CHAPTER 2 Geographic Grid:

Latitudes and Longitudes

In this case the x-axis 1S
Syllabus of latitude (horizontal) and y-axis, by lines
represented by line.

Geographic Grid: Latitudes and Longitudes longitude (vertical).

(a) Concept of latitudes: main latitudes, their LINES OF LATITUDE
location with degrees, parallels of latitude Lines of Latitude are the imaginary line:
and their uses. joining all places having the same latitud.
(b) Concept of longitudes Prime Meridian, towards north or south of the Equator.
time (local, standard and time zones, Alatitude is the angular distanceo
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) and a place north or south of the Equator.
International Date Line (IDL). Eastern and A latitude is marked in degrees, wit
Western hemisphere. Equator being 0 degrees.
(c) Using latitudes and longitudes to find Latitudes are calculated according to th:
location. Calculation of time. angle a place makes with the centre of the
(d) Great Circles and their use. earth.
Since the lines of latitude are parallel to
the Equator and each other, they are called
The earth's surface is so vast that unless a parallels of latitude.
mathematical method is used, it is impossible to Each parallel of latitude is a full circl:
locate a place on it. For this reason, imaginary However, only the Equator is a Great Circlt
lines are drawn on the globe. The lines running 180
150 150
east to west, parallel to the Equator, are called
lines of latitude. The lines running north to 120
south passing through the poles are called
lines of longitude. The intersection of latitudes
and longitudes pinpoint a place on the earth's 90
Surface. These criss-crossing lines form a
frarmework known as the Geographic Grid. West
Eas

Eratosthenes, the Greek philosopher, who (

+)

had for the first time calculated the

of the earth, had devised lines ofcircumference 1
latitude and 60

longitude to locate places on the earth.

This grid on the globe or (he map
the sanme purpOse as the system of serves 30

on the x-axis and y-axis On a coordinates Prime Meridian

graph paper. Fig, 2.1. The Geographic Grid

16
Total Geography-9
 30°N

19°N 30°N New

Delhi
19°N
0°N
Mumbai
Equator 0°N
Prime
meidian
Equator 72°E 78°E

Fig. 2.2. (a)

Latitude degrees are
Equator to its north ormeasured
B
from the Fig. 2.2. (b) Longitude degrees are
hes south
Prime meridian to its eastmeasured from the
Of The lines of latitude are not or west
and become sSmaller as we of equal length the sphere. They are each located at
90° angular
move
poles. At 60° latitude, in each towards the distance north or south of the Equator.
the length of the circle is half the hemisphere The length of the Equator is
es the Equator. At the poles these lineslength of equal to the
circumference of the earth or 40,075 km. Since
points or dots.
are just the circumference of a circle is equal to
de 360°,
1° angular distance is roughly equal to 111 the
Main Latitudes km.
of Uses of Latitudes
There are 181 parallels of latitude at 1° interval.
The lines of latitude form one of the
h Equator is the longest line of latitude. It coordinates of
the grid system. The lnes of latitude have the
represents 0° latitude.
The North Pole (90° N) is located at an following uses:
To find the location of a Place: Latitudes
e angular distance of 90° north of the Equator. give us the location of a place north or south
The South Pole is located at an angular of the Equator. Such a location is known as an
distance of 90° south of the Equator. absolute location.
The Tropic of Cancer (23%°N) is a line of To measure the distance of a Place: Distances
latitude located 23½° north of the Equator. are calculated with reference to the Equator at
The Tropic of Capricorn (23/°S) is a line of right angle to the place. We can therefore, measure
latitude located (23%°S) south of the Equator. the distance of any place from the Equator based
on its degree of latitude. For example, the latitude
The ArcticCircle represents 66%°N latitude.
The Arctic Circle marks the limit of the north 90°N
polar region surrounding the North Pole. 66.5°N NP + Frigid zone
Arctic Circle
The Antarctic Circle represents 66°S
Temperate zone
latitude. The Antarctic Circle marks the Tropic of Cancer
23.5°N
limit of the south polar region around the
South Pole.
Equator
Torrid zone
Northern and Southern Hemisphere
Tropic of Capricorn
The Equator that runs midway between 23.5°S

the poles divides the earth into two equal Temperate zone
hemispheres known as the Northern Hemisphere 66.5°S
Antarctic Circle
+ Frigid zone
and the Southern Hemisphere. SP
90°S
The Poles-North Pole and South Pole-are
Opposite to each other at the extreme ends of *Fig. 2.3. Important Parallels of Latitudes

