Sanatan Dharma College, Ambala Cantt

B.C.A(3rd Year) Ms. Garima Sudan

Assistant Professor
Multimedia and tools
Unit -2

Multimedia Images & Graphics

An image consists of a rectangular array of dots called pixels. The size of the
image is specified in terms of width X height, in numbers of the pixels. The
physical size of the image, in inches or centimeters, depends on the resolution
of the device on which the image is displayed. The resolution is usually measured
in DPI (Dots Per Inch). An image will appear smaller on a device with a higher
resolution than on one with a lower resolution. For color images, one needs
enough bits per pixel to represent all the colors in the image. The number of the
bits per pixel is called the depth of the image.

Image Data Types

Images can be created by using different techniques of representation of data

called data type like monochrome and colored images. Monochrome image is
created by using single color whereas colored image is created by using multiple
colors. Some important data types of images are following:

1-bit images

An image is a set of pixels. Note that a pixel is a picture element in digital image.
In 1-bit images, each pixel is stored as a single bit (0 or 1). A bit has only two
states either on or off, white or black, true or false. Therefore, such an image
is also referred to as a binary image, since only two states are available. 1-bit
image is also known as 1-bit monochrome images because it contains one color
that is black for off state and white for on state.

A 1-bit image with resolution 640*480 needs a storage space of 640*480 bits.

640 x 480 bits. = (640 x 480) / 8 bytes = (640 x 480) / (8 x 1024) KB= 37.5KB.

The clarity or quality of 1-bit image is very low.

8-bit Gray Level Images

Each pixel of 8-bit gray level image is represented by a single byte (8 bits).
Therefore each pixel of such image can hold 28=256 values between 0 and 255.
Therefore each pixel has a brightness value on a scale from black (0 for no
brightness or intensity) to white (255 for full brightness or intensity). For
example, a dark pixel might have a value of 15 and a bright one might be 240.

A grayscale digital image is an image in which the value of each pixel is a single
sample, which carries intensity information. Images are composed exclusively of
gray shades, which vary from black being at the weakest intensity to white being
at the strongest. Grayscale images carry many shades of gray from black to
white. Grayscale images are also called monochromatic, denoting the presence of
only one (mono) color (chrome). An image is represented by bitmap. A bitmap is a
simple matrix of the tiny dots (pixels) that form an image and are displayed on a
computer screen or printed.

A 8-bit image with resolution 640 x 480 needs a storage space of 640 x 480
bytes=(640 x 480)/1024 KB= 300KB. Therefore an 8-bit image needs 8 times
more storage space than 1-bit image.

24-bit Color Images

In 24-bit color image, each pixel is represented by three bytes, usually

representing RGB (Red, Green and Blue). Usually true color is defined to mean
256 shades of RGB (Red, Green and Blue) for a total of 16777216 color
variations. It provides a method of representing and storing graphical image
information an RGB color space such that a colors, shades and hues in large
number of variations can be displayed in an image such as in high quality photo
graphic images or complex graphics.

Many 24-bit color images are stored as 32-bit images, and an extra byte for
each pixel used to store an alpha value representing special effect information.

A 24-bit color image with resolution 640 x 480 needs a storage space of 640 x
480 x 3 bytes = (640 x 480 x 3) / 1024=900KB without any compression. Also
32-bit color image with resolution 640 x 480 needs a storage space of 640 x
480 x 4 bytes= 1200KB without any compression.

Disadvantages

⚫ Require large storage space

⚫ Many monitors can display only 256 different colors at any one time.
Therefore, in this case it is wasteful to store more than 256 different
colors in an image.

8-bit Color Images

8-bit color graphics is a method of storing image information in a computer's
memory or in an image file, where one byte (8 bits) represents each pixel. The
maximum number of colors that can be displayed at once is 256. 8-bit color
graphics are of two forms. The first form is where the image stores not color
but an 8-bit index into the color map for each pixel, instead of storing the full
24-bit color value. Therefore, 8-bit image formats consists of two parts: a color
map describing what colors are present in the image and the array of index
values for each pixel in the image. In most color maps each color is usually
chosen from a palette of 16,777,216 colors (24 bits: 8 red, 8green, 8 blue).

The other form is where the 8-bits use 3 bits for red, 3 bits for green and 2
bits for blue. This second form is often called 8-bit true color as it does not use
a palette at all. When a 24-bit full color image is turned into an 8-bit image,
some of the colors have to be eliminated, known as color quantization process.

A 8-bit color image with resolution 640 x 480 needs a storage space of 640 x
480 bytes=(640 x 480) / 1024KB= 300KB without any compression.

Color Lookup Tables

A color loop-up table (LUT) is a mechanism used to transform a range of input

colors into another range of colors. Color look-up table will convert the logical
color numbers stored in each pixel of video memory into physical colors,
represented as RGB triplets, which can be displayed on a computer monitor. Each
pixel of image stores only index value or logical color number. For example if a
pixel stores the value 30, the meaning is to go to row 30 in a color look-up table
(LUT). The LUT is often called a Palette.

Characteristic of LUT are following:

• The number of entries in the palette determines the maximum number of

colors which can appear on screen simultaneously.
• The width of each entry in the palette determines the number of colors
which the wider full palette can represent.

A common example would be a palette of 256 colors that is the number of

entries is 256 and thus each entry is addressed by an 8-bit pixel value. Each
color can be chosen from a full palette, with a total of 16.7 million colors that is
the each entry is of 24 bits and 8 bits per channel which sets the total
combinations of 256 levels for each of the red, green and blue components 256
x 256 x 256 =16,777,216 colors.

Image File Dormats

GIF - Graphics Interchange Formats

The GIF format was created by Compuserve. It supports 256 colors. GIF
format is the most popular on the Internet because of its compact size. It is
ideal for small icons used for navigational purpose and simple diagrams. GIF
creates a table of up to 256 colors from a pool of 16 million. If the image has
less than 256 colors, GIF can easily render the image without any loss of quality.
When the image contains more colors, GIF uses algorithms to match the colors
of the image with the palette of optimum set of 256 colors available. Better
algorithms search the image to find and the optimum set of 256 colors.

Thus GIF format is lossless only for the image with 256 colors or less. In case
of a rich, true color image GIF may lose 99.998% of the colors. GIF files can be
saved with a maximum of 256 colors. This makes it is a poor format for
photographic images.

GIFs can be animated, which is another reason they became so successful. Most
animated banner ads are GIFs. GIFs allow single bit transparency that is when
you are creating your image, you can specify which color is to be transparent.
This provision allows the background colors of the web page to be shown through
the image.

