www.ijcrt.

org © 2024 IJCRT | Volume 12, Issue 3 March 2024 | ISSN: 2320-2882

LORA ENABLED TRANSFORMER

FAULT DETECTION AND
MONITORING USING IoT
Kripa R
Harshni R S BE EEE Final year Student of
BE EEE Final year Student of Department of Electrical and
Kothanda Sarma M M
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
BE EEE Final year Student of
Electronics Engineering Easwari Engineering College, Chennai,
Department of Electrical and Electronics
Easwari Engineering College, Chennai, India
Engineering
India
Easwari Engineering College, Chennai,
India

Dr G Geethamahalakshmi ,PhD
Assistant Professor /EEE
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Easwari Engineering College, Chennai, India

ABSTRACT- The LoRa-enabled smart fault detection and monitoring platform using IoT technology is a novel
strategy for improving the dependability and efficiency of power distribution networks. This attempts to identify
many types of faults in real time, including line-to-ground, short-circuit, and line-to-line problems. Critical
operational data is continuously collected and wirelessly transferred to a centralized monitoring system via the
deployment of sensors and LoRa modules. By taking a proactive stance, utility firms and operators can minimize
downtime and maximize network performance by taking preventive measures like timely repair or power rerouting.
The platform gives stakeholders the capacity to make well-informed decisions, hence increasing shedding, planning
and service reliability, by offering real-time data on transformer health and performance. Moreover, the platform's
long-range, low-power communication capabilities provide affordable monitoring options, especially in isolated or
difficult-to-reach areas. The platform lowers the possibility of catastrophic failures like rain, thunderstorm, etc.,
improving safety and reducing environmental impact, by quickly recognizing and fixing defects. Furthermore, the
platform supports the shift to more ecologically friendly and efficient power grids by enabling data-driven
optimization of energy distribution. To sum up, the smart fault detection and monitoring platform with LoRa support
provides a complete solution to improve the sustainability, dependability, and efficiency of power distribution
systems. The platform enables stakeholders to maximize network performance while guaranteeing a resilient and
sustainable energy future through proactive fault identification and real-time monitoring.

Keywords: LoRa, three-phase distribution transformers, real-time monitoring, line-to-ground, short circuit, and line-
to-line faults.

IJCRT2403900 International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT) www.ijcrt.org h568

www.ijcrt.org © 2024 IJCRT | Volume 12, Issue 3 March 2024 | ISSN: 2320-2882

I.INTRODUCTION

A distribution transformer is used in the distribution side to end consumers to transmit electricity. This paper focuses
on the continuous monitoring of the distribution transformer using Visual Basic software. This improves the
efficiency and reduces the downtime of the distribution transformer. This platform is used to detect real-time
transformer faults like phase to phase fault, and phase to ground fault and also view the unbalanced current and
voltage. This platform detects faults of the three-phase distribution transformer using PT, CT module, temperature
sensor, full wave precision rectifier, embedded controller board, LoRa RF transmitter, LoRa RF receiver, and step-
down transformer. The three-phase step-down transformer is about 48 Volts. This is an isolation transformer because
for each phase separate transformer is used. The potential transformer is about 250V and the current transformer is
about 5 Amps as per Indian electrical standard.

The PT and CT module is used to detect the voltage and current of the three-phase distribution transformer. The
temperature sensor is used to detect the temperature of the transformer. A dual general-purpose operational amplifier
is used to convert i/p voltage to o/p voltage and i/p current to o/p voltage. The transceiver communicates information
between a microcontroller and the PC. A series of encoders is used in the LoRa RF transmitter. A series of decoders
is used in the LoRa RF receiver. The characteristics of the current and voltage of the transformer can be monitored
and the fault that occurs in the transformer is also monitored from the transmitter side. This is a continuous
monitoring system where if a fault occurs it will display the fault that has occurred. On the receiver side annunciator-
type software is used to display the fault that occurs in the transformer. This platform helps to identify the faults that
occur in street distribution transformers easily.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

[1] An overview of current transformer health monitoring systems is given in this study, with a focus on the need
for cutting-edge technologies to improve problem detection and predictive maintenance.

[2] This paper presents the design and execution of an Arduino-based low-cost transformer health monitoring system,
emphasizing the practicality and affordability of Arduino-based solutions.

[3] To establish the foundation for incorporating wireless communication, such as LoRa, into transformer health
monitoring, this investigation examines various communication network designs in power systems.

[4] In addition to reviewing fault-tolerant and fault-diagnosis methods for power transformers, the study offers
insights into the use of artificial intelligence in transformer failure detection.

[5] The application of long-range communication technologies, such as LoRa, in the Internet of Things scenarios is
covered in this study, offering important insights into LoRa's potential for transformer monitoring in large-scale
industrial settings.

[6] This survey offers a thorough review of predictive maintenance methods and integrated systems with a focus on
data mining-based condition monitoring for power transformers.

[7] This study examines LoRa's potential as an IoT long-range communication substrate. It lays the groundwork for
comprehending how it integrates with Arduino in the suggested fault detection and maintenance system.

