DOÑA REMEDIOS TRINIDAD ROMUALDEZ MEDICAL FOUNDATION, INC.

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1

Lesson 5: MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY / CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE EDUCATION

A t the end of the les s on, the s tudents s houl d be able to:
 enumerate the different general educ ation and profes sional c ourses included
in the Bac helor of Sc ience in M edical T echnology/Clinical L aboratory Science
Medical Technology Curriculum
program;
 dis c uss the importance of general educ ation c ourses in the development of
medic al technologists/clinical laboratory s cientists; and
 explain the c ompetencies of a medic al technology profes sional in the 2 1 st
c entury
CHED .
Commission on Higher Education .
o established on May 18, 1994 through the passage of Republic Act No.7722
o Republic Act No. 7722, also known as the Higher Education Act of 1992
Definition of Curriculum o the government agency under the Office of the President of the Philippines
(.,latin) “currere”: to run that covers institutions of higher education both public and private
o tasked to organize and appoint members of the technical panel for each
o According to the Glossary of Educational Reforms: refers to the knowledge discipline/ program area
and skills students are expected to learn, which include the learning
standards or learning objectives they are expected to meet

o refers to the means and materials with which students interact for the
purpose of achieving identified educational outcomes
TCMTE .
Technical Committee for Medical Technology Education .

o According to the Indiana Department of Education: refers to the planned o composed of leading academicians and practitioners responsible for assisting
interaction of students with instructional content, materials, resources, the Commission in setting standards among institutions offering Bachelor of
and processes for evaluating the attainment of educational objectives Science in Medical Technology/ Medical Laboratory Science program

curriculum
 is systematic and organized; BSMT / BMLS .
Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology .
 explicitly states outcomes (knowledge, skills) the learners/students have to
Bachelor of Medical Laboratory Science .
achieve and learn through the use of planned instructional processes and
other learning implements in a specific period; o a four-year program consisting of general education and professional
courses that students are expected to complete within the first three years
 consists of a planned process of measurement, assessment, and evaluation
to gauge student learning; and o the fourth year is dedicated to the students’ internship training in CHED-
accredited training laboratories affiliated with their college/department
 is designed for students
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CMO No. 13 s. 2017. CHED Memorandum Order No. 13, series of 2017 2. Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 2: Clinical Laboratory
Assistance and Phlebotomy
o “Policies, Standards, and Guidelines for the Bachelor of Science in Medical  clinical laboratory assistance: encompasses the concepts and
Technology/Medical Laboratory Science program” principles of the different assays performed in the clinical
o a guide for institutions offering the program laboratory

o contains goals, program outcomes, performance indicators, and the  phlebotomy: deals with the basic concepts, principles, and
minimum course offerings of the BSMT/BMLS program application of the standard procedures in blood collection,
transport, and processing
o compliant with the K-12 curriculum
 also involves the study of pre-analytic, analytic, and post-analytic
variables that affect reliability of results

General Education Courses

 aim to develop foundational knowledge, skills, values, and habits necessary
3. Community and Public Health for MT/MLS
for students to succeed in life, to positively contribute to society, to gain a
bigger perspective and understanding of living with others  involves the study of the foundations of community health that
include human ecology, demography, and epidemiology
1. Understanding the Self
2. Readings in Philippine History
 emphasizes the promotion of community, public, and
3. The Contemporary World environmental health and the immersion and interaction of
4. Mathematics in the Modern World students with people in the community
5. Purposive Communication
6. The Life and Works of Rizal
7. Science, Technology, and Society 4. Cytogenetics
8. Art Appreciation  focused on the study of the concepts and principles of heredity and
9. Ethics inheritance which include genetic phenomena, sex determination,
and genetic defects rooted in inheritance
 also discusses the abnormalities and genetic disorders involving the
Professional Courses
chromosomes and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
 are taken for learners to develop the knowledge, technical competence,
professional attitude, and values necessary to practice and meet the  emphasis is given to the analysis of nucleic acids and their
demands of the profession application to medical science

1. Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1: Introduction to Medical

Laboratory Science, Laboratory Safety, and Waste Management 5. Human Histology
 deals with the basic concepts and principles related to the Medical  deals with the study of the fundamentals of cells, tissues, and
Technology/ Medical Laboratory Science profession organs with emphasis on microscopic structures, characteristics,
differences, and functions
 its emphasis is on the curriculum, practice of the profession, clinical
laboratories, continuing professional education, biosafety practices,
and waste management

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Laboratory component (cont., human histology)

