BIOLOGY
• Fats : Fat is an ester of glycerol and fatty acid. Infact carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are present in
different quantities, but proportionally less oxygen than carbohydrate.
• Normally fat remains as solid at 20cC temperature, but if it is in liquid form at this temperature, this
is called oil. Fatty acids are of two types-Saturated and unsaturated. Unsaturated fatty acids are
found in fish oil and vegetable oil. Only coconut oil and palm oil are the examples of saturated oil.
• 9.3 kilo calorie energy is liberated from 1 gram fat. Normally an adult person should get 20-30% of
energy from fat. Fat store maximum energy per gram.
• Main Functions of Fats :
• It provides energy to the body.
• It remains under the skin and prevents the loss of heat from the body.
• It make the food material tasty.
• It protects different parts of the body from Injury.
• Due to the lack of fat skin get dried, weight of the body decreases and development of the body
checked.
• Due to the excessiveness of fat the body gets fatty; heart disease takes place and blood pressure
increases.
• Rancidity is defined as oxidation of fat and oils that change the taste and smell of food.
• Vitamins : Vitamin was invented by Sir F. G. Hopkins. The term vitamin was coined by Funk.
• Vitamins are organic compound required in minute quantities. No calorie is obtained from it, but it
is very important in regulating chemical reactions in metabolism of the body.
• On the basis of solubility vitamins are of two types:
• Vitamin soluble in water : Vitamin-B and Vitamin-C.
• Vitamin soluble in fat : Vitamin-A,Vitamin-D, Vitamin-E and Vitamin-K.
The diseases caused by the deficiency of vitamins and their sources :
Vitamin A (Retinol)
• Deficiency Diseases : Colour Blindness, Xerophthalmia, Night Blindness.
• Sources : Milk, egg, cheese, green vegetables, cod liver oil, carrot.
Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) :
• Deficiency Diseases : Beri-Beri
• Sources : Groundnut, Rapeseed, Dried Chilli, Pulses, Liver, Egg, Vegetables etc.
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) :
• Deficiency diseases : Cracking of skin, reddish eyes, cracking at the corners of lips, mouth ulcers.
• Sources : Meat, green vegetables, milk etc.
Vitamin B3 (Nicotinamide or Niacin) :
• Deficiency Diseases : Whitening of hair, mentally retardness, dermatitis, Pellagra.
• Sources : Meat, milk, nut, tomato, sugarcane etc.
Vitamin B5 (Pentothenic acid) :
• Deficiency diseases : Insomania burning felt, irritability.
• Sources : Meat, Ground potato, tomato, nut, leafy vegetables etc.
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxin) :
• Deficiency Diseases : Anaemia, Skin disease, Depression.
• Sources : Liver, meat, grains, rice bran etc.
Vitamin B7 (Biotin) :
• Deficiency Diseases : Paralysis, body pain, hair falling
• Sources : meat, egg, liver, milk, nuts, whole grains etc.
Vitamin-B11 ( Folic Acid) :
• Deficiency Diseases : Anaemia, Dysentry
• Sources : Pulses, liver, egg.
Vitamin-B12 ( Cynocobalamin) :
• Deficiency Diseases : Pernicious Anaemia, jaundice, Teroile Glutemic, Ankle edema
• Sources : Meat, Milk etc.
Vitamin-C (Ascorbic acid) :
• Deficiency Diseases : Scurvy, Swelling of gums or bleeding gum.
• Sources : Lemon, Orange, Tomato, Sour substances. Chilly Sprouted grain
Vitamin-D (Calciferol) :
• Deficiency Diseases : Rickets (in children), Osteomalasia (in adults)
• Sources : Fish liver oil, Milk, Eggs etc.
Vitamin-E (Tocopherol) :
• Deficiency Diseases : Less fertility
• Sources : Leafy vegetables, Milk, Butter, Sprouted wheat, Vegetable oil etc.
Vitamin-K (Phylloquinone) :
• Deficiency Diseases : Non-clotting of blood
• Sources : Tomato, Soybean oil Green vegetables. Alfalfa etc.
• Note :
• Cobalt is found in Vitamin-B12.
• Synthesis of vitamins cannot be done by the cells of body. It is fulfilled by the vitamin containing food.
• However, synthesis of Vitamin-D and K takes place in our body.
• Bleeding gum, falling of teeth, fragil bones and delayed wound healing occur due to deficiency of
vitamin D.
• Deficiency of calcium mainly occur in absence of vitamin 'D'.
• Synthesis of Vitamin-D takes place by the ultra violet rays present in the sunlight through cholesterol
(ergosterol) of skin. Vitamin D2 is known as ergocalciferol.
• Vitamin-A is mainly stored in liver.
• Use of polished rice in human diet cause Beriberi.
• Amla is the richest source of vitamin C.
THANK YOU
