tribal Movement Civil Rebellions and Tribal Uprisings
1. Land Alienation: Tribals lost Gorakhpur, Basti, Bahraich Civil Rebellion in Awadh (1799): Poligars Revolt (1795-1805):
traditional lands due to Uprisings (1781): • Leader: Wazir Ali Khan. • Leaders: Kattabomman
dispossession and encroachment. • Cause: Oppressive • Cause: Killed British resident, Nayakan, Oomathurai.
2. Exploitative Revenue System: revenue farming system by Massacre of Benares. • Cause: Oppressive land revenue
New land revenue systems and Warren Hastings. Ahom Revolt (1828): demands in Dindigul and
heavy taxation undermined tribal • Oppressor: Major • Leader: Gomdhar Konwar. Malabar.
land rights. Alexander Hannay. • Cause: British attempt to annex Kutch or Cutch Rebellion (1816-32):
3. Forest Policies: Restricted tribal Revolt of Raja of Vizianagaram Ahom territories post-Anglo- • Leader: Raja Bharmal II.
access to forests, affecting (1794): Burma war. • Cause: British interference in internal
hunting, gathering, and • Cause: EIC tribute Pagal Panthis (1830-40s): feuds.
agriculture. demand from Raja • Leader: Karam Shah and Kuka Revolt (1840):
4. Intermediaries: Introduction of Vijayaramaraju. Tipu. • Leaders: Bhagat Jawahar Mal,
traders, moneylenders, and • Outcome: Raja died in • Cause: Resistance against Baba Ram Singh.
oppressive officials worsened Battle of Padmanabham; oppressive zamindars in • Cause: Religious, social, political
tribal conditions. Vizianagaram under Mymensingh. change, support for Swadeshi and
5. Cultural Suppression: Company rule. Faraizi Revolt (1838-1857): non-cooperation.
Missionary activities threatened Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja • Leader: Followers of Haji Surat Salt Agitations (1840s):
tribal cultures and beliefs. Resistance (1797, 1800-05): Shariatullah. • Cause: Resistance to increased
Civil Rebellions and Tribal • Leader: Pazhassi Raja • Cause: Religious, social, and salt duty in 1844.
Uprisings resisted British in political changes, expel British • Outcome: Europeans attacked,
Sanyasi Revolt (1763-1800): Kottayam. from Bengal. salt levy withdrawn.
• Cause: 1770 Bengal famine, • Outcome: Died in a Ganjam and Gumsur Uprisings (1800, Kolhapur & Savantvadi Revolts (Post-
British economic policies. gunfight. 1835-37): 1844):
• Leaders: Evicted peasants, Chuar Uprising (1767-1802): • Leader: Strikara Bhanj and • Cause: Reorganization of
small zamindars, disbanded • Leader: Durjan Singh. Dhananjay Bhanj. Kolhapur state, rebellion by
soldiers. • Cause: British land Palamau Uprising (1800-02): Gadkari.
• Suppression: By Warren seizures; guerrilla warfare • Leader: Bhukhan Singh, Wahabi Movement:
Hastings. by tribal communities. Chero chief. • Leader: Syed Ahmed, inspired by
Pahariya Rebellion (1778): Midnapore and Dhalbhum • Cause: Resistance against Abdul Wahab and Shah
• Cause: British extension of Revolt (1766-74): agrarian system. Waliullah.
agriculture into Pahariya • Cause: Rebellion against Moamarias Revolt (1769-99): • Cause: Return to pure Islam, anti-
territories. EIC land revenue system. • Cause: Revolt by low-caste British sentiments.
• Response: Brutal force, later • Outcome: Zamindars lost peasants against Ahom Kings of Haryana Uprisings (1803-1810):
pacification policy offering their lands. Assam. • Leaders: Sikh chiefs of Ambala,
allowances to Pahariya chiefs. • Outcome: Weakened Ahoms, Karnal, Thanesar, and Bhatti
survived with British help. Rajputs.
• Cause: Opposition to British rule;
led to long conflict.

