Animal and Plant Cells:  Some may have large vacuoles

 Do not have nucleus

Animal and plant cells organnels:
 Does not have membrane bound organells
 Cell membrane: partially parmiable,  Circular DNA
controls substances entering and leaving,  Has plasmid (contains additional genetic
made of lipids and proteins. information so that bacetria can get extra
 Cytoplasm: jelly like substance, a place for features (ex being able to survive antibiotics))
organnels, place for dissolving substances
Specialized Cells
like sugar protein and salt, place for
metabolic reaction. Definition:
 Nucleus: Contains Chromosomes (thread
 Cells that have adapted to have specific
like structures that have dna that carry
functions in order for the body to work
genetic information), controls cell activities
(growth and repair), needed for cell Examples:
division.
o a Human have 46 chromosomes (23  Palisade mesophyll: Filled with chloroplast,
for photosynthesis
from each parent)
 Root hair cell: long and narrow root hair, to
 Cell wall: Protects the cell from injury, gives
absorb water and minerals, its shape allows
the cell a fixed shape, made from Cellulose,
the water and minerals to be absorbed
fully permeable (does not let anything
quicker
through), Absent in animal cells
 Red blood cell (RBC): filled with hemoglobin
 Ribosomes: needed to make proteins,
(binds oxygen and transports it around the
usually attached to the endo plasmic
body), has shape like a plate to carry more
reticulum or freely roam In the cytoplasm
hemoglobin, has no nucleous to carry more
 Mitochondria: has outer and inner
hemoglobin
membranes, inner membranes fold to
 Egg cell: Found inside ovaries, has a lot of
increase surface area for aeronbic
layers, biggest cell, a lot of cytoplasm,
respiration (aerobic respiration happens at
needed for reproduction.
the mitochondria and converts food
 Sperm cell: Found in testis, has a flagellum
substances (glucose and such) into energy
(tail to help it swim), carries genetic
for cell activities)
material.
 Choloroplast: only found in plant cells,
 Ciliated cells: help move mucus, acts as a
contains green pigment called Cholorophyll,
filter for the trachea
used for photosynthesis
 Neuron: Transmit and carry information,
 Vacuoles: stores substances within the cell,
insulated by fatty material called myelin
exist in both animal and plant cells but
(helps speed up transmission of
plants have more
information)
 Vesicle: Smaller version of vacuole
ORGANISATION OF ORGANISM
Diffrence between plant and animal cell:
 Cell -> tissue -> Organ -> Organ System ->
 Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a
Organism
large central vacuole, whereas animal cells do
not. Magnification
Rumus: Next page ->
BACTERIA CELL

Diffrences between other cells:

 Has cell wall made of of Murein

 Does NOT have chloroplast
 o Hypertonic: water will exit the cell
eventually shrinking the cell
o Hypotonic: water will fill up the cell
making the cell swell and burst out
o Isotonic: cell will stay the same because
the condition inside and outside the cell
are the same
 Plants:
o Hypertonic: water will come out the cell
and the vacuole starts to lose water and
Additional Info: decreasing the pressure of the cell thus
 If in cm = add 4 0’s to change to nm making it smaller
 If in mm = add 3 0’s o Hypotonic: water will go inside the cell
and fill up the vacuole which causes the
cell to enlargen due to the pressure that
Diffusion its emitting.
o Isotonic: No change will be done since
Definition: the condition outside and inside of the
cell is the same (this makes the cell
 The movement of particles from HIGH
flaccid).
concentration to LOW concentration
Examples:
Factors that affect diffusion:
 The movement of water from the soil (high
 Temperature: The higher the temperature, the
water potential) to the root hairs (low water
faster the rate of diffusion
potential).
 Distance: The shorter the distance, the faster  Feeling thirsty after eating salty food
the rate of diffusion
 Surface to volume ratio: the smaller the surface
area in accordance to the volume, the faster the
diffusion rate
 Concentration Gradient: the higher the
concentration gradient, the faster the diffusion
rate

Examples:

 Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide gas

occurs in the lungs
 Smell of perfume spreading across the room

Osmosis:

Definition:

 The diffusion of water molecules across a semi

permeable membrane from high water
potential & low concentration (hypotonic)
solution to a low water potential & high
concentration solution (hypertonic)

Effect on plant and animal cells:

 Animal: