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Peace and stability in the region 2. Sovereignty and territorial integrity; 3. People’s economic well-being and 4. Internal harmony and cohesion. The most important criteria determining national interestare ideological, moral, legal, and pragmatic considerations. 2 However, when pragmatic consideration and other criteria conflict, the former usually takes precedence. © Pursuing one’s own national interest without harming the national interests of other nations is referred to as enlightened) national interest (ENI). ee ENI advises that when be interest, one should keep — power cauniead i © It assumes a zee A term derived from BOP is ‘Balance of Terror, where two state actors s credibly threaten. each other_ with destruction. Crndla-thina)(Ru@la=US) o For example: Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) doctrine used by the US and the USSR during the Cold war. Choke Points: In context of naval diplomacy, it is a geopolitical term used to signify an international strait, whose control could potentially affect commercial transit: Deterrence is the credible threat.of force by one state to prevent another state from engaging in undesirable behavior. : Q Deterrence is a unique type of power relationship in which certain actions are discouraged by. instilling fear uences. Therefore, deterrence relies solely on negative sanctions, — Q Military might (fear of attack by nuclear weapons, missiles, etc.), economic strength (fear of economic sanctions), or oinamade heft of condemnation on. int UNSC resolutSoft power is a nation's persuasive power derived from attraction and appeal rather than coercion. ‘+ It is founded on intangible resources such as tourism, culture, and heritage. + India, for example, has Bollywood, cuisine, and yoga. = Hard power can lead to unintended escalation and war, whereas soft power may be ineffective in pursuing those with hard power. Furthermore, soft power isby absence of hard power. + Hard power is not an option for states with limited economic or military strength. Smart power is defined as an actor's ability to combine elements of hard power and_soft_ power in mutually reinforcing ways that advance the actor's goals effectively and efficiently. + Itis a strategy that emphasizes the importance of a strong military while also investing heavily in alliances, partnerships, and institutions. + For example, India’s powerful bine water navy assists countries in the Indian Ocean “Tegion with disaster relief operations. Hegemony is the political, economic, or military dominance or control of one state over others in the international system. + Astate with sufficient capabilities is referred to as a hegemonic power in which the other states define their relationship. The Thucydides Trap is a situation in which a rising power instills fear in an established power, leading to conflict. Lie bf tims $vsh —eotaeDiplomacy is a new world order and modern diplomacy is the balance of power between the forces of war and peace -Henry Kissinger Introduction e Diplomacy is a foreign policy method used by ( governments. Diplomacy is the decisive element in 4 foreign policy, just as foreign policy is viewed as.one of the sub-disciplines of international relations. Diplomacy's primary goal is to _keep the peace by averting wars. . Diplomacy isthe tried- and-true approach to influencing the decisions and actions of foreign governments and people through means other than force. 1 nctions of Diplomacy pipes 's primary goal is to achieve a state’s goals and avoid conflict through the he represe! of the state's interests in n negotiations or discus: at aim to highlight areas of agreement and disagreement between the parties. 2 Finding a shared interest between states is essential for productive negotiations. Strengthening International Friendzii through Economic, Political, and Cultural Exposed on other f and only if social, and to the fact that these values are not im countries, but rather instilled in them i doing so is beneficial to their economic, political status. Diplomacy is alsoa tool for managing crises within the global system. i 2 Diplomacy’s fundamental_function is to conduct negotiations with other states.