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Suffix & Prefix
Prefix & Suffix এর মাধ েম conversion of words (শে র পা র) স েক জানা
যায়। Prefix & Suffix এর আেলাচনা করেত গেল য term টা সামেন আেস সটা হল -
Affix.
এখন হেলা, what is Affix?
Affix : Affix মােন হেলা জুেড় দওয়া। যিদ আমরা সরল ভাষায় বিল, তাহেল Affix হেলা
semi-words বা অ ধ শ বা শ াংশ। এরা কখেনা াধীনভােব অথ কাশ করেত পাের
না বা এেদর িনজ াধীন কান অথ নই। িক যখন এটা কােনা Root Word বা ম ল
ূ
শে র এর সােথ Attach/Fix করা হয়, তখন ইহা অথ কােশ সাহায কের।
Affix সাধারণ িতন কার
1. Prefix
2. Suffix
3. Infix
িনেচর Diagram ল কেরা,
Affix
↙⬇↘
Prefix ↩ Root Word ↪Suffix
⤵
Infix
Prefix : Root Word বা মূল শে র প ূেব য Affix েলা যু হেয় নতু ন শ তির কের,
তােদর Prefix বেল।
যমন :
1. Dis + honest = Dishonest
2. Un + happy = Unhappy
3. Im + possible = Impossible
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Suffix : Root Word বা মূল শে র প ের য Affix েলা যু হেয় নতু ন শ তির কের,
তােদর Suffix বেল।
যমন :
1. Faith + Full = Faithfull
2. Read + Able = Readable
3. Use + less = Useless
Infix : Root Word বা মূল শে র ি ভতের পিরবতন হেয় নতু ন শ তির করেল, তােদর
Infix বেল।
যমন :
1. Able - Ability
2. Life - live
Note :
▶ এমন অেনক শ আেছ, যার পূেব Prefix এবং পের Suffix উভয়ই বসেত পাের।
যমন :
1. Unnecessarily = un + necessary + ly
2. Unstoppable = un + stop + able
3. Irregularly = ir + regular + ly
4. Unhelpful = un + help + ful
5. Disadvantageous = dis + advantage + o us
▶Prefix এর মাধ েম গ ত শ মূল শে র িবপরীত অথ দয়।
যমন :
1. Dis + honest = Dishonest
2. Non + stop = Nonstop
3. Dis + allow = Disallow
▶Suffix এর মাধ েম গ ত শে মূল শে র অেথর পিরবতন হয় না, তেব Parts of
Speech এর পিরবতন হয়।
যমন :
1. Digit + al = Digital
2. Write + r = Writer
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Question Pattern
⬇⬇⬇
“ পরী ায় ১০ Root Word বা মূল শ দওয়া থাকেব। শ েলােক বােক র অথ
অনুযায়ী Prefix িকংবা Suffix যাগ কের Noun, Verb, Adjective অথবা
Adverb এ পা র করেত হেব। েয়াজেন Prefix ও Suffix একে ব বহার করেত হেব।
”
List of Most Important Prefixes
✌ At a Glance :
dis il im in ir mis
non un be en re over
▪ Dis -
1. Dis + allow = Disallow
2. Dis + honest = Dishonest
3. Dis + Agree = Disagree
4. Dis + Obey = Disobey
5. Dis + like = Dislike
6. Dis + appear = Disappear
7. Dis + honour = Dishonour
8. Dis + comfort = Discomfort
9. Dis + belief = Disbelief
10. Dis + order = Disorder
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▪ il -
1. il + literate = illiterate
2. il + legible = illegible
3. il + liberal = illiberal
4. il + legal = illegal
5. il + logical = illogical
▪ im -
1. im + possible = impossible
2. im + mature = immature
3. im + mortal = immortal
4. im + pure = impure
5. im + polite = impolite
▪ in -
1. in + justice = injustice
2. in + active = inactive
3. in + capable = incapable
4. in + visible = invisible
5. in + complete = incomplete
6. in + correct = incorrect
7. in + definite = Indefinite
8. in + discipline = indiscipline
9. in + sensible = insensible