JPEG - Joint Photographic Experts Group

The JPEG format was developed by the Joint Photographic Experts Group. JPEG
files are bitmapped images. It store information as 24-bit color. This is the
format of choice for nearly all photograph images on the internet. Digital
cameras save images in a JPEG format by default. It has become the main
graphics file format for the World Wide Web and any browser can support it
without plug-ins. In order to make the file small, JPEG uses lossy compression.
It works well on photographs, artwork and similar materials but not so well on
lettering, simple cartoons or line drawings. JPEG images work much better than
GIFs. Though JPEG can be interlaced, still this format lacks many of the other
special abilities of GIFs, like animations and transparency, but they really are
only for photos.

PNG - Portable Network Graphics

PNG is the only lossless format that web browsers support. PNG supports 8 bit,
24 bits, 32 bits and 48 bits data types. One version of the format PNG-8 is
similar to the GIF format. But PNG is the superior to the GIF. It produces
smaller files and with more options for colors. It supports partial transparency
also. PNG-24 is another flavor of PNG, with 24-bit color supports, allowing
ranges of color akin to high color JPEG. PNG-24 is in no way a replacement
format for JPEG because it is a lossless compression format. This means that
file size can be rather big against a comparable JPEG. Also PNG supports for up
to 48 bits of color information.
TIFF - Tagged Image File Format

The TIFF format was developed by the Aldus Corporation in the 1980 and was
later supported by Microsoft. TIFF file format is widely used bitmapped file
format. It is supported by many image editing applications, software used by
scanners and photo retouching programs.

TIFF can store many different types of image ranging from 1 bit image,
grayscale image, 8 bit color image, 24 bit RGB image etc. TIFF files originally
use lossless compression. Today TIFF files also use lossy compression according
to the requirement. Therefore, it is a very flexible format. This file format is
suitable when the output is printed. Multi-page documents can be stored as a
single TIFF file and that is way this file format is so popular. The TIFF format
is now used and controlled by Adobe.

BMP - Bitmap

The bitmap file format (BMP) is a very basic format supported by most Windows
applications. BMP can store many different type of image: 1 bit image, grayscale
image, 8 bit color image, 24 bit RGB image etc. BMP files are uncompressed.
Therefore, these are not suitable for the internet. BMP files can be compressed
using lossless data compression algorithms.

EPS - Encapsulated Postscript

The EPS format is a vector based graphic. EPS is popular for saving image files
because it can be imported into nearly any kind of application. This file format is
suitable for printed documents. Main disadvantage of this format is that it
requires more storage as compare to other formats.

PDF - Portable Document Format

PDF format is vector graphics with embedded pixel graphics with many
compression options. When your document is ready to be shared with others or
for publication. This is only format that is platform independent. If you have
Adobe Acrobat you can print from any document to a PDF file. From illustrator
you can save as .PDF.

EXIF - Exchange Image File

Exif is an image format for digital cameras. A variety of tage are available to
facilitate higher quality printing, since information about the camera and picture
- taking condition can be stored and used by printers for possible color
correction algorithms.it also includes specification of file format for audio that
accompanies digital images.
WMF - Windows MetaFile

WMF is the vector file format for the MS-Windows operating environment. It
consists of a collection of graphics device interface function calls to the MS-
Windows graphice drawing library.Metafiles are both small and flexible, hese
images can be displayed properly by their proprietary softwares only.

PICT

PICT images are useful in Macintosh software development, but you should avoid
them in desktop publishing. Avoid using PICT format in electronic publishing-
PICT images are prone to corruption.

Photoshop

This is the native Photoshop file format created by Adobe. You can import this
format directly into most desktop publishing applications.

List of File Formats with Types and Extensions

File Formats store a large variety of raw information in a structured format so
that the data can be easily stored, processed, and harnessed. A file format is a
standard way of storing data on a computer file. There are multiple types of file
formats present which can be used to store and retrieve data efficiently. We
will discuss the unique features and use cases for different kinds of file
formats and compare them.

As the technology is growing it has become more important to save the data in
an organised and structured manner.

Most Used file formats

Explore a wide range of common file formats and learn how to work with them
effectively.

• Text: This type of file contains only text without any formatting and can
be opened with any text editor.
Different types of text formats include: .doc, .docx, .rtf, .pdf, .wpd
• Image: This file type includes binary information about images and
defines how the image will be stored and compressed.
Different types of Image File Format include: .JPEG, .PNG, .GIF, .HEIF
• Audio: This type of file format stores audio data. It stores raw data in
an encoded format and uses codec to perform compression and
decompression.
Different types of Audio file formats include .aac, .mp3, .wav
• Video: This type of file format contains digital video data. It performs
lossy compression to store video data where audio and video are separately
 encoded and stored.
Different types of Video File Formats include: .amv, .mpeg, .flv, .avi
• Program: These file formats store codes that can be run on the
computer through compiling or interpreting.
Different types of Programming File Formats include: .c, .java, .py, .js
• Compressed/Archive: These files store data in a compressed format on
the computer and can be used to easily transport data between computers.
These files need to be decompressed before use.
Different types of Compressed File Formats include: .iso, .rar, .tar, .7z
• Web page: These files include information related to the website, web
pages, and server. these generally include programming scripts for static or
dynamic web pages.
Different types of Web Page File Format include: .html, .asp, .css, .xps.

Text File Formats

Extension Full Form Description

.txt The most basic text file format,

Plain Text containing only ASCII characters and
carriage returns to separate lines.

.rtf A more advanced text file format that

Rich Text Format allows basic formatting like bold, italics,
and font styles.

.docx Word Open XML Commonly used by Microsoft Word for

Document storing and saving documents

.csv A simple format for storing tabular

Comma-Separated
data, with each row representing a data
Values
record and commas separating fields.

.doc Used for word processing documents

Word Document stored in Microsoft Word Binary File
Format

.wps WPS Office Word A proprietary document file format

Document developed by Kingsoft Office.

.wpd A document file format associated with

WordPerfect
WordPerfect, a word processing
Document
software.
 Extension Full Form Description

.msg Microsoft Outlook message format;

contains email messages with
Message
formatting, attachments, and other
information.

Image File Formats

Extension Full Form Description

.jpg A lossy compression format that

Joint Photographic is commonly used for photographs
Experts Group and other images with a lot of
detail.

.png A lossless compression format

Portable Network
that is commonly used for images
Graphics
with sharp edges or text.

.webp It Supports both lossy and

Web Picture Format lossless image compression with
support of 24-bit RGB color.

.gif The limited-color format is

Graphics Interchange
commonly used for animations and
Format
small images.

.tif High-quality format that is

Tagged Image File
commonly used for professional
Format
photography and printing.

.bmp An uncompressed format that is

Bitmap commonly used by Microsoft
Windows.

.eps Encapsulated PostScript A vector format that is commonly

file used for print graphics.

