U.S.

Department
of Transportation
Advisory
Federal Aviation
Administration Circular
Subject: PROTECTION AGAINST Date: 10/22/07 AC No. 25.1360-1
INJURY
Initiated by: ANM-100

1. PURPOSE. This advisory circular (AC) provides guidance for demonstrating compliance
with the transport category airplane certification requirements of § 25.1360 Precautions against
injury.

2. APPLICABILITY.

a. The guidance provided in this document is directed to airplane manufacturers, modifiers,

foreign regulatory authorities, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) transport airplane
type certification engineers, and designees.

b. This material is neither mandatory nor regulatory in nature and does not constitute a
regulation. It describes acceptable means, but not the only means, for demonstrating
compliance with the applicable regulations. We will consider other methods of
demonstrating compliance that an applicant may elect to present. While these guidelines
are not mandatory, they are derived from extensive FAA and industry experience in
determining compliance with the relevant regulations. On the other hand, if we become
aware of circumstances that convince us that following this AC would not result in
compliance with the applicable regulations, we will not be bound by the terms of this AC,
and we may require additional substantiation as a basis for finding compliance.

c. This material does not change or create any additional regulatory requirements nor does
it authorize changes in or permit deviations from existing regulatory requirements.

d. Terms such as “shall” or “must” are used in this AC only in the sense of ensuring
applicability of this particular method of compliance when the acceptable method of
compliance described herein is used.
10/22/07 AC 25.1360-1

3. DEFINITION.

Electrical Wiring Interconnection Systems (EWIS). In part, an EWIS is any wire,

wiring device, or combination of these, including termination devices, installed in any
area of the airplane for the purpose of transmitting electrical energy between two or more
intended termination points. The complete regulatory definition of an EWIS is in
§ 25.1701, which is included in Appendix A of this AC.

4. COMPLIANCE GUIDANCE. Applicants may show compliance with the

requirements § 25.1360(a) and (b) by demonstrating the following:

a. Section 25.1360(a).

(1) Voltage level warning. Where there may be a hazard during maintenance
or servicing, airplane equipment carrying voltages above 50 Vrms (volts root
mean square) should be marked with the voltage on the exterior of the equipment,
or alternatively on the panel through which access to the equipment is made.

(2) Electrical outlet marking. Socket outlets should be labeled with output
voltage or voltages and intended use. Examples are outlets for electric razors in
lavatories and outlets that are part of a power supply system for portable
electronic devices (PSS for PED).

(3) Electrical Isolation. When the output voltage exceeds 100 volts DC
and/or 50 volts AC root mean square (RMS), that output should either be
electrically isolated from the airplane structure or prevented in some way from
making inadvertent contact with the electrically live parts.

(4) Vulnerability of wire and components in the passenger cabin.

Power supply systems for PED or similar system wire bundles and components
are present throughout the passenger cabin and exposed in some cases. The
potential for system faults is increased by the wide exposure to varying hazards
such as pinched wires in the seat track, passengers stepping on or kicking the seat
electronic box, and spilled liquid. Because these systems have greater exposure
to hazards, potential for shock hazards to people is also increased. To guard
against damage to PSS cable assemblies installed in the seat itself, seat-mounted
wiring should have appropriate protection means. Conduits are one way to
provide such protection. Engineering data that controls the installation of PSS
wiring and equipment should contain specific, clear requirements for routing,
supporting, and protecting all PSS wiring and equipment, and should identify all
parts necessary to accomplish those installations.

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(5) Hazards to occupants from PSS for PED outlets. A fault of the
circuit associated with the PSS in the cabin interior or system short circuits could
lead to system overloads or fire/smoke hazards and shock hazards to people.
Such faults could be caused by spilled liquids or by conductive objects inserted
into outlets. The design of the PSS socket installation should prevent fluid from
reaching electrical circuitry or power sockets. The design should also minimize
the possibility of conductive objects being inserted into power sockets. If not, the
applicant should show a design means in place to mitigate the hazard of those
situations. An example of such mitigation would be a design where output power
is present at the PSS socket only when the PED connector is correctly mated with
the socket.