Laboratory component (cont., clinical bacteriology)
 Deals w ith the microscopic identification and differentiation of cells that
 Staining of smear
make up the systems of the body
 Inoculation of specimen on culture media
 Characterization of colonies of bacteria grow ing in culture media
 Performing different biochemical tests for identification of bacteria
 Biosafety and w aste management
 Quality assurance and quality control
6. Histopathologic Techniques with Cytology
 Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
 covers the basic concepts and principles of disease processes,
etiology, and the development of anatomic, microscopic changes
brought about by the disease process
 deals with the histopathologic techniques necessary for the 8. Clinical Parasitology
preparation of tissue samples collected via surgery, biopsy, or  concerned with the study of animal parasites in humans and their
autopsy for macroscopic and microscopic examinations for medical significance in the country
diagnostic purposes
 its emphasis is on the pathophysiology, epidemiology, life cycle,
Laboratory component (cont., histopathologic technique with cytology) prevention and control, and the identification of ova and/or adult
worms and other forms seen in specimens submitted for diagnostic
 Tissue processing purposes
 Cutting of processed tissue
 Staining
Laboratory component (cont., clinical parasitology)
 Mounting of stained tissue for microscopic examination
 Performing biosafety and w aste management
 Microscopic identification of diagnostic features of different groups of
parasites pathogenic to man (e.g. Nematodes, trematodes, cestodes,
protozoa, plasmodium)
 Different methods of preparing smear for microscopic examination
(e.g. Direct fecal smear, kato-katz)
7. Clinical Bacteriology
 deals with the study of the physiology and morphology of bacteria
and their role in infection and immunity
 its emphasis is on the collection of specimen and isolation and 9. Immunohematology and Blood Bank
identification of bacteria  tackles the concept of inheritance, characterization, and laboratory
 covers antimicrobial susceptibility testing and development of identification of red cells antigens and their corresponding
resistance to antimicrobial substances antibodies
 covers the application of these antigens and/or antibodies in
Laboratory component transfusion medicine and transfusion reactions work-up
 Preparation of culture media
 Collection of specimen
 Preparation of bacterial smear

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Laboratory component (cont., immunohematology and blood banking) Laboratory component (cont., hematology 1)

 ABO and Rh typing  Complete blood count

 Coombs test (direct and indirect Coombs)  Hematocrit blood test
 Blood donation process  Platelet count
 Compatibility testing  Preparation of blood smear and staining
 Transfusion reaction work-up  Red cell morphology
 Preparation of RBC suspension  Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
 Fragility test
 Erythrocyte indices
 Reticulocyte count
10. Mycology and Virology  Instrumentation
 deals with the study of fungi and viruses as agents of diseases with  Osmotic fragility test
emphasis on epidemiology, laboratory identification and  Quality assurance and quality control
 Biosafety and w aste management
characterization, and prevention and control

11. Laboratory Management

 looks into the concepts of laboratory management which are
14. Hematology 2
planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling as applied in
 deals with the concepts and principles of hemostasis, and
clinical laboratory setting
abnormalities involving red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells
 also tackles the process of solving problems, quality assurance and (WBC), and platelets
quality control, preparation of policy and procedure manuals, and
 its emphasis is on laboratory identification of blood cell
other activities necessary to maintain a well-functioning laboratory
abnormalities, quantitative measurement of coagulation factors
and disease correlation
12. Medical Technology Laws and Bioethics
 encompasses various laws, administrative orders, and other Laboratory component (cont., hematology 2)
approved legal documents related to the practice of Medical
 Identification of abnormal RBC and WBC
Technology/Medical Laboratory Science in the Philippines  Special staining techniques
 Coagulation factor test
 bioethics: looks into the study of ethics as applied to health and
o APTT _______________________________________
health care delivery and to human life in general o PT _______________________________________
o BT _______________________________________
o CT _______________________________________
13. Hematology 1 o CRT _______________________________________
 Instrumentation
 deals with the study of the concepts of blood as a tissue
 its emphasis is on formation and metabolism of cells, laboratory
assays, correlation with pathologic conditions, special hematology,
quality assurance and quality control in hematology laboratory and
bone marrow studies as well

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15. Clinical Microscopy 17. Clinical Chemistry 2

 focuses on the study of urine and other body fluids (excluding  deals with the concepts and principles of physiologically active
blood) soluble substances and waste materials present in body fluids,
particularly in blood
 includes the discussion of their formation, laboratory analyses,
disease processes, and clinical correlation of laboratory results  also covers the study of endocrine glands and hormones and their
formation, laboratory analyses and clinical correlation
Laboratory component (cont., clinical microscopy)
 its emphasis is also on therapeutic drug monitoring and laboratory
 Routine urinalysis (macroscopic, microscopic, chemical examination) analyses of drugs and substances of abuse as well as toxic
 Special chemical examination of urine substances
 Examination of other body fluids (seminal fluid, gastric juice, CSF)
 Pregnancy tests
 Chemical examination of stool specimens Laboratory component (cont., clinical chemistry 2)

 Bilirubin test
 Clinical enzymology (transferases, dehydrogenase, hydrolase)
 Electrolyte testing
16. Clinical Chemistry 1  Hormone testing
 Drug tests
 encompasses the concepts and principles of physiologically active
soluble substances and waste materials present in body fluids,
particularly in the blood
 includes formation, laboratory analyses, reference values and 18. Seminars 1&2
clinical correlation with pathologic conditions  taken during the student’s fourth year in the program together with
 also looks into instrumentation and automation, quality assurance, the internship training
and quality control  deals with current laboratory analyses used in the practice of
medical technology
Laboratory component (cont., clinical chemistry 1)

 Instrumentation 19. Molecular Biology and Diagnostics

 Quality assurance and quality control
 Glucose determination  deals with the nucleic acid and protein molecule interaction within
 Lipid testing (triglyceride, lipoproteins) the cell to promote proper growth, cell division, and development
 Renal function test (BUN, BUA, creatinine)
 Protein testing (total protein, albumin, globulin)  covers the molecular mechanisms of DNA replication, repair,
 Biosafety and w aste management transcription, translation, protein synthesis, and gene regulation
 focused on the concepts, principles, and application of molecular
biology in clinical laboratory
 deals with the application of different molecular techniques as tools
in the diagnosis of diseases

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Research Courses  this is broken down per section as follows:

 research courses required in the BSMT/BMLS program are
Research 1: Introduction to laboratory Science Research and C MO No. 13 series of 2017
Research 2: Research Paper Writing and Presentation Sections No. of Hours
Clinical Chemistry 300 hours
Clinical Microscopy and Parasitology 200 hours
 Research 1: deals with the basic concepts and principles of research as applied
Microbiology 250 hours
in Medical Technology/Clinical Laboratory Science Hematology 300 hours
 Research 2: covers the methodology of the research (approved in Research Blood Banking 200 hours
Histopathologic Techniques and Cytology 100 hours
1), writing the research paper in the format prescribed by the institution and
Immunology and Serology 220 hours
international research agencies for possible publication, and presentation of Laboratory Management 40 hours
the finished and completed research in a formal forum Phlebotomy 54 hours
T otal 1,664 hours

 the academic institution is required to conduct an orientation to prospective

Clinical Internship Training
interns regarding the policies and guidelines on internship training as
 taken during the student’s fourth year in the program
contained in the Internship Training Manual
 qualifications: those who have completed and passed all the academic and
institutional requirements for the first three years of the program, and other
requirements as specified in the official documents of the institution, college Licensure Examination
or department
 identify graduates who possess the basic qualifications or the minimum
 aims to apply the theoretical aspects of the profession into practice
conceptual skills and technical competencies to perform the tasks with
 before proceeding with the actual training, students are required to undergo minimum errors
physical and laboratory examinations: which include, but not limited to, CBC,
urinalysis, fecalysis, chest X-ray and/or sputum microscopy, HBsAg and HBsAb
screening, and drug testing (proof of vaccination for hepatitis B is also a
requirement)
PRC . Professional Regulation Commission .
o government agency, under the Office of the President of the Philippines,
 students are assigned to CHED-accredited clinical laboratories affiliated with tasked to administer licensure examination to different professionals
their academic institution on a 6-month or one-year rotation
 this rotation ensures that all students experience to work in the different
sections of a clinical laboratory, namely clinical chemistry, hematology, PRB . Professional Regulatory Board for MT/ MLS .
immunohematology (blood banking), clinical microscopy, parasitology, o tasked to prepare and administer the written licensure examination for
microbiology, immunology and serology, histopathology/cytology, and other graduates qualified to take the examination
emergent technologies
o composed of a chairperson, who must be duly licensed pathologist, and two
 the intern is required to render 32 hours of duty per week not exceeding a members, who should be both registered medical technologists
total of 1,664 hours in one year

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o all members are required to be holders of PRC license

R.A. 5527: Medical Technology Act of 1969 (cont.,)
o at present: the Medical Technologist Licensure Examination is given twice a
year, on the months of March and August
o listed below are some of the provisions included in Republic Act 5527, “The 5. If an examinee failed to pass the examination but garnered a
Medical Technology Act of 1969,” in relation to the licensure examination: general weighted average of 70%-74%, he or she may apply
for certification as a medical laboratory technician.
R.A. 5527: Medical Technology Act of 1969