17
Geographic Grid - Latitudes and Longitudes
 Meridians of Longitude.
of Munmbai is 19°Nand that of New Delhi is 30°N. Meridian'
is
We know that 1° latitude = 111 km. We can say from the Latin word
meridianum' at dnoon
erivet
that Mumbai is 2109 km (111 x 19°) away fronm
Equator. Similarly, New Delhi is 3,330 km (111
noon. The sun crOSses a meridian
All places on a particular
noon at the same time.
meaning
meridian wil have
N30) away from Equator. 1. A la
Heat 2ones: Besides helping us to locate places All meridians of longitude
On maps and charts, lines of latitude divide the
poles and are thus of equal length converge at
2. Lir
noi

earth into distinct heat belts. The lines of latitude The Prime Meridian is numbered
others are numbered between 0° toas o°.The an
indicate the general climate of the area by applying
the principle of heat zones or thermal zones of W. The line 180°E and Wrefer to 180E or 3. Ea
the lin
the earth. Thus, latitudes enable us to divide the meridian. It is diametrically opposite to same be
whole earth into different climatic zones. 0° longitude. Thus 0° and 180°
The Torrid or Tropical Zone: The area lying together make afull circle round the meridian
4. La
Ec
between the Tropic of Cancer (232°N) and Proceeding at 1° interval from both Eastearth.
5. Th
Tropic of Capricorn (23,°S) mark the limits West, other full circles will be 1°-
of the Torrid (meaning very hot) Zone. It is 178°. 60°- 120° and so on. Of the two lines 179°,2-
is

also called the Tropical Zone. It is the hottest in any segment, one will be in the east and
zone of the earth. the other in the west. The sum total of two6. Li
The Temperate Zones: Two other important lines will always be 180°. Individually all
lines of latitude based on temperature are lines of longitude are semicircles. a

the Arctic Circle (664°N) and the Antarctic The two diametrically opposite lines make a h
Circle (66%°S). Between the Arctic Circle and full circle also known as the Great Circle
the Tropic of Cancer as well as between the Th
The distance between two lines of longitude axis
AntarcticCircle and the Tropic of Capricorn is maximum at the Equator (l11 km). The is to
lie the two Temperate Zones the North distance decreases gradually as one moves one b
Temperate (234N to 66°N) and the South towards the poles. Thus
Temperate zones (23%°S to 66%°S). In this be 4
region, the climate is moderate, i.e., neither LONGITUDE AND TIME at th
too hot nor too cold.
The lines of longitude, as stated earlier, it mu
The Frigid Zones: Between the Arctic are also known as the 'Meridians'. At a 1 ho
Circle and the North Pole and between the particular moment of time. if it is 12 Noon at a to
Antarctic Circle and the South Pole are p
given longitude, it must be 12 Noon at all places te
Used.
the two Frigid Zones of the earth. These on this longitude. mea
are the polar regions and receive the sun's
slanting rays. In these two zones, very lowW Imea
temperatures are recorded. East.
longi
LINES OF LONGITUDE subt

"(A longiude is the angular distance of aplace East

east or west of the Prime Meridian) 60°
The
The Prime Meridian is the line of longitude long
whose angular distance is defined as 0°. It 09e Meridianà e
40 East
passes through Greenwich near London. hold=
The lines to the west of any