10. in + accurate = inaccurate
11. in + ability = inability
12. in + adequate = inadequate
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▪ ir -
1. ir + regular = Irregular
2. ir + responsible = irresponsible
3. ir + relevant = irrelevant
4. ir + religious = irreligious
5. ir + rational = irrational
▪ mis -
1. mis + take = mistake
2. mis + fire = misfire
3. mis + use = misuse
4. mis + fortune = misfortune
5. mis + behave = misbehave
6. mis + understand = misunderstand
7. mis + interrupt = misinterpret
8. mis + conduct = misconduct
9. mis + guide = misguide
▪ Non :
1. non + stop = Nonstop
2. non + violence = nonviolence
3. non + sense = nonsense
4. non + smoker = nonsmoker
5. non + fiction = nonfiction
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▪ Un -
1. un + able = unable
2. un + common = uncommon
3. un + social = unsocial
4. un + conscious = unconscious
5. un + usual = unusual
6. un + necessary = unnecessary
7. un + easy = uneasy
8. un + fit = unfit
9. un + popular = unpopular
10. un + fortunate = unfortunate
11. un + pleasant = unpleasant
12. un + wise = unwise
13. un + safe = unsafe
14. un + done = undone
15. un + known = unknown
Note :
“dis, il, im, ir, mis, non, un” এই Prefix েলা Root Word এর সােথ যু হেয়
Negative অথ কাশ কের।
▪ be -
1. be + fall = befall
2. be + fit = befit
3. be + known = beknown
4. be + siege = besiege
5. be + quiet = bequiet
Note : Adjective/Noun এর পূেব be prefix যু হেয় Verb গ ত হয়।
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▪ en -
1. en + courage = encourage
2. en + danger = endanger
3. en + large = enlarge
4. en + fold = enfold
5. en + able = enable
6. en + force = enforce
7. en + list = enlist
8. en + joy = enjoy
9. en + rich = enrich
Note : Adjective/Noun এর পূেব en Prefix যু হেয় Verb গ ত হয়।
▪ re -
1. re + turn = return
2. re + call = recall
3. re + arrange = rearrange
4. re + unite = reunite
5. re + union = reunion
6. re + write = rewrite
7. re + take = retake
▪ over -
1. over + take = overtake
2. over + eating = overeating
3. over + come = overcome
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List of Most Important Suffixes
✌ At a Glance :
ful al dom ship
less ee meant y
ness r/er tion ce/cy
ly th sion ial
able hood ous ive
▪ ful -
1. Great + ful = Greatful
2. Beauty + ful = Beautiful
3. Help + ful = Helpful
4. Mercy + ful = Mercyful
5. Faith + ful = Faithful
6. Doubt + ful = Doubtful
Note : Noun এর সােথ fulʼ Suffix যু হেয় Adjective গ ত হয়।
▪ less -
1. Use + less = Useless
2. Life + less = Lifeless
3. Aim + less = Aimless
4. Care + less = Careless
5. Motive + less = Motiveless
6. Meaning + less = Meaningless
7. Shame + less = Shameless
8. Value + less = Valueless
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▪ ness -
1. Kind + ness = Kindness
2. Happy + ness = Happiness
3. Fresh + ness = Freshness
4. Quiet + ness = Quietness
5. Idle + ness = Idleness
▪ ly -
1. Slow + ly = Slowly