* Since the first batch of Indians were taken as indentured labourers to counties in the eastern Pacific and Caribbean islands under the ‘Girmitiya’ arrangement, the Indian diaspora has grown exponentially. * In India, diaspora is commonly defined as Non- Resident Indians (NRIs), Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs), and Overseas Citizens of India (OCI), with P10 and OCI card holders merged into a single category OCI in 2015, 4.1 GEOGRAPHICAL SPREAD ¢ The world’s second-largest Diaspora is found in India. Over 25 million Indians live abroad, and they are spread across all seven continents. * Diasporas are symbols of a nation’s pride who represent their homeland globally. The ability of the Indian diaspora to spread Indian soft power, lobby for India’s national interests, and contribute economically to India’s rise is now widely acknowledged. e According to the World Migration Report 2022, India has the world’s largest est emigrant population i in 2020, making it the | top origin country worldwide, followed by Mexico, Russia, and China, * According to data shared by the government in Parliament in 2022, the geographical spr Indian diaspora is extensive. The following countries have6.4.11 Cultural Cooperation Indian studies have a long history in Russia. Other languages taught in Russian schools include Tamil, Marathi, Gujarati, Bengali, Urdu, Sanskrit, and Pali. Russians have a strong interest in Indian dance, music, yoga, and Ayurveda. Cultural activities are undertaken on a regular basis to enhance people-to-people relations between India and Russia. Thanks to a grant from the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of India, the Embassy of India organised a six-month “Festival of India in Russia” in 22 cities from September 2018 to March 2019>-with 34performances by 10 groups showcasing the best of Indian music, dance, food, and spiritual traditions. — :6.20 INDO-PACIFIC BILATERAL RELATIONS 6.20.1 Introduction to Indo-Pacific e Instead of using the term “Asia-Pacific” which traditionally implied the spread of global events from the Euro-Atlantic region towards the east, an alternative term that is gaining populares is _ “Indo-Pacific”. e The growing usage of the term “Indo-Pacific” _acknowledges the vital role of India_in shaping global affairs. e The Indo-Pacific region encompasses the Pacific and Indian Oceans as well as the surrounding continents. e The definition of the Indo-Pacific region varies across different nations. While the United States defines it as the area _extending from the Indian subcontinent to the western coast of the Americas, India and Japal’ view it as a much broader region that includes the coastlines of Africa, * The Indo-Pacific is a Significant area for India, the” ‘United States, tes, Australia, | Japan, members of ASEAN: me oer maritime nations” that have strates!” Ree ‘Positions in both the ‘Indian and Pacific Oceans, * ___ Well as small island nations, All of these nations #® ‘ Em bay ptayers in the region.7.1.1 Introduction «© The United Inited Nations (UN) is an _intergovernmental organisation established on.24 October 1945, after” the Second World War. It replaced the League of Nations, which was established after the First World War but failed to prevent the Second World War, * The UN was established to maintain international peace and security, promote cooperation among countries, and provide a platform for countries to address global issues such as poverty, hunger, disease, and environmental degradation. «Its various organs and specialised agencies carry out its mission and work under the direction of the goals and guiding principles stated in its founding Charter. * Currently it has 193 members worldwide. 7.1.2 Historical Background ¢ The International Peace Conference was held in The Hague in 1899 to develop strategies for resolving conflicts amicably, a\ averting war, and establishing rules of warfare. > ItestablishedthePermanentCourtof Arbitration (The UN International Court of Justice had its antecedentin this court), whose operations started in 1902, and adopted the Convention for the Pacific’Séttlement of International Disputes. « The League of Nations, which was founded ip 1919 as part of the Treaty of Versailles “to promote international cooperation and to achieve peace and security, was the organisation that predated the United Nations. It was conceived in the context of the First World War, 9 The International Labour Organization (ILO) was established in 1919 as a related agency of the League of Nations under the Treaty of Versaille The term “United Nations” was coined by Fi Roosevelt, the President of the United States, 42, a document known as The Ds by the | Nations was signed | committing their governments to together agains the fs Powers Axis) and to prevent them from making a separate peace. Representatives from 50 countriesattendedthe Unite Nations Conference on International Orgai in San Francisco, USA in 1945, and signed the Nations Charter. 3 co. This Charter, signed at the conference, soda the foundational treaty of the United Nations ay intergovernmental organisation. 