suffixed with Greenwich are 20°

divid
W' and those east of 3h15 Q/0-
Greenwich are suffixed with E'. For 60
example 60°W and 60°E. Equator The
There are a total of 360 lines at 1° the
interval.
The lines of longitude are also called
* Fig. 2.4. Lines of Longitude
 Difference between Lines of Latitude and Lines of
Latitude Longitude
1 A latitude is the Longitude
north or south ofarngular distance of a place 1. A longitude is the
the Equator. angular
east or west of the Prime distance
of a place
). Lines of Latitude are Meridian.
and each other.
parallel to the Equator2. AIl meridians
of
poles.
longitude converge at the
3. Each parallel of latitude is afull circle. The3.
lines of latitude are not of equal Individually all lines of longitude are
become smaller on moving towardslength and
the poles.
semicircles and of equal length.
4. Latitude degrees are measured from the 4.
Equator to its north or south. Longitude degrees are measured from the
Prime meridian to its
east or west.
5. The distance between two lines of latitude 5. The
is approximately 111 km. distance between two lines of longitude
is maximum at the Equator, i.e., 111 km,
but it goes on decreasingon moving towards
the poles. It is 0° at the poles.
6. Lines of latitude are used to find the
location6. Lines of longitude are used to fine the local
of a place, to measure the distance of a place and standard time of a place. Along with the
and to divide the whole earth into different lines of latitude, the longitudes are used to
heat or climatic zones.
locate places on the globe or a map.
The Earth malkes a complete circle on its longitude, the local time varies by 4 minutes.
axis--it covers 360° longitudes in 24 hours. That For example, the longitude of Mumbai is 73°E
is to say, it covers every 15° longitudes in and that of New Delhi is 77°E. If it is 12 Noon
one hour or 1° longitude every 4 minutes. at Mumbai (73°E) it must be 16 minutes past
Thus, if it is 12 Noon at 0° longitude, it must 12 Noon at New Delhi at the same time (77°E
be 4 minutes past 12 Noon towards the east 73°E = 4° longitude difference. 1° longitude
at the next 1°E longitude or at 15°E longitude = 4 minutes 4° longitude = 16 minutes which
it must be 1p.m. Towards the west, it will be is to be added because Delhi lies to the east of
1hour less because the Earth rotates from West Mumbai). This means that there will be a huge
to East as the sun first rises in the East. For time difference between Gujarat in the west and
the purpose of memorising, EGA-WLS formula is Assam in the east. Every place at a different
used. EGA stands for East-Gain-Add and WLS longitude will have its own local time.
means West-Lose-Subtract. This in other words TIME ZONES AND STANDARD TIME
means that for each 1° longitude towards the
Time Zones
East, 4 minutes are to be added and each 1°
To overcome the confusion while allowing the
longitude towards the West, 4 minutes are to be interplay of natural forces to operate, the earth
subtracted. has been divided into 24 Time Zones according
Eastern and Western Hemisphere to the number of hours in a day. Each zZone
The Prime Meridian, together with the 180° covers 15° longitude (360 + 24). The time for
the whole zone is determined on the basis of
longitude usually divides the earth into the the central meridian of that place. While
Eastern and Western Hemispheres. This division countries with smaller east-west extent like
holds good practically for all purposes. However, India have only one Standard Time Zone,
also
any two diametrically opposite lines can countries like Russia, Canada, USA have more
divide the earth into two equal hemispheres.
than one Time Zones.
LOCAL TIME
Standard Time
by
The local time of any place is obtained Theuniform time based on a central meridian
1s
theoverhead sun at noon. For each degree of

19
Geographic Grid - Latitudes and Longitudes
 N
Athts He Standard Time, Sandard tine
M40

Greenwich Mean Time

trihe, whle fixing he Time Zones, the time O 40

at Grcnwrh (0 longitnde) has bcen sclccted

1hus, if it is 12 Noon at
Ienw h, at 15E longifude, thc time will be
1 pm ani at 30 E longitude, the tinne will be KA0
n ihr ime ied with cference to Grecnwich
Scailed the Greenwich Mean Time ot GMT.
Indian Standard Time (IST) " Fig. 2.5. Places on the same longitude have
time -- Places K, O and M have each
40° the sate
in our ountry, 82"30E is the central meridian,
Tt passes hrough Mirzapur ncar Allahabad
it is 12 noon at K. it will also be 12 longtude.
noon at
(havagrai). It is known as the Standard Meridian Montreal is to the west of Delhi, therei
of trnda While fixing the lndian Standard Time time difference will be deducted - 1730 h
waih respect to the Grecnwich Mean Time, we 1026 hrs =7.04 a.m. in Montreal.
have to add 82*30'× 4 minutes = 330 minutes
. The Prime Minister made his broadra
or 5': hours. This means that India is 5% hours
at 7.04 AM from Montreal which was rece
ahcad of GMT. Thus if it is 9 AM at London it
must he 9 5.30 or 14.30 hrs or 2.30 PM in India. at 5.30 p.m. in India.