2. World + ly = worldly
3. Serious + ly = Seriously
4. Real + ly = Really
5. Appreciate + ly = Appropriately
6. Rapid + ly = Rapidly
7. Exact + ly = Exactly
8. Direct + ly = Directly
Note :
● Noun + ly = Adjective
● Adjective + ly = Adverb
▪ able -
1. Comfort + able = Comfortable
2. Reason + able = Reasonable
3. Forget + able = Forgettable
4. Move + able = Movable
5. Fashion + able = Fashionable
Note : Noun ও Verb এর সােথ ableʼ Suffix যু হেয় Adjective গ ত
হয়।
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▪ al -
1. Approve + al = Approval
2. Digit + al = Digital
3. Society + al = Social
4. Education + al = Educational
5. Culture + al = Cultural
6. Nature + al = Natural
7. Propose + al = Proposal
8. Arrive + al = Arrival
Note :
● Noun + al = Adjective
● Verb + al = Noun
▪ r/er -
1. Work + er = worker
2. Teach + er = Teacher
3. Follow + er = Follower
4. Happy + er = Happier
5. Healthy + er = Healthier
6. Wealthy + er = Wealthier
7. Build + er = Builder
8. Drive + er = Driver
9. Produce + r = Producer
10. Write + r = Writer
Note : Verb + r/er = Noun
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▪ ment -
1. Require + ment = Requirement
2. Establish + ment = Establishment
3. Arrange + ment = Arrangement
4. Appoint + ment = Appointment
5. Develop + ment = Development
6. Allot + ment = Allotment
7. Employ + ment = Employment
8. Engage + ment = Engagement
9. Enforce + ment = Enforcement
10. Judge + ment = Judgement
11. Enjoy + ment = Enjoyment
12. Announce + ment = Announcement
13. Advertise + ment = Advertisement
14. Replace + ment = Replacement
15. Retire + ment = Retirement
▪ tion -
1. Situate + tion = Situation
2. Cultivate + tion = Cultivation
3. Contribute + tion = Contribution
4. Educate + tion = Education
5. Donate + tion = Donation
6. Plant + tion = Plantation
7. Utilise + tion = Utilization
8. Deforest + tion = Deforestation
9. Addict + tion = Addiction
10. Collect + tion = Collection
11. Distribue + tion = Distribution
12. Narrate + tion = Narration
13. Tolerate + tion = Toleration
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14. Transport + tion = Transportation
15. Populate + t ion = Population
▪ sion -
1. Decide + sion = Decision
2. Conclude + sion = Conclusion
3. Impress + sion = Impression
4. Provide + sion = Provision
5. Profess + sion = Profession
▪ ous -
1. Poison + ous = Poisonous
2. Virtue + ous = Virtuous
3. Merit + ous = Meritorious
4. Industry + ous = Industrious
5. Monotony + ous = Monotonous
6. Prosper + ous = Prosperous
7. Courage + ous = Courageous
8. Glory + ous = Glorious
9. Danger + ous = Dangerous
10. Marvel + ous = Marvelous
Note : Noun + ous = Adjective
▪ hood -
1. Child + hood = Childhood
2. Boy + hood = Boyhood
3. False + hood = Falsehood
4. Neighbour + hood = Neighbourhood
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▪ dom -
1. King + dom = Kingdom
2. Free + dom = Freedom
3. Wise + dom = Wisdom
Note: Any word + hood/dom = Noun.