The literature review combines the value of IoT, LoRa, and Embedded system technologies in transformer health
monitoring systems, highlighting the possible enhancements to fault detection, predictive maintenance, and smart

IJCRT2403900 International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT) www.ijcrt.org h569

www.ijcrt.org © 2024 IJCRT | Volume 12, Issue 3 March 2024 | ISSN: 2320-2882

grid communication effectiveness. The listed references aid in the comprehension of the various parts and
technologies that make up the suggested system.

III. PROPOSED SYSTEM

This paper gives ideas and efficient ways to detect faults in three-phase distribution transformers and to continuously
monitor the faults, voltage, temperature, and current of the transformer. Here 3 phase transformer is used to detect
the faults in the transformer. Three separate transformers are used for monitoring the three-phase transformer. Every
transformer's one end is connected to a separate line and the other is connected to the ground. Isolated phase like
three separate phases and ground-like connection is given. The 48-volt low-voltage bus is designed. 48-volt AC is
given to the small transmission line. This transmission line is an annealed metal wire, which is more flexible. Each
phase delivers about 48 volts. 48-volt AC is given to CT and PT modules. The PT, CT module is about 250 V PT
and 5 Amp CT as per the Indian electrical standard. So these voltages are first calibrated with 230 V of 200 Watts.
This is first calibrated with the real lamp loads. Once the calibration is over 230 V is removed and connected to 48
V. After this voltage is given to 3 PT and 3 CT as this is focused on 3 3-phase distribution transformers. Generally,
the transmission line are 3-phase 3-wire system. But to find out the fault 3 phase 4 wire system is used. Because
earth fault could be the major reason this requires 3 phase 4 wire system. The PT, and CT output is connected to the
full wave precision rectifier. This precision rectifier reproduces the AC input from the PT, CT module as a DC. Full
wave precision rectifier even converts 1m V AC to 1m V DC. It is also known as an absolute rectifier. It even finds
a fast conversion. A low-pass filter reduces noise. Integrating filters are used. The blue color potentiometer is used
for calibration purposes. When 250 V occurs we give about 5 V and 5 Amp occurs it will give about 5 V in the
precision rectifier. The precision rectifier output is connected to the embedded controller. In the embedded controller
PIC16F877A is used. So the output of the precision rectifier is given to the embedded controller system which
converts the analog into digital, digital into serial, and serial into RS232 and programs to the computer. If there are
any abnormalities in the transformer relay is used for tripping purposes. As soon as the relay switch is on the wireless
data is delivered. Here the whole information is given to the computer where graphical user interface language is
used. All the data collected are returned to the software. LoRa transmitter’s carrier frequency is about 432 Hz and
modulation frequency is about 36,37,38,39 KHz. On the receiver side similar embedded system is used which
receives the data. By using annunciator software we can be able to find the fault. The transmitter and receiver-side
monitoring has one major difference is that on the receiver side, the fault is locked whereas on the transmitter side,
it is not locked it is a continuous monitoring. As this is continuous monitoring once the fault occurs it will show the
fault and once the fault has gone it will stop

showing the fault. Once the fault occurs it will lock in the receiver side even if the fault has occurred for a second.
LED indicator is also used on the receiver side for giving an alert to the fault that has occurred.

Fig 1. Proposed block diagram

IJCRT2403900 International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT) www.ijcrt.org h570
www.ijcrt.org © 2024 IJCRT | Volume 12, Issue 3 March 2024 | ISSN: 2320-2882

IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The efficiency of the three-phase distribution transformer is focused on this project as it continuously monitors the
current, voltage, and temperature of the transformer. This also shows the current and voltage characteristics of the
three-phase distribution transformer. By using these parameters we can be able to detect the condition of the
transformer. The working condition of the transformer is continuously monitored by using Visual Basic software on
both the transmitter side and the receiver side. On the receiver side, we have created annunciator software based on
the Indian electrical standard. Fig 2(a) shows the three-phase step-down distribution transformer used which is a
scale-down model of 48 Volts. Fig 2(b) shows the full wave precision rectifier, LoRa RF module, and the PT, CT
module used. Fig 2(c) shows the transmission line. Fig 3 shows the receiver kit. Fig 4,5,6,7 shows the faults identified
on the transmitter side which is a continuous monitoring system. Fig 8 shows the fault detected on the receiver side.

Fig 2(a). TRANSMITTER SIDE

Fig 2(b). TRANSMITTER SIDE

Fig 2(c). THREE PHASES ARE CONNECTED TO THE LINE

IJCRT2403900 International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT) www.ijcrt.org h571

www.ijcrt.org © 2024 IJCRT | Volume 12, Issue 3 March 2024 | ISSN: 2320-2882

Fig 3. RECEIVER SIDE

Fig 4. R-G FAULT DETECTED

Fig 5. Y-G FAULT DETECTED

Fig 6. B-G FAULT DETECTED

IJCRT2403900 International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT) www.ijcrt.org h572
www.ijcrt.org © 2024 IJCRT | Volume 12, Issue 3 March 2024 | ISSN: 2320-2882