Movement Year Place Causes Consequences

Pahariya Rebellion 1778 Chota Nagpur British encroachment on Pahariya territories British used force, later pacification policy with
Region and settled agriculture allowances; Paharias rejected and retreated
Chuar Uprising 1767-1802 Chota Nagpur and British land acquisition and guerrilla tactics by Tribes rebelled using guerrilla warfare
Bengal plains tribes
Tamar Revolts 1789-1832 Chotanagpur Land rights issues and British alignment Suppressed by the government in 1832-33
region system
Bhil Uprising 1817-1819 Khandesh hill Loss of land and forest rights, repeated Bhils resisted but were eventually subdued; loss of land
ranges uprisings and rights
Ramosi Uprising 1822 Western Ghats Annexation and loss of livelihood for Ramosis British granted land and recruited them as hill police
Ahom Revolt 1828-1833 Assam British occupation despite the Treaty of Expressed discontent with British rule in Assam
Yandaboo
Kol Uprising 1831-1832 Chotanagpur Colonization and land alienation Resistance to British penetration
region
Khasi Uprising 1829-1833 Khasi and Jaintia British annexation and road construction Khasi tribal states annexed by British in 1826
Hills
Santhal Rebellion 1855-1857 Various regions Colonial exploitation and high taxes Led to creation of Santhal Pargana
in India
Khond Uprising 1837-1856 Orissa Rebellion against colonial interference in Joined by Savaras but eventually fizzled out
traditional practices
Koli Uprising 1822-1829 Maharashtra, Led by Ramji Bhangre; revolt against British Challenged British and local exploitation
Gujarat rule and moneylenders
Birsa Munda 1890s Chotanagpur Led by Birsa Munda, aiming to protect tribal Resulted in Chotanagpur Tenancy Act of 1908
Revolt region land rights
Koya Rebellion 1879-1880 Andhra Pradesh, Led by Tomma Dora against loss of tribal Showcased tribal resistance to colonial impositions
Odisha rights and forest access
Tana Bhagat 1914-1920 Chotanagpur, Oraon tribes protested British economic and Influenced by Mahatma Gandhi; led to Chotanagpur
Movement Jharkhand cultural exploitation Tenancy Act
Rampa Rebellion 1922-1924 Andhra Pradesh Led by Alluri Sitarama Raju against colonial Guerrilla tactics; leaders captured and executed
exploitation and forced labor
Chenchu Tribal 1920s Andhra Pradesh Forest satyagraha protesting against forest Resistance against forest regulations
Movement and police officials

THEME 3: Peasant Movements

Movement Year Founded by Causes Consequences
Aravippuram 1888 Shri Narayana Guru For the rights of depressed classes Led to Sri Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogum (1902–
Movement (Ezhavas or Iravas of Kerala) 03), promoting social and educational reforms among
Ezhavas
Justice Party 1916 Dr T.M. Nair, P. Against Brahmin domination in Led to the 1930 Government Order, providing
Movement Tyagaraja Chetti, C.N. government, education, and politics reservations for social groups in Madras Presidency
Mudalair
Nair Movement 1891 C.V. Raman Pillai, K. Against Brahmin domination in social Led to formation of Malayali Memorial (1891) and Nair
Rama Krishna Pillai, M. life Service Society (1914), promoting social and educational
Padmanabha Pillai advancement of the Nair community
Self-Respect 1925 E. V. Ramaswami Against caste bias and promoting Promoted self-respect and social justice, significant
Movement Naicker (Periyar) social equality impact on social and political reform in Tamil Nadu
Nadar Movement Early Nadar community Against social bias; promoting Formation of Nadar Mahajan Sangam (1910), advancing
20th education and welfare among Nadars social and educational welfare of the Nadar community
century
Depressed Classes 1924 B.R. Ambedkar For upliftment of untouchables, Led to institutions and organizations promoting welfare
(Mahars) Movement advocating for social and educational of untouchables; laid groundwork for Ambedkar’s later
reforms efforts, including Dalit rights
Congress’ Harijan 1917 Mahatma Gandhi To elevate lower classes, focusing on Led to the formation of All-India Anti-Untouchability
Movement anti-untouchability campaigns League (1932) and Gandhi’s publication Harijan to raise
awareness
Kaivartas’ 1897 Kaivartas community Founded Jati Nirdharani Sabha Emergence of Mahishya community in Bengal,
Movement onward (1897) and Mahishya Samiti (1901) advocating social welfare and development of the
for upliftment of the Kaivartas Kaivartas