▪ ship -
1. Member + ship = Membership
2. Fellow + ship = Fellowship
3. Partner + ship = Partnership
4. Friend + ship = Friendship
5. Scholar + ship = Friendship
▪ ee -
1. Exam + ee = Examine
2. Employ + ee = Employee
3. Train + ee = Trainee
4. Nominate + ee = Nominee
5. Pay + ee = Payee
6. Address + ee = Addressee
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▪ y -
1. Treasure + y = Treasury
2. Greed + y = Greedy
3. Sun + y = Sunny
4. Dirt + y = Dirty
5. Craft + y = Crafty
6. Health + y = Healthy
7. Wealth + y = Wealthy
8. Hand + y = Handy
9. Storm + y = Stormy
▪ th -
1. Strong + th = Strength
2. Long + th = Length
3. Deep + th = Depth
4. Warm + th = Warmth
5. Wide + th = Width
6. True + th = Truth
Note : Adjective + th = Noun
▪ ce/cy -
1. Brilliant + ce = Brilliance
2. Confident + ce = Confidence
3. Constant + ce = Constance
4. Excellent + ce = Excellence
5. Instant + ce = Instance
6. Urgent + cy = Urgency
7. Sufficient + cy = Sufficiency
8. Secret + cy = Secrecy
9. Efficient + cy = Efficiency
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▪ ial -
1. Office + ial = Official
2. Lyric + ial = Lyrical
3. Logic + ial = Logical
4. Finance + ial = Financial
5. Commerce + ial = Commercial
▪ ive -
1. Abuse + ive = Abusive
2. Defence + ive = Defensive
3. Reflex + ive = Reflexive
4. Offence + ive = Offensive
5. Object + ive = Objective
6. Impress + ive = Impressive
এই Chart মেন রাখার চ া করেব,
Noun Adjective Verb Adverb
tion al ate ly
sion tive fy
ment sive
ance ful
ence ous
ness able
hood ible
dom less
age ant
ture ent
ty thy
th ed
er ate
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“Suffix এ
ভ
ােলা করেত হেল Suffix এর Spelling Rules ভােলাভােব
জানেত হেব”
R1
কান Word যখন Consonant িদেয় শষ হয় এবং Suffix এক Consonant
িদেয় হয়, তখন কান অ র পিরবতন না কের Suffix যু হয়।
যমন :
entertain + ment = Entertainment
regret + ful = Regretful
R2
এক Consonant িদেয় শষ হওয়া বিশরভাগ word এর জন Suffix যু করার সময়
শেষর Letter দ ু বানােত হেব। এ িবেশষ কের এক Syllable িবিশ Word েলার
ে েযাজ ।
যমন :
Run + ing = running
Fun + y = funny
R3
এক Syllable িবিশ Word যখন একািধক Consonant িদেয় শষ হয়, তখন শেষর
Letter দু' টা বানােত হেব না।
যমন :
Start + ing = starting
Ring + ing = ringing
R4
একািধক Syllable িবিশ এবং “L” িদেয় শষ হওয়া ওয়াড েলার জন Suffix যু
করার সময় অবশ ই “L” ক Double “LL” করেত হেব।
যমন :
Reveal + ing = revelling
Cancel + ed = cancelled
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R5
যসব word এর শষ Syllable এ জার দওয়া হয় এবং য েলা এক Consonant
িদেয় শষ হয়, স েলার ে শেষর Letter দুেটা হেব।
যমন :
Refer + ing = referring
Begin + er = beginner
R6
যসব word এর শষ Syllable এ জার দওয়া হয় না, স েলার ে শেষর Letter
দুেটা বানােত হেব না।
যমন :
Benefit + ed = benefited
Offer + ing = offering
R7
অনু ািরত “e” যু শ এক Consonant ও “y” িদেয় শষ হেল Suffix যু করার
সময় “y” পিরবিতত হেয় “i” হেব।
“y” ারা শষ হওয়া শে “ing” Suffix যু করার সময় “y” অপিরবিতত থাকেব।
যমন :
Lonely + ness = loneliness
Happy + ness = happiness
Copy + ing = copying
Passage এ
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Suffix & Prefix এর স ক ব বহার আমরা িকভােব করেবা?
✌ Suffix & Prefix এ ভােলা দ তা অজন করেত হেল, এক Sentence এ Noun,
Verb, Adjective এবং Adverb ক
খন ও িকভােব বসােত হেব তা জানেত হেব।
Position of Noun
R1
Sentence এ Subject অথবা Object িহসােব Noun বসেত পাের।
যমন :
1. ______(honest) is the best policy.