1. The courses included in the licensure examination and thei r

corresponding weights are as follows:
Program Goals and Learning Outcomes
Clinical Chemistry 20%
Microbiology and Parasitology 20% o All higher educational institutions offering any graduate and/or undergraduate
Hematology 20% degree programs must have a written document stating the program goals, vision
Blood Banking and Immunology and Serology 20%
and mission, objectives, and learning outcomes based on the institutions’
Clinical Microscopy 10%
Histopathologic Techniques 10% philosophy
(*MT Laws and Bioethics and Lab oratory Management)

Learning Outcomes
2. To pass the exam, an examinee must:  general statements that define what the learner has to achieve
 receive a general weighted average of 75%
 have no rating below 50% in any major courses; and 1. Demonstrate knowledge and technical skills needed to correctly perform
 pass in at least 60% of the courses computed according laboratory testing and ensure reliability of test results.
to their relative weights
2. Be endowed with the professional attitude and values enabling them to work
with their colleagues and other members of the health care delivery system.
3. If an examinee passed the examination and is 21 years old 3. Demonstrate critical thinking and problem solving skills when confronted with
and above, he or she will be issued a certificate of registrati on situations, problems, and conflicts in the practice of their profession.
and a PRC card as a licensed medical technologist. If an
examinee is younger than 21 years old, he or she will register 4. Actively participate in self-directed life-long learning activities to be updated
as a professional after his or her 21st birthday. with the current trends in the profession.
5. Actively participate in research and community-oriented activities.
4. If an examinee failed to pass the licensure examination three 6. Be endowed with leadership skills
times, he or she needs to enroll in a refresher course before
retaking the examination. 7. Demonstrate collaboration, teamwork, integrity, and respect when working in
a multicultural environment

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Assessment
Formative assessment
o involves a planned, systematic, and organized way of testing, measuring, o done during and/or within the instructional process of a course
collecting, and obtaining necessary information to gain feedback on students’ o examples: quizzes, short-answer questions, reflection paper
progress against set standards per course and on the effectivity of teaching
methodology

Summative assessment
o done at the end of instruction, grading period, or comprehensive
Functions of Assessment Techniques
examination
1. It provides feedback on the progress of students toward the achievement of o examples: end-of-unit and end-of-term exams, research/term papers,
learning outcomes. and final projects

2. It identifies the flaws in the psychomotor skills and deficiencies in the

theoretical knowledge and conceptual skills of the student. Diagnostic assessment
3. It serves as diagnostic tool to determine the capabilities of a student so that o given prior to instructions
the teacher can prepare additional exercises and activities to address his or o used to gauge what students already know and do not know about the
her needs during the assessment. topic at hand
4. It serves as a motivation to further improve a student’s skill set in a
particular area.
5. It provides information on students’ response to a particular learning Assessment Tools
strategy which serves as a basis for retaining or changing a strategy.
1. Teacher-made written tests
6. It provides information to the teacher if there is need to improve teaching
and learning strategies. o includes quizzes, long exams, term exams, and comprehensive exams

7. It determines the demonstrable changes in the attitude and behavior of 2. Reflection papers
students. o the ability to put ideas, facts, and opinions in writing in an organized,
direct, and understandable manner
8. It determines whether learning has taken place.
3. Portfolio
o a tool for assessing students’ mastery of skills through a collection of
Functions of Assessment Techniques outputs that show their progress at the end of the course program
1. Formative Assessment 4. Performance tasks
2. Summative Assessment
3. Diagnostic Assessment o measures the attainment of psychomotor skills necessary for the correct
performance of practical procedures in the laboratory

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5. Oral examination and presentations

o gauge competency through oral communication skills
o visual aids can also be helpful

6. Rubrics
o evaluates the work of students based on a particular criteria
o guides the students in taking note of teacher’s expectation and provides
feedback to the learners regarding their own strengths and weaknesses

Job Opportunities for the Graduate of the Program

A BSMT/BMLS graduate can practice as a/an:

a. Medical technologist/ clinical laboratory scientist in a

hospital-based or non-hospital-based clinical laboratory
b. Histotechnologist in an anatomical laboratory
c. Researcher/research scientist
d. Member of the academe (faculty, clinical instructor, clinical
coordinator, dean/department chair, academic coordinator
e. Perfusionist
f. Molecular scientist
g. Diagnostic product specialist
h. Public health practitioner
i. Health care leader

A graduate may also practice in the follow ing fields:

a. Molecular Biology
b. Public Health and Epidemiology
c. Veterinary Laboratory Science
d. Food and Industrial Microbiology
e. Veterinary Science
f. Forensic Science
g. Nuclear Medicine/Science
h. Health Facility Administration and Management
i. Quality Management

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