7.1.3 Objectives of UN The United Nations (UN) has several objectives, are outlined in its charter. Some of the main object are: 9 To maintain international peace and s« The UN aims to prevent conflicts between and to help resolve disputes peacefully. 9 To promote human rights: The UN is co1 to protecting human rights and fui freedoms for all people, without discrimin. > Te foster social and economic develop The UN works to improve living standards promote economic development, with a parti focus on developing countries. © To provide humanitarian assistance: The provides aid and assistance to people armed conflicts,7.1.6 Significance of the UN System The United Nations) UN (is a global organisation founded after World War Il with the goal of promoting international cooperation peace and security Here are some of the key significance of the UN: Promotes peace and security: The UN works to prevent conflicts and promote peace and security around the world. It does so by providing a platform for countries to engage in diplomatic dialogue, peacekeeping operations, and conflict resolution efforts, Fosters global development: The UN promotes sustainable development around the world, with a focus on eradicating poverty, reducing inequality, and addressing environmental issues. It has set out the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which aim to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all, e Protects human rights: The UN is committed to promoting and protecting human rights globally. It has established several human rights treaties and mechanisms and works with governments and civil society to promote respect for human rights. e Provides humanitarian assistance: The UN provides humanitarian assistance to people affected by disasters, conflicts, and other crises. It coordinates relief efforts with governments, NGOs, and other stakeholders to ensure that the needs of those affected are met. * Fosters international cooperation: The UN serves as a platform for countries to work together on global challenges, such as climate change, disarmament, and global health. It provides a forum for countries to discuss and coordinate their efforts to tackle these challenges. Multilateralism: The UN is a multilateral organisation that brings together countries from around the world to work together on common goals. In today’s interconnected world, where many global challenges such _as climate chang errorison The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA), two of the World Bank Group’s five internati fo bia baie are , collectively called the World Bank. c\ sm At the 1944 Bretton. s_Conferen committed to ¢ gi3. International Finance Corporation (IFC) 4. Multilateral Guarantee Agency (MIGA) 5. International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), 7.3.2 A Brief History of World Bank “eliminating poverty, facilitating shared prosperity, The Bretton Woods Conference, also known as the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, was held in 1944 and led to the establishment of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) in 1945. “The main objective of the IBRD was to provide loans to aid in the reconstruction of nations that had been _severely damaged by World War II. The emphasis gradually shifted from reconstruction to development, with specific attention being paid to infrastructure, electrical grids, highways and transit, dams, and other projects. The World Bank came to be known as the World World Bank Group over time when more institutions like the IDA, IFC, and ICSID were established. The organisation is currently engaged in a wide range of activities through a number of institutions and funds. The World Bank Group (WBG) is one of the most significant sources of financial assistance and knowledge for developing nations worldwide. All five of its institutions work dedicatedly towards Dn74 INTERNATIONAL MO raat 7.4.1 Introduction 7 The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organisation that promotes international monetary cooperation and exchange rate stability, facilitates the balanced growth of international trade, resources to help members in need of tance. and provide: financial assis 7.4.2 About IMF The IMF was established in_1944 as part of the Bretton Woods Agreement, which aimed to create a stable intenational monetary system after the chaos of the Great Dépression and World War II. The IMF has 190 member countries and is headquartered in Washington D.C., USA, 7.4.3 Objectives of the IMF : * Promoting international monetary cooperation: The IMF seeks to promote international monetary cooperation and facilitate the balanced growth of international trade by providing a forum for its member countries to discuss economic policies and address common problems. Facilitating international trade: The IMF works to balls the growth of international al af SS prone* Encouraging exchange rate stability: The IMF Promotes exchange rate stability by monitoring exchange rate. policies.and_providing technical assistance and policy advice to member countries Providing financial assistance: The IMF provides financial assistance to member countries facing balance of payments problems through its lending facilities, which are designed to help countries address short-term liquidity problems and implement economic reforms to achieve long-term economic stability. 