2. The importance of newspaper is beyond ______(describe).
Answer : 1. Honesty 2. Description
R2
“To” ব তীত অনান সকল Preposition এর পর Object িহসােব Noun বসেত পাের।
যমন :
1. An ideal student is careful about ______(responsible).
2. Nowadays, our parents feel lack of _____(aware)
Answer : 1. Responsible 2. Awareness
R3
Subject এর Compliment িহসােব Noun বসেত পাের।
যমন :
1. He is a _____(free) fighter.
2. Bangladesh is my _____(birth).
Answer : 1. Freedom 2. Birthplace
Note : Compliment িহেসেব অথ অনুযায়ী Adjective ও বসেত পাের।
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R4
Subject এর Appositive িহেসেব Comma এর পের Noun বসেত পাের।
যমন :
1. Shakira, a ______(dance), was perform in the last Football World
Cup.
2. Sakib Al Hasan, a _____(cricket), is a great player of Bangladesh.
3. I, the _____(narrate) of the story, will prove the fact.
Answer : 1. Dancer 2. Cricketer 3. Narrator
Position of Verb
R1
Assertive :
Sub + MV + Obj + ext.
Sub + AV + MV + Obj+ ext.
যমন :
1. He read the book.
2. He is a Doctor.
R2
Interrogative :
AV + Sub + MV + Obj + ext?
যমন :
1. Do you _____(belief) me?
2. What do you _____(teacher) us?
Answer : 1. Believe 2. Teach
R3
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Imperative :
Verb + Obj + ext.
Don't/Never + V1 + Obj + ext.
Please/Kindly + V1 + Obj + ext.
Let + Sub + V1 + Obj + ext.
যমন :
1. _____(opening) the door.
2. Don't _____(plucking) the flower.
3. Please, _____(giving) me a coffee.
4. Let's _____(waiting) for his reply.
Answer : 1. Open 2. Pluck 3. Give 4. Wait
R4
Optative :
May + Sub + V1 + Obj + ext.
যমন :
1. May he _____(come) the problem.
2. May he _____(Prosperous) in life.
Answer : 1. Overcome 2. Prosper
R5
Exclamatory :
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Interjection! + Sub + Verb + Obj + ext.
Or,
How/What + Sub + Verb!
যমন :
1. Hurrah! We have ____(winner) the game.
2. What a nice scenery he _____(capturing)!
Answer : 1. Won 2. Capture
Position of Adjective
R1
Article এর পর দু' শ থাকেল থম Adjective এবং ি তীয় Noun হয়। অথাৎ,
Article এবং Noun এর মােঝ Adjective বসেত পাের।
যমন :
1. He is a ____(hand) guy.
2. She is a ____(beauty) girl.
Answer : 1. Handsome 2. Beautiful
R2
Subject এর Compliment িহসােব be Verb এর পের Adjective বসেত পাের।
যমন :
1. It is not ____(compare).
2. This situation is ____(trouble).
Answer : 1. Comparable 2. Troublesome
R3
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Am/is/are/was/were/be ই ত ািদ Auxiliary Verb যখন Sentence এ Main
Verb িহসােব ব ব ত হয়, তখন এেদর পর Adjective বসেত পাের।
যমন :
1. The little girl is _____(hunger)
2. Hamza could be _____(ability) to fulfill his dream.
Answer : 1. Hungry 2. Able
Note : এেদর পের Adverb বা Noun ও বসেত পাের, সে ে বােক র অেথর াধান
িদেত হেব।
Position of Adverb
R1
Sentence এ Subject এর েত বা Sentence এর শেষও Adverb বসেত পাের।
যমন :
1. _____(recent) the PM has visited the area.