Worked Out Example for calculating the INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE

Time at a place The line of longitude 180° is one and the sam
Example: It is 5.30 p.m. in India when the for East or West of the Prime Meridian Sinc
Prame Minister's radio broadcast made from it is diametrically opposite to the Greenwc:
Montreal in Canada was heard. What must have Meridian it causes a time diference of a ful ca
been he time at Montreal? on crossing the line. The time difference wors
Solution 1: After consulting the atlas we find out to 12 hours (180° x 4 min) from either sice
Montreal lies 74°W. Thus, on crossing the ine, a day is gainet
lost. When crossing rom the east, me wl
Time in India = 1730 hrs (5:30 PM)
india is ahead of GMT = 5hrs 30 m SUND AY
Time at Greenwich = 1200 hrs. (noon) MONOA
Montreal Tune difference with respect to GMT
= 296 min. (74 x 4 min) Boat 2
= 4 hours 56 minutes
Jaoan
Montrtal 18 to the west of GMT, its time
= 12 hrs 4 hours 56 min.

Solution 2: Standard Merndan of India - 82%4°E

Standard Meridian of Montreal - 74°W
Total sDEridians 156"
Meridian 4 minutes
156, hendan - 626 minutes (lS0S 4)
10 hrs 26 mtes Fig. 2.6, The Intemational Date Line

20 Total Geography -9
12 hours ahead and while crossing from the
west time will be 12 hours behind. If it is 8 PM bends and goes zig-zag at the Bering Strait
between Siberia and Alaska and at Fiji, Tonga,
Monday, 25th December at Greenwich. it will New Zealand and some other Islands.
be 8 AM Tuesday, 26th Decernber on crossing
+he 180° line. But if one were to travel from
- LOCATING PLACES -
the west, it will be 12 hours behind or 8 AM
Monday, 25th December. When the time lost With the help of the grid, we can locate places
and gained is computed together, the difference on the globe or the map, if we know the latitude
works out to full 24 hours at 180°E and W. (In and longitude of those places.
the above example, the difference between 8 AM
Worked Out Examples
Monday 25th December and 8 AM Tuesday 26th
December is 24 hours.) The latitude and longitude of three places is
The International Date Line (IDL) is the given below. Pinpoint these places on the globe.
180° line. When crossing this date line the (1) New York = Latitude 41°N and Longitude
74°W
date changes. See Fig. 2.6. The boat 1 on the
left is sailing to the right, that is eastwards. (ii) New Delhi = 30°N and 77°E
When crossing the International Date Line (iii) Mumbai = 19°N and 73°E
Sunday becomes Monday, so that a day is lost. First look at the data of New York. It is a
When the boat 2 on the right (which is sailing common practice to write first the latitude
westwards) crosses the International Date Line and then the longitude of a place. For locating
Monday becomes Sunday, so that a day is the above, identify the relevant 1latitudes and
gained. longitudes. Where the two lines meet, or the
To avoid the confusion of having different point at which they cross each other, lies the
dates within the same country, the Date Line place which is to be located.

-11 -10 12b

7 8 . 12 1
105 1

ARCTi 3 C

)CEAN

16
-60
9

-5
4 34LANTIC 10

45 47

3%
10
Tropidof Chncer
10
+5

PAC FI CPACIEIC
kquator

5
3
9 LATIAAt
62
Troplc of Capricom 13
-837--+
INDIA ÞCEAN

1sO K
124
Scale 1, B6.)60.00o NTERNATIONAL DATE LINE
(Aprox
10 -2 5 12 4211
-7 6
 GREAT AND SMALL CIRCLES opposite longitudes touch the centre of
a
"A great circle is a circle that is drawn on the and therefore are Great Circles. circle
surface of a sphere (such as the earth) that Characteristic (iii) excludes all
has a radius equal to the radius of the sphere,
and whose centre is also the sphere's centre.'
except the Equator. AIl the parallels
are small circles.
of llaattiittuudesdes
*The Equator is the only latitude that is a great
circle. AIl longitudes are a part of a great circle. Uses of Great Circles
Circles which do not pass through the (il Navigators use great circles to
centre of the earth are the small circles.)All the the shortest distance between any find
twn
parallels of latitudes other than the Equator points on the earth's surfac A Grert
are small circles. Arcs of great circles are the Circle Route is the shortest distance
shortest routebetween two points on a sphere. between two places on the earth and
lies on the arc of a great circle. Using
Characteristics of a Great Circle
this hypothesis, the shortest route from
(i) A great circle is a theoretical circle formed New York to Moscow would be over the
by the intersection of the earth's surface North Pole. Thus, it does not take into
and an imaginary plane that passes account restrictions such as weather
through the centre of the earth and or political restrictions imposed by the
divides it into two equal parts.
Countries concerned. It also does not take
(ii) All such circles must pass through or into account, lack of larnding and take of
touch the centre of the circle.
facilities for aeroplanes.
(üi) Infnite number of circles that touch the (iiY Great Circle routes are specially important
two opposite ends of the sphere can be for places that are on opposite sides of the
drawn on a sphere. globe., Most globes show great circle routes
(iv) Intersecting great circles always bisect between distant ports across the Atlantic.
each other. the Pacific and the Indian Ocean. 1