Audio File Formats

 Extension Full Form Description

.mp3 Commonly used for storing and

MP3 Audio File
distributing music.

.wma Windows Media Developed by Microsoft for audio

Audio compression, often used for streaming
and downloading music.

.snd A generic file extension for sound

Sound
files, often associated with audio data.

.wav Commonly used for storing and

WAVE Audio File
recording audio.

.ra It’s a playlist file format that is

RealAudio commonly used for storing and
distributing playlists.

.au Used for storing audio data, commonly

Audio
associated with Sun Microsystems.

.aac Advanced Audio Used as an in-vogue sound field design

Coding for packed virtual sound and tune data.

Video File Formats

Extension Full Form Description

.mp4 Multimedia container format that

MPEG-4 Video File
commonly stores video and audio data.

.3gp Multimedia container format that is

3GPP Multimedia File
commonly used for mobile phones.

.avi An older multimedia container format

Audio Video Interleave
that is still supported by many
File
devices.
 Extension Full Form Description

.mpg Older video compression format that

MPEG Video File
is still supported by some devices.

.mov The format that is commonly used by

Apple QuickTime Movie
Apple devices.

.wmv Windows Media Video The format that is commonly used by

File Microsoft devices.

Program File Formats

Extension Full Form Description

.c General-purpose programming language

C/C++ Source
developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs
Code File
between 1969 and 1972.

.cpp A general-purpose programming language

C++ source Code
developed by Bjarne Stroustrup as an
File
extension to the C programming language.

.java Programming language created by Sun

Java Source Code
Microsystems that is now owned by Oracle
File
Corporation.

.py The programming language was developed by

Python script
Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991.

.js A scripting language that is primarily used to

JavaScript
add interactivity to web pages.

.ts A superset of JavaScript that adds optional

TypeScript
static typing.

.cs C# Ssource Code A programming language developed by

File Microsoft as part of the .NET framework.

.swift Swift Source Programming language developed by Apple for

Extension Full Form Description

Code File developing iOS, macOS, watchOS, tvOS, and

Linux applications

.dta Document Type A data storage format commonly used by

Definition File Stata, a statistical software program.

.pl A programming language developed by Larry

Perl Script Wall at the University of California, Santa
Cruz in the early 1980s.

.sh A shell scripting language commonly used to

Bash Shell Script automate tasks on Unix-like operating
systems

.bat Batch file format used to automate tasks on

Windows systems; contains a series of
Batch file
commands to be executed by the command
interpreter.

.com A COM file is an executable file format used

for programs on older Windows
Command file
systems. COM files have limited functionality
compared to modern formats.

.exe An executable file is a type of computer file

that contains compiled code that can be run
Executable file
directly by the operating system. Executable
files are commonly used to run programs.

Compressed/Archive File Formats

Extension Full Form Description

.rar WinRAR Compressed A proprietary file archiver developed

Archive by Eugene Roshal.

.zip A lossless data compression format

Zipped File
that packages multiple files into a
 Extension Full Form Description

single archive file.

.hqx A Macintosh binary-to-text encoding

BinHex format, often used to transfer binary
files through email.

.arj A file compression format, similar to

Archived by Robert
ZIP and RAR, used to compress and
Jung
archive files.

.tar Compressed Tarball This file archiving format groups

File multiple files into a single archive file.

.arc An ARC file is an archive file format

used for compressing and storing files.
ARC archive file ARC is an outdated format and has
been replaced by ZIP and other newer
options.

.sit A SIT file is an archive file format

StuffIt archive file used on Macintosh systems. SIT is
similar to ARC but is specific to Macs.

.gz A GZ file is a file format created with

GZIP compressed file gzip compression. Gzip shrinks the size
of files for storage and transmission.

.z A Z file is a compressed file format

Compressed file associated with the “compress”
compression program on Unix systems.

Web page File Formats

Extension Full Form Description

.html HyperText Markup HTML is the standard markup language

Language File for creating web pages.
 Extension Full Form Description

.htm Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

HyperText Markup
document format with the less common
Language File
file extension; identical to .html files.

.xhtml Extensible
This is a markup language that combines
Hypertext markup
HTML with XML.
language File

.asp A web development technology that

Active Server page allows developers to create dynamic web
pages using server-side scripting.

.css Cascading Style This is a style sheet language used to

Sheet describe the presentation of a web page.

.aspx This allows developers to create dynamic

Active Server Page
web pages using server-side scripting in
Extended File
ASP.NET.

.rss This is a web feed format that allows

Rich Site Summary users to subscribe to updates from
websites.

Features of File Formats

• Structure Data: File Formats have a basic structure of how data should
be stored in the file.
• Extension: Extensions are useful so that the operating system can check
which type of file is being used.
• Metadata: This is the data that stores useful information about the file
such as author name, license, etc.
• Interoperability: This feature enables multiple systems to use the same
file format.

Color models in images and video

In the context of computer vision and AI, color models are mathematical
representations of colors that enable digital devices (like cameras, monitors, or
software) to interpret and manipulate colors in images and videos. Here are a
few key color models used in both images and videos:
1. RGB (Red, Green, Blue):

• Purpose: Primarily used for digital displays like monitors and screens.
• How It Works: Colors are created by combining red, green, and blue light
at different intensities.
• Example: An image displayed on a monitor uses the RGB model, where
each pixel's color is defined by how much red, green, and blue light is
emitted.

2. CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black):

• Purpose: Mainly used in printing.

• How It Works: This is a subtractive color model, meaning colors are
created by subtracting varying percentages of light absorbed by inks.
• Example: A printed photo uses CMYK, where different inks mix to
produce a range of colors.

3. HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value):

• Purpose: Often used in image editing software because it aligns more

closely with how humans perceive colors.
• How It Works: Hue represents the type of color, saturation represents
the vibrancy, and value represents brightness.
• Example: Adjusting the color of an image in software like Photoshop
might involve tweaking the HSV values to achieve the desired effect.

4. YCbCr:

• Purpose: Widely used in video compression and broadcasting.

• How It Works: Splits an image into a luminance component (Y) and two
chrominance components (Cb and Cr). Luminance is the brightness, while
chrominance deals with color information.
• Example: Videos encoded in formats like MPEG, JPEG, and most TV
broadcasts use YCbCr to separate brightness and color for better
compression.

5. LAB (CIELAB):

• Purpose: Used for more precise color manipulation, especially in high-end

image processing.
• How It Works: LAB separates color into lightness (L*) and color-
opponent dimensions (a* and b*), which correspond more closely to how
humans see colors.
• Example: LAB color space is often used in advanced photo editing
software for adjusting colors without affecting luminance.
Color Models in Video Encoding:

• YUV: Similar to YCbCr but primarily used in analog video encoding.