THEME 4: Socio- Religious Movements

Movement Examples Founded by/Key Key Causes Consequences/Impact
Type Figures
Reformist Brahmo Raja Ram Mohan Roy Addressing social evils - Sati, child Led to abolition of Sati (1829), widow remarriage,
Movements Samaj (1828) marriage, and promoting women's rights and emphasis on modern education
Prarthana Atmaram Pandurang, Focused on caste reform, education, and Helped promote women's education and abolition of
Samaj (1867) later M.G. Ranade gender equality child marriage
Aligarh Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Reforming Muslim education, Established Aligarh Muslim University (1875),
Movement promoting scientific knowledge and modernized Muslim education
 (1875) Western learning
Revivalist Arya Samaj Swami Dayanand Return to Vedic purity, opposed idol Advocated education, women’s rights, and
Movements (1875) Saraswati worship, caste system, and social evils established Gurukuls
Deoband Maulana Qasim Return to the purity of Islam, opposing Established Deoband school to promote Islamic
Movement Nanotavi, Rashid Western influence education
(1866) Gangohi

THEME 5: Factors responsible for the rise of Indian Nationalism

Key Factors Behind Socio-Religious Movements
1. Colonial Influence: Introduction of Western ideas such as liberty, equality, democracy, and justice.
2. Religious and Social Issues: Prevalence of superstitions and practices like Sati, child marriage, polygamy, and caste discrimination.
3. Status of Women: Female infanticide, child marriage, and prohibition of widow remarriage were widespread; Sati system prevalent.
4. Spread of Education and Awareness: Scholars studied Indian history and culture, instilling pride in Indian civilization and promoting reforms.
5. Nationalism and Global Awareness: Growing awareness of nationalism and democracy led to efforts to reform social and religious institutions.
6. Influence of Scholars and Intellectuals: Key intellectuals like Raja Ram Mohan Roy led the Indian Renaissance, focusing on cultural revival and reform.
7. Missionary Activity: Christian missionaries spread Western education, influencing social reforms in regions like Bengal and Maharashtra.
8. Emergence of Middle Class: Educated middle class provided leadership in socio-political reforms, pushing for social change and empowerment.
9. Role of Press: Newspapers and journals spread reform ideas, advocating social justice, education reform, women's rights, and political empowerment.