In respect of characteristic (i) above, the Equator (iii) Great circles are used by meteorologists
is the largest possible circle among lines of to determine climate and weather
the latitude. The Equator and all diametrically conditions in a region.)
1

EXERCISES
I. Choose the correct option:
1. The imaginary lines running east to west on a globe are called while those running
north to south are called
(a) Latitude, Longitude (b) Longitude, Latitude
(c) Equator, Prime Meridian (d) All of the above. II.
2. Narne the criss-crossing lines on a globe that form a framework.
(a) Geographic Framework (b) Geographic Grid
(c) Geographic Matrix (d) Geographic Lines
3. Which of the following is true about the lines of Latitude?
(a) They are imaginary lines
(b) They are parallel to the Equator
(c) They reduce in length as we go towards the poles.
(d) All of the above.
4. Which of the following is true about lines of
longitude?
(a) They run parallel to the Prime Meridian.

22
Total Geography - 9
 (b) They are full circles
lc) They are 360 lines at 1°
(d) All of the above.
interval.
E The distance between two lines of longitude is
(a) Tropic of Cancer (b) North Pole maximum at which latitude?
(c) Equator (d) Arctic circle
6The Earth has been divided into how
(a) 48 many Time Zones?
(b) 20
(c) 12 (d) 24
7. What is Standard Time?
(a) Uniform time basedon a
(b) Time at 0° longitude
central meridian.
(c) Time at 82°30E
(d) Time at 7½ longitudes at 12
noon.
8. Which of the following is true about the
(a) It goes zig-zag at two points. International Date Line?
(b) The date changes as one moves
(c) It is opposite the Prime Meridian. across it.
(d) All of the above.
9. Agreat circle is a circle drawn on the
surface of a sphere with radius
(a) equal to the radius of the sphere. (b) equal to half the
(c) larger than the radius of the sphere. (d) less
radius of the sphere.
than the radius of the sphere.
10. Which of the following are great circles?
(a) Lines of Longitudes (b) Lines of Latitudes
(c) Equator (d) Both (a) and (c)
11. In each hemisphere for which latitude the length of the circle is half the length of the Equator?
(a) 30 (b) 45° (c) 60° (d) 90°
12. The total number of the parallels of Latitude are
(a) 180 (b) 182 (c) 183 (d) 181
13. The poles are located at what angular distance from the Equator.
(a) 90° (b) 45° (c) 60° (d) 0°
14. The length of the Equator is equal to:
(a) 40,075 km (b) 40,750 km (c) 40,250 km (d) 40,525 km
15. Which of the following heat zones are correct?
(a) Frigid Zone:66%°N to 66½°S (b) Temperate Zone : 90°N to 90°S
(c) Torrid Zone: 23½°N to 23½°S (d) All of the above.

II. Short Answer Questions

co-ordinates
1. What is a geographicgrid? How does the geographic grid serve the same purpose as
on a graph?
of latitude and longitude?
2. What are lines of latitude and longitude? Who devised the lines
latitude.
3. Mention two characteristics of lines of
Equator. Name the thermal 2ones of the
4. Name the two hemispheres of the earth made by the
earth.
angular distance in kilometres.
5. List any two uses of the lines of latitude. Express 1°
important lines of latitude.
6. With the help of a diagram, show the
State its importance.
7. Which line is known as the Prime Meridian?