7.4.4 Functions of IMF Financial Assistance: The IMF provides loans to Member nations experiencing balance of payments issues in order to replenish foreign reserves, stabilise currencies, and improve the atmosphere for economic growth. Governments must undertake structural adjustment programs that are supervised by the IMF, IMF Surveillance: It keeps an eye on the international monetary system and monitors the economic and financial policies of its 190 member nations, ° The IMF identifies potential stability risks and provides guidelines on necessary policy adjustments as part of this process, which occurs both globally and in individual nations. Capacity Development: It offers technical support and training to central banks, _finance department :, ‘ities, and other financial institutions. 2 This aids nations in increasing revenue collections, modernising their banking _ infrastruc creating strong legal frameworks, s Ln7.5.5 The objectives of the SAARC * To promote economic and regional integration: SAARC aims to enhance, economic cooperation and integration among member countries through various initiatives such as the South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) and the South Asian Economic Union (SAEU). To improve the standard of living of the people: SAARC aims to address poverty, hunger, and malnutrition in the region by promoting regional cooperation in the fields of health, education, and social welfare, To promote cultural ties and people-to-people Contacts: SAARC seeks to enhance cultural understanding and promote people-to-people contacts among member states through various initiatives such as cultural exchanges, sports, and tourism. To strengthen cooperation in the fields of science and technology: SAARC aims to Promote cooperation in the fields of science and technology to foster innovation, research and development, and to promote sustainable development in the region. © To address common challenges and concerns: SAARC seeks to address common challenges and concerns faced by member states such as climate change, natural disasters, terrorism, and transnational crime through regional cooperation and dialogue. 7.5.6 Areas of Cooperation e Human Resource Development and Tourism e Environment, Natural Disasters and Biotechnology e Social Affairs e Economic, Trade and Finance e Agriculture and Rural Development Energy, Transport, Science and Tk Information and Pov viatic ¢ Education, Sect 7.5.7 The prir 1. Respect for.6.4 Importance of BRICS in Global Order RICS is an important grouping of emerging economies jat has gained significance in the global order in recent years. Some of the reasons why BRICS is important in e global order are: Economic significance: The BRICS countries account for about.42% of the world’s population, 24% of its GDP,and.16%.of global. trade. Their combined economic weight makes them an important player_ in the global economy, and their economic growth rates have outpaced those of developed countries in recent years. As such, the economic influence of BRICS is significant, particularly in areas such as trade, investment, and commodity markets. Potential for growth: The BRICS countries have significant growth potential, with large populations and growing middle classes. This makes themattractive markets for global companies and investors, and their continued growth will have significant implications for the global economy. Political influence: BRICS countries are increasingly using their collective voice to influence global politics and governance. They have advocated for reforms to the international system to better reflect the interests of emerging economies and have worked together to address issues such as climate change, terrorism, and regional security. Development cooperation: BRICS countries have also engaged in development cooperation among themselves, with the establishment of institutions such as the New Development Bank and the Contingent eserve Arrangement.These institutions provide Iternative sources of financing and promote. r South-South cooperation in evelopment. investing heavily in inno is likely to have significan economy in the because it highlights thoY) 2, < 7.7.5 Principles