THEME 6: Socio-Cultural Reform Movements and their Leaders

Brahmo Samaj (1828) Tattvabodhini Sabha Prarthana Samaj (1876) Young Bengal Movement (Early
(1839) 19th Century)
• Founded by: Raja Rammohan • Founded by: Debendranath • Founded by: Dr. Atma Ram • Founded by: Henry Vivian Derozio
Roy Tagore Pandurang; prominent • Key Ideas: Inspired nationalism and social
• Key Ideas: Purification of • Key Ideas: Revival of Brahmo members included R.C. reform, emphasized rational thinking,
Hinduism, promotion of Samaj principles, focus on Bhandarkar and Justice M.G. questioning authority, advocating for
monotheism, opposition to rationality, social reforms like Ranade. individual freedom, opposition to idol
polytheism, idol worship, caste widow remarriage and women's • Key Ideas: Rational worship, worship and caste discrimination.
system, and social evils like Sati. education, opposition to the promotion of monotheism, • Impact: Promoted women's rights and
• Impact: Led to the abolition of caste system. social reform, advocating inter- education; influenced future generations of
Sati in 1829, promotion of • Impact: Spread modern ideas caste marriages, widow reformers; significant in Bengal's
women's rights, modern among the Bengali remarriage, and women’s intellectual awakening.
education, and freedom of the intelligentsia through the education. Ramakrishna Movement
press. Tattvabodhini Patrika; • Impact: Encouraged reforms • Founder: Based on teachings of
Satyashodhak Samaj (1873) promoted rational and in caste discrimination, Ramakrishna Paramhansa
• Founder: Jyotirao Phule in humanistic Hinduism. improved women's status, and • Key Ideas: Unity of all religions,
Maharashtra Arya Samaj (1875) raised marriage age. spiritual salvation, and service to
• Key Ideas: Social upliftment • Founder: Swami Dayanand Paramahansa Mandali humanity as a form of worship.
of lower castes and women, Saraswati in Bombay (1849) • Impact: Swami Vivekananda founded
fight against caste • Key Ideas: Revival of Vedic • Founders: Dadoba the Ramakrishna Mission (1897),
discrimination and social traditions, monotheism, Pandurang, Mehtaji focused on education, social welfare, and
injustice. opposition to idol worship, Durgaram, and others in humanitarian work like orphanages,
• Actions: Promoted education caste discrimination, and hospitals, and philanthropy; spread
Maharashtra
as a tool for empowerment, social evils like child marriage. • Key Ideas: Monotheism, Vedanta philosophy.
introduced Satyashodhak • Suddhi Movement: Focused ethical behavior, opposition The Theosophical Movement
marriage to avoid Brahmin on reconversion to Hinduism. to caste restrictions, and •Founded: 1875 by Madame H.P.
dominance and financial
• Impact: Established irrational practices. Blavatsky (1831–1891) and Colonel M.S.
barriers. Dayanand Anglo-Vedic • Actions: Promoted inter- Olcott in New York City; relocated to
• Impact: Led by Phule and
(DAV) Schools (1886), caste dining, widow Adyar, Madras (Chennai), India in 1882.
Savitribai Phule, worked for promoted nationalism with remarriage, and women’s Key Features:
women’s education, leaders like Lala Lajpat Rai; education. • Spiritual Connection: Belief in
abolition of caste, and encouraged social reform and • Impact: Spread through establishing a relationship b/n - soul & God
opposed socio-economic widow remarriage. branches in Maharashtra through contemplation, prayer, and
disparities; inspired writings
Ahmadiyya Movement (Poona, Satara), inspired revelation.
like "Gulamgiri"
• Founder: Mirza Ghulam further social reform and • Philosophical Influence: Embraced Hindu
Aligarh Movement concepts - reincarnation and karma,
Ahmad, 1889 rational thinking.
• Founder: Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, drawing from Upanishads, Samkhya,
• Key Ideas: Liberal Wahabi Movement
late 19th century Yoga, and Vedanta.
interpretation of Islam, (Walliullah Movement)
• Key Ideas: Modernize Muslim • Universal Brotherhood: Aimed for the
rejection of jihad, focus on • Founder: Syed Ahmed
community through English universal brotherhood of humanity,
moral reform and peaceful Barelvi, inspired by Shah
education and rational thinking. regardless of race, creed, sex, caste, or color.
propagation of Islam. Walliullah
Promote Western knowledge • Exploration of Nature: Investigated the
Actions: • Key Ideas: Islamic
while retaining Islamic identity. unexplained laws of nature and latent
• Established schools to provide revivalism, opposition to
Actions: human powers.
modern education integrated Western influences, and
• 1875: Founded Muhammadan • Social Reforms: Opposed child marriage,
with Islamic values. unification of Islamic
Anglo Oriental College in advocated for the abolition of caste
• Advocated religion-state jurisprudence.
Aligarh (later Aligarh Muslim discrimination, and worked for the
separation, human rights, and Actions:
 University). tolerance. • Initially opposed the Sikhs in upliftment of widows.
• 1866: Established Impact: Punjab, shifted focus to • Cultural Impact: Allied with the Hindu
Mohammadan Educational • Promoted Western-style resisting British colonial rule renaissance and briefly with the Arya
Conference to promote liberal education within the Muslim post-1849. Samaj.
ideas and modern education community. • Emphasized strict adherence Annie Besant's Role:
among Muslims. • The movement's belief in Mirza to Quran and Hadith, rejected • Became president in 1907 after Olcott's
Impact: Ghulam Ahmad as the Messiah superstitions. death.
• Modernized Muslim education led to significant theological Impact: • Arrived in India in 1893, founded Central
and encouraged participation in differences with mainstream • British suppression in the Hindu College in Varanasi (1898), which
socio-political life. Islam. 1870s but left a lasting legacy evolved into Benaras Hindu University in
• Helped Muslims enter modern of Islamic resistance and 1916.
professions and improve their revivalism in India. • Promoted women's education and
socio-economic status. integrated Hindu religious studies with
Western scientific subjects.