2. We should pray _____(regular).
Answer : 1. Recently 2. Regularly
R2
Adverb এর পূেবও আেরক Adverb বসেত পাের।
যমন :
1. He runs ____(very) fast.
2. His business is _____(extreme) well.
Answer : 1. Very 2. Extremely
R3
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Subject এবং Verb এর মােঝও Adverb বসেত পাের।
যমন :
1. They ____(quick) ready for the adventure.
2. He ____(bad) refuse the proposal.
Answer : 1. Quickly 2. Badly
Live Practice
Practice 01
Honesty is opposite to (a) __________ (honest). An honest man is not
(b) __________ (harm) to anybody. He never does (c) __________
(just) to others. When he does anything (d) __________ (moral) , he
feels (e) __________(comfortable). He never tells a lie. He is always (f)
__________ (response) to his duty. We should follow the path of (g)
__________ (honest) and leave the path of (h) __________ (honesty).
In that case, you will be (i) __________ (love) by all and will be able to
reach the path of (j) __________ (prosper).
Practice 02
A (a) ____ (free) fighter is a (b) ____ (war) who took part in our war of
Liberation in 1971. The (c) ____ (dependence) of our motherland was
(d) _____ (dear) to a freedom fighter than his life. He joined the war (e)
____ (willing). He had no (f) _____ (might) weapons with him. But he
had strong moral courage. He was (g) _____ (main) a guerrilla (h) _____
(fight). He attacked the enemy from an (i) _____ (know) place and then
(j) ____ (appeared).
Practice 03
Money cannot buy (a) ____ (happy). Money is (b) ______ (obvious)
necessary for our life. But it is not the thing that (c) _____ (necessary)
brings happiness. Happiness is (d) _____ (absolute) a psychological
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thing. Basically, it is the name of a (e) _____ (feel). It lies in the (f) _____
(content) of mind. A poor man with mental (g) _____ (satisfy) may
become really happy in life. On the other hand, a man with a lot of (h)
_____ (rich) may not be happy. Their wealth becomes the cause of (i)
_____ (happy) because most of the time they suffer from (j) _____
(secure). So they lead a life full of cares and anxieties.
Practice 04
Student life is the (a) _____ (gold) season of life. This is a (b) _____
(from) period of life. This is the time for (c) _____ (prepare) of future life.
Students are the future (d) _____ (lead) of the country. They should
have (e) ______ (patriot). They should achieve (f) _____ (educate) and
build as (g)_____ (compete) citizens. They should gain (h) ____ (know)
and learn the art of (i) _____ (behave) and (j) _____ (interact) before
others.
Practice 05
Bangladesh is an (a) _______ (dependent) country, but she is still
burdened with poverty, (b) ______ (population) ,(c) ______ (employ),
corruption, food (d) ______ (deficient), natural calamities, power crisis
etc, Considering all these, the present (e) ______ (govern) has aimed at
making a digital Bangladesh to (f) ______ (come) most of thes problems.
The actual aim of (g) ______ (digit). Bangladesh is to establish
technology based government which will emphasize the over all (h)
______ (develop) of the country and the nation. The country has (i)
______ (ready) fixed its target of (j) ______ (achieve) ’Digital
Bangladesh’ by 2021.
Answers of the Practice Questions
Practice 01
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a) dishonesty b) harmful c) injustice d) immoral e) uncomfortable f)
responsible g) honesty h) dishonesty i) loved j) prosperity
Practice 02
a) freedom b) warrior c) independence d) dearer e) willingly f)
mighty g) mainly h) fighter i) unknown j) disappeared
Practice 03
a) happiness b) obviously c) necessarily d) absolutely e) feeling f)
contentment g) satisfaction h) riches i) unhappiness j) insecurity
Practice 04
a) golden b) formative c) preparation d) leaders e) patriotism f)
education g) competitive h) knowledge i) behaviour j) interaction
Practice 05
a) Independent b) Overpopulation c) unemployment d) deficiency
e) government f) overcome g) digital h) development i) already j)
achieving
Ashraful Alam Showrav
Phone : +88 01521 422478, +88 01722 624695
Email : showrav.me@gmail.com
Facebook : www.facebook.com/showrav.me
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