of BIMSTEC e 4 4, <4 political independence. , Swon-Interference in Internal Affairs: BI itorial Inte ect for Sovereignty, Terr’ patnoee! Independence: BIMSTEC members each other’s sovereignty, territorial integrity, members do not interfere in each other's j affairs. Peaceful Coexistence: BIMSTEC members p peaceful coexistence and peaceful settlement 4 disputes. i Mutual Benefit: BIMSTEC members work towards _ mutual benefit in all areas of cooperation. Development Partnership: BIMSTEC member aim to promote a development partnership for common good. Cooperation on an Equal Basis: BIMSTEC members cooperate on an equal basis and strive towards shared — prosperity. ; ¢ Active Participation: BIMSTEC members actively participate in all areas of cooperation to achieve the organisation’s objectives. 3 Dialogue and Consultation: BIMSTEC members — maintain regular dialogue and consultation to enhance _ tual concern.7.11 GROUP OF 20 (G-20) 7.11.1 Introduction The G20, often known as the Group of Twenty, is an international forum for the governments and governors of the central banks of 19 nations, including the European Union, (EU), Asian Financial Crisis, 1997-1999: The G7 invited both developed and emerging economies to participate, which led to the formation ofa ministerial- level conference. 7.11.2 About G-20 The G20 was established in 1999 with the goal of discussing policy related to the promotion of international financial stability. Since 2008, the G20 has expanded its agenda, and heads of state or government, as well as finance ministers, foreign-ministers;and think tanks, have met on occasion. At SUMS In total, the econo: of the world’s of its populatiG20 in numbers 20 members 2/3 of world population 85% of global GDP 1 999 founded 2008 first leaders’° The AUKUS and the Quad are separate but ~scomplementary. 2 While Quad projects focus on both Pacific Oceans, AUKUS is more Pacific-focused. AUKUS will improve the security of nations like Tt: . 1 J x . e* . Additionally, QUAD’s organisation and m not suited to confront | Aukus is aD iDd oo 7 = hme 7.16.1 About Region the Asia-Pacific region, the Association of Southeast, Sian Nations (ASEAN) is a significant regional Organisation. “One Vision, One Identity, One Community” is the ASEAN motto. Asean Day is observed on August 8. Indonesia’s Jakarta serves as the home of the ASEAN Secretariat. 7.16.2 Genesis and Members The ASEAN declaration, also known as the Bangkok Declaration, was signed in 1967 by the founding members of ASEAN, including Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Jakarta, Indonesia, is home to the ASEAN Secretariat. The formation of sucha body was intended to promote social, cultural, and economic development as well as the peaceful coexistence of Southeast Asian nations.7.23.3 Genesis Shinzo Abe, the prime minister of Japan, first suggested the Quad in 2007. The long-awaited “Quad” Coalition to create a new strategy to maintain the vital water routes in the Indo-Pacific free of any influence (particularly China) took shape in November 2017 thanks to India, the US, Australia, and Japan. 7.23.4 Objective A rules-based global order, freedom of navigation, and a liberal trading system are also the main goals of the Quad. It is consistently viewed as a strategic alliance to lessen Chinese dominance. The group's key goals, as stated in the just-released declaration titled “The Spirit of the Quad,” include _ maritime security, combatting the Covid-19 dilemma, partic cine diplomacy, confronting the risks of climate change, building an environment that will attract investment to the region, and fostering technological innovation Additionally, members of the Quad have expressed a desire to broaden its alliance through the creation of a so-called Quad Plus, which would bring together nations like South Korea, New Zealand.and Vietnam. QUAD+ In 2020, the Quad Plus framework established itself for the first time outside of roundtable conferences: (where the idea has been in motion n since 2013), The Plus structure can be nb viewed ar “cofectal 9 In the event of any border action by China, india may be able to stifle Chinese trade by working with the Quad countries. 9 Asaresult, unlike in the continental sphere where India appears to be in a ike situation” as a result of China-Pakistan cooperation, the maritime sphere is entirely open to India and offers numerous opportunities for coalition building, rule sets, and other forms of strategic exploration. For a free and open Indo-Pacific: india needs to -tetain and sustain its supremacy in the Indian Ocean Region to assert this status as a region. 