• HEVC and H.264: Video encoding formats that rely on color models like
YCbCr for efficient compression.

What is Video?

Generally, a video is used to generate a steady source of still pictures as it is a

series of electronic signals, which simulate movement. Videos can be used for
education, entertainment, or other purposes, which use pictures, graphics, or
text. In modern times, there are various websites or webpages that contain
streaming or downloadable video, which can be watched by the users on their
computer or other similar devices.

Formats of video files?

There are numerous video file formats available that can be used for videos,
which provide different-different video quality. A list is given below that has
some common kinds of video files.

o .3GP: 3GP is a compression file format created by 3GPP (3rd Generation

Partnership Project), which is a basic version of MPEG-4 part 14 (MP4)
format. It is used to compress audio, video, and other multimedia to save
on disk space, bandwidth, and data usage. It often creates files for use
with cell phones. There are different video players that can play this file
format videos on your computer, smartphone, or tablet. The .3GP or .3G2
are the file extensions of the 3GP file format.
o .MP4: MP4 is a file format that was introduced in 1998, which stands for
MPEG-4 Part 14 and, it was agreed upon as a standard by the MPEG. It is
an audio and video compression standard, commonly used to store video
and audio as well as store subtitles and still images. Like the MPEG-1 and
MPEG-2 standards, MPEG-4 reduces the file size as much as possible
through codified methods for encoding audio and video. It provides some
features, such as DRM (Digital Rights Management) support, various
forms of interactivity, including features for 3D rendering with VRML.
o .AVI: An AVI file is a sound and motion picture file, stands for Audio
Video Interleaved that is used for video files under Microsoft Windows.
The file size, 2 GB, is the maximum file size of an AVI file. AVI files
have the extension .avi and need a special player to play the video files
that may be require downloading or may be included with your Web
browser.
o .WebM: WebM provides open video compression for HTML5 videos that
are based on the same video format, which uses the MKV file extension.
It is a container format for audio and video data that is sponsored by
 Google Inc. as a WebM Project. Under a BSD license, it was put together
to provide support and release WebM content that led to available in the
market to users for free of cost. If any file has the WEBM file
extension, it will be a WebM Video file. As the format is used on HTML5
websites for video streaming, therefore, most web browsers support
WEBM files.
o .MOV: MOV is a MPEG 4 video container file format introduced by Apple
in 1998. It is a format of Apple's Quicktime program. An algorithm,
Apple's proprietary compression, is used by MOV files, which can be
opened with the help of using a video editor, compatible video program, or
QuickTime.
o .WMV: The WMV file extension is a video file format, which stands for
Windows Media Video and is developed by Microsoft. It is a compressed
video file format that supports different video codecs for streaming
video over the Internet. The .WMV is the file extension of the WMV file.
It contains video encoded with one of Microsoft's WMV proprietary
codec and is the same as an. ASF file. Now WMV files can be played on
different player software. In 1999, it was introduced as a competitor of
the RealVideo format.
o .FLV: An FLV encoder tool is native to the Adobe Flash player, which is
commonly used to change audio and video into the FLV format. The .FLV
is the file extension of the FLV file.

Why Video?

Video is an all-round and engaging content format that helps us in many

different areas, such as advertisement, entertainment, keep a record, etc. It
can be shared easily across multiple platforms, which provides us a real-life
picture of what is going on. Businesses or marketers like videos as it can help to
achieve their goal when they play their videos on many channels, through which
millions of people will watch their videos at own place and would know about their
product or other services. Also, with the internet, it is very easy to access the
video by anyone in terms of watching and producing. However, on a professional
level, most people like a high-quality video; anyone can create their own video a
very few times and can hop onto their laptop to watch.

Types of video

In 2021, the number of consumers watching video content is high as compared to

before. Over the past few years, video has emerged front-and-center, and then
there is a big change in content marketing. Consider the given below points:

In the U.S., 85% of Internet users watch video content every month.
By 2021, the percentage of spending time watching videos every day by people
has increased 19% from 2019.

Also, due to video content on social media, 93% of companies got a new customer.

63% of businesses say that the video helps to get better revenue according to
investment.

There are numerous types of video; some are discussed below:

1. Vlog: A vlog, or "video blog," is diary-style that looks great on a landing

page. Typically, it is filmed by one person to express personal experience
or thoughts on a specific topic in front of the camera. It is not very hard
to shoot a short vlog with a basic script; you can use your smartphone or
webcam. The simple concept of sharing your day at work is considered
one of the best kinds of video content for vlogging.
2. Behind the scenes: Most people love the scene type of videos, which pull
back the required curtain on your business in order to build a connection
between customers and potential customers and your brand. Think about
shooting behind-the-scenes videos if you have insight into a project,
situation, or process your consumers would be interested in. As compared
to traditional videos, usually, these are less polished and integrate lots of
raw footage. In terms of office, customers can see the design of your
office, and if you are hosting a show, viewers can see how your team gets
ready for work, how your team interacts with each other, and what your
personalities are like, etc.
3. Interview: Usually, interview videos are made to interact with one or
more people in order to questioning and answering. This type of video
allows you to align yourself with an interesting or inspiring person and can
be fantastic for sharing your company's values. A good interview should
not feel scripted, but it can follow a set of guidelines. The main work of
an interviewer is to talk to other people; you should simply discuss hot
topics, trends, and others.
4. Product Review: One of the most helpful types of video content is a
product review, especially for people who are new in the customer
journey. These kinds of videos can be so successful because there are
some customers who purchase products without consulting the internet,
their friends, or both. Your audience feels trust in a highly convenient
format about the product because they take information about the
product from someone they like. With the help of reviewing products, you
can describe to viewers the unique benefits of your products and can
dispel doubts of consumers, answer common questions that help to
satisfy customers. Also, all the information helps consumers to make the
best decision for buying a product
 5. Webinar: Webinar is a tool that is used to describe a topic that
addresses many people together. People attend virtual webinars to get
information from your guests or by you about the topic useful for them.
It is also a better place to promote with paid ads. For your webinar,
Facebook ads can be used to drive sign-ups that help to make more sales
from your service.

Benefits of Video Marketing

In modern times, it is very difficult to stand with your product or service in

front of multiple competitors. Therefore, it is most important to find new,
unique ways to run your business. Video marketing is a powerful part of a
marketing strategy that helps you to make your product or service stand out in
the crowd of marketers.