(6) During normal use, electrical component installations such as wiring in the
galley and lavatory area should be protected and inaccessible when operated by
passengers and crew in the manner for which it was designed (i.e., no use of tools
to gain access).

b. Section 25.1360(b).

(1) The rule states that items handled by the crewmember must not be so hot that
they cause dangerous inadvertent movement or injury to the crewmember. This
means that the surface temperature of the part being touched should not be so hot
as to cause a reflexive action on the part of the crewmember that could cause
injury to the crewmember. Nor should it be so hot that it causes burns to the
crewmember. Parts on equipment that may be handled by the flight or cabin crew
during normal operation should not exceed a temperature rise on the order of
25 degrees Celsius above ambient. For other equipment mounted in parts of the
airplane normally accessible to passengers or crew, or which may come into
contact with objects such as clothing or paper, surface temperature should not
exceed 100 degrees Celsius in an ambient temperature of 20 degrees Celsius.

(2) Interior lighting installation systems are subject to the requirements of

§ 25.1360(b). Reading light lamp surfaces, push button control switches, dimmer
controllers, lamp holders, and lighting ballasts must not overheat to the point that
their exterior surfaces can cause burns to people.

(3) Providing guards around hot surfaces, such as properly installed cooking
apparatus or lighting fixtures, is an acceptable way to comply with these
requirements if they prevent crewmembers from inadvertently contacting the hot
surfaces.

c. Compliance with § 25.1719. Section 25.1719(b)(6) requires that components

of EWIS associated with systems to which § 25.1360 is applicable be considered an
integral part of that system or systems and must be considered in showing
compliance with the applicable requirements for that system.

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d. Instructions for Continued Airworthiness. Instructions for Continued

Airworthiness (required by §§ 25.1529 and 25.1729) must include all maintenance
actions necessary to maintain the airplane systems covered by § 25.1360 so that the
shock and burn protection is ensured throughout the expected service life of the
airplane or of the system.

/s/Ali Bahrami
Ali Bahrami
Manager, Transport Airplane Directorate
Aircraft Certification Service

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Appendix A

APPENDIX A

§§ 25.1360 and 25.1701

The text of §§ 25.1360 and 25.1701 is repeated here for the convenience of
the reader.

§ 25.1360 Precautions against injury.

(a) Shock. The electrical system must be designed to minimize risk of

electric shock to crew, passengers, and servicing personnel and to
maintenance personnel using normal precautions.

(b) Burns. The temperature of any part that may be handled by a

crewmember during normal operations must not cause dangerous
inadvertent movement by the crewmember or injury to the crewmember.

§ 25.1701 Definition.

(a) As used in this chapter, electrical wiring interconnection system

(EWIS) means any wire, wiring device, or combination of these, including
termination devices, installed in any area of the airplane for the purpose of
transmitting electrical energy, including data and signals, between two or
more intended termination points. This includes:

(1) Wires and cables.

(2) Bus bars.

(3) The termination point on electrical devices, including those on

relays, interrupters, switches, contactors, terminal blocks and circuit
breakers, and other circuit protection devices.

(4) Connectors, including feed-through connectors.

(5) Connector accessories.

(6) Electrical grounding and bonding devices and their associated

connections.

(7) Electrical splices.

(8) Materials used to provide additional protection for wires,

including wire insulation, wire sleeving, and conduits that have
electrical termination for the purpose of bonding.

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10/22/07 AC 25.1360-1
Appendix A

(9) Shields or braids.

(10) Clamps and other devices used to route and support the wire
bundle.

(11) Cable tie devices.

(12) Labels or other means of identification.

(13) Pressure seals.

(14) EWIS components inside shelves, panels, racks, junction

boxes, distribution panels, and back-planes of equipment racks,
including, but not limited to, circuit board back-planes, wire
integration units, and external wiring of equipment.

(b) Except for the equipment indicated in paragraph (a)(14) of this

section, EWIS components inside the following equipment, and the
external connectors that are part of that equipment, are excluded from the
definition in paragraph (a) of this section:

(1) Electrical equipment or avionics that are qualified to

environmental conditions and testing procedures when those
conditions and procedures are—

(i) appropriate for the intended function and operating

environment, and

(ii) acceptable to the FAA.