2 In this regard, QUAD offers India a platform to increase security through regional cooperation. Emerging as a Net Security Provider: Great powers are becoming more interested in the maritime sector, particularly with the introduction of the “Indo-Pacific” idea. For instance, the Indo- Pacific plans of many European nations have just been published. ° The idea of a. “broader Asia” that can extend its. influence outside of physical bounds can be realised with India, which is strategically placed at the centre of the Indo-Pacific geopolitical imagination. ©. Indiacanalsosupport collective actionin disaster relief and humanitarian aid, monitoring shipping for search-and-rescue or anti-piracy operations, providing infrastructural support to states with susceptible climates, connection projects, and other related activities. © India can also curb China’s imperialist actions in the Indian Ocean region with the help of the Quad countries, ensuring regional security and prosperity for all. Multipolar World: India has advocated for a multipolar world based on rules, and QUAD can assist it in realising its goal of becoming a regional Superpower. ‘supply chain disruptions all over the world, and this could lead to an overreliance on China for global whethants Soo ee In this case, India should use its diplomatic relationsa i a aS 9.1.4 How India Can Benefit from Science and Tech-driven Diplomacy , it will act as a Perfect soft power Opportunity. marty \/ £ountries like Nepal, Bhutan, Singapore, and UAE have, ; ‘accepted and using India’s Payment system, * Science tourism in India: India can Promote science tourism by Popularising Scientific locations around the nation like the National Science Centre, Delhi,.. and Birla Science Museum, Hyderabad that can be visited by people across the globe fo.quench their irst for know in the various fields of science and technology. ‘ ¢ Leader in Public Health Space: being the world’s largest _suppli i icine: rugs, it accounts for 20% of the global demand. India is also at th nt_of vaccine manufacturing and lobal leader in’3.1 Background American professor Joseph Nye.(1990) first used the Saas ~ aan Soft_power”and popularized it in his book ound fo Lead: The Changing Nature of American wer, * Tewas soon frequently used by academia, media and Policy-making establishment r Policy Strategies not only in the USA but also in the European Union (EU), Japan, Australia, and China, Soft Power proponents contend that this type of power has become equally important in the increasingly interdependent Post-Cold War world that has been transformed by the globalization process, the Popularization of communication technologies, and the emergence of new non-state actors, in contrast ‘0 neo-realists who emphasize military and economic might. 9.3.2 Why has Soft Power (In a Global Setting) Grown More Significant? * Significant impact on decision-making: Soft power has a significant impact on the decision-making of people, businesses, and governments. Has the ability to shape the preferences:‘Soft’ or ‘co-optive power’ rests on the ability to shape the ) preferences of others to do what you want rather-than coercing them (sticks) or influencing them (carrots) \ to do what you want. Act as a tool for_goodwill creation: In this sense, it could also include, for instance, development cooperation (foreign aid), which rests on the economic capabilities of the country butis often usi the creation of goodwill in friendly countri 9.3.3 The Role of Culture in the of India « The World's Oldest civilizations; is the single most signimigrants, traders, and invaders like ‘Alexander the Great’ to the Indian subcontinent. ¢ Birthplace of Buddhism: India is also the birthplace of Buddhism, which spread to Central, East, and Southeast Asia, and Hinduism, which left its strong imprint on Southeast Asian cultures, * Ancient universities: The ancient universities of India like Nalanda, Takshila, etc. were the most Prominent centres of cultural synergy and soft power, which drew a great number of scholars and learners from different parts of the world, ¢ Intangible Art: India’s art, classical music, dance, yoga, traditional medicine (Ayurveda), principles of non-violence, philosophy, spirituality and even cuisine and fashion of India find more and more followers around the world. * Non-threatening leadership: India has an optimistic vision of a relatively pluralistic government, non: violent, and liberal with a non-threatening nature of global leadership. © Soft power assets: Distinguished personalities like Mahatma Gandhi, Rabindranath Tagore, literature, music, dance, software industry, Ayurveda, etc., produce an extraordinary array of soft power assets that portray the attractiveness of India.to the foreign populace, aa e Cinema: In addition to this, the development of media technology has allowed India to disseminate its modern popular culture (music, movies, TV serials, etc) to the farthest corners of the world. 9.3.5 Religious Tourism ably yrainy Seonour one Vatations of buddha y tu time ten WCE ds pe a : In addition, India is gaining ground : fads ike sports where it has historically underrepresented.The formation of a profess cricket Jeague such_as the Indian Premier (IPL), in 2008, holding the Commonwealth Games jn Delhi in 2010, and conducting the Indian Grand in Formula One racing in Noida (near Delhi) in 2014 are a few cases in the point. ©. India’s strength in cricket is especially importang in countries where cricket is popular, and ‘cricket diplomacy’ has played a special role in the politi} history of South Asia. 9.3.4 Religion and Culture as India’s Soft Power Strength » India is fortunate enough to have all the major religions of the world. mes one from outside ete oor Tener} Hinduism © Zoroastrianism ¢ Buddhism 2 Judaism Jainism Christianity Sikhism 2 _Islam This provides incentives for reli foreigners to visit India. : > International media's coverage of the Khumbmela is \ “further evidence of other nations’ appreciation for ) India and how it has preserved its customs and beliefs (fer so long. ously minded veal gpating peaeee Peal fo me Seite of laahinapare” & Bring+ 2 an Create. +) Era)a Religious tourism in India is a major factor in our foreign relations. Connected to religious aspects of Andia_are Yoga and Meditation, which have become household names in. most countries, Hindu pilgrims: Apart from Hindu religious sites tke Varanasi, Badrinath, Kedarnath, Vaishno * Devi, Amarnath, Tirupati, Sabarirata; ‘Tanjavoor, Madurai, etc. a large number of foreigner’ also come for places of interest to other religions. Buddhist pilgrims: India is also the most favoured destination for Buddhist: Dilgtims from ASEAN nations. This is also not surprising because most of the places 9 associated with Lord Buddha's life are in India, > Bodh Gaya and Nalanda receive a constant flow of tourists from the ASEAN nations, Japan, Sri Lanka, and Myanmar throughout the year. There are historic churches and (synagogues jh South «India, and Chi istianity 2nd rapa very old religions in India. Muslim pilgrims: If we talk about of Sufi saints like Moinuddin. lizamuddin Aulia attracts thousands of devotees every year. Judaism: Around the time of Prime Minister Narendra Modi's historic visit to i servers made constant references to India’s history with jJudaism and its reputation for being a safe place for Jews at a time of their prosecution in. their native lands. Islam, the Dargah 3.6 Cultural Diplomacy The-music, equally important. Although the Taj Mahal is the most famous monument in India, foreign tourists are discovering thousands of other historical and archaeological sites all over India, These trips will undoubtedly change their perception of our nation for the hetter: It is nothing new for our culture to be spread. We used to refer toit as “Cultural f India are7 including Cannes, Berlin, Venice, or Karlovy Vary, for decades.Pee eet ea a A “specific threat, contingency, or securi ue fewer states (typically three or four) sharing the same interest. for resolving. it.within.a finite period of time is what is meant by(minilateralism,) which Fetersty informal and more focused initiatives, _\ ieaerives Tom the multilateralist stratdgy of breaking down complicated problems into smaller ones before tackling them. A+cay | P & Fentures of Minilateralism:d ( ob, Inde Dist b Hea © Minilateralism has a small number of participants, ® Minilateralism is ad hoc in nature. ® Minilateralism’s results and pledges are of a voluntary nature. * It strives for the Return of balance in power in international politics. Faster decision-making due to link-minded countries, Examples of Minilateralism: e sco « AUKUS_ © QUAD © 1202- Significance of Minilateralism: e Better decision-making and _ coordination: On crucial priority areas, a smaller_membership can hasten decision-making and facilitate policy coordination. « Targeting of Specific goals: Minilateralism is essential to achieve a particular goal. * Voluntary arrangement: These associations are voluntary, and follow a bottom-up approach in achieving the goals, Easy & simple: Minilateralism is associated withQuad, AUKUS. 