As almost all people have a busy schedule, so people would not want to spend
much time on the video; they will often prefer to watch a short video like 2
minutes of video instead of watching 15 minutes to read the same information.
There are various advantages of video marketing; some are given below:

Video increases conversion rates

According to HubSpot, the video should be seen in the form of investment;

adding a video on a landing page can absolutely influence buying behavior and
convince another visitor by telling all information that he watched in the video.
Thus, it helps to increase conversions by 80% through watching a compelling
presenter in a video as video helps to convey people and it the best tool to
conveying the right emotions. Also, they can help you in terms of tutorials or
testimonials.

Helps in Email marketing campaigns

In a day, we get many emails but do not open all emails due to our busy schedule.
Therefore, it is an increasing challenge. You can increase open rates and
decrease unsubscribe rates with the help of video. A staggering statistic in an
email, video leads to a 200-300% increase in click-through rate. But in most
cases, as compared to sit and read text, it is easier to watch a video. Especially,
it is beneficial when you are reviewing any product because in this case, you
cannot express everything about the product only by writing as compared to
making a complete video with practical.

Search engines love video

Search engines look for the content that makes viewer satisfy, which attracts
longer page view just like a video. Also, behind Google, the second largest search
engine is YouTube. In terms of showing up video, your visibility and opportunity
to show the video is greatly increased if you upload your video on the website as
well as on YouTube. Also, you can promote your video through social media that
can help you to get maximum return of investment.

Video builds trust and credibility

Video enables you to earn your viewer's trust and connect with them easily,
which is the best solution to create a personality for your brand and your
organization. In the decision process, product videos are more helpful, according
to 90% of users. Videos help to build a foundation of trust by educating and
informing your customers, which also helps to increase sales.

Video encourages social shares

One of the best chances to spread information about your company, product, or
service is viral videos. Your video may be viral as around 92% of mobile
customers share videos with others, which help to make popular you or your
project.

Disadvantages of Video Advertising

Although video might be the best way to promote your business or product and a
great medium for marketing, it cannot be the same against a similar product or
company that uploads quality text and pictures. A bad video can impact your
company's reputation as well as growth. Below are given some potential
disadvantages with video advertising:

o The market is saturated: Although, as compared to past time, video

advertising has a lower cost of entry, it may create a disadvantage
because there are new free tools available now, such as free-to-use
hosting platforms and low-cost cameras through which anyone can make a
video.
o Video doesn't promote itself: As there are a huge number of videos
available online that create difficulties to get the best result. That
means you cannot hope for the best as it is not easy to promote a video
only by uploading it. Here, marketers are required to market their own
advertising tools with the help of sharing them.
o A commercial is still a commercial: You may not expect a strong
conversion if your video is strictly advertisement-based. The ad
viewability is a large part of ad conversion. There is a conflict that
around 65% of consumers do not watch commercial ads; they skip them
while watching videos.

Types of video signals

Video signals can be classified based on their format, transmission method, and
application. Here are the main types of video signals:

1. Analog Video Signals:

• Definition: These are continuous signals that vary over time and
represent video information through voltage levels.
• Key Formats:
o Composite Video:
▪ Description: Combines all video information (luminance,
chrominance, and synchronization signals) into a single
signal.
▪ Connector: Typically uses an RCA connector (yellow plug).
▪ Example: Standard-definition TV signals before the digital
era.
o S-Video (Separate Video):

▪ Description: Splits luminance (brightness) and chrominance

(color) signals for better quality than composite video.
▪ Connector: Uses a 4-pin mini-DIN connector.
▪ Example: Often used for DVD players or older video game
consoles.
o Component Video:

▪ Description: Separates the video signal into three

components: Y (luminance) and Pb/Pr (color difference
signals).
▪ Connector: Typically uses three RCA connectors (green,
blue, and red plugs).
▪ Example: Found in high-end analog systems, including some
HD televisions.

2. Digital Video Signals:

• Definition: Represent video information in discrete digital values (bits),

leading to higher-quality and more efficient signal transmission.
• Key Formats:
o HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface):

▪ Description: Transmits uncompressed digital video and

audio.
▪ Connector: HDMI cables and ports.
▪ Example: Common in modern TVs, computers, and gaming
consoles for transmitting HD video and sound.
o SDI (Serial Digital Interface):
 ▪ Description: Used for broadcast video signals; can carry
uncompressed video and embedded audio.
▪ Connector: BNC connector.
▪ Example: Standard in professional video production and
broadcasting equipment.
o DisplayPort:

▪ Description: A digital display interface primarily used to

connect computers to monitors.
▪ Connector: DisplayPort cable.
▪ Example: Used in high-end computer setups to transmit 4K
video and higher.

3. Broadcast Video Signals:

• NTSC (National Television System Committee):

o Description: An analog television color system used in North
America and parts of Asia.
o Frame Rate: 29.97 frames per second (fps).
o Resolution: 525 lines of resolution.
• PAL (Phase Alternating Line):

o Description: The color system used in Europe, Asia, and parts of

Africa.
o Frame Rate: 25 fps.
o Resolution: 625 lines of resolution.
• SECAM (Séquentiel Couleur à Mémoire):

o Description: A color TV system used in France, Eastern Europe,

and parts of Africa.
o Resolution: Similar to PAL but different color encoding method.

4. High-Definition and Ultra-High-Definition Video Signals:

• 720p (HD):

o Description: A progressive-scan format with a resolution of

1280x720 pixels.
o Example: Found in HD television broadcasts.
• 1080i/1080p (Full HD):

o Description: 1080i is interlaced video with a resolution of

1920x1080 pixels, while 1080p is progressive-scan with the same
resolution.
o Example: Blu-ray players, HDTV broadcasts, and gaming consoles.
• 4K (UHD):
 o Description: Offers a resolution of 3840x2160 pixels or
4096x2160 pixels for cinema-grade content.
o Example: Used in modern TVs, video streaming services (e.g.,
Netflix, YouTube), and cinema.
• 8K (UHD-2):

o Description: Provides a resolution of 7680x4320 pixels, offering

four times the resolution of 4K.
o Example: Emerging in high-end televisions and experimental
broadcasts.

5. Streaming Video Signals:

• H.264 (Advanced Video Coding - AVC):

o Description: A video compression standard commonly used in video

streaming, Blu-ray discs, and YouTube.
• H.265 (High-Efficiency Video Coding - HEVC):

o Description: A more efficient video compression standard than

H.264, used for streaming 4K content.
• VP9:

o Description: An open-source video coding format developed by

Google for streaming platforms like YouTube.

6. Wireless Video Signals:

• Wi-Fi-based video:

o Example: Used for wireless streaming between devices like

Chromecast or AirPlay.
• Bluetooth-based video:

o Example: Sometimes used for low-bandwidth video transmission,

though rare compared to Wi-Fi.
• Wireless HDMI:

o Example: A system that wirelessly transmits HDMI signals to

display high-definition content.