(2) Portable electrical devices that are not part of the type design of
the airplane. This includes personal entertainment devices and
laptop computers.

(3) Fiber optics.

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Appendix B

APPENDIX B

RELATED REGULATIONS AND DOCUMENTS

Regulations. You can download an electronic copy of 14 CFR from the Internet at
http://www.gpoaccess.gov/cfr/. A paper copy can be ordered by sending a request to
the U.S. Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C. 20402-0001, or by calling telephone number (202) 512-1800; or by sending a
request by facsimile to (202) 512-2250.

• § 25.1301 Function and installation

• § 25.1309 Equipment, systems, and installations
• § 25.1353 Electrical equipment and installations
• § 25.1365 Electrical appliances, motors, and transformers
• § 25.1529 Instructions for Continued Airworthiness
• § 25.1701 Definition (of EWIS)
• § 25.1717 Circuit protective devices: EWIS
• § 25.1719 Accessibility provisions: EWIS
• § 25.1721 Protection of EWIS
• § 25.1729 Instructions for Continued Airworthiness: EWIS

Advisory Circulars. You can download an electronic copy of the latest version of the
following ACs from the FAA Internet at http://rgl.faa.gov.

• 25-10 Guidance for Installation of Miscellaneous, Nonrequired

Electrical Equipment
• 25-16 Electrical Fault and Fire Protection and Prevention
• 25.1309-1 System Design and Analysis
• 25.1353-1 Electrical Requirement and Installations
• 25.1365-1 Electrical Appliances, Motors, and Transformers

Policy Memorandums. You can download an electronic copy of the following policy
memorandums from the FAA Internet at http://rgl.faa.gov.

• PS-ANM100-2000-00105 (also numbered 00-111-160)

Interim Policy Guidance for Certification of In-Flight Entertainment Systems on
Title 14 CFR Part 25 Aircraft, issued September 18, 2000

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10/22/07 AC 25.1360-1
Appendix B

• PS-ANM100-2001-00113 (also numbered 00-111-196)

Interim Summary of Policy and Advisory Material Available for Use in the
Certification of Cabin Mounted Video Camera Systems with flight Deck
Displays on Title 14 CFR Part 25 Aircraft, issued October 5, 2001

Reports. You can download an electronic copy of the following report from the “Final
Reports” section of the Aging Transport Systems Rulemaking Advisory Committee
(ATSRAC) website: www.mitrecaasd.org/atsrac.

“Task 6 Final Report,” dated October 29, 2002, Aging Transport Systems
Rulemaking Advisory Committee.

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10/22/07 AC 25.1360-1
Appendix C

APPENDIX C

Following is the discussion of § 25.1360 published in the Federal Register on

October 6, 2005 (70 FR 58508), in Notice of Proposed Rulemaking No. 05-08,
Enhanced Airworthiness Program for Airplane Systems/Fuel Tank Safety
(EAPAS/FTS), at the time this rule was proposed.

Section 25.1360 Precautions against injury.

Also to harmonize with the standards of JAR, the FAA proposes to

add a new section, § 25.1360, concerning electric shock and burn
protection. Currently, there is no part 25 requirement for precautions
against injury from electrical shock and burns. Adding the JAR
requirement to part 25 would increase safety. The proposed JAR
25X1360, with its related ACJ material, would require that the electrical
system and equipment must be designed to minimize risk of electrical
shock and burns to the crew, passengers, and maintenance and servicing
personnel during normal operations. The ACJ provides advisory
material for high voltages and high temperatures and a means of
compliance to the requirements.

The proposed action is to harmonize the regulations by the

adoption of JAR 25X1360 and its ACJ material in its entirety. The
proposed standard is more stringent for part 25 because it adds a new
requirement and new advisory material. But it is in line with current
industry practice, and therefore would maintain the level of safety.

The FAA intends to publish advisory material that adopts the

existing JAA advisory material.

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