9 India-Japan-US trilateral Cooperation The India-France-Australia trilateral Alternative of UNSC: : They also provide an avenue for the participation of countries like India, who lack 9 a similar decision-making capacity in forums like tt the UN ‘Security Council, =Se ee 5.8.5 One Belt and One Road Initiative ang Concerns of India The ambitious One Belt One Road (OBOR), also known as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), was born from the combination of these two ideas. i e The One Belt One Road initiative, considered the ambitious project of Chinese President Xi Jinping, ~ focuses on: o In order to improve connectivity and cooperation among Asian countries, Africa, China, — and Europe. RE © The emphasis is on improving both land and maritime routes. The policy is significant for China because it aims to boost domestic growth. e While the BRI has the potential to bring significant economic benefits to countries involved in the project, there are concerns that it is undermining the interests of India in several ways. Some of these concerns are- 4 e Strategic Encirclement: One of India’s major concerns ; is China’s strategic encirclement via the BRI. © The BRI calls for the construction of infrastructure j projects in countries strategically located around India, such as Pakistan (CPEC) and Sri Lanka, — This could limit India’s strategic space in th while increasing China's influence in tl immediate neighbourhood. — The China-Pakistan Eco’ which is part of OBOR India’s opposition to * .China is offering them loans for infrastructure development, but these loans have high-interest rates and strict terms, This has the potential to trap these countries in a debt cycle and increase their reliance on China, Economic Competition: The BRI is also seen as a way for China to gain an economic advantage over India, > The BRI infrastructure projects could potentially divert trade and investment flows away from India, reducing the country's economic competitiveness. Territorial Disputes ° The BRI includes projects in disputed territories between India and China, such as Pakistan-occupied Kashmir,( ( jJe;+ aiNleg > Thishassparked concerns about the BRI’s potential ” impact on India's territorial integrity, fay Counter of India against BRI: India has taken a number of steps to counter China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which it regards as a strategic threat to its interests in the region. Among these measures are: Infrastructure projects by India: To counter the BRI, India has launched several infrastructure development initiatives, including the Asi Growth Corridor, the International North: Transport Corridor, and the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technicaland Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC). at , Bi 2 The development of the Chabahar port in Iran_ is being led by India. It would be a key access point for Indian goods to reach markets in Iran, Afghanistan, and Central Asia, bypassing Pakistan. > These efforts seek to give alternate connectivity alternatives in the area while also providing economic advantages to the countries concerned. Developing Regional alliances: To oppose the BRI, India is also developing its regional alliances, Pursuing Economic Diplomacy: India is Bete economic diplomacy in order to stren commercial and investment links we countries encouraging investment flows, economic cooperation with India is also aggressively im enter the markets of BRI pat capacity to compete 2 This involves enhancing th strengthen about debt sustainability, transparency, and territorial integrity. 2 These concerns have been expressed by India in global organisations such as the G20 and the BRICS group. In conclusion, the Belt and Road Initiative of China is undermining the interests of India in several ways, including Strategic encirclement, debt_trap_diplamacy, economic competition, and territorial disputes, India is responding to these challenges by increasing its engagement with countries in the region, strengthening its own infrastructure development initiatives, and seeking to balance China’s influence through partnerships with other countries. 5.8.6 Way Forward for India Given the geopolitical antagonism and historical boundary. Conflicts between the two nations, China's expanding power poses a huge risk to India, Here are some tactics that India might employ to counter China’s growing influence: e Regional Alliances might be strengthened: India should try to strengthen strategic relationships and alliances with nations such as the United States, Japan, Australia, and others in the Indo-Pacific area. 2. These relationships might help India’s security and economic interests by providing a counterbalance to China's expanding clout in the region. Economic Cooperation: To lessen its reliance on China for trade and investment, India might focus on extending its economic cooperation with other nations in the area, notably in Southeast Asi: 2 To compete with China’s Belt and Road Initiative, India mightalso focus on growing its own industri: sector and building its infrastructure. Military Modernizatio: Sei milltary