THEME 7: Contrasting Strategies of Mahatma Gandhi and B.R. Ambedkar in Achieving Social Reform
Gandhi's Approach Ambedkar's Approach
Introduction • Non-violence and Satyagraha: • Political and Legal Reforms: Focused on
• Mahatma Gandhi and B.R. Ambedkar were key Promoted ahimsa (non-violence) and constitutional safeguards and political
figures in India's social reform, each advocating for satyagraha (truth-force) - movements - representation for Dalits and marginalized
equality but with contrasting philosophies. Champaran & Kheda for moral reform. communities.
• Gandhi focused on moral awakening and • Spiritual and Moral Upliftment: • Eradication of Caste: Strongly advocated for
integration within the caste framework, while Believed in self-discipline and spiritual the abolition of the caste system, viewing it
Ambedkar sought legal empowerment and the growth as paths to personal and social as the root cause of inequality.
eradication of caste. transformation. • Rationality and Education: Emphasized
Conclusion • Caste Integration: Sought to uplift education and rationality as tools for
• Gandhi’s focus on moral transformation and marginalized groups by promoting the empowerment, founding the All-India
caste integration contrasted with Ambedkar’s term Harijan and founding the Harijan Depressed Classes Association.
emphasis on legal rights and complete caste Sevak Sangh. • Economic and Social Rights: Pushed for
abolition. • Village-Centric Economy: Advocated affirmative action (reservations) to ensure
• Both left a lasting impact on India’s struggle for decentralized economics and local self- equal opportunities for marginalized groups in
social justice and continue to shape discussions sufficiency to address social inequalities. education, employment, and politics.
on equality and reform in India today.

THEME 8: Leadership of Subhash Chandra Bose and Its Influence on the Indian National Movement
Leadership of Subhash Chandra Bose and Its Influence on the Indian National Movement
• Subhash Chandra Bose: A Promotion of Radical Nationalism: Advocacy for Social Justice:
key figure advocating - • Advocated for immediate and complete independence, • Promoted social reforms, focusing - marginalized
militant independence, energizing Indian youth and masses. communities & gender equality.
diverging from - non- • Shifted focus to armed struggle, contrasting Congress • Formed - "Rani of Jhansi Regiment," highlighting
violent strategies - ideology, and mobilized - more aggressive nationalist - role of women in the independence struggle.
contemporary leaders. faction. Empowerment through Labour and Unity:
• Vision: Aimed for - Leadership of the Indian National Army (INA): • Collaborated with leaders - Jawaharlal Nehru and
socialist, equitable India, • Established - INA to fight for India's liberation through Sarojini Naidu to support labor rights through
grounded- social and armed rebellion. organizations like AITUC.
economic justice. • Aligned with Axis powers during World War II - leverage • Worked for Hindu-Muslim unity, integrating
Conclusion: Bose’s legacy geopolitical dynamics against British rule. economic, social, and communal harmony into his
continues to influence India's International Diplomacy: vision.
narrative of freedom and its • Sought support from countries opposed to British interests - Political Leadership:
journey as a sovereign nation. Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union. • Served as president during - Congress sessions at
• Aimed to create a global coalition against British Haripura and Tripuri, solidifying his leadership
imperialism, transcending domestic politics. despite ideological differences that led to his
departure from Congress.