Analog video Standards

Analog video standards refer to the systems used to encode and transmit video
signals. These standards specify the format for video data, including aspects
like frame rate, resolution, color encoding, and signal modulation. Before the
digital age, these standards were essential for ensuring compatibility between
different video equipment like cameras, televisions, and recording devices.

Key Analog Video Standards

The three most well-known analog video standards are NTSC, PAL, and SECAM.
Each has its own specifications and regional usage. Let’s explore each of them in
detail:

1. NTSC (National Television System Committee)

• Region: Primarily used in North America (USA, Canada), parts of Central

and South America, and parts of Asia like Japan and South Korea.
• Specifications:
o Frame Rate: 29.97 frames per second (fps) – originally 30 fps, but
reduced to 29.97 fps with the introduction of color to maintain
compatibility with existing black-and-white systems.
o Resolution: 525 lines of vertical resolution.
o Aspect Ratio: 4:3 (Traditional TV standard).
o Color Encoding: The color information is encoded using a system
called YIQ (later adapted to YUV). Y is for luma (brightness), and
I/Q for chroma (color).
o Field Frequency: 59.94 fields per second (due to interlaced
scanning).
• Interlacing: NTSC uses interlaced scanning, where two fields are used to
form one complete frame. Each field has alternating lines of the image.
• Use Case: The NTSC standard was the first color TV system and is
noted for its higher frame rate, which results in smoother motion, but
lower vertical resolution compared to PAL or SECAM.

2. PAL (Phase Alternating Line)

• Region: Common in Europe, Australia, parts of Asia, and Africa.

• Specifications:
o Frame Rate: 25 frames per second.
o Resolution: 625 lines of vertical resolution.
o Aspect Ratio: 4:3 (Traditional TV standard).
o Color Encoding: PAL uses a YUV color model, with U and V
representing chrominance information. The phase of the color
subcarrier is alternated every line to correct phase errors.
o Field Frequency: 50 fields per second.
 • Interlacing: PAL also uses interlaced scanning, producing smoother motion
for lower frame rate signals.
• Use Case: Known for better color stability and higher resolution than NTSC.
However, the lower frame rate can result in a slightly less smooth
appearance in motion-heavy content.

3. SECAM (Séquentiel Couleur à Mémoire)

• Region: Used mainly in France, Russia, and parts of Eastern Europe.

• Specifications:
o Frame Rate: 25 frames per second.
o Resolution: 625 lines of vertical resolution.
o Aspect Ratio: 4:3.
o Color Encoding: Uses FM (Frequency Modulation) for color
information transmission. Instead of sending both U and V
chrominance components in each line, SECAM alternates between
the U and V signals every other line.
o Field Frequency: 50 fields per second.
• Interlacing: Similar to PAL, uses interlaced scanning.
• Use Case: SECAM provides stable color under poor transmission
conditions but was generally more complex and costly to implement.

Detailed Comparison of Analog Video Standards

Color Encoding

• NTSC: Employs YIQ for color encoding. In YIQ, the chrominance (color)
components are more sensitive to phase errors, which can result in visible
color distortions.
• PAL: Uses YUV and alternates the phase of the color signal every line to
cancel out phase errors, leading to fewer color distortions.
• SECAM: Utilizes a frequency modulation technique for color, making it
more robust against signal degradation, but harder to process and decode.

Resolution and Frame Rate

• NTSC: 525 lines at 29.97 fps results in smooth motion but slightly lower
resolution.
• PAL and SECAM: 625 lines at 25 fps offer higher resolution but can
appear less smooth in fast-motion sequences.

Interlaced vs. Progressive Scanning

• All three analog standards (NTSC, PAL, and SECAM) use interlaced
scanning, which reduces bandwidth requirements by splitting each frame
 into two fields. This is why field frequencies are double the frame rates
(59.94 Hz for NTSC, 50 Hz for PAL and SECAM).

Signal Modulation

• NTSC and PAL: Amplitude Modulation (AM) is used for luminance, and
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is used for chrominance.
• SECAM: Frequency Modulation (FM) is used for chrominance.

Historical Context and Usage

• NTSC: Introduced in 1953 as the first color television standard. It was

developed to be compatible with earlier black-and-white TVs.
• PAL: Developed in Germany in the early 1960s to address the color phase
issues present in NTSC. It became the dominant standard in Europe and
many other regions.
• SECAM: Developed in France in the early 1960s to overcome some of the
same issues, but in a different technical way. Russia and other Eastern
Bloc countries adopted SECAM to distinguish their systems from the
Western world.

Modern Relevance

Although analog standards are largely obsolete today with the rise of digital
formats like HDTV and digital broadcasting standards (e.g., DVB, ATSC),
understanding these standards is still crucial for those working with legacy
equipment or archival video materials.

Digital Video Standards

Digital video standards define how video is compressed, transmitted, and stored
in digital form. These standards are essential for broadcasting, streaming, video
storage, and communication. Digital video offers superior quality, flexibility, and
efficiency compared to analog standards, supporting higher resolutions like HD,
4K, and 8K. Here are the key digital video standards:

1. MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group) Standards

• Purpose: MPEG develops standards for video compression and

transmission.
• Key Formats:
o MPEG-1:
▪ Description: One of the earliest digital video standards,
primarily designed for encoding VHS-quality video.
▪ Resolution: Up to 352x240 at 30 fps.
 ▪ Example: Video CDs (VCDs), early web video formats.
o MPEG-2:

▪ Description: Widely used for DVD video, digital television,

and some Blu-ray formats.
▪ Resolution: Standard-definition (SD) and high-definition
(HD).
▪ Example: Digital TV broadcasts (DVB, ATSC), DVDs.
o MPEG-4:

▪ Description: Improved video compression over MPEG-2,

commonly used for web video and mobile video.
▪ Resolution: Supports SD, HD, and 4K.
▪ Example: Used in video streaming (YouTube, Netflix), Blu-
ray, and mobile videos.
o H.264 (MPEG-4 AVC):

▪ Description: The most widely adopted video compression

standard, known for its efficiency and quality.
▪ Resolution: Supports resolutions from SD to 4K and beyond.
▪ Example: Used in Blu-ray, video streaming, and most digital
video platforms.
o H.265 (HEVC – High Efficiency Video Coding):

▪ Description: Successor to H.264, offering twice the

compression efficiency.
▪ Resolution: Supports HD, 4K, and 8K.
▪ Example: 4K and 8K video streaming, UHD Blu-ray, video on
demand (VoD).

2. ATSC (Advanced Television Systems Committee)

• Purpose: The digital television standard used in North America and South
Korea.
• Key Features:
o Resolution: Supports SD, HD (720p, 1080i), Full HD (1080p), and
Ultra HD (4K).
o Frame Rate: Variable, including 24, 30, 60 fps.
o Audio: Includes Dolby Digital audio for surround sound.
• Example: Over-the-air broadcast TV in the U.S., Canada, and South Korea.

3. DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting)

• Purpose: The standard for digital television broadcasting in Europe, Asia,

Africa, and Australia.
• Key Formats:
 o DVB-T (Terrestrial):

▪ Description: Used for digital terrestrial television

broadcasting.
▪ Resolution: Supports SD, HD, and UHD.
▪ Example: Digital TV broadcasts in Europe and parts of Asia.
o DVB-S (Satellite):

▪ Description: Used for satellite television transmission.

▪ Resolution: Supports SD, HD, and UHD.
▪ Example: Satellite TV providers like Sky.
o DVB-C (Cable):

▪ Description: Used for digital cable television.

▪ Resolution: Supports SD, HD, and UHD.
▪ Example: Cable TV providers in Europe and other regions.
o DVB-H: Used for handheld devices like mobile phones (now largely
replaced by other streaming technologies).

4. Blu-ray Disc Standards

• Purpose: High-definition and ultra-high-definition physical media format.

• Key Formats:
o Blu-ray (BD):

▪ Resolution: Supports Full HD (1080p).

▪ Compression: Uses H.264 (AVC) or MPEG-2.
o Ultra HD Blu-ray:

▪ Resolution: Supports 4K UHD (3840x2160).

▪ Compression: Uses H.265 (HEVC) for more efficient
encoding.
o Audio: Supports Dolby Atmos, DTS, and other high-end audio
formats.

5. Web and Streaming Standards

• H.264 (MPEG-4 AVC):

o Purpose: The most common standard for streaming video content.
o Resolution: From SD to 4K.
o Example: Used by YouTube, Netflix, and most online video
platforms.
• H.265 (HEVC):

o Purpose: A more efficient codec for high-resolution content.

o Resolution: Supports 4K and 8K streaming.
 o Example: Used by Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, and 4K streaming
services.
• VP8/VP9:

o Developed By: Google.

o Purpose: Open-source alternatives to H.264 and H.265.
o Example: VP9 is used by YouTube for 4K video streaming.
• AV1:

o Developed By: Alliance for Open Media (AOM).

o Purpose: Open-source, royalty-free video codec.
o Resolution: Supports 4K, 8K, and higher.
o Example: Netflix, YouTube, and other platforms are adopting AV1
due to its superior compression efficiency.

6. Display Interfaces

• HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface):

o Purpose: A digital interface for transmitting uncompressed video

and audio.
o Versions:

▪ HDMI 1.4: Supports 1080p and 4K at 30 fps.

▪ HDMI 2.0: Supports 4K at 60 fps.
▪ HDMI 2.1: Supports 8K at 60 fps and 4K at 120 fps, along
with enhanced dynamic range and higher bandwidth.
o Example: Used for connecting devices like Blu-ray players, gaming
consoles, and TVs.
• DisplayPort:

o Purpose: Another digital interface primarily used for connecting

computers to monitors.
o Resolution: Supports up to 8K.
o Example: Often used in high-end computer setups and gaming
monitors.

7. HDR (High Dynamic Range) Video Standards

• Purpose: Improves the contrast and color range of video content, making
the picture more realistic.
• Key Formats:

o HDR10: Open standard supported by most 4K UHD TVs and

streaming platforms.
 o Dolby Vision: Proprietary HDR standard developed by Dolby,
offering dynamic metadata for scene-by-scene optimization.
o HLG (Hybrid Log-Gamma): HDR format used for live broadcasts.
o HDR10+: An extension of HDR10 with dynamic metadata like
Dolby Vision but open-source.
• Example: Available on platforms like Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, and 4K
Blu-ray discs.

8. Video Conferencing and Compression Standards

• H.323:

o Purpose: A standard for video conferencing over IP networks.

o Example: Used by early VoIP systems and video calls.
• SIP (Session Initiation Protocol):

o Purpose: Another protocol used for initiating and managing video

calls.
o Example: Common in modern video conferencing systems like Zoom,
Microsoft Teams, and Skype.
• WebRTC:

o Purpose: Open-source protocol enabling real-time communication,

including video conferencing, in web browsers.
o Example: Used in video chat services like Google Meet and
Facebook Messenger.

Comparison of Key Digital Video Standards:

Resolution
Standard Main Usage Compression Examples
Support

Digital TV
MPEG-2 SD, HD Digital TV, DVDs MPEG-2
broadcasts, DVDs

H.264 Streaming, Blu-ray, YouTube, Blu-ray,

SD, HD, 4K H.264
(AVC) digital media Netflix

H.265 4K/8K streaming, Netflix, 4K Blu-ray,

HD, 4K, 8K HEVC
(HEVC) UHD Blu-ray Amazon Prime Video

Open-source
VP9 HD, 4K VP9 YouTube
streaming codec
 Resolution
Standard Main Usage Compression Examples
Support

Open-source,
AV1 HD, 4K, 8K efficient video AV1 Netflix, YouTube
streaming

High dynamic range Uncompressed 4K TVs, streaming

HDR10 4K, 8K
video metadata services

Chroma Subsampling

Chroma subsampling is a technique used in video compression to reduce the

amount of data in an image by lowering the resolution of the color information
(chrominance) while maintaining the resolution of the brightness (luminance).
This is possible because the human eye is more sensitive to variations in
brightness than color, allowing video files to be compressed without noticeable
loss in visual quality.

How Chroma Subsampling Works

In digital video, image data is often represented using three components:

1. Luminance (Y): Represents brightness or grayscale information.

2. Chrominance (Cb, Cr or U, V): Represents color information (blue-
difference and red-difference).

Chroma Subsampling Ratios

Chroma subsampling is usually represented in the format 4:X

, where:

• The first 4 refers to the sampling rate of the luminance (Y) component.
• The second value (X) refers to the sampling rate of the chroma
components (Cb and Cr) in the horizontal direction.
• The third value (X) refers to the sampling rate of the chroma
components (Cb and Cr) in the vertical direction.

Here are the most common chroma subsampling formats:

1. 4:4:4
 • Description: In this format, there is no chroma subsampling, meaning the
color information is retained at full resolution for both the chroma and
luminance channels. Each pixel has its own individual Y, Cb, and Cr values.
• Quality: Highest quality, with no loss of color data.
• Example: Used in high-end professional video editing and some still image
formats like RAW.
• Data Size: Largest data size, since all components are sampled equally.