Fig 7. PHASE-PHASE FAULT DETECTED

Fig 8. FAULT DETECTED - RECEIVER SIDE

V. CONCLUSION

LoRa-Enabled Transformer Fault Detection and Monitoring Using IoT" is a paper that represents a significant
advancement in electrical grid maintenance and management. To reliably and energy-efficiently monitor the
transformer and detect faults, we have developed a system that makes use of LoRa technology and IoT devices. This
platform addresses problems with energy consumption in transformers, data transmission, and delays in the detection
of transmission faults. In addition to increasing dependability, this monitoring system optimizes maintenance
expenses. A transformer has been used to test the suggested system in real-time, and all associated variables and all
of the parameters are displayed on the computer screen. The implementation of the LoRa-enabled fault detection
and monitoring platform makes use of Internet of Things technology and has led to an improvement dependability
of power distribution networks. An overall solution that handles the difficulties of sustaining a steady supply of
energy has been developed as a result of the project's testing and study. This platform uses customized transformers
to collect data and focuses on three-phase distribution transformers. This makes it easier to monitor vital operational
data in real-time. We reduce the risk of major failures and boost network performance by addressing any issues and
adding relays and switches as needed. This system establishes the groundwork for an intelligent and sustainable
energy system using the most latest technological developments.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We would like to express our deep gratitude to Dr G Geethamahalakshmi, PhD, Assistant Professor /EEE for her
guidance and technical support throughout this project. We would also like to thank our EEE department of Easwari
Engineering College for their invaluable support and guidance throughout our academic journey. Finally we wish
to thank our parents and friends for their support throughout the journey.

IJCRT2403900 International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT) www.ijcrt.org h573

www.ijcrt.org © 2024 IJCRT | Volume 12, Issue 3 March 2024 | ISSN: 2320-2882

REFERENCE

[1] M. M. Youssef, R. A. Ibrahim, H. Desouki and M. M. Z. Moustafa, "An Overview on Condition Monitoring &
Health Assessment Techniques for Distribution Transformers," 2022 6th International Conference on Green Energy
and Applications (ICGEA), Singapore, Singapore, 2022, pp. 187-192, doi: 10.1109/ICGEA54406.2022.9791900.

[2] V. K. P, S. Sivaranjani, P. Maheshkumar, S. Priya, P. Lakshmanan and R. M. Sekar, "Smart Monitoring of

Distribution Transformer Performance Condition using IOT," 2022 8th International Conference on Advanced
Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS), Coimbatore, India, 2022, pp. 1-5, doi:
10.1109/ICACCS54159.2022.9785192.

[3] L. Zhag, D. Liang, H. Liu, Y. Liu, D. Li and C. Yag, "Fuzzy Logic-based Management of Hybrid Distribution
Transformers Using LoRa Technology," in CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 1129-
1138, May 2023, doi: 10.17775/CSEEJPES.2020.06440.

[4] A. S. Mogos, X. Liang and C. Y. Chung, "Data-Driven Approaches for Distribution Transformer Health
Monitoring: A Review," 2023 IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE),
Regina, SK, Canada, 2023, pp. 31-36, doi: 10.1109/CCECE58730.2023.10288844.

[5] M. L. Liya and M. Aswathy, "LoRa technology for Internet of Things(IoT):A brief Survey," 2020 Fourth
International Conference on I-SMAC (IoT in Social, Mobile, Analytics and Cloud) (I-SMAC), Palladam, India, 2020,
pp. 8-13, doi: 10.1109/I-SMAC49090.2020.9243449.

[6] N. A. Fauzi et al., "Fault Prediction for Power Transformer Using Optical Spectrum of Transformer Oil and Data
Mining Analysis," in IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 136374-136381, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3011504.

[7] N. Misran, M. S. Islam, G. K. Beng, N. Amin and M. T. Islam, "IoT Based Health Monitoring System with LoRa
Communication Technology," 2019 International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics (ICEEI),
Bandung, Indonesia, 2019, pp. 514-517, doi: 10.1109/ICEEI47359.2019.8988869.

[8] A. Lavric, A. I. Petrariu and V. Popa, "LoRa Modulation: A 2.4GHz Communication Strategy," 2022 3rd
International Conference on Computation, Automation and Knowledge Management (ICCAKM), Dubai, United
Arab Emirates, 2022, pp. 1-4, doi: 10.1109/ICCAKM54721.2022.9990110.

[9] Y. Li, X. Song, S. Zhao and F. Gao, "Summary and Adaptability Analysis of Implementation Schemes about
Single-Phase-to-Ground Fault Diagnosis in Distribution System," 2020 5th Asia Conference on Power and Electrical
Engineering (ACPEE), Chengdu, China, 2020, pp. 1311-1315, doi: 10.1109/ACPEE48638.2020.9136256.

[10] T. N. H. Thinh, N. H. C. Minh, L. H. C. Tien and L. P. Lac, "Remote Monitoring and Health Diagnosis of
Distribution Transformers Based Lora Apply to Rural Areas of Vietnam," 2022 6th International Conference on
Green Technology and Sustainable Development (GTSD), Nha Trang City, Vietnam, 2022, pp. 515-520, doi:
10.1109/GTSD54989.2022.9989322.

IJCRT2403900 International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT) www.ijcrt.org h574