23
Geographic Grid -Latitudes and Longitudes
 8
How can the general climate of an area be described with the help of the lines of latitude)
9. Which line of longitude is used to fix the World Standard Time? State its value in
the longitudinal value in degrees of Indian Standard Meridian. degrees. State
10. List any two characteristics of the Great Circles.
11. List any two uses of the Great Circles.
12. What are the Great Circle Routes? State their importance. Ans

III. Structured Questions

1. (a) State the five lines of latitude.
(b) What is the significance of these lines of latitude?
(c) Give a geographical reason for each of the following:
(i) Lines of latitude are called parallels of latitude.
(ii) Lines of latitude are not of equal length.
(iii) Lines of latitude carve out the heat zones of the earth.
(d) Draw a welllabelled diagram showing the different heat zones of the worl.
2. (a) Describe the lines of longitude.
(b) State the use of the lines of longitude in relation to distance and timne.
(c) Give a geographical reason for each of the following:
(i) Lines of longitude are called meridians of longitude.
(i1) Lines of longitude are of same length.
(ii) Diametrically opposite lines of longitude and the Equator are called Great Circles.
(d) Draw a well labelled diagram to show that places on the same longitude have the same
time.
3. (a) State the meaning of the International Date Line.
(b) State with an example how time lost or gained is computed with reference to the International
Date Line.

(c) Give a geographical reason for each of the following:

(i) The International Date Line deviates and goes zig-zag near some islands in the
Pacific Ocean.
(ii) The Greenwich time is called the Greenwich Mean Time.
(iüi) Great Circles are the shortest routes between two places.
(d) State with one practical example how is time of a place found with the help of longitudes. VI
IV. Time-related Questions:
An Example:
Acricket match was to be held at Birmingham at 9 a.m. local time. The position of Birmingham s
5° W. Calculate the time the viewers have to tune their television in Sydney 151°E.
Answer:
The local time at Birmingham is 9 a.m.
The location of Birmingham is 5° W of Prime Meridian.
The GMT would be 9:20 a.m. [9:00hrs + (5°x 4min) = 9:00hrs + 20 min = 9:20 a.m.
Sydney is located at 151°E of Prime Meridian
At any point of time Sydney would be 151 x 4 = 604min = 1Ohrs 4 min ahead of GMT
(Sydney is to the East of the Prime Meridian so local time would be ahead of GMT)

24 Total Geography -9
 When it is 9:20 a.m. GMT
In the local time at
order to watch the
Birmingham match at Sydney
at 7:24 p.m. local time.
would be
Sydney the viewers19:24hrs or 7:24pm (9:20 +
would have to tune their 10:04)
Answer the following questions: televisions
1. An
someimportant programime
ndian sailors was to be
broadcast from
there? near lvory Coast in
West Africa at Mumbai at 7:30 p.m.
This
9 What is the
20°W longitude. What was was heard by
the local time
(S8°W)? longitude of a place where the local time is
1:15 p.m., when it is 4
X a.m. at Chicago
Calculate the time at Durban (longitude
4
Calculate the longitude of a place where the30°E) when the time is 7:00 a.m. at New York (75°W).
at New Delhi on
longitude 77°E. local time is 6:00 a.m., when
the time is 9:00 p.m.
Calculate the local time at Singapore
(104°E) when it is
6. Calculate the
location of a place where the local time is 6:00 p.m. at Greenwich.
What is the time and day at noon when it is 7:30 p.m. at
Give a reason to support Mumbai (73°E) when it is Sunday 10:30 p.m. at Greenwich.
your answer. Shillong (92°E)?
V. Thinking Skills
1. Find the latitude of
your city and state how has this
city. influenced the climate of your
2. Your home town is
located at a place
How is the temperature of your homewhich town
receives the slanting rays of the sun.
different from your boarding school,
located at a place that receives the vertical rays of the Sun?
3. Find out the name of the country
which has the maximum number of time zones
in the world. What is reason behind a
like India have just one time zone.
country having many time zones and others
4. When you were waiting to welcome New Year in
India on December 31, some
countries of the world like Australia, New Zealand and Japan have already welcomed
New Year. What is the reason for this?

VI. Project/Activity
Look at the map of the Time Zones (Fig. 2.7) and answer the following questions:
1. What is the Longitudinal degree of IST
2. If it is 2 a.m. IST what will be the Time at
Tokyo London San Francisco

3. Name the place which is diametrically opposite of India.

4. Is the Indian Standard Time ahead of San Francisco Time? Give reasons for your answer.

25
GeographicGrid - Latitudes and Longitudes