2. 4:2:2

• Description: In this format, the chroma is subsampled by a factor of 2

horizontally. For every 4 luminance (Y) samples, there are 2 chroma (Cb
and Cr) samples in the horizontal direction. The vertical resolution of
chroma is kept the same as luminance.
• Quality: Reduces color data by 50% but maintains higher color quality
than 4:2:0. Often used in professional video formats.
• Example: Broadcast-quality video, high-definition (HD) formats like
HDCAM, and some Blu-ray formats.

3. 4:2:0

• Description: This is the most common chroma subsampling format for

consumer video. In this format, chroma is subsampled both horizontally
and vertically, so for every 4 luminance (Y) samples, there are 2 chroma
samples in the horizontal direction and 0 chroma samples in the vertical
direction (meaning the chroma samples are shared between adjacent
rows).
• Quality: Good for consumer applications like streaming, Blu-ray, and
digital TV, where the loss of color data is typically not noticeable to the
human eye.
• Example: Most streaming services (e.g., YouTube, Netflix), Blu-ray discs,
and consumer video codecs like H.264 and H.265.
• Data Size: Much smaller than 4:4:4 and 4:2:2, as color data is reduced to
a quarter of the original.

4. 4:1:1
 • Description: In this format, chroma is subsampled by a factor of 4
horizontally. For every 4 luminance (Y) samples, there is only 1 chroma
sample (Cb and Cr) in the horizontal direction. The vertical resolution of
chroma remains unchanged.
• Quality: Provides lower color quality than 4:2:2 but still maintains
reasonable color fidelity for most applications.
• Example: Some NTSC-based digital video formats, such as DV.

CCIR Standards

CCIR (International Radio Consultative Committee) standards refer to a set of

technical recommendations developed for radio, television, and related
broadcasting technologies. These standards, which were established before the
CCIR was replaced by the ITU-R (International Telecommunication Union -
Radiocommunication Sector) in 1992, cover various aspects of analog and digital
broadcasting.

Here are some of the key CCIR standards related to video and television:

1. CCIR Recommendation 601 (Rec. 601)

• Purpose: A key standard for encoding and broadcasting video in digital

form.
• Description: Defines the standard-definition digital video format for
TV systems, including parameters for color encoding, sampling structure,
and resolutions.
• Key Features:
o Chroma Subsampling: 4:2:2 chroma subsampling to reduce the
bandwidth of color data without significantly impacting perceived
quality.
o Resolution:
▪ NTSC systems: 720x486 pixels.
▪ PAL systems: 720x576 pixels.
o Frame Rate: 30 fps for NTSC and 25 fps for PAL.
o Color Space: YCbCr color space (luminance and chrominance
components).
• Application: Used for SDTV (Standard Definition Television), digital
video production, and early DVD standards.

2. CCIR System B/G, D/K, M, I, and H

• Purpose: Analog television broadcast standards.

• Description: Defines various standards for analog television systems with
differences in sound carrier spacing, bandwidth, and geographical use.
• Key Systems:
 o System B/G: Used in Europe (including Germany and the UK) for
625-line TV systems with PAL color encoding.
o System D/K: Used in Eastern Europe and parts of Asia for PAL
and SECAM systems.
o System M: Used in North America and parts of Asia for NTSC
broadcasting.
o System I: Used primarily in the UK and Hong Kong.
• Application: Before the digital switchover, these systems were the
standards for transmitting analog television signals worldwide.

3. CCIR Recommendation 709 (Rec. 709)

• Purpose: Defines HDTV (High-Definition Television) standards.

• Key Features:
o Resolution:

▪ 1280x720 (720p) progressive scan.

▪ 1920x1080 (1080i and 1080p) interlaced and progressive
scan formats.
o Frame Rates: 24, 25, 30, 50, and 60 fps.
o Color Space: Uses the Rec. 709 color space, which is widely used
in HDTV production and broadcasting.
• Application: Rec. 709 forms the basis of HDTV broadcast standards
around the world and is used in video production for HDTV content.

4. CCIR Recommendation 624

• Purpose: A standard for television broadcasting systems.

• Description: Defines the technical parameters for television transmission,
including transmission bandwidth, picture and sound quality, and signal
structure.
• Application: Applied to analog television systems before digital
broadcasting became widespread.

5. CCIR Recommendation 405

• Purpose: An early standard that defined the monochrome television

system.
• Description: Specifies technical parameters for black-and-white
television transmission, including the number of lines per frame, aspect
ratio, and frame rates.
• Application: Monochrome television broadcasting before the widespread
adoption of color TV systems.

6. CCIR Recommendation 656

 • Purpose: Defines the interface for digital video.
• Description: Defines the serial digital interface (SDI) for transmitting
digital video between equipment. It specifies the transmission of video
data over a single coaxial cable using a bit-serial format.
• Application: Used in professional video environments for connecting
cameras, mixers, and other video equipment.

Transition from CCIR to ITU-R Standards

In 1992, the CCIR was replaced by the ITU-R, and the development of
broadcasting standards continued under the ITU-R framework. Many CCIR
standards were carried over and expanded in scope, such as Rec. 601 and Rec.
709, which form the basis of modern digital video standards for SDTV and
HDTV.

HDTV

Stands for "High Definition Television."

HDTV is a high-quality digital video standard for broadcast, cable, and satellite
television. It replaced older broadcast standards, now known as standard
definition or SDTV. High-resolution HDTV images have five times as
many pixels as SDTV, providing a sharper, more detailed image with richer
colors.

Unlike SDTV, which was broadcast using analog signals, HDTV broadcasts are
fully digital. Lossy digital video compression using the H.264 codec allows
broadcasters to carry a much higher-resolution image over the same
broadcasting medium. Digital signals are also less susceptible to interference,
although when interference is present, it typically results in a dropped signal
instead of a noisy picture.

The HDTV standard defines three video formats — 1280x720 progressive

scan (720p), 1920x1080 interlaced (1080i), and 1920x1080 progressive scan
(1080p); for comparison, SDTV only displayed interlaced images at either
720x480 or 720x576 (depending on the region). HDTV also uses a 16:9 aspect
ratio that is wider and more cinematic than the 4:3 aspect ratio of SDTV. HDTV
supports up to five audio channels (with a sixth low-frequency subwoofer
channel) compared to SDTV's two channels.
The relative resolution of an SDTV image compared to HDTV resolutions
While HDTV broadcasts started in many parts of the world in the 1990s, HDTV
did not see widespread adoption until the mid-2000s. When these broadcasts
first began, HDTVs used the same CRT display technology as standard-
definition TVs. By 2010, most TVs sold were HDTV-compatible LCD sets. As
technology improved, the higher-resolution UHD standard was introduced, which
supports higher resolutions (like 4k and 8k), better audio, and expanded dynamic
range. However, since UHD requires significantly more bandwidth, HDTV
resolutions are still more common for TV broadcasts over cable